THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION U.S. History. STANDARDS SSUSH9 The student will identify key...

THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION

U.S. History

STANDARDS

• SSUSH9 The student will identify key events, issues, and individuals relating to the causes, course, and consequences of the Civil War.

• SSUSH10 The student will identify legal, political, and social dimensions of Reconstruction.

1. Habeas Corpus

2. Abraham Lincoln

3. Ulysses S. Grant

4. William T. Sherman

5. Robert E. Lee

6. Jefferson Davis

7. Fort Sumter

8. Antietam

9. Vicksburg

10. Gettysburg

11. Battle of Atlanta

12. Sherman’s March to the Sea

13. Emancipation Proclamation

14. Gettysburg Address

15. Presidential Reconstruction

16. Radical Republican or Congressional Reconstruction

17. Morehouse College

18. Freedmen’s Bureau

19. 13th Amendment

20. 14th Amendment

21. 15th Amendment

22. Black Codes

23. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

24. Compromise of 1877

LIST 3 EVENTS THAT LED TO THE CIVIL WAR

HOW DID THE ELECTION OF 1860 LEAD TO

THE CIVIL WAR?

HOW WILL THE PEOPLE LIVING IN THE SOUTH FEEL ABOUT

THIS POSTER?

• “My paramount object in this struggle is to save the

Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery.

If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I

would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the

slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing

some and leaving others alone I would also do that.”

—Abraham Lincoln, 1862

PRESERVING THE UNION (SSUSH9B)

• President Lincoln attempts to preserve the United States

• Use of Emergency Powers

• Habeas Corpus: Lincoln suspended the right of habeas corpus––the legal rule that anyone imprisoned must be taken before a judge to determine if the prisoner is being legally held in custody.

• Emancipation Proclamation: emancipated (freed) all slaves held in the Confederate states.

• Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address:

• Gettysburg Address:

LINCOLN’S EMERGENCY POWERS: HABEAS

CORPUS (SSUSH9B, E)

• The Constitution allows a president to suspend habeas corpus during a national emergency (WAR).

• 13,000 Northern Confederates were held without a trial and without a judge to agree that they were legally imprisoned.

LINCOLN’S EMERGENCY POWERS: EMANCIPATION

PROCLAMATION(SSUSH9B, E)

• Lincoln did not expect Confederate slaveholders to free their slaves, but he thought news of the proclamation would reach southern slaves and encourage them to flee to the North.

• African Americans understood the proclamation announced a new goal for the Union troops––besides preserving the Union, the troops were fighting for the belief that the United States would abolish slavery throughout the nation.

NORTH VERSUS SOUTH (SSUSH9F)

• Northern Economy

• Population: 71% of U.S. population; 99% free, 1% slave;

• Manufacturing Resources: 92% of U.S. industrial output; Military weapons, supplies and equipment.

• Food Production: Twice as much as the South produced

• Railroads: 71% of U.S. railroad network; Ready capacity to transport troops and their supplies, food, etc.

NORTH VERSUS SOUTH (SSUSH9F)

• Southern Economy

• Population: 29% of U.S. population; 67% free, 33% slave; too few free men to assemble an army capable of defending the Confederacy

• Manufacturing Resources: 8% of U.S. industrial output; minimal resources to produce many weapons and other military supplies and equipment

• Food Production: Less than half as much as the North

• Railroads: 29% of U.S. railroad network; Poor capacity to transport troops and their supplies, food, etc.

KEY LEADERS OF CIVIL WAR (SSUSH9C)

North• President: Abraham Lincoln

• President of United States of America, 1861–1865

• General: Ulysses S. Grant

• Appointed commanding general of Union armies by Lincoln

• General: William Tecumseh Sherman

• Destroyed Atlanta and led the March to the Sea.

KEY LEADERS OF CIVIL

WAR (SSUSH9C

)

South• President: Jefferson Davis

• President of Confederate States of America, 1861–1865

• General: Robert E. Lee

• Appointed general in chief of Confederate armies by Davis

• General: Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

• Gen. Lee second hand man

• Died in battle

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Why did Lincoln use his emergency powers as the President to suspend habeas corpus?

