The Civil War BeginsThe Civil War Begins

Northern Response to Northern Response to Southern SuccessionSouthern Succession

March 1861 – Abraham Lincoln took March 1861 – Abraham Lincoln took office as President of the United Statesoffice as President of the United States

North said that the Union was older North said that the Union was older than the states it had created themthan the states it had created them

Believed the Union had to be preservedBelieved the Union had to be preserved South believed that majority rule was a South believed that majority rule was a

threat to their libertythreat to their liberty North believed South was pouting North believed South was pouting

because they lost the electionbecause they lost the election Lincoln said that the national Lincoln said that the national

government would not abandon its government would not abandon its property in the southproperty in the south

Said that the Union wouldn't use force Said that the Union wouldn't use force in the southin the south

Crisis at Fort SumterCrisis at Fort Sumter Confederate soldiers take over Confederate soldiers take over

government, military installationsgovernment, military installations Fort SumterFort Sumter—Union outpost in —Union outpost in

Charleston harbor Charleston harbor Confederates demanded surrender Confederates demanded surrender

of Fort Sumterof Fort Sumter Fort Sumter and Fort Pickens Fort Sumter and Fort Pickens

needed suppliesneeded supplies- - supply ships had been forced to turnsupply ships had been forced to turn

back after being fired on by Southback after being fired on by South Carolina gunnersCarolina gunners Lincoln faced tough decision Lincoln faced tough decision

concerning the fortsconcerning the forts- - Withdrawing the troops would beWithdrawing the troops would be

recognizing the Confederacyrecognizing the Confederacy- Sending supplies meant risking war- Sending supplies meant risking war- Reinforcing the fort with force would - Reinforcing the fort with force would alsoalso

lead rest of slave states to secedelead rest of slave states to secede

Crisis at Fort SumterCrisis at Fort Sumter April 1861 - Lincoln April 1861 - Lincoln

announced that he announced that he was sending relief was sending relief expeditions to the expeditions to the fortsforts– Meant he would Meant he would

fight if necessaryfight if necessary For South, no action For South, no action

would damage would damage sovereignty of sovereignty of ConfederacyConfederacy

Jefferson Davis chose Jefferson Davis chose to turn peaceful to turn peaceful secession into warsecession into war

Others Secede – Choosing Others Secede – Choosing SidesSides Lincoln called out the militia (northern Lincoln called out the militia (northern

states responded)states responded) Fall of Fort Sumter unites North; Fall of Fort Sumter unites North;

volunteers rush to enlistvolunteers rush to enlist Angered southern states - Virginia, Angered southern states - Virginia,

North Carolina, Tennessee, and North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas joined the ConfederacyArkansas joined the Confederacy

Robert E. Lee became leader of the Robert E. Lee became leader of the Confederate armyConfederate army

Border states were the key to the warBorder states were the key to the war North had to have Maryland to keep North had to have Maryland to keep

contact with Washington D.C.contact with Washington D.C.- Lincoln ordered the arrest of - Lincoln ordered the arrest of lawmakerslawmakers

who had supported the southwho had supported the south- Federal troops helped a group of- Federal troops helped a group of

western counties break away fromwestern counties break away from Virginia (West Virginia)Virginia (West Virginia) War caused many families in the War caused many families in the

border states to spilt border states to spilt

Both Sides StrengthsBoth Sides Strengths NorthNorth

- Had more people - Had more people - Had most of the natural- Had most of the natural

resources (iron, coal,resources (iron, coal, copper)copper)

- 86% of the nation’s- 86% of the nation’s factories in the northfactories in the north

- Union kept almost - Union kept almost everyevery

ship in the navyship in the navy- More extensive railroad- More extensive railroad

systemsystem- Lincoln’s leadership- Lincoln’s leadership

SouthSouth- Had better generals- Had better generals- cotton profits- cotton profits- Fighting a defensive - Fighting a defensive warwar

(more of a will to (more of a will to fight)fight)

StrategyStrategy NorthNorth

- Aimed to conquer south and- Aimed to conquer south and bring it back into the Unionbring it back into the Union

- Didn’t have a strong enough- Didn’t have a strong enough army to invade the south aarmy to invade the south a the beginningthe beginning

- Anaconda plan- Anaconda plan:: UnionUnion strategy to conquer Southstrategy to conquer South

- blockade Southern ports - blockade Southern ports - divide Confederacy in two in- divide Confederacy in two in

westwest- capture Richmond,- capture Richmond,

Confederate capitalConfederate capital

SouthSouth- Only wanted to stay- Only wanted to stay

independent independent - Wanted to avoid major - Wanted to avoid major battlesbattles

(hoped the north would get(hoped the north would get tired of fighting)tired of fighting)

- Invade North if opportunity- Invade North if opportunity arosearose

- Beginning of the war south- Beginning of the war south withheld cotton from Europewithheld cotton from Europe (hoped Europe would help(hoped Europe would help south due to their need forsouth due to their need for cotton (BIG MISTAKE)cotton (BIG MISTAKE)

- Europe found other places to- Europe found other places to get cottonget cotton

The Two ArmiesThe Two Armies 1861 – Union was 1861 – Union was

unprepared to fightunprepared to fight- Many soldiers were city - Many soldiers were city residentsresidents

Southern army had Southern army had organized before the battle organized before the battle of Fort Sumterof Fort Sumter

Southerners were used to Southerners were used to shooting guns shooting guns

Neither army had uniforms Neither army had uniforms (created confusion)(created confusion)- Union wore blue- Union wore blue- Confederates wore grey - Confederates wore grey

The Two ArmiesThe Two Armies

Didn’t have Didn’t have antiseptics – germ antiseptics – germ killing drugskilling drugs

Didn’t have Didn’t have anesthetics – pain anesthetics – pain killing drugskilling drugs

- Soldiers had to - Soldiers had to bite bullets when bite bullets when being operated onbeing operated on

First Battle of Bull RunFirst Battle of Bull Run Union army was marching to Union army was marching to

ManassasManassas Sightseers and picnickers followed Sightseers and picnickers followed

to watch the battleto watch the battle Thomas J. JacksonThomas J. Jackson earned earned

nickname “Stonewall” for firm stand nickname “Stonewall” for firm stand in battlein battle

Confederates forced the Union to Confederates forced the Union to retreatretreat- Union army got tangled up- Union army got tangled up

with the sightseerswith the sightseers Northern soldiers, from cities or

urbanized areas, impressed with the geography - In unfamiliar territory, they named many of their battles after these natural features. Confederate troops - towns and buildings were more memorable, and in the south many of the same battles were referred to after the man-made structures nearby.

VocabularyVocabulary

Fort Sumter -This is the site for the opening shots of the Civil War.

Robert E. Lee - He was the lead general for the Confederate Army, and was the best strategy general during the Civil War. 

Battle of Bull Run- This was the first major battle during the Civil War, with a surprising Confederate victory.

Union Armies in the WestUnion Armies in the West Protecting Washington, Protecting Washington,

D.C.D.C. After Bull Run, Lincoln called After Bull Run, Lincoln called

for 1 million additional soldiersfor 1 million additional soldiers Appointed General Appointed General George George

McClellanMcClellan to lead the Union to lead the Union army army

Union captured New Orleans Union captured New Orleans Feb. 1862 - General Feb. 1862 - General Ulysses S. Ulysses S.

GrantGrant captured Confederate captured Confederate Forts Henry & DonelsonForts Henry & Donelson

Both held strategic locations on Both held strategic locations on the Tennessee & Cumberland the Tennessee & Cumberland Rivers Rivers

Union Victories in the Union Victories in the WestWest

Battle of ShilohBattle of Shiloh March1862, Confederate troops surprised Union March1862, Confederate troops surprised Union

soldiers at soldiers at ShilohShiloh Grant counterattacked & forced Confederates Grant counterattacked & forced Confederates

retreat retreat - Fiercest fighting of the war to that point- Fiercest fighting of the war to that point- Both sides suffered heavy casualties- Both sides suffered heavy casualties

