The Cold War The United States The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Vs.
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Transcript of The Cold War The United States The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Vs.
The Cold War
The United States
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Vs.
Can you explain…
• When the cold war began• Why Stalin wanted to expand• Where did Stalin expand (name the countries)• What happened at the end of WWII• What was the iron curtain• What was containment• Who was “X”
When did the Cold War begin?• 1917 with birth of USSR?• Tehran? (1943)
– First meeting and discussion of 2nd front led FDR to placate Stalin
• Yalta? (Feb 1945)– Stalin promised free elections and reneged– FDR gave in to Stalin’s demands for
territory near China
• End of war?– Soviets annexed parts of Poland, Estonia,
Latvia, Lithuania, Latvia and Romania….Formed the “Eastern Bloc” Hence…the U.S.S.R.
Historians do not agree
Who is to “blame” for the start of the Cold War?
Soviets led by a paranoid dictator trying to dominate the globe?
Or….Truman and American economic imperialists
who adopted an unnecessary belligerent stance and aggressive foreign policy?
The theory of communism
End of War brought on tensions
• USSR had pushed all the way back into Germany and made it to Berlin before the Allies could. – In effect, they laid claim to the land
Germany May, 1945
What should Truman have done?
• Gone on to fight the Soviets and demand they withdraw?– We had to worry about Japan
• If you are Stalin, what are you thinking?– Churchill and FDR had been working together with
A-Bomb. Stalin suspected intrigue between the 2.– Truman 1941: “If we see that Germany is winning
against Russia, we should help Russia and if Russia is winning we ought to help Germany”
Country Population1939
Militarydeaths
Civiliandeaths
Totaldeaths
% of pop killed
WWI Deaths
Soviet Union1939 Borders 168,524,000 10,700,000 14,154,000 23,954,000 14 3,310,000
France 41,700,000 217,600 267,000 567,600 1.35 1,697,000
United Kingdom 47,760,000 382,700 67,100 449,800 0.94 994,000
United States] 131,028,000 416,800 1,700 418,500 0.32 117,465
Germany 1937 Borders 69,623,000 4,456,000 1,940,000 6,556,000 7.8
to 9.4 2,476,897
You think this was a consideration?
Communism spread after the War
• Eastern Bloc• Poland• Yugoslavia• Hungary
Truman lost his patience
• Jan 5 1946…“I do not think we should play compromise any longer…I am tired of babying the Soviets.”
• March 1946…Churchill made his way to Missouri…
• Then came the policy from “X”
• March 1947…Truman Doctrine as a result of fears about the Mediterranean
Now is when it really begins
• We send $400 million in Economic aid to Greece and Turkey…and begin to send US military personnel to train soldiers.
• Europe struggles mightily in 1947– Coal shortages in London left only enough fuel to heat and
light homes for a few hours each day.– People were starving to death in Berlin– Transportation systems (bridges, canals, etc.) destroyed– Commie forces in France and Italy were flourishing
In comes the General…• The “great one of the
age” according to Truman• Replaced Byrnes as Sec.
of State.• Devised a plan to save
Europe…Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan helped rebuild EuropeHamburg Germany in 1945
Same town in 1950
The Marshall Plan was a complex undertaking that is not easily described. The following are a few examples of how the program worked:(1) Pays freight subsidies for 16.8 million private voluntary relief packages to Europe.(2) Funds building of a new wharf in North Borneo to help that British colony export vitally needed rubber.(3) Assists building railroads and water systems in French North Africa(4) $50 million for medicine to combat tuberculosis.(5) Technical assistance program: over 3,000 Europeans make six-month visits to various U.S. industries to learn new techniques; there was a similar program in agriculture.(6) The Ford Motor Co. in Britain receives funds to replace machine tools needed to produce cars, trucks, and tractors for export, thereby earning valuable foreign exchange credits.(7) The Otis Elevator Company (U.S.) helps to modernize British factories, and its investment is guaranteed by ECA insurance.(8) ECA money enables Portugal to purchase key equipment and materials to build a new hospital-tender ship for its cod-fishing fleet.(9) The French aircraft industry in able to purchase propellers for the aircraft it is producing.(10) An alcohol-producing plant in Scotland is granted $6.5 million, thereby reducing British imports and facilitating plastic, pharmaceutical, and rayon production.
COUNTRY Total Grants Loans
Total for all countries $13,325.8 $11,820.7 $1,505.1
Austria 677.8 677.8 --
Belgium-Luxembourg 559.3 491.3 68.0a
Denmark 273.0 239.7 33.3
France 2,713.6 2,488.0 225.6
Germany, Federal Republic of 1,390.6 1,173.7 216.9b
Greece 706.7 706.7 --
Iceland 29.3 24.0 5.3
Ireland 147.5 19.3 128.2
Italy (including Trieste) 1,508.8 1,413.2 95.6
Netherlands (*East Indies)c 1,083.5 916.8 166.7
Norway 255.3 216.1 39.2
Portugal 51.2 15.1 36.1
Sweden 107.3 86.9 20.4
Turkey 225.1 140.1 85.0
United Kingdom 3,189.8 2,805.0 384.8
Total Expenditures for the Marshall Plan (in millions) 1948-1952
•Attempted to close off Berlin…closed all access•First real confrontation
•what to do?•Truman had nothing of it•Berlin Airlift of 1948
Soviets Resented the Marshall Plan… “imperialist
scheme”
NATO
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization-1949• “Contain” the blob…keep it out of Europe!• Canada, US, Brit, France, Belgium, Neth, Lux,
Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Greece, Turkey, eventually Germany, Spain, etc.
China was “lost” 1949
• We were supporting the nationalists…Chiang Kai-Shek
• They split to Formosa
• Russians also detonated a bomb in 1949! Resulted in NSC-68.
Draw the line in Korea!
First time the U.N. has been put into action!•Peninsula was under control of Japanese then divided along the 38th parallel between Soviet control and American control•The North invaded the South 1950•Armistice signed in 1953.•Nearly 37,000 American Deaths!•Nukes?
Containment at home
• Removing the commies• HUAC (Nixon makes a
name for himself)– Alger Hiss 1950
• McCarthyism• “Blacklists”• Smith Act-1940- used to
arrest people– ACLU founder!– Other acts as well…McCarran
Was he right?
• Information out of the Former Soviet Union in the 90’s revealed that there was some truth!
• CPUSA members bankrolled by the Commies
“McCarthyism did more damage to the constitution than the American Communist Party ever did”
Ellen Schrecker
Ike vs. Khruschev
• Started off good…détente
• Then Brinkmanship• Then…October 4, 1957
U-2 Incident-1960
• “A plane went missing due to oxygen failure”
• No wait, it was a weather plane
• No, we weren’t spying• OOPPPS!
Cuba
• Batista removed and in comes Castro and Che
• Bay of Pigs• Then THE Crisis
Vietnam
• French power?• Dien Bien Phu• Ngo Dinh Diem• Gulf of Tonkin• Escalation-bombing• Tet offensive• Vietnamization• Fall of Saigon
FAIL!
• Nato• China• The Bomb• Korea• McCarthy• Ike, Middle East, Cuba, Vietnam, 1989• Iran-Operation Ajax