The Cockcroft Institute and its Manchester activities
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The Cockcroft Instituteand its Manchester activities
Roger BarlowSchool Research Lunch
Friday July 2nd 2010
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What is Cockcroft?
An Institute for Accelerator Science and Engineering at Daresbury Laboratory, involving Manchester, Liverpool and Lancaster Universities, and the STFC ASTeC group
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Who
• Academics: Roger Barlow, Rob Appleby, Roger Jones, Hywel Owen
• Postdocs: Cristian Bungau, Alessandro D’Elia, Ian Shinton, Adina Toader, Maryam Mostajeran, A.N.Other
• Ph.D. Students: Narong Chanlek, Hugo Day, Matthew Fraser, Jimmy Garland, Chris Glasman, James Jones, Nawin Juntong, Vasim Khan, James Molson, Mike Salt, Tony Scarfe, Luke Thomson, Sam Tygier, Pei Zhang
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RF accelerationHIE-ISOLDE
HIE-LINAC Upgrade
RF power (from klystron etc) converted to EM field in resonant cavity.
Study field shape, resonant frequencies, Q value, and beam dynamics.
Superconducting: Niobium sputtered on Copper
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RF accelerationILC (500 GeV)
RF power (from klystron etc) converted to EM field in resonant cavity.
Study field shape, resonant frequencies, Q value, and beam dynamics using ME solvers, models and measurements.
‘Ichiro’ Cavity fabricated at KEK Trapped mode ~2.4498GHzMulti-cavity mode ~2.6420GHz
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RF accelerationCLIC (1.5 TeV)
By specific detuning of cavities one can get acceptably low wakefields with acceptably high Q values
Need to detune cavities to avoid wakefields
Also designing the Crab Cavity for CLIC
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RF accelerationLight Source
Tests being done at the FLASH facility at DESY
3rd Harmonic cavity to flatten field shape
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FP420/ATLASFP
Clean signal. Scattered protons go down beam pipe and are detected later
Higgs can be produced diffractively at the LHC
beam
p’
p’AFP Detector
LHC magnets
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FP420/ATLASFP
Modifications to beam pipe and cryostat to accommodate detectors (3D Silicon)
Needed to reassure machine group that we can put this in the ring and not destroy the beams.
Case now proven
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The LHC: Backgrounds
Rob Appleby at CERN for 2 years, making the LHC work. (Also working on CLIC and LHeC – not covered here)
Machine Induced Backgrounds (beam-gas, collimators, beam halo...) increasingly important as Luminosity (and energy) ramp up.
Losses shorten beam lifetime, can swamp experiments, can quench magnets.
Includes working with Dave Bailey on backgrounds in the LHCb experiment. Picture shows online Beam Loss Monitor display
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The LHC: Backgrounds
What happens if a vacuum valve between ring sections is closed while the beam is stored?
Rob’s simulations show that the monitors trigger a controlled beam loss before the superconducting magnets quench
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LHC Collimators• Collimators vital to ensure that particles
are lost where they will do no harm – not in the superconducting magnets!
• Present collimation system known to be inadequate for future beam currents and luminosities.
• Understanding and modelling need to handle tails of distributions. Codes generally ancient and impossible to update
• Adapting modern code (Merlin) for collimation: benchmark against existing codes. Manchester now centre for Merlin code support and development
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EMMA: the first nsFFAGFFAG is a cross between a cyclotron and a synchrotron – able to provide
high currents at high energies.Conventional FFAG has slowly varying field and wide beam pipe. Non-
scaling FFAG has rapidly varying field and narrow beam pipe. Simpler and more compact.
World’s first nsFFAG under construction at Daresbury. Manchester-led CONFORM project
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EMMA studies
Ring not quite complete – but beams get 4/7 of the way round.
First emittance* measurements on the injection line
* Emittance. Phase space area occupied by beam. Small is good.
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Thorium PowerA smaller cheaper more reliable
proton accelerator makes a Thorium-powered ADSR reactor a more practical possibility.
Lots of interest – and it’s growing
Founded ThorEA – the Thorium Energy Amplifier Association. UK-wide workshops ~ 4-5 times a year.
Talking to colleagues in the Dalton Institute
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Proton TherapyAnother possible application.Protons are a better tool for radiotherapy
than X rays – certainly in some cases, perhaps in many.
Other charged particles (He, C ions?) may be better yet.
Important part of CONFORM project Looking to 2nd generation machines that can paint tumour precisely
with voxelsNeed to know where the dose is going – detector group has ideasTalking to colleagues at the Christie Hospital, supporting their bid to
the NHS
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The Technetium problem
Technetium: important and routinely used radiochemical for scanning heart attack victims
Traditionally made in Research Reactors – not many left.
Alternative: neutron capture on 98Mo target.Make neutrons through novel 16O(d,n)17F
reaction.Proposal shortlisted
99Mo decays with 67 hour half life to 99mTc, which is soluble and has a half life of 6 hours
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Light SourcesInvolved in design of
Diamond, 4GLS, and NLS
Now working with MAXlab (LUND)
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Impact• Links worldwide – CERN, DESY, Rostock, Lund, plus, of course,
Daresbury, Lancaster and Liverpool• Publications: 25 Manchester posters at last large conference. • Leading Workpackages in EUCard• Lectures at Summer Schools • Talks at conferences ( Thorium Energy conference 2010 ‘highlight’)• Conferences and meetings organised
X-Band 2008 (Cockcroft) – Roger JonesFFAG09(Manchester) – Roger BarlowADSR09(Manchester) – Roger BarlowIoP PAB Annual Meeting (Manchester, 9th July) – Hywel Owen and Adina
Toader – come and listen to Rolf Heuer XB2010 (Cockcroft, December) - Roger Jones
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FinanceThe (marginal) cost to the school of an academicSalary(say) £45,000Employers NI+USS £11,250Head tax £2,259Space tax(25m2@£173) £4,325Central charge(‘faculty weighting’) £35,733
£98,567Less HEFCE QR £41,814
£56,753
Ph.D. Student(Fully funded)Fee+HEFCE QR £8,500Or International fee
£11,000Less Space tax(10m2@£173)
£1,730Student Tax £1,130
£5,640
FEC Research Grant – say 10% of your timeSalary(say) £4,500Employers NI+USS £1,125“Overheads” £3,680
£9,305 times 80%
£7,444
A PDRASalary(say) £35,000Employers NI+USS £8,750
43,750Cost:Missing 20% of above £8,750Head tax £2,259
£10,009
Overhead (36,802@80%) £29,442
Profit £19,431
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The Bottom Line
Out3 new academics @£56,753 = £170,259
InTotal of 0.78 Academic FEC =£58,06311.5 students @£5,640 =£68,4605 postdocs @£19,431 =£97,155
Balance £53,419PROFIT
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Conclusion
Lots of good science –Studying the Higgs
BosonTreating CancerSaving the planet
through sustainable Nuclear energy
And much more
Rests on sound financial footing.