Shiloh taught that preparation was neededShiloh taught that preparation was needed, , (Scouts, trenches & fortifications (Scouts, trenches & fortifications

Showed that Confederacy was vulnerable in WestShowed that Confederacy was vulnerable in West April 1862April 1862 - David G. Farragut - David G. Farragut commanded fleet commanded fleet

that took New Orleans, Baton Rouge, Natchezthat took New Orleans, Baton Rouge, Natchez Capturing all of the major cities along the lower Capturing all of the major cities along the lower

Mississippi would cut Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, & Mississippi would cut Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, & Tennessee would be cutoffTennessee would be cutoff

Only Port Hudson, Louisiana & Vicksburg Mississippi Only Port Hudson, Louisiana & Vicksburg Mississippi stood in the way stood in the way

Union Victories in the Union Victories in the WestWest

A Revolution in WarfareA Revolution in Warfare New ironclad ships New ironclad ships

instrumental in victories instrumental in victories of Grant, Farragut of Grant, Farragut - Ironclads splinter - Ironclads splinter wooden ships, withstand wooden ships, withstand cannon, resist burningcannon, resist burning

March 1862, North’s March 1862, North’s Monitor,Monitor, South’s South’s MerrimackMerrimack fought to a fought to a drawdraw- 1- 1stst ever battle between ever battle between two ironclad warshipstwo ironclad warships- The new ships were - The new ships were not a decisive factor in not a decisive factor in the warthe war

A Revolution in WarfareA Revolution in Warfare New WeaponsNew Weapons

- Rifles more accurate, - Rifles more accurate, faster loading, fire more faster loading, fire more rounds than musketsrounds than muskets- - Minie ballMinie ball (more (more destructive bullet), destructive bullet), grenades, land mines were grenades, land mines were usedused- Fighting from trenches, - Fighting from trenches, barricades new advantage barricades new advantage in infantry attacksin infantry attacks

The War for the CapitalsThe War for the Capitals 3rd part of Anaconda plan 3rd part of Anaconda plan

called for the capture of called for the capture of Richmond Richmond

McClellan waited to attack McClellan waited to attack Richmond (Too cautious) Richmond (Too cautious) - Drilled troops for 5 - Drilled troops for 5 months months

Spring 1862 - Spring 1862 - Robert E. Robert E. LeeLee took command of took command of Southern armySouthern army- Excellent general who - Excellent general who had declined an offer to had declined an offer to head the union army at the head the union army at the beginning of the war beginning of the war

Seven Days BattlesSeven Days Battles June 25 to July 1, 1862 - Lee & McClellan fought June 25 to July 1, 1862 - Lee & McClellan fought

series of battles known collectively as the Seven series of battles known collectively as the Seven Days’ BattleDays’ Battle- South lost more men but forced north to retreat- South lost more men but forced north to retreat

Lee’ determination and unorthodox tactics Lee’ determination and unorthodox tactics caused McClellan leave Richmond caused McClellan leave Richmond

Lee decided to invade the northLee decided to invade the north- Hoped a victory in the north would convince - Hoped a victory in the north would convince Lincoln to talk peaceLincoln to talk peace- Hoped a victory would also persuade Europe to - Hoped a victory would also persuade Europe to side with the south side with the south

Second Battle of Bull Second Battle of Bull RunRun

August 29 & 30 August 29 & 30 1862 - Lee won 1862 - Lee won Second Battle of Second Battle of Bull Run & marched Bull Run & marched into Marylandinto Maryland

- Put Washington - Put Washington D.C. in dangerD.C. in danger

- Union troops had - Union troops had to withdraw to to withdraw to protect itprotect it

Battle of AntietamBattle of Antietam Union army found a copy of Union army found a copy of

Lee’s battle plansLee’s battle plans Bloodiest single-day battle Bloodiest single-day battle

of the warof the war- 23,000 men died (more - 23,000 men died (more than the war of 1812 & war than the war of 1812 & war with Mexico combined)with Mexico combined)

Ended in a drawEnded in a draw- Confederates retreat - Confederates retreat - McClellan does not pursue- McClellan does not pursue- Lincoln fired McClellan- Lincoln fired McClellan