2. Who was the commanding general of the Union Army during the Civil War?

3. Which Union Army general led the attack on Atlanta and later led his troops on a march to sea (Savannah)?

4. Who was the commanding general of the Confederate Army during the Civil War?

5. Which Confederate Army general was Robert E. Lee’s right hand make and was killed in battle?

KEY BATTLES OF THE CIVIL WAR (SSUSH9D)

• Fort Sumter––April 1861––

• Confederate forces staged a 24-hour bombardment against a federal fort in South Carolina and, by attacking federal property, had committed an act of open rebellion.

• President Lincoln believed he had no choice but to call for troops to respond against the Confederacy

• Significance: The Battle of Fort Sumter was the beginning of the Civil War.

1861Fort

Sumter

1862Antietam

1863Gettysburg

1863Vicksburg

1864Atlanta

1864Sherman’s March to the Sea

WHAT WAS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BATTLE OF ANTIETAM?


• Antietam––September 1862––

• first major battle on northern soil

• Neither side won a victory

• Significance: The South’s failure to win the battle encouraged Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.

1861Fort

Sumter

1862Antietam

1863Gettysburg

1863Vicksburg

1864Atlanta


WHAT WAS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG?


• Gettysburg––July 1863–

• The South hoped that an invasion of Union territory would significantly weaken Northern support for the war effort.

• A major Southern victory on northern soil might also convince Great Britain and France to aid Confederate forces.

• Significance: South gave up attempts to invade the North and Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address.

• Gettysburg Address: Lincoln’s address helped raise the spirits of Northerners (fight for the soldiers we have lost and fight as one nation)

1861Fort

Sumter

1862Antietam

1863Gettysburg

1863Vicksburg

1864Atlanta


WHAT WAS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BATTLE OF VICKSBURG?


• Vicksburg––May–July 1863––

• North lay siege to Vicksburg, Mississippi, in order to gained control of the Mississippi River.

• Significance: Confederate troops and supplies in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas were cut off from the Confederacy and North gains control of Mississippi River.

1861Fort

Sumter

1862Antietam

1863Gettysburg

1863Vicksburg

1864Atlanta


WHAT WAS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BATTLE OF ATLANTA?


• Atlanta––July–September 1864––

• North tries to capture Atlanta for its manufacturing and railway traffic.

• Significance: Union troops burned Atlanta to the ground and starts Sherman’s March to the Sea. Sherman’s March destroys the railways, roads, and bridges along the path to the sea (Savannah). Now the South knows it would lose the Civil War.

1861Fort

Sumter

1862Antietam

1863Gettysburg

1863Vicksburg

1864Atlanta


REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. During the Civil War, what was the significance of the Fort Sumter?

2. During the Civil War, what was the significance of the Battle of Antietam?

3. During the Civil War, what was the significance of the Battle of Vicksburg?

4. During the Civil War, what was the significance of the Battle of Gettysburg?

5. During the Civil War, what was the significance of the Battle of Atlanta?

GETTYSBURG ADDRESS AND LINCOLN SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESS (SSUSH9B)

• President Lincoln attempts to preserve the United States

• Use of Emergency Powers

• Habeas Corpus:

• Emancipation Proclamation:

• Gettysburg Address: Urged the North and Soldiers to continue to fight for the soldiers that had fallen and convinced people that we are one indivisible nation.

• Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address: urged reconstruction of the South

“with malice toward none; with charity for all.”


• Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address helped shape popular opinion in favor of preserving the Union.

• He spoke for just two minutes in what is now considered one of the greatest speeches in the English language. “Four score and seven years ago.”

• His address helped raise the spirits of Northerners who had grown weary of the war and convinced the people that the United States was one indivisible nation.


• Instead of boasting about that victory, Lincoln expressed sorrow that the states had not been able to resolve their differences peacefully.

• He said the war had been fought to preserve the Union as an indivisible nation of citizens who would no longer profit from taking the earnings from the labor of unpaid slaves

HOW WILL THE NORTH

RECONSTRUCT THE SOUTH?

WHAT GROUP WILL TAKE CHARGE IN THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SOUTH?

PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION VS. RADICAL REPUBLICAN

RECONSTRUCTION (SSUSH10A, B, C)

• Presidential Reconstruction (Lincoln and Andrew Jackson)

• No revenge on former Confederate supporters

• Readmit the southern states to the Union as quickly as possible

• Radical Reconstruction or Congressional Reconstruction

• Punish the South for the Civil War

• 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendment

• Freedmen’s Bureau

• Morehouse College

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. What was the importance of Lincoln Gettysburg speech?

2. During the Civil War, what was the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation?

3. During the Civil War, (NORTH OR SOUTH), which side had the economic advantage? (more population, better railroads, more industry)

4. What was the importance of Lincoln Second inaugural address?

5. How was Presidential Reconstruction different from Radical Republican Reconstruction?



• Southern states were required to ratify three amendments before they could rejoin the Union.

• 13th Amendment: Abolished slavery

• 14th Amendment: All persons born in the U.S. are citizens

• 15th Amendment: All male U.S. citizens over the age of 21 can vote.

WHAT WAS THE PURPOSE OF

THE FREEDMEN’S

BUREAU?

PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION VS. RADICAL REPUBLICAN RECONSTRUCTION (SSUSH10A, B,

C)

• Freedmen’s Bureau

• Helped former slaves solve everyday problems by providing food, clothing, jobs, medicine, and medical-care facilities.

• Land grants would have provided African Americans with some level of economic independence.



• Other benefits of Radical Reconstruction

• Morehouse College

• Founded in Atlanta in 1867

• A former slave and ministers founded it for the education of African American men in the fields of ministry and education.

CAN CONGRESS RECONSTRUCT THE SOUTH WITH OUT THE HELP OF THE

PRESIDENT?

IMPEACHMENT OF ANDREW JOHNSON (SSUSH10E)

• During Reconstruction, the Radical Republicans impeached President Andrew Johnson.

• Impeachment: to accuse a person of a crime

• Johnson was impeached because he ignored the Tenure of Office Act, created by Congress

• The Tenure of Office Act: prohibited the president from dismissing anyone whose appointment had required the consent of the Senate unless the Senate agreed to the dismissal. Passed because Johnson would violate it,.

• Johnson missed being convicted by one vote, so he was not removed from office.

MAKE A PREDICTION: HOW WILL RECONSTRUCTION END FOR AFRICAN

AMERICANS IN THE SOUTH? (ECONOMICAL, POLITICAL, SOCIAL)

RESISTANCE TO RACIAL EQUALITY (SSUSH10D)

• During Reconstruction Black Codes and The KKK were created to resist racial equality.

• Black Codes deprived voting rights to freed slaves and allowed plantation owners to take advantage of black workers in ways that made it seem that slavery had not been abolished.

RESISTANCE TO RACIAL EQUALITY (SSUSH10D)

• Other white Southerners (The Ku Klux Klan) formed secret societies that used murder, arson, and other threatening actions as a means of controlling freed African Americans and of pressuring them not to vote.

• Some southern leaders urged the Klan to step down because federal troops would stay in the South as long as African Americans needed protection from the society.

END OF RECONSTRUCTION (SSUSH10F

• Compromise of 1877 or “The Great Betrayal”

• South agrees to give Rutherford B. Hayes, its electoral votes (becomes President)

• Hayes removes federal troops from the South

• Reconstruction comes to an end

• Southern states quickly passed laws that deprived blacks of their rights and worked to strengthen the segregation of southern society

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. What was the purpose of the Freedmen’s Bureau?

2. What was the name of the first black college in Georgia?

3. What was the importance of the 13th Amendment?



6. How did the Black Codes and the Ku Klux Klan change Reconstruction in the South?

7. What two Presidents of the United States have been impeached?

8. What political event signaled the end of Reconstruction?

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