The Civil WarThe Civil War

The Civil War BeginsThe Civil War Begins

In 1861 Lincoln sent only non-military supplies to the struggling soldiers at Fort Sumter, one of few Union-held places in the South.

The Confederacy opened fire on Fort Sumter and the Civil War began.

Lincoln called for volunteers to join the northern army and slave states in the Union were forced to choose sides.

The North and South had different goals and advantages for war.

Northern Goals and AdvantagesNorthern Goals and Advantages

Goals:Goals:

Preserve the UnionPreserve the Union

Abolish slaveryAbolish slavery

Advantages:Advantages:

Larger populationLarger population

More railroadsMore railroads

Southern Goals and AdvantagesSouthern Goals and Advantages

Goals:Goals:

Preserve their way of lifePreserve their way of life

Be left alone with slavery unchangedBe left alone with slavery unchanged

Advantages:Advantages:

Nation’s best soldiersNation’s best soldiers

Cotton exports for foreign aidCotton exports for foreign aid

Tactics, Technology, and BattleTactics, Technology, and Battle

Though the top generals of both sides were trained at West Though the top generals of both sides were trained at West

Point and knew military tactics from the Mexican War, Point and knew military tactics from the Mexican War,

this Civil War was different for many reasons:this Civil War was different for many reasons:

Far deadlier weapons, including better rifles, machine Far deadlier weapons, including better rifles, machine guns, and exploding shellsguns, and exploding shells

The use of observation balloons and camouflage The use of observation balloons and camouflage

Officers and government communicated quickly by Officers and government communicated quickly by telegraph.telegraph.

Railroads moved large numbers of troops quicklyRailroads moved large numbers of troops quickly

First Major BattleFirst Major Battle

The Battle of Bull Run near Washington, D.C.

Untrained troops on both sides transformed the battle to chaos and ended hopes for a short war

Different Regions of the WarDifferent Regions of the War

War in the WestWar in the West Gaining control of the Mississippi Gaining control of the Mississippi

River would split the Confederacy River would split the Confederacy in two.in two.

In early 1862 Union general In early 1862 Union general Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant opened two opened two major water routes into the major water routes into the western Confederacy.western Confederacy.

Grant moved South, winning a Grant moved South, winning a major victory at the major victory at the Battle of Battle of ShilohShiloh in Tennessee, but the in Tennessee, but the fierce battle dashed northern fierce battle dashed northern hopes that the rebellion would hopes that the rebellion would collapse on its own.collapse on its own.

A Union fleet under Admiral David A Union fleet under Admiral David Farragut moved north along the Farragut moved north along the Mississippi, capturing New Mississippi, capturing New Orleans and other river cities.Orleans and other river cities.

War in the EastWar in the East Union general George B. McClellan Union general George B. McClellan

delayed his attack on the delayed his attack on the Confederate capital at Richmond.Confederate capital at Richmond.

Confederate general Confederate general Robert E. LeeRobert E. Lee lured Union forces to the Second lured Union forces to the Second Battle of Bull Run in Virginia, and Battle of Bull Run in Virginia, and won.won.

Defeat in Virginia hurt northern Defeat in Virginia hurt northern morale, so Lee wanted to invade morale, so Lee wanted to invade Maryland, hoping a victory on Union Maryland, hoping a victory on Union soil would force northern surrender soil would force northern surrender or gain foreign trust and aid.or gain foreign trust and aid.

The The Battle of AntietamBattle of Antietam, the , the bloodiest of the war, was considered bloodiest of the war, was considered a Union victory only because it a Union victory only because it stopped Lee’s northern invasion. stopped Lee’s northern invasion.

African Americans during the Civil WarAfrican Americans during the Civil War

• In the South, slave labor helped to provide the food necessary to In the South, slave labor helped to provide the food necessary to feed the Confederate army.feed the Confederate army.