Considered a political Considered a political victory for the northvictory for the north- Caused Europe to delay - Caused Europe to delay plans to help the southplans to help the south

Britain Remains NeutralBritain Remains Neutral

Britain didn’t need the South Britain didn’t need the South

-had cotton inventory & new sources-had cotton inventory & new sources Britain needed Northern wheat & Britain needed Northern wheat &

corn (replaced cotton as the corn (replaced cotton as the essential import)essential import)

Britain Chose neutralityBritain Chose neutrality

The Trent AffairThe Trent Affair South made a 2South made a 2ndnd attempt to gain attempt to gain

English & French support English & French support Confederate diplomats traveled Confederate diplomats traveled

abroad a British merchant ship abroad a British merchant ship ((Trent)Trent)

James Mason & John Sidell James Mason & John Sidell U.S. Navy arrests them (Capt. Charles U.S. Navy arrests them (Capt. Charles

Wilkes)Wilkes) England threatened war against the England threatened war against the

union mobilized 8,000 troops to union mobilized 8,000 troops to CanadaCanada

Lincoln freed the prisoners and Lincoln freed the prisoners and publicly claimed the Wilkes acted publicly claimed the Wilkes acted without orderswithout orders

Averted war with Britain – Britain Averted war with Britain – Britain sides with neither!sides with neither!

Emancipation Emancipation ProclamationProclamation January 1, 1863 Lincoln issued January 1, 1863 Lincoln issued

the Emancipation Proclamation the Emancipation Proclamation - - it applied only to states designated as being in rebellion, not to the slave-holding border states of KY, MD, MO and WV or to areas of the Confederacy that had already come under Union control

Proclamation had symbolic Proclamation had symbolic value by giving the war a high value by giving the war a high moral purpose (Slavery)moral purpose (Slavery)

Northern Democrats claimed it Northern Democrats claimed it would antagonize South & would antagonize South & prolong warprolong war

Changed the character of the Changed the character of the war (The Old South was to be war (The Old South was to be destroyed)destroyed)- Confederacy became more- Confederacy became more

determined to preserve way of lifedetermined to preserve way of life- Compromise was no longer - Compromise was no longer possiblepossible

Emancipation Emancipation ProclamationProclamation

Northern Democrats Northern Democrats claimed it would claimed it would antagonize South & antagonize South & prolong warprolong war

Changed the Changed the character of the war character of the war (The Old South was to (The Old South was to be destroyed)be destroyed)- Confederacy became - Confederacy became more determined to more determined to preserve way of lifepreserve way of life- Compromise was no - Compromise was no longer possiblelonger possible

Both Sides Face Political Both Sides Face Political ProblemsProblems

Neither side was Neither side was completely unifiedcompletely unified

Both sides had Both sides had sympathizers sympathizers

Lincoln suspended Lincoln suspended habeas corpushabeas corpus::- order to bring - order to bring accused to court & accused to court & name chargesname charges

Seized telegraph Seized telegraph offices to prevent offices to prevent them from being used them from being used for subversionfor subversion

Both Sides Face Political Both Sides Face Political ProblemsProblems

CopperheadsCopperheads - - Northern Northern Democrats advocating Democrats advocating peace were among those peace were among those arrestedarrested

Lincoln ignored Supreme Lincoln ignored Supreme court ruling that stated he court ruling that stated he had overstepped his had overstepped his constitutional boundaries constitutional boundaries

Davis denounced Lincoln, Davis denounced Lincoln, then suspended habeas then suspended habeas corpus in Southcorpus in South

Lincoln expands Lincoln expands presidential powers & sets presidential powers & sets precedent (War time)precedent (War time)

ConscriptionConscription Both sides relied on volunteers in the Both sides relied on volunteers in the

beginning beginning Casualties & desertions led to Casualties & desertions led to conscriptionconscription - -

draft to serve in armydraft to serve in army Both armies allowed draftees to hire Both armies allowed draftees to hire

substitutes to serve for themsubstitutes to serve for them Planters with more than 20 slaves were Planters with more than 20 slaves were

exempted “Rich mans war poor mans fight”exempted “Rich mans war poor mans fight” 90% eligible Southerners served 90% eligible Southerners served 92% of the Northern soldiers were volunteers92% of the Northern soldiers were volunteers

Draft RiotsDraft Riots Poor white workers Poor white workers

thought it was unfair they thought it was unfair they should have to fight a war should have to fight a war to free slaves to free slaves

- Lived in disease ridden - Lived in disease ridden slumsslums

White workers feared White workers feared Southern blacks would Southern blacks would move North & compete for move North & compete for jobsjobs

1863 - Mobs rampaged 1863 - Mobs rampaged through New York City through New York City after they began being after they began being drafted drafted

African Americans Fight for African Americans Fight for FreedomFreedom

African-American SoldiersAfrican-American Soldiers African Americans 1% of North’s African Americans 1% of North’s

populationpopulation Made up 10% of army by the end Made up 10% of army by the end

of the warof the war Free blacks welcome ability to Free blacks welcome ability to

fight against slaveryfight against slavery- 54th regiment gained fame - 54th regiment gained fame attacking Fort Wagner in South attacking Fort Wagner in South CarolinaCarolina

Received lower pay than white Received lower pay than white troops for most of war& limited troops for most of war& limited on military rankon military rank

Suffered high mortality from Suffered high mortality from diseasedisease

POWs were killed or returned to POWs were killed or returned to slaveryslavery

Fort PillowFort Pillow, TN - Confederates , TN - Confederates massacred over 200 African-massacred over 200 African-American POWsAmerican POWs

Southern ShortagesSouthern Shortages South experienced food shortages from South experienced food shortages from

lost manpower, Union occupation& loss of lost manpower, Union occupation& loss of slavesslaves

Caused inflation Caused inflation 1861 - $6.65 for food per month1861 - $6.65 for food per month 1865 $68 for food per month if available 1865 $68 for food per month if available Blockade created other shortages (salt, Blockade created other shortages (salt,

sugar, coffee, nails needles, & medicine)sugar, coffee, nails needles, & medicine) Some Confederates traded with enemySome Confederates traded with enemy Smuggled cotton into the north in Smuggled cotton into the north in

exchange for food, gold or other goods exchange for food, gold or other goods

Northern Economic Northern Economic GrowthGrowth

Industries that supplied army boomed Industries that supplied army boomed Contractors made huge profits Contractors made huge profits Many workers’ standard of living Many workers’ standard of living

dropped dropped Wages do not keep up with pricesWages do not keep up with prices Women replaced men on farms, city Women replaced men on farms, city

jobs & government jobsjobs & government jobs Congress established first Congress established first income taxincome tax

on earnings to pay for waron earnings to pay for war

Soldiers Suffer on Both Soldiers Suffer on Both SidesSides

Lack of sanitation, personal Lack of sanitation, personal hygiene lead to disease in hygiene lead to disease in camp (Body lice & diarrhea)camp (Body lice & diarrhea)

Diets were unvaried, Diets were unvaried, limited, unappealing limited, unappealing

North ate beans, bacon and North ate beans, bacon and hard square biscuitshard square biscuits

South ate a stew of small South ate a stew of small cubes of beef, crumbled cubes of beef, crumbled cornbread mixed with bacon cornbread mixed with bacon grease grease

South had to use substitutes South had to use substitutes for coffee (peanuts, dried for coffee (peanuts, dried apples, & corn)apples, & corn)

Civil War MedicineCivil War Medicine U.S. Sanitary Commission U.S. Sanitary Commission

worked to improve hygiene worked to improve hygiene in army campsin army camps

It hired & trained nursesIt hired & trained nurses Dorothea DixDorothea Dix served served

superintendent of women superintendent of women nursesnurses

Only hired women over 30 Only hired women over 30 years old to avoid romance years old to avoid romance - Union death rate drops- Union death rate drops

Surgeon general ordered at Surgeon general ordered at least 1/3 of Union nurses be least 1/3 of Union nurses be womenwomen

Union nurse Union nurse Clara BartonClara Barton served on front linesserved on front lines

Southern women also Southern women also volunteered as Confederate volunteered as Confederate nursesnurses

PrisonsPrisons Living conditions in prisons Living conditions in prisons

worse than in army campsworse than in army camps AndersonvilleAndersonville - worst - worst

Confederate prison, in Confederate prison, in GeorgiaGeorgia– Had no shelter or Had no shelter or

sanitation (men drank sanitation (men drank from same stream that from same stream that served as sewer)served as sewer)

– Housed 33,000 Housed 33,000 prisoners on 26 acres prisoners on 26 acres (34 sq. ft. per man)(34 sq. ft. per man)

– 1/3 of prisoners died1/3 of prisoners died– Camp commander Camp commander

Henry WitzHenry Witz was was executed for war crimes executed for war crimes after warafter war

PrisonsPrisons

Northern prisons were only a little Northern prisons were only a little better better

Had more space , food & shelter Had more space , food & shelter than Southernthan Southern

Prisoners were housed with little or Prisoners were housed with little or no heat (died of pneumonia)no heat (died of pneumonia)

12% of Confederate prisoners & 15% 12% of Confederate prisoners & 15% of Union prisoners diedof Union prisoners died

The North Takes Charge The North Takes Charge

Key victories at Vicksburg and Key victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg help the Union wear Gettysburg help the Union wear

down the Confederacydown the Confederacy

Road to GettysburgRoad to Gettysburg Both sides were tired of the warBoth sides were tired of the war Blockade was killing the south’s economy ($1 to $7 )Blockade was killing the south’s economy ($1 to $7 ) Northerners angry over the draftNortherners angry over the draft May 1863 - South defeated North at May 1863 - South defeated North at ChancellorsvilleChancellorsville

- Stonewall Jackson mistakenly shot by own troops- Stonewall Jackson mistakenly shot by own troops- Died 8 days later of pneumonia- Died 8 days later of pneumonia

Lee led his army north to get supplies Lee led his army north to get supplies Also hoped for a peace settlement Also hoped for a peace settlement

Battle of GettysburgBattle of Gettysburg Neither General intended to fightNeither General intended to fight

- Troops ran into each other (Confederates go to - Troops ran into each other (Confederates go to find shoes; meet Union cavalry)find shoes; meet Union cavalry)

July 1, 1863 - Confederates drove Union back,& July 1, 1863 - Confederates drove Union back,& took towntook town

The Second DayThe Second Day- South attacked Union army - South attacked Union army - Union army was Led by - Union army was Led by General George General George MeadeMeade on Cemetery Ridge on Cemetery Ridge- North repulsed repeated attacks on Little Round - North repulsed repeated attacks on Little Round TopTop- Many exhausted Confederates surrendered & - Many exhausted Confederates surrendered & Union line heldUnion line held

Battle of GettysburgBattle of Gettysburg The Third DayThe Third Day

- Armies exchange vicious artillery fire- Armies exchange vicious artillery fire- Lee orders attack on Union lines - Lee orders attack on Union lines (Pickett’s Charge)(Pickett’s Charge)- North cut down Confederates- North cut down Confederates- Meade didn’t counterattack- Meade didn’t counterattack -Lee retreated to Virginia-Lee retreated to Virginia

Both sides suffered staggering lossesBoth sides suffered staggering losses Considered the single greatest battle of the warConsidered the single greatest battle of the war Three-day battle at Three-day battle at GettysburgGettysburg crippled the South crippled the South Battle of Gettysburg is considered the turning point of warBattle of Gettysburg is considered the turning point of war General Lee wouldn’t never again have sufficient forces to General Lee wouldn’t never again have sufficient forces to

invade the Northinvade the North

Battle of VicksburgBattle of Vicksburg Confederate Confederate VicksburgVicksburg

prevents Union from prevents Union from controlling Mississippicontrolling Mississippi

Spring 1863 - Union Spring 1863 - Union destroyed MS rail lines & destroyed MS rail lines & sacked Jacksonsacked Jackson

May 1863 - Grant’s began May 1863 - Grant’s began siege on Vicksburgsiege on Vicksburg

