The Cold War: A Bipolar World?
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Transcript of The Cold War: A Bipolar World?
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The Cold War: A Bipolar World?
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The “3rd World”
The Bandung Conference 1955
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Egypt• 1936 “Independence”• 1952 Revolution• 1956 Gamal Abd al-Nasir “elected”
British withdraw Troops
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Suez Crisis
Aswan Dam
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Pan-Arabism
• Arab League est. 1945• United Arab Republic
1958-1961• Optimism lost 1967
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Arab Socialism
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Arab Socialism• Nationalizes banks, insurance companies, 90% of all major business, government controlled media
• Foreigners forbidden from owning farm land
• Over $1 billion in property confiscated from the richest Egyptians
• Move profits of nationalized industries to national projects; Aswan High Dam (with Soviet aid), improvement of the Suez Canal
• Expansion of education (for both men and women) and guarantees of employment expensive trademarks of Nasirism
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Political Islam“Islam is the Solution!”
• Islam (n.)• Muslim (n.)• Muslim (adj.)• Islamic (adj.)
• Islamist• Islamic Fundamentalist• Political Islam• Activist Islam• Islamic Revivalism
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The Muslim Brotherhood• Est. in 1928 by Hassan al-Banna
– Islam as a religion and a set of religious principles and a strong Muslim cultural identity should play a defining role in the politics and culture of Muslims nations.
– Recommitment to Islam and Islamic identity key to rejuvenating Muslim societies.
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Iran in Historical Perspective• Shah Muhammed Reza Pahlavi (r. 1941-1979)
• Mohammed Mossaddegh (P.M. 1951-1953)
– Promoted Social Security– Rent control– Land reforms– Oil Nationalization
• 1953 joint MI6/CIA operation
• 1979 Iranian Revolution
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Islamist Triumph in Iran
• Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
• 1964: Exiled• 1977: Mass protests in
Iran• Jan. 1979: Pahlavi exiled• Feb. 1979: Khomeini‘s
triumphal return• Islamic Republic
established
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Islamic Republic of Iran
• “Democratic” Government• Supreme Leader and the
Council of Guardiansfor office• Islam promoted as solution
to the poverty and inequality of Iran
• U.S. vilified
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Iran and Iraq War (1980-1988)
• 1980 Saddam Hussain invades Iran
• Estimated Casualties:– 262,000 Iranians– 105,000 Iraqis– 367,000 Total
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The Soviets in Afghanistan• 1978 Saur Revolution
– Khalq party– Parcham party
• 1979 Soviets enter Afghanistan
• Mujahidin wage guerilla warfare
• 1989 Soviets withdraw
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Afghanistan after the Soviets
• 1989-1992: Civil War continues
• 1991: end of Cold War
• 1992-1996: New Civil War
• 1996: Taliban take control of Kabul
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The non-Aligned World After the Cold War
• Now we can all get along, right?
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Sukarno and Sadat Documents
• Sukarno: Indonesian President Speaking at the Bandung Conference in 1955
• Sadat: Egyptian President (after Nasir) speaking at a later Asian-African Conference in 1957– What are the fears and concerns of each speaker? How does
this reflect the common interests of non-aligned countries? – What are the collective hopes of non-aligned countries
according to Sukarno and Sadat?– What challenges arose that made the realization of these
goals difficult?