The CMS Construction. (CMS) Design Criteria Very good muon identification and momentum measurement...
Transcript of The CMS Construction. (CMS) Design Criteria Very good muon identification and momentum measurement...
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The CMS Construction
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(CMS) Design Criteria
Very good muon identification and momentum measurementTrigger efficiently and measure sign of TeV muons dp/p < 10%
High energy resolution electromagnetic calorimetry~ 0.5% @ ET ~ 50 GeV
Powerful inner tracking systemsMomentum resolution a factor 10 better than at LEP
Hermetic calorimetryGood missing ET resolution
(Affordable detector)
Transparency from the early 90’s
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Experimental Challenge
High Interaction Rate
pp interaction rate 1 billion interactions/sData can be recorded for only ~102 out of 40 million crossings/secLevel-1 trigger decision takes ~2-3 s electronics need to store data locally (pipelining)
Large Particle Multiplicity
~ <20> superposed events in each crossing~ 1000 tracks stream into the detector every 25 nsneed highly granular detectors with good time resolution for low occupancy
large number of channels (~ 100 M ch)
High Radiation Levels radiation hard (tolerant) detectors and electronics
LHC Detectors (especially ATLAS, CMS) are radically different from the ones from the previous generations
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The CMS Detector
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The CMS Collaboration (2007)
2310 Scientific Authors 38 Countries 175 Institutions
CERN
France
Italy
UK
Switzerland
USA
Austria
Finland
GreeceHungary
Belgium
Poland
Portugal
SpainPakistan
Georgia
Armenia
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
CyprusCroatia
China, PR
Turkey
Belarus
EstoniaIndia
Germany
Korea
Russia
Bulgaria
China (Taiwan)
Iran
Serbia
New-Zealand
Brazil
Ireland
1084
503
723
2310
Member States
Non-Member States
Total
USA
# Scientific Authors
59
49
175
Member States
Total
USA
67Non-Member States
Number ofLaboratories
Associated Institutes
Number of ScientistsNumber of Laboratories
629
Oct. 3rd 2007/gm
Mexico ColombiaLithuania
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Exploded View of CMS
Minus SidePlus Side
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Assembly of Iron Yoke
2003
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Assembly of the Coil
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Assembly of the Coil
Coil: 230 tonsOuter vacuum tank: 13 m long SS tube, =7.6 m
Sept 05Sept 05
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Surface Hall: Barrel Muons
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Lowering of Heavy Elements
YE+1 (Jan’07)
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Lowering of Heavy Elements
Feb 2007
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Insertion of Barrel ECAL
Jul’07
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Completion of Services on YB0
Nov. ‘07
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Lowering of Tracker
Dic. ‘07
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Tracker Insertion
Dic. ‘07
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Tracker in CMS
Dic. ‘07
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Extreme engineering: 4T, big dimensions & large magnetic deformation
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
10 100 1000 10000
E/M
(kJ
/kg)
Stored Energy (MJ)
CMSSDC-model
ATLAS -sol.
ALEPH
DELPHI
H1CDF
VENUS
ZEUS
TOPAZCLEO2
ATLAS Barrel
ATLAS End-caps
The CMS SC Solenoid
Solenoid composed by 5 modules
(CB-2, CB-1, CB0, CB+1, CB+2)
5 modules 6900 mm ; L 2500 mm ; W= 50 t
I = 20kA
Design Goal: Measure 1 TeV/c muons with < 10% resolution
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Winding of the Coil
Specific winding technology developed by INFN Genova in collaboration with Ansaldo Superconduttori
Winding
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Test of the Magnet (2006)
24 July28 August
19 kA, 4 Tesla!