July 4, 1863 - Starving July 4, 1863 - Starving Confederates surrendered Confederates surrendered (same day as Pickett’s (same day as Pickett’s charge)charge)

Port Hudson, LA fells 5 days Port Hudson, LA fells 5 days laterlater

Grant’s seizing Vicksburg Grant’s seizing Vicksburg gave the Union control of gave the Union control of the Mississippi Riverthe Mississippi River

Cut the Confederacy in halfCut the Confederacy in half

The Gettysburg AddressThe Gettysburg Address November 1863 - November 1863 -

ceremony held to dedicate ceremony held to dedicate cemetery in Gettysburgcemetery in Gettysburg

Edward EverettEdward Everett, noted , noted speaker, gave flowery two-speaker, gave flowery two-hour speechhour speech

Lincoln’s two-minute Lincoln’s two-minute Gettysburg AddressGettysburg Address asserted unity of U.S.asserted unity of U.S.- honored dead soldiers- honored dead soldiers- called for living to - called for living to dedicate themselves to dedicate themselves to preserve Union & freedompreserve Union & freedom

The Confederacy Wears The Confederacy Wears DownDown

Defeats at Gettysburg & Vicksburg cost Defeats at Gettysburg & Vicksburg cost the south much of its limited fighting the south much of its limited fighting power power

South was no longer able to unable attackSouth was no longer able to unable attack Only hoped to hang on and destroy Only hoped to hang on and destroy

North’s morale to get armisticeNorth’s morale to get armistice Civilian morale plummeted & public called Civilian morale plummeted & public called

for peacefor peace Discord in government prevented Davis Discord in government prevented Davis

from governing effectivelyfrom governing effectively

Grant Appoints ShermanGrant Appoints Sherman Lincoln wanted someone who would attack Lincoln wanted someone who would attack

General LeeGeneral Lee March 1864 - Lincoln appointed Ulysses S. March 1864 - Lincoln appointed Ulysses S.

Grant commander of all Union armiesGrant commander of all Union armies Lincoln liked Grant because he could get Lincoln liked Grant because he could get

things donethings done Grant appointed Grant appointed William Tecumseh William Tecumseh

ShermanSherman commander of the military commander of the military division of the Mississippi division of the Mississippi

Grant planned to attack the south on all Grant planned to attack the south on all frontsfronts- He would pursue Lee- He would pursue Lee- - Admiral FarragutAdmiral Farragut would attack Mobile would attack Mobile- - William Tecumseh ShermanWilliam Tecumseh Sherman would lead would lead an army southeast from Chattanooga to an army southeast from Chattanooga to AtlantaAtlanta

Grant & Sherman believed in Grant & Sherman believed in total wartotal war to to destroy South’s will to fightdestroy South’s will to fight

Grant and Lee in VirginiaGrant and Lee in Virginia

Grant’s strategy was to immobilize Lee in Grant’s strategy was to immobilize Lee in VA while Sherman raided GeorgiaVA while Sherman raided Georgia

May 1864–April 1865 - Grant and Lee May 1864–April 1865 - Grant and Lee fought many battlesfought many battles

Both sides suffered heavy losses Both sides suffered heavy losses North 60,000North 60,000 South 32,000South 32,000 North could replace soldiers but South North could replace soldiers but South

couldn’tcouldn’t

Sherman’s MarchSherman’s March September 1864 - September 1864 -

Sherman took Atlanta Sherman took Atlanta South tried to cut South tried to cut

supply lines supply lines (railroads)(railroads)

Sherman changed Sherman changed strategies strategies (Abandoned supply (Abandoned supply lines & burned lines & burned Atlanta)Atlanta)

Sherman’s MarchSherman’s March Sherman cut a wide path of Sherman cut a wide path of

destruction in Georgia & lived off the destruction in Georgia & lived off the landland

11stst general to wage total war general to wage total war- Destroyed everything in his path- Destroyed everything in his path

Made no apologies for his actionsMade no apologies for his actions- Said “We are not only fighting hostile - Said “We are not only fighting hostile armies, but a hostile people, and must armies, but a hostile people, and must make old and young, rich and poor, make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war”feel the hard hand of war”

