4/21/2009

THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a

nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but

by the content of their character.

Martin Luther King. Jr.

4/21/2009

The Problem We All Share, by Norman Rockwell

4/21/2009

RUBY BRIDGES

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Make Up of the

Civil Rights Movement

N.A.A.C.P.

Legal battle in the courts against segregation & discrimination

Grass Roots Movements

Everyday people standing up to fight injustice.

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BACKGROUND

AFRICAN-AMERICAN ACTIVISM

N.A.A.C.P.

W.E.B. du Bois

James Weldon

Johnson

Marcus Garvey

A. Phillip

Randolph

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CHANGES AFTER WORLD WAR II

Defense Plants under orders to hire regardless of race

African-American G.I.’s Segregated battalions with

few Black officers

Red Cross segregated blood

Greeted as heroes by Europeans

G.I. Bill enabled African-Americans veterans to go to college, own their own business, own their own home, but discrimination blocked their way

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THE MOVEMENT BEGAN…

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N.A.A.C.P. LEGAL DEFENSE FUND

N.A.A.C.P.’s Legal

Defense Fund

Walter White head of

NAACP

Charles Houston head of

Legal Defense Fund

Howard University Law

School Professor

Began to challenge Plessy

v. Ferguson in the courts

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TRUMAN DESEGREGATED THE ARMY, 1948:

EXECUTIVE ORDER 9981

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BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION OF TOPEKA,

1954 Case based on 3 lower court

decisions Oliver Brown in Topeka,

Kansas

Barbara Johns & fellow students in Virginia

Parents in Clarendon County, South Carolina

Warren Court reversed Plessy’s Separate but Equal decision

Segregation is unconstitutional Schools must desegregate with

―all deliberate speed

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MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT, 1955-56

Rosa Parks arrested for sitting in white section

Martin Luther King, Jr. organized boycott using nonviolent protest

lasted 381 days

Montgomery, Alabama busses desegregated

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CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957

Set up congressional committee to

investigate voting violations in the

south.

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THE MOVEMENT GREW

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LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS, 1957 Board of Education

voted to admit 9 black student to H.S.

Gov. Faubus orderdArkansas Nation Guard to stop students from attending.

Pres. Eisenhower ordered Faubus to stop, sent Federal troops to enforce order.

School is integrated with 9 students receiving Federal protection

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CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1960

Provided federal aid for

African American voter

registration in the south.

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SIT-INS, 1960-61

African American College

students in the south

desegregated eating places by

staging sit-ins.

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FREEDOM RIDERS Black & white students from the

north & south integrate bus

terminals

Railroads & Airlines voluntarily

desegregate.

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DESEGREGATION OF UNIVERSITIES, 1950-66

James Meridith: University of Mississippi, 1962 Pres. Kennedy ordered

federal marshals to enforce law

University of Alabama, 1963 Gov. George Wallace

brought Alabama state troopers

Personally blocked 2 African-Americans from attending

Kennedy ordered in Alabama National Guard

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HEIGHT OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

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BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA: MAY 1963

King led peaceful protest

of segregation & Jim

Crow Laws

Police Commissioner Bull

Connor set dogs, tear gas,

& fire hoses on protesters

King jailed

President Kennedy

intervened

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MARