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The Civil War

Differences Between the North and

South

Geography of the North

• Climate – frozen winters; hot/humid summers

• Natural features:

− coastline: bays and harbors – fishermen, shipbuilding (i.e. Boston)

− inland: rocky soil – farming hard; turned to trade and crafts (timber for

shipbuilding)

Geography of the South

• Climate – mild winters; long, hot,

humid summers

• Natural features:

− coastline: swamps and

marshes (rice & sugarcane,

fishing)

− inland: indigo, tobacco, &

corn

− Towns follow rivers inland!

Economy of the North

• MORE Cities & Factories

• Industrial Revolution: Introduction of the Machine

− products were made cheaper and faster

− shift from skilled crafts people to less skilled

laborers

− Economy BOOST!!!

Economy of the South

• Agriculture: Plantations and Slaves

−White Southerners made

living off the land

−Cotton Kingdom – Eli

Whitney

•cotton made slavery more

important

•cotton spread west, so

slavery increases

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Transportation of the North

• National Road – better roads; inexpensive way to deliver products

• Ships & Canals – river travels fast; steamboat

(i.e. Erie Canal)

• Railroad – steam-powered machine (fastest

transportation and travels across land)

Transportation of the South

• WATER! Southern rivers made water travel easy and cheap (i.e. Mississippi)

• Southern town sprang up along waterways

Society of the North – industrial, urban life

• Maine to Iowa

• Black Northerners

− free but not equal (i.e. segregation)

− worked as laborers & servants

• White Northerners

− most lived on farms

− children expected to help with

harvesting

− cities next to factories or RR tracks

Society of the South –agrarian, rural life

• Maryland to Florida & west to Texas

• Black Southerners

− small minority free (live separate, wear special

badges) – skilled crafts people or servants

− slaves – cooks, carpenters, blacksmiths, nurse

maids/nannies, MOST field hands

• White Southerners

− measured wealth in terms of land & slaves

Abolitionist Movement

• Abolitionists – wanted to end slavery

• both blacks & whites worked in Abolition Movement

− William Lloyd Garrison –“Liberator” (white)

− Frederick Douglass – “North Star”(black)

HOWEVER… Female abolitionists:

• tried to convince lawmakers to make

slavery illegal

• raised money for suffrage movement

• spoke out against slave beatings

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The Underground Railroad

• a series of escape routes running from South to North

• traveled by night; hid/rested in stations

• conductors – people who led runaways to freedom

−Harriet Tubman

Women’s Suffrage

• Fighting Slavery: Women get involved

• Inspired by Second Great Awakening –religious reform movement; good works

get you to heaven

• Anti – slavery fight helped pave way for

women’s suffrage (right to vote)

Seneca Falls: The Declaration of

Sentiments

• 1848 – almost 300 people, including 40 men,

arrived for the Convention

• People there: Abolitionists, Quakers,

Housewives, etc.

• Dec. of Sent. – proposal for women’s rights –

modeled after Dec. of Ind.

− it listed acts of tyranny by men over

women

The Legacy of Seneca Falls

• created organization among women

• established awareness of women

suffrage

• Sojourner Truth – “Aint I a woman?” –awareness of black women

The Legacy of Seneca Falls (cont.)

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton – organized Seneca Falls Convention, concerned

with voting rights

• Susan B. Anthony – built movement into

national organization, concerned with

women getting equal treatment in work

place.

Women (at this time)

• Could not hold office; only white men

• Could not practice professions (i.e.

medicine or law)

• Could not control their own money or

property (fathers or husbands

controlled it)

• Would be disciplined by males

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Intro to the Civil War: Immediate

Causes

• Election of Lincoln as President

• Secession of southern states

SIDES

• NORTH: Union

• SOUTH: Confederacy

Issues Leading to the Civil War• Southerners threaten secession to get what they want!!!

• Balance of Power in Congress: 1840’s Southerners want to extend slavery into new territories

Northwest Ordinance 1787• All states North of Ohio River = FREEAll states North of Ohio River = FREEAll states North of Ohio River = FREEAll states North of Ohio River = FREE

• All states South of Ohio River = SLAVEAll states South of Ohio River = SLAVEAll states South of Ohio River = SLAVEAll states South of Ohio River = SLAVE

Add a picture

here.

••Southern states threatened to break (secede) Southern states threatened to break (secede) from Union if Missouri became a from Union if Missouri became a ““freefree”” statestate

••SoSo…… Missouri = slave; Maine = freeMissouri = slave; Maine = free

••3636’’30 parallel 30 parallel –– North of it free, South of it North of it free, South of it slaveslave

••kept Union together; but no one happy # of kept Union together; but no one happy # of slave and free states EQUAL!slave and free states EQUAL!

Missouri Compromise: attempt to keep equal number of slave & free states Compromise of 1850

• California = free state; New Mexico & Utah = slave stateCalifornia = free state; New Mexico & Utah = slave stateCalifornia = free state; New Mexico & Utah = slave stateCalifornia = free state; New Mexico & Utah = slave state

• Passed a stricter Fugitive Slave Law Passed a stricter Fugitive Slave Law Passed a stricter Fugitive Slave Law Passed a stricter Fugitive Slave Law – returning slaves to returning slaves to returning slaves to returning slaves to their owners when they would run awaytheir owners when they would run awaytheir owners when they would run awaytheir owners when they would run away

• Southerners threaten secession if Fugitive Slave Law not Southerners threaten secession if Fugitive Slave Law not Southerners threaten secession if Fugitive Slave Law not Southerners threaten secession if Fugitive Slave Law not enforcedenforcedenforcedenforced− wasnwasnwasnwasn’t enforcedt enforcedt enforcedt enforced

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Harriet Beecher Stowe• Uncle TomUncle TomUncle TomUncle Tom’s Cabins Cabins Cabins Cabin

• book that turned many book that turned many book that turned many book that turned many Northerners against Northerners against Northerners against Northerners against slaveryslaveryslaveryslavery

• author scorned by Southauthor scorned by Southauthor scorned by Southauthor scorned by South

Kansas-Nebraska ACT

• cancelled Missouri Compromisecancelled Missouri Compromisecancelled Missouri Compromisecancelled Missouri Compromise

• allow settlers to decide issue of slaveryallow settlers to decide issue of slaveryallow settlers to decide issue of slaveryallow settlers to decide issue of slavery− popular sovereignty popular sovereignty popular sovereignty popular sovereignty – rule by the peoplerule by the peoplerule by the peoplerule by the people− North = upset, South = happyNorth = upset, South = happyNorth = upset, South = happyNorth = upset, South = happy

• struggle over slavery turned violentstruggle over slavery turned violentstruggle over slavery turned violentstruggle over slavery turned violent− “Bleeding KansasBleeding KansasBleeding KansasBleeding Kansas” – violence between pro and anti slavery violence between pro and anti slavery violence between pro and anti slavery violence between pro and anti slavery forcesforcesforcesforces

Dred Scott Case• slave from Missouri who was taken to Wisconsin (a free slave from Missouri who was taken to Wisconsin (a free slave from Missouri who was taken to Wisconsin (a free slave from Missouri who was taken to Wisconsin (a free

state)state)state)state)

• sued to gain freedom when returning to Missourisued to gain freedom when returning to Missourisued to gain freedom when returning to Missourisued to gain freedom when returning to Missouri

• said he was made free in Wisconsinsaid he was made free in Wisconsinsaid he was made free in Wisconsinsaid he was made free in Wisconsin

• Decision of case:Decision of case:Decision of case:Decision of case:

− 1. Slaves are PROPERTY not citizens! (no right to 1. Slaves are PROPERTY not citizens! (no right to 1. Slaves are PROPERTY not citizens! (no right to 1. Slaves are PROPERTY not citizens! (no right to sue..)sue..)sue..)sue..)

− 2. Fugitive Slave law must be enforced2. Fugitive Slave law must be enforced2. Fugitive Slave law must be enforced2. Fugitive Slave law must be enforced− 3. Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional3. Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional3. Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional3. Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

5th Amendment

• slaves are property slaves are property slaves are property slaves are property – Scott was a slaveScott was a slaveScott was a slaveScott was a slave

• Property cannot be taken away without due processProperty cannot be taken away without due processProperty cannot be taken away without due processProperty cannot be taken away without due process

• South = happy; North = madSouth = happy; North = madSouth = happy; North = madSouth = happy; North = mad

Republican Party• new party formednew party formednew party formednew party formed

• believed no man can own believed no man can own believed no man can own believed no man can own anotheranotheranotheranother

• nominated Abraham Lincoln nominated Abraham Lincoln nominated Abraham Lincoln nominated Abraham Lincoln for Illinois Senator for Illinois Senator for Illinois Senator for Illinois Senator ���� he losthe losthe losthe lost

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Abraham Lincoln

• did not want Union did not want Union did not want Union did not want Union divided over slaverydivided over slaverydivided over slaverydivided over slavery

• slavery is a moral issue, slavery is a moral issue, slavery is a moral issue, slavery is a moral issue, not a legal onenot a legal onenot a legal onenot a legal one

• not an abolitionist but not an abolitionist but not an abolitionist but not an abolitionist but wanted to stop slavery wanted to stop slavery wanted to stop slavery wanted to stop slavery from spreading into new from spreading into new from spreading into new from spreading into new territoriesterritoriesterritoriesterritories

John Brown

• Abolitionist (Radical)Abolitionist (Radical)Abolitionist (Radical)Abolitionist (Radical)

• Raided Harpers Ferry in Virginia, plan to seize gunsRaided Harpers Ferry in Virginia, plan to seize gunsRaided Harpers Ferry in Virginia, plan to seize gunsRaided Harpers Ferry in Virginia, plan to seize guns

• wanted weapons to arm slaves for rebellionwanted weapons to arm slaves for rebellionwanted weapons to arm slaves for rebellionwanted weapons to arm slaves for rebellion

• all men caught, tried, hangedall men caught, tried, hangedall men caught, tried, hangedall men caught, tried, hanged

• Northerners outraged

• Southerners alarmed

• increase tension between North & South

Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858 Senate

Campaign)

• Lincoln’s views on slavery: It

should not be allowed to

spread!

• Stephen Douglas: believed

each state should decide

for itself whether or not to allow slavery

Presidential Election of 1860

• Lincoln wonLincoln wonLincoln wonLincoln won

• Election results made it clear: the nation no longer wanted Election results made it clear: the nation no longer wanted Election results made it clear: the nation no longer wanted Election results made it clear: the nation no longer wanted compromisecompromisecompromisecompromise

• Now 18 free states, 15 slave statesNow 18 free states, 15 slave statesNow 18 free states, 15 slave statesNow 18 free states, 15 slave states

• South is upset!South is upset!South is upset!South is upset!

Secession

• South saw Lincoln as an abolitionistSouth saw Lincoln as an abolitionistSouth saw Lincoln as an abolitionistSouth saw Lincoln as an abolitionist

• South Carolina South Carolina South Carolina South Carolina – first state to break away from Unionfirst state to break away from Unionfirst state to break away from Unionfirst state to break away from Union

Fort Sumter• 1861186118611861

• Southerners captured federal fort for weaponsSoutherners captured federal fort for weaponsSoutherners captured federal fort for weaponsSoutherners captured federal fort for weapons

• no one killed, but surrendered to Southno one killed, but surrendered to Southno one killed, but surrendered to Southno one killed, but surrendered to South

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Confederacy Established…

• 1861186118611861

• seceding states formed a new nation, the Confederate seceding states formed a new nation, the Confederate seceding states formed a new nation, the Confederate seceding states formed a new nation, the Confederate States of America, with its president = Jefferson DavisStates of America, with its president = Jefferson DavisStates of America, with its president = Jefferson DavisStates of America, with its president = Jefferson Davis

Intro to the Civil War: Long Term Causes

• Conflict over slavery in territories

• Compromise failure in Congress (i.e. Missouri Compromise)

• Economic differences

− South – needed slaves

− North – want to end slavery

Emancipation Proclamation

• During the Civil War, Lincoln freed all the slaves in states that were rebelling

• exception: slaves in South Carolina remained slaves

− political move

Effects of the Civil War

• Abolition of slavery

• Devastation to the South

• Reconstruction of the South

• Nation reunited

• Boom of Industry

• Federal Authority dominant

Amendments from the Civil War

• 13th – outlawed slavery

• 14th – made slaves (freedmen) citizens

• 15th – gave all citizens (freedmen) the right to vote

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CIVIL WAR: the bloodiest war in

American History

• NORTH: UNION

• President – Abraham Lincoln

• Soldiers – “Yankees”

• Commanding General –Ulysses S. Grant

NORTH

• STRENGTHS

• More people than South

• 90% of nation’s manufacturing in North

• more RR tracks (will become nation’s biggest business post-civil war)

• WEAKNESSES

• Military Leaders

− 1/3 of nation’s military officers returned to the South

− Many remaining officers too old for combat

• Must invade South

South: Confederacy

• President – Jefferson Davis

• Soldiers – Rebels

• Commanding General –Robert E. Lee

SOUTH

• STRENGTHS

• Fighting a defensive battle

• Great Military Leaders

• WEAKNESSES

• Economy:

− wealth in land & slaves

− Few factories to produce guns and military supplies

• Transportation Problem =

− lacked RR network & transportation

Anaconda Plan

• Capture Richmond, VA - capital of Confederacy; destroy rebel government

• Gain control of Mississippi River = separates the Confederacy (can’t travel or trade)

• Union blockade of Southern coastal ports− Northern strategy that prevented cotton & other products from being exported to Britain and France

− Weakened Southern economy

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BATTLES of the Civil War BULL RUN (VA)

• 1st major battle of the Civil

War

• Stonewall Jackson stopped

Union troops

• Southern Victory

• Rose Greenhow – spy for South

− Union plan to capture

Richmond

Fort Wagner (SC)

• (Union) Massachusetts 54th

Regiment – 1st

black regiment (“Glory”)

• heavy losses

• Southern Victory

Antietam (MD)

• Bloodiest day

• 6000 died, 17000 injured

• No one won (but South will claim they did)

Battle of Shiloh (TN)

• Ulysses S. Grant led advance in south; he refused to retreat & WON

• U.S. army = 13,000 losses

• C.S. army = 10,000 losses

• Gave the Union access to Mississippi River & the eventual blockade

Vicksburg (MS)

• Fought for control of Mississippi River

• Union Victory: captured the Mississippi River and managed to divide the Confederate states

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Sherman’s March

• TOTAL WAR!

• Goal: to destroy all supplies in the South

Gettysburg (PA)

• *Turning point for

Union

− last Confederate attack on the

North

• Pickett’s charge –

Northern most point

reached by South

• Such devastation that

Lincoln addresses the nation (i.e. Gettysburg

Address)

President Abraham Lincoln Figure

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, upon this

continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the

proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or

any nation so conceived, and so dedicated, can long endure. We are

met here on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a

portion of it as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives

that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we

should do this.

But in a larger sense we can not dedicate - we can not consecrate - we

can not hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who

struggled, here, have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or

detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here,

but can never forget what they did here.

It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work

which they have, thus far, so nobly carried on. It is rather for us to be

here dedicated to the great task remaining before us - that from these

honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they

here gave the last full measure of devotion - that we here highly resolve

that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation shall have a

new birth of freedom; and that this government of the people, by the

people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

Appomatox (VA)

• Surrender of Confederacy (April 9, 1865)

• Lee surrendered to Grant

• Men treated very well (none murdered, all are soldiers)

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Consequences of the Civil WARNew realities of War:

• New weaponry

− rifles replaced muskets

− improved cannons & artillery

− infantry assaults more deadly

• Medical care poor (no understanding of causes of infections)

− More soldiers died of diseases than wounds

− 220,000 Union died in hospital vs.140,000 died in battlefields

Outcomes of the War

• Drafts− started during Civil War

• Changed how Americans thought about their nation − union as a whole, not individual states

• Helped federal govt. expand − federal govt. stronger than state govt.

• Spurred industry − petroleum, steel, food processing, manufacturing

Reconstruction 1865-1877

• rebuilding the South

• bringing the South back into the Union

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Lincoln’s Assassination

• April 14, 1865 (5 days after the war ended)

• Lincoln = first president to be assassinated

• Assassinated at Ford’s Theater in D.C.

• by John Wilkes Booth – Confederate supporter – who

hoped this would create chaos within govt. and help

Confed. win war!

Lincoln…Johnson’s Plan

• President Andrew Johnson granted amnesty to

all white southerners, except leaders

• Right to vote to all blacks who were educated

or served in military

• 10% Plan

− when 10% of voters of state took a loyalty oath,

state could form a new govt. with new

constitution (without slavery)

Struggle for control of Reconstruction

• Battle between President Johnson and

Congress

• Johnson’s policy = easy on the south:

amnesty

−Ex: black codes (control former

slaves/restrict freedom)

Struggle for control of Reconstruction

• Congress enacts bills to help freedmen

(14th Amend., Freedmens’ Bureau, and

Reconstruction Act of 1867)

Impeachment of Johnson

• Johnson was 1st

President impeached by

Congress because of

his ideas on

Reconstruction & his

“slap on the wrist”actions

• Not convicted & stayed

in office

Civil War Amendments

• 13th – freed the slaves

• 14th – gave all freed men citizenship

• 15th – gave all citizens the right to vote (not

women)

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Jim Crow Laws

• Laws enforcing segregation of blacks & whites in

South after Civil War

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)• White Supremacist

organization set up in South

to scare blacks away from

voting & seeking equal rights

• claimed to be “the Ghosts of

the Confederate Soldiers”

• Segregation & Oppression

continue

Freedmen’s Bureau

• Govt. agency to help former enslaved

people

Scalawags

• Southerners who sided with the

Republicans & their policies for

Reconstruction

Carpetbaggers

• Northerners who settled in the South after the

war

• Supported the Republicans

Compromise of 1877

• Debate on presidential election between Rutherford B.

Hayes (Republican) & Samuel J. Tilden (Democrat)

• Hayes would get presidency IF…

− Republicans agreed to withdraw remaining fed. troops

from the south

− Because they leave, Reconstruction comes to an end!