December 1864 – Sherman reached December 1864 – Sherman reached SavannahSavannah

Turned north to help Grant fight LeeTurned north to help Grant fight Lee– Inflicted even more destruction in Inflicted even more destruction in

South Carolina (1st state to secede)South Carolina (1st state to secede)– Followed by 25, 00 former slaves who Followed by 25, 00 former slaves who

were eager for freedom were eager for freedom – Burned almost every house in his pathBurned almost every house in his path– Stopped destroying private homes Stopped destroying private homes

when he reached North Carolina (last when he reached North Carolina (last state to secede)state to secede)

– Began handing out food & supplies Began handing out food & supplies (realized the war was almost over)(realized the war was almost over)

Atlanta Before & After Atlanta Before & After

The Election of 1864The Election of 1864 Lincoln faced heavy opposition in Lincoln faced heavy opposition in

the election the election Democrats wanted immediate Democrats wanted immediate

armisticearmistice- Nominated - Nominated George McClellanGeorge McClellan

Radical Republicans- wanted Radical Republicans- wanted harsh conditions for readmission harsh conditions for readmission to Unionto Union

Nominated Nominated John C. Fremont John C. Fremont Republicans changed name to Republicans changed name to

National Union Party National Union Party Andrew JohnsonAndrew Johnson was chosen as was chosen as

Lincoln’s running mate (pro-Union Lincoln’s running mate (pro-Union Democrat)Democrat)

Lincoln was pessimistic about his Lincoln was pessimistic about his chances chances

Northern victories & troops’ votes Northern victories & troops’ votes gave him the wingave him the win

The Surrender at The Surrender at AppomattoxAppomattox March 1865 – Clear that the south March 1865 – Clear that the south

was going to lose was going to lose Union forces were closing in on Union forces were closing in on

RichmondRichmond Grants forces defeated Lee’s at Grants forces defeated Lee’s at

Petersburg Petersburg April 2 1865 - Davis’s government April 2 1865 - Davis’s government

left Richmond, set it afireleft Richmond, set it afire April 9, 1865 – Lee and Grant work April 9, 1865 – Lee and Grant work

out the terms of surrender at out the terms of surrender at Appomattox Court HouseAppomattox Court House

Lee’s soldiers paroled on generous Lee’s soldiers paroled on generous terms (Lincoln’s request)terms (Lincoln’s request)- Were given them food - Were given them food - allowed to return to their homes - allowed to return to their homes and keep their horsesand keep their horses

Costs of the WarCosts of the War

Hundreds of Hundreds of thousands dead, thousands dead, wounded; lives wounded; lives disrupteddisrupted

- 620,000 men died - 620,000 men died in the warin the war

Financially, war costs Financially, war costs the government the government estimated $3.3 billionestimated $3.3 billion

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The War’s AftermathThe War’s Aftermath Physical TollPhysical Toll

– 67% of southern 67% of southern shipping and 9,000 shipping and 9,000 miles of railroad miles of railroad destroyeddestroyed

– Farmland, Farmland, machinery, bridges, machinery, bridges, roads, factories, roads, factories, and 1/3 of all and 1/3 of all livestock were livestock were destroyeddestroyed

Human TollHuman Toll– North lost 364,000 North lost 364,000

soldiers, 38,000 of soldiers, 38,000 of which were African which were African American.American.

– South lost 260,000 South lost 260,000 soldiers, 20% of soldiers, 20% of white male white male populationpopulation

The Assassination of The Assassination of LincolnLincoln

April 14, 1865 - Shot by April 14, 1865 - Shot by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s TheatreTheatre

11stst president to be president to be assassinatedassassinated

Assassin Assassin John Wilkes John Wilkes BoothBooth escaped but was escaped but was trapped by Union cavalry trapped by Union cavalry 12 days later & shot in 12 days later & shot in Virginia Virginia

7 million people paid 7 million people paid respects to Lincoln’s respects to Lincoln’s funeral train (almost 1/3 of funeral train (almost 1/3 of populationpopulation