The Civil War l 1861 – 1865 l Changed the face of the nation l Social, economic and political...

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The Civil War 1861 – 1865 Changed the face of the nation Social, economic and political factors are causes Causes are all linked to slavery Watershed of American history / birth of “modern America”

Transcript of The Civil War l 1861 – 1865 l Changed the face of the nation l Social, economic and political...

Page 1: The Civil War l 1861 – 1865 l Changed the face of the nation l Social, economic and political factors are causes l Causes are all linked to slavery l.

The Civil War 1861 – 1865 Changed the face of the nation Social, economic and political factors are causes Causes are all linked to slavery Watershed of American history / birth of “modern America”

Page 2: The Civil War l 1861 – 1865 l Changed the face of the nation l Social, economic and political factors are causes l Causes are all linked to slavery l.

The Road to War - expansion

Westward expansion Louisiana Purchase (1803) Missouri Compromise (1820) Mexican War (1846-1848) Gold Rush (’48 – ’49) Compromise of 1850 Transcontinental railroad Kansas / Nebraska (1854) New expansion puts increased stresses on political

divisions, which in turn aggravates political divisions

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The Road to War - politics

compromise and conflict Henry Clay (Whig) – the Union at all costs John Calhoun / Jeff Davis (Democrats) – “honor” at all

costs; states’ rights William Lloyd Garrison (abolitionist) – emancipation at

all costs; a “Higher law” Steven Douglas (Democrat) – “popular sovereignty” and

the splintering of the Democrats (N / S) Abraham Lincoln (Republican) – Union… and more?

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The Road to War - regionalism

Economic differences – Hamilton vs. Jefferson Social differences – gentleman vs. greasy mechanic Interpretations of the Constitution – states rights and federal

power (5th, 9th and 10th Amendments) Dred Scott (1857) – politics and regionalism implode Northern plans for the future / Southern paranoia over the future

(South being eclipsed?) John Brown 1859 – playing on fears and greasing the gears Election of 1860 – regionalism surpasses politics as determining

factor !!

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The Beginning

Aftermath of the election of 1860 – the wheels in motion; Davis to the forefront

Secession and confederation – the border states? Buchanan Admin. – anyone for duck? Federal duties and protection of forts Crittenden Compromise – yeah, right Lincoln’s Inauguration (March 1861) “we must

not be enemies” – “you yourselves must be the aggressors” – “better angels of our nature”

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Major Events - 1861

The border states&& Ft Sumter (call to arms) Bull Run / 1st Manassas (innocence lost)\/ Coiling the Anaconda McClellan takes command; organization and inactivity War in the West – where the war was won / lost?? “Trent Affair” Davis is successful in forming a Confederate army,

government and identity; loyalty? That’s another issue Lincoln takes heat; bends the rules

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Major Events - 1862

Peninsular Campaign (On to Richmond?)00 Battle of Shiloh – foreshadowing of blood Ironclads – watch out world Union takes New Orleans, much of Mississippi River

(unleashing “the Beast”) Jackson shreds Shenandoah; Lee comes to command 2nd Bull Run (Pope-head)@@ Confederate “high water mark” – fall ‘62 Antietam (oops, I won / change has begun)^^ 37th Congress

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Major Events - 1862 (cont)

Elections of 1862 Mac gets axed; Grant returns Campaign for Vicksburg beginsLL 1st conscription and income tax acts North and South (“rich

man’s war – poor man’s fight”) Union “Burned” at Fredericksburg ** Union’s “Valley Forge” in worst winter of the war Murfreesboro/Stones River++

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Major Events - 1863

Desertions on the rise (North and South) Women lead the way in reforming medical care Union navy begins to choke off Confederacy; economic crises

result (“Richmond Bread Riot”) Nature of each society impacts its war effort: South’s “states

rights” weakens war effort; North’s industrial focus strengthens; “died of a theory”

Emancipation Proclamation goes into effect – Mass 54th comes into being 00

Virginia ravaged; Mississippi squeezed

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Major Events – 1863 (cont)

Hooker whipped at Chancellorsville() Grant’s siege of Vicksburg tightens the screws on

Davis and Lee Lee invades North again and loses at Gettysburg Vicksburg falls simultaneously (July 4th)MM New York draft riots / Copperheads revving up Mass 54th shows bravery at Ft Wagner-- Union loss at Chickamauga reversed by Grant with big

win at Chattanooga Gettysburg Address – “last full measure”; “great

consummation”

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Major Events - 1864

Grant gets overall command of Union forces and faces Lee Competing views of reconstruction / black participation Grant whipped in the Wilderness but moves forward** Sherman gets command in the West and moves on Atlanta;

“total war” – new Anaconda has vicious coils Heavy fighting sees terrible casualties (Wilderness to

Petersburg) and growing anti-war movement in the North (“copperheads”)--

Forrest’s raid on Ft Pillow ends exchange of prisoners of war (prisons bulge North and South; Andersonville is the worst of them all)

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Major Events – 1864 (cont) Presidential election looks bad for Lincoln

(McClellan runs for Democrats) Union suffering large numbers of casualties and is stalled

outside of Petersburg and Atlanta big Union wins going into Nov ’64 tip scales (Sherman takes

Atlanta; Sheridan shreds Shenandoah; Farragut at Moblie Bay) and Lincoln wins election

Lincoln gets more “spiritual” Union resolved to fight to end; CSA is getting

weaker and weaker Arlington National Cemetery / Thanksgiving

established (examples of spite / spirit) Sherman’s “March to the Sea” pounds Georgia

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1865 – the end Total war takes its toll/Sherman shreds

South Carolina Lincoln’s 2nd inaugural address calls

for “malice towards none” After 10 months Grant breaks Lee’s

lines at Petersburg and takes Richmond Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox in

early April (how done is important)() Davis tries to move capital to Texas but

is caught; all armies surrender by May War is over; Reconstruction begins **

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To be, or not to be…

1859 1863 1865

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assassination

April 14, 1865 (Good Friday) Part of larger conspiracy…??? John Wilkes Booth is assassin Many in South see assassination as tragedy for the

South as well (so much for “malice for none, charity for all”?)

Fulfillment of prophecy? End of misery?; either way, is the end of Lincoln the man, creation of Lincoln the “American God” - mythologized

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Reconstruction

Presidential vs Congressional Reconstruction Blacks in the new society? SOUTH IS TRASHED!!! Johnson vs Radical Republicans Military enforces government will Civil rights bills / vetos 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments Impeachment Election of Grant 1st African-American gains (Freedman’s Bureau)

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Reconstruction – successes and failures

“Civil War” Amendments are good, but enforcement is not

KKK – “Jim Crow” Sharecropping and tenant farming (sucks) Amnesty Act of 1872 “Panic” of 1873 Election of 1876 Compromise of 1877 Is the war over?? – 1860’s lead to 1960’s

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Effects of the War 600,000 + casualties North and South South demolished; North booming (victory

of Hamilton over Jefferson????) Northern boom will feed 2nd Industrial

Revolution, production and big business Federal authority supreme over states rights

(United States “is” instead of “are”) Popular government is saved (survives

internal crisis; increases democratic influence across the globe)

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Effects of the War – cont.

“Civil War Amendments” – 13, 14 and 15; move from civil war to civil rights

US is militarized nation (new tech, training and tactics – Native tribes screwed!)

Sparks 2nd and largest wave of immigration to the US (results of economic boom and opportunity; will change face of US culture)

Power of the presidency transformed (Lincoln expands “war powers” and commander in chief role) Congress will seek to reduce this during Reconstruction

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Effects of the War – cont.

2nd American Revolution - womens’ rights - “New South”; plantocracy is dead - 1st draft / income tax (growth of federal

government and national interests) - Civil rights issue and conflicts (segregation and

the vote; issue to go on) - changes in daily lives of Americans

(technological and economic advances)

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Mary Lincoln All 3 brothers die during war, as

well as her mother and Willie Moved with Robert and Tad to

Chicago in ’65 Robert marries in ’68 and she and

Tad travel Europe for 3 yrs Tad falls ill on trip and dies in ’71 Grows increasingly delusional and

is institutionalized by Robert Friends sue for her release – goes

to live with sister Dies of stroke in 1882

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William Lloyd Garrison

Publishes last issue of “Liberator” in late 1865

10 minute standing ovation at celebration of ratification of 13th Amendment – makes amends with Frederick Douglass

Active in temperance and womens’ suffrage movements

Two sons become active reformers well into 20th century

Dies 1879

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Where they go from there – US Grant

General in Chief until 1868 Runs for Republicans and elected

President in 1868 and 1872 His administrations are scandal-

ridden; Reconstruction falters Joins investment firm and goes broke

because of it Spends last months writing memoirs

to provide wealth for family Dies of cancer; family wealth returns

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Where they go from there – Lee

Lee helps South to deal with surrender and do it peacably

Offered $50,000 for use of his name; refuses

Offered and accepts presidency of Washington University

Dies 1870; school becomes Washington and Lee U.

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Where they go from there – McClellan

After loss in 1864 he goes to Europe for several years

Returns to become governor of New Jersey

Successful in business ventures (railroads and management)

Dies in 1885 after publishing memoirs

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Where They Go from There - Hancock

Lingering effects of Gettysburg wound

Success at Spotsylvania and difficulties at Petersburg

Relieves Sheridan in Shenandoah Criticized as too lenient during

Reconstruction military administration

Presidential aspirations frustrated in 1868 and 1880

Dies in 1886 while still on active duty

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Where they go from there – Longstreet

Sent west after Gettysburg and led successful attack at Chickamauga

Goes back east and is wounded at Wilderness

Resumes command in 1865 and is there at Appomattox

Scourge of South for becoming a Republican and supporting Grant

US Minister to Turkey and commissioner of Pacific railways

Dies 1904

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Where they go from there – Davis

Captured in Georgia in May of 1865 Imprisoned for 2 years in Va. before

released Spent some time in Canada and

Europe to recover; treason trial never happens

Died in 1889 after writing several books; enjoys financial support of admirers

Citizenship restored by Congress in 1978

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Where they go from there – Sherman

Full general by 1866; in command of all US forces during Grant’s presidency and up to 1884

Native tribes learn to hate Sherman as much as Georgians did

Refuses all offers of political office Dies 1891

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Where they go from there – Barton

At Lincoln’s request, she gets involved for missing soldiers search

Spends 1865 and much of 1866 at Andersonville burying thousands

Went to Europe; comes back with drive to create US Red Cross

Through 1880’s, 90’s serves at national disasters and at Spanish American War

Serves as president of Red Cross till 1904; active till death in 1912 at age 90

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William Seward

Survives assassination attempt – son does too, but wife does not

Stays on as Johnson’s Sec of State

“Seward’s Folly” – purchase of Alaska in 1867

Retires in 1869 – travels the globe for 14 months

Dies 1872

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Nathan Bedford Forrest Penniless at end of war; hired as a

railroad exec and earns another fortune Supports the formation of the KKK in

1867 – becomes 1st Grand Wizard Distances himself from KKK 2 years

later, asking it to disband because it has become too violent and has strayed from his view of its original intent

Dies of diabetes-related complications in 1877; body disinterred and moved in 1904 to Forrest Park in the heart of Memphis in 1904

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Harriet Tubman

Moves back to Auburn, NY after war – close friends with the Seward family

Always short on cash, gets help from many admirers

Builds home for elderly blacks to convalesce – spends last few years there

Dies 1913 of pneumonia (and being really, really old)

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Where they go from there – Chamberlain

Seriously wounded at Petersburg; promoted to Brig. General

4-term governor of Maine President of Bowdoin College Attends Gettysburg reunion in

1913 Dies 1914

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Where they go from here - Douglass

During Reconstruction, he fights vigorously for full citizenship of African Americans and is active in womens rights movement

Serves as Asst. Sec. of Santo Domingo Comm., D.C. Marshall, and US Minister to Haiti

1875 commemoration of Mass 54th monument in DC – “what will peace bring???”

Dies Feb. of 1895 in D.C.; pissed at lack of civil rights progress; advocates direct action and “agitation” to secure rights