2 days stable operation at 3.8 T
Magnet Current Cycles achieved during August
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Tracking at LHC
Fluence over 10 years of
LHC Operation
Need factor 10 better momentum resolution than at LEP1000 particles emerging every crossing (25ns)
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Layout of CMS Tracking
Si pixels surrounded by silicon strip detectors
Pixels: ~ 1 m2 of silicon sensors, 65 M pixels, 100x150 m2 , r = 4, 7, 11 cmSi strips : 223 m2 of silicon sensors, 10 M strips, 10 pts, r = 20 – 120 cm
120 cm
TOB
TIDTIB
TEC
Pix300 cm
CMS
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The CMS Tracker
Pixel Silicon Strip Tracker
Largest Silicon Strip Detector ever built:
~200m2 of silicon,
instrumented volume ~24m3
TIB (4 layers ) TID (3 disks, 3 rings ) TOB (6 layers) TEC (9 disks, 7 rings )
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Si Modules and Electronics Chain
Si Sensors
75k chips using 0.25m technology
Ride on technology wave
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System Components
Module Sensor + FE Hybrid
chip: APV25 (128 strips) - analog Optical converter (AOH)
one laser/fiber = 256 strips Controls/Clock/Trigger
Control chip (CCU) I2C protocol with modules rings of CCUs
Digital optical converted (DOH) optical link to VME controller (FEC)
Controls
Hybrid+AOH
String
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System Components
DOM (Firenze)DOM (Firenze)
Mother cable (Bari)Mother cable (Bari)
CCUM (Cern)CCUM (Cern)
AOH (Perugia)AOH (Perugia)Modules (all)Modules (all)
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The Start of the TIB Integration
The first string
Apr. ‘05
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Si Tracker
TIB TEC
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Si Tracker
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Si Tracker
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Tracker Readied for Installation
Dead channels ~ 0.5 ‰ stable in timeNoisy channels ~ 0.5 % stable in time
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Lead Tungstate ECAL Design Goal: Measure the energies of photons from a decay of
the Higgs boson to precision of ≤ 0.5%CMS chose scintillating crystals
1972
1985
1989
1986
1990
1999
2008
m3
Crystal Ball
672 NaI(Tl)
Cleo II
7800 CsI(Tl)
L3
12000 BGO
Crystal Barrel
1380 CsI(Tl) TAPS
600 BaF2
KTeV
3100 CsI
Babar
6580 CsI(Tl)
Belle8816 CsI(Tl)
Alice
17920 PWO
CMS75000 PWO
From Crystal Ball
5
10
To CMS
P. Lecoq
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CMS Requests and PWO
1995 1998
T dependent: -2%/°C
To comply with LHC and CMSTo comply with LHC and CMSconditions ECAL must be:conditions ECAL must be:• fastfast• compactcompact• highly segmented highly segmented • radiation resistantradiation resistant
Very low light outputVery effective in highenergy containment
2
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ECAL layout
barrelbarrelSuper ModuleSuper Module(1700 crystals)(1700 crystals)
endcapendcapsupercystalssupercystals(5x5 crystals)(5x5 crystals)
Pb/Si preshowerPb/Si preshower
barrel cystalsbarrel cystals
EndCap “Dee”EndCap “Dee”3662 crystals3662 crystals
Barrel: Barrel: ||| < 1.48| < 1.48
36 Super Modules36 Super Modules61200 crystals (61200 crystals (2x2x23cm2x2x23cm33))
EndCaps: EndCaps: 1.48 < |1.48 < || < 3.0| < 3.0
4 Dees4 Dees14648 crystals 14648 crystals (3x3x22cm(3x3x22cm33))
PWO: PbWO4
about 10 m3, 90 t
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Choice of the Photodetector
20
40mdeff ~6m
Avalanche photodiodes (APD)
Two 5x5 mm2 APDs/crystal- Gain: 50 QE: ~75% @ peak= 420 nm- Temperature dependence: -2.4%/OC- Gain dependence on bias V: 3%/V
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PWO Production
BARREL ingot
45000
47000
49000
51000
53000
55000
57000
59000
61000
63000
Dec-05 Mar-06 Jul-06 Oct-06 Jan-07 Apr-07
Del
iver
ed B
arre
l cr
ysta
ls
BARREL CRYSTALS ~ 1150 xl/m
EE INGOT
ENDCAPS ingots
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EB Construction: Regional Centers
CERN Lab.27 EP-CMA
Casaccia
&
Assembly and test of modules in RC: ENDED in March 2007
Submodule 2x5 crystals
Submodule 2x5 crystals
Module400 crystals
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INFN/ENEA Regional CenterCheck crystals in Rome RC
Glue subunits and check APD gain
The first submodule!The first module!