• Thousands of slaves, however, escaped to join invading Union Thousands of slaves, however, escaped to join invading Union troops, and many were hired.troops, and many were hired.

• On January 1, 1863, President Lincoln issued the On January 1, 1863, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Emancipation ProclamationProclamation, freeing enslaved people in all areas that were in , freeing enslaved people in all areas that were in rebellion against the U.S.rebellion against the U.S.

• Some northerners opposed the proclamation, others thought it did Some northerners opposed the proclamation, others thought it did not go far enough.not go far enough.

• The proclamation encouraged freedmen to join Union forces, where The proclamation encouraged freedmen to join Union forces, where almost 180,000 African Americans served in segregated units.almost 180,000 African Americans served in segregated units.

Conditions at War and at HomeConditions at War and at Home

Conditions for Soldiers Most soldiers died not from wounds but from

contagious diseases and illness due to poor sanitation and polluted water.

Soldiers spent most of their days in camp, doing drills, writing letters home, and playing games.

Conditions were terrible for prisoners of war at overcrowded camps and prisons.

Conditions at War and at HomeConditions at War and at Home

The Home Front Southerners suffered property damage, food

shortages, and inflation. The Confederacy, started the first U.S. draft

and the North followed, which caused riots. Anti-war demonstrators hurt the Union war

effort, They were called Copperheads by critics and were jailed without trial.

Conditions at War and at HomeConditions at War and at Home

Women and War Some women disguised themselves as men

and enlisted in the army, while some worked as spies.

Women took over daily life at home, on plantations, and in factories.

About 3,000 women served in the Union army as nurses

Some women, such as Clara Barton, cared for the wounded on battlefields.

Fighting ContinuesFighting Continues• The Civil War tore America apart, but it also had The Civil War tore America apart, but it also had

international effects.international effects.– Union naval blockades stopped the South from Union naval blockades stopped the South from

trading with the world.trading with the world.– When blockades became hard to cross southerners When blockades became hard to cross southerners

used blockade runners, or low, sleek ships that took used blockade runners, or low, sleek ships that took cotton to Caribbean ports for transfer to Europe.cotton to Caribbean ports for transfer to Europe.

– Southerners made an ironclad ship that withstood Southerners made an ironclad ship that withstood cannon fire to break through the blockade, but when cannon fire to break through the blockade, but when the North built one also, the first ironclad battle took the North built one also, the first ironclad battle took place and changed naval warfare forever.place and changed naval warfare forever.

Fighting ContinuesFighting Continues

• Though most action was in the East, forces also clashed west Though most action was in the East, forces also clashed west of the Mississippi River over natural resources, additional of the Mississippi River over natural resources, additional soldiers, and territory.soldiers, and territory.– Congress admitted Kansas, Dakota, Colorado, and Nevada Congress admitted Kansas, Dakota, Colorado, and Nevada

territories as free states, then they created Idaho, Arizona, territories as free states, then they created Idaho, Arizona, and Montana territories.and Montana territories.

– Lincoln appointed pro-Union officials to head the territories.Lincoln appointed pro-Union officials to head the territories.– He did not enforce the draft in the West, though many He did not enforce the draft in the West, though many

joined voluntarily.joined voluntarily.

• More than 10,000 Native Americans fought, many for the More than 10,000 Native Americans fought, many for the Union.Union.

Three Major BattlesThree Major Battles

After disastrous Union losses at Fredericksburg in December 1862, Union forces were ready to fight again by spring.

General Joseph Hooker was now in command, and he led three major battles in 1862 and 1863.

Three Major BattlesThree Major Battles

1- Chancellorsville Hooker planned to take Richmond by

surprise. Lee marched his army west, leaving some

behind as a distraction. Lee ordered a surprise attack and won the

battle.

Three Major BattlesThree Major Battles

2- Gettysburg Lee tried to invade the North again. In this three day battle, troops held positions

for two days, until 15,000 Confederate troops charged the center lines and in the battle lost most of their troops. Lee retreated to Virginia.