Y 2002
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EB Construction: Super Modules
Supermodule1700 crytsalsSupermodule1700 crytsals
Cooling and electronics integration: completion by May 2007
Dead channels: 19/61200
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ECAL PerformanceResponse to high energy electrons
Temperature Stability: ≤ 0.1 °CLight response stability: ≤ 0.1%
0.5%
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ECAL: Cosmics Signal in CMS
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Layout of CMS Muon System
250 DTs 468 CSCs 480 RPCs
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Spatial resolution: Single cell 200 mChamber 100 m
Muon System: Drift Tubes
MylarMylar
Electrode Electrode StripStrip
Wire
42mm
13 mm
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Legnaro Assembly Hall
Torino Assembly Hall
Assembly of 250 DT chambers:70 Aachen, 70 Madrid70 Padova, 40 Torino• 1 layer = 70 wires• 27 gluing operations/chamber• 1 gluing operation = 1 dayPrecision of 100 m over 5-10 m2
DT Chambers Assembly
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CERN ISR
First installation Aug.03
Salvato
Peghin
First installation test Aug. 2002
Muon System: Start of Installation
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ISTALLATION OF THE LAST OF THE 250 DT CHAMBERS IN THE CAVERN. IN WHEEL YB0 26 Oct. 2007
Muon System Completed
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S11
S12
17Hz
S01
3Hz
10Hz
15HzS0330Hz
Muon System: YB0 DTs in Operation!
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Gas mixture95.5 C95.5 C22HH22FF4 4
3.5 iC3.5 iC44HH1010 0.3 SF0.3 SF66
+ RH 50%+ RH 50%
Main Unit of a RPC: Single Gap (SG)
Two SG coupled with readout plane in between
•Bakelite thickness: 2 mm•Bakelite bulk resistivity : 2-6 1010 cm• Gas Gap width: 2 mm•Operating voltage: 9.2-9.8 kV
Main characteristics of the RPCs used in CMS:
Muon System: Resistive Plate Chambers
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RB4 120 chambers (2 double gaps/chamber)
RB3 120 chambers (2 double gaps/chamber)
RB2 60 chambers (2 double gaps/chamber) + 60 chambers (3 double gaps/chamber)
RB1 120 chambers (2 double gaps/chamber)
Forward UP
Forward Down
Backward UP
Backward Down
DoubleDouble
Gap Gap DGDG
DoubleDouble
Gap Gap DGDG
RPC chamber layout
480 RPCs coupled with DTs and inserted into the iron return yoke of the magnet
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RPC Performance
Efficiency
Counting rate
All parameters are compatible with the results obtained during the production tests
Cluster size
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RPC: First Events in CMS
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First Closure of the CMS Experiment (2006)
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Magnet Test & Cosmic Challenge (MTCC)
HCAL
Magnet
Tracker
Muon chambers
ECAL
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Run 2605 / Event 3981 / B 3.8 T / 27.08.06
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Cosmics in the Tracker (Bat 186)
•The Quality of the CMS Tracker is Excellent: • Dead or Noisy Strips < 3 / 1000
• Signal: Noise > 25:1 in Peak Readout Mode
• Enormous experience gained in operating the Tracker at TIF
Normal Strips 99.852 % (241 313 Strips)
Dead Strips 0.116 % (275 Strips)
Noisy Strips 0.032 % (76 Strips)
Example of Performance
A cosmic at -15°CValidated clusters shown
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Performance of CMS: Overview
Tracking
HCAL
b-tagging