Three Major BattlesThree Major Battles

3- Vicksburg Meanwhile, Grant took Vicksburg, a

Confederate stronghold in Mississippi. He shelled the city for weeks, trying to starve

out defenders, until they surrendered

The Final PhaseThe Final Phase

Campaigns of 1864Campaigns of 1864 After major victories, the Confederacy After major victories, the Confederacy

won the Battle of Chickamauga, but won the Battle of Chickamauga, but Grant rescued the Union at Grant rescued the Union at Chattanooga.Chattanooga.

Lincoln gave Grant control of all the Lincoln gave Grant control of all the Union armies, and Grant moved the Union armies, and Grant moved the Army of the Potomac further and Army of the Potomac further and further south, despite heavy losses in further south, despite heavy losses in the Battle of the Wilderness and the the Battle of the Wilderness and the Battle of Spotsylvania.Battle of Spotsylvania.

After the Battle of Cold Harbor, Grant After the Battle of Cold Harbor, Grant began a siege of Richmond to cut began a siege of Richmond to cut supplies to the capital.supplies to the capital.

Then Union General Sherman invaded Then Union General Sherman invaded Georgia, laid siege to Atlanta, closed Georgia, laid siege to Atlanta, closed railroad access to the city, and forced railroad access to the city, and forced Confederate General Hood’s troops to Confederate General Hood’s troops to abandon the city. abandon the city.

The Election of 1864The Election of 1864 While Sherman took Atlanta, the While Sherman took Atlanta, the

Democrats chose popular General Democrats chose popular General George McClellan as their candidate.George McClellan as their candidate.

The Republicans chose Andrew The Republicans chose Andrew Jackson, a pro-Union Democrat, as Jackson, a pro-Union Democrat, as Lincoln’s vice president to help Lincoln’s vice president to help Lincoln’s wavering appeal.Lincoln’s wavering appeal.

The Emancipation Proclamation and The Emancipation Proclamation and high casualties made the war high casualties made the war unpopular and even Lincoln expected unpopular and even Lincoln expected to lose the election.to lose the election.

News of Sherman’s Atlanta capture News of Sherman’s Atlanta capture shifted public opinion, and Lincoln shifted public opinion, and Lincoln defeated McClellan, allowing Congress defeated McClellan, allowing Congress to pass the to pass the Thirteenth AmendmentThirteenth Amendment ending slavery.ending slavery.

The War EndsThe War Ends

• Lincoln began his second term in March 1865. Lincoln Lincoln began his second term in March 1865. Lincoln announced his intention to be forgiving to the South in order to announced his intention to be forgiving to the South in order to build up the nation’s strength.build up the nation’s strength.

• After the election, Sherman’s troops marched across Georgia in After the election, Sherman’s troops marched across Georgia in “Sherman’s March to Sea,” and burned much of Atlanta.“Sherman’s March to Sea,” and burned much of Atlanta.

• Sherman believed that striking at economic resources would help Sherman believed that striking at economic resources would help win the war. His troops slaughtered livestock, destroyed crops, win the war. His troops slaughtered livestock, destroyed crops, and looted homes and businesses.and looted homes and businesses.

• Eventually Confederate leaders were forced out of Richmond, Eventually Confederate leaders were forced out of Richmond, and Lee surrendered when he found his troops surrounded. and Lee surrendered when he found his troops surrounded.

• Lee and Grant met to negotiate terms of the Confederacy’s Lee and Grant met to negotiate terms of the Confederacy’s surrender, which were very generous for such a long and bitter surrender, which were very generous for such a long and bitter conflict: Lee’s troops were to turn over their weapons and leave.conflict: Lee’s troops were to turn over their weapons and leave.

• The North celebrated, but Lincoln’s assassination in 1865, before The North celebrated, but Lincoln’s assassination in 1865, before the official end of the war, changed the course of American the official end of the war, changed the course of American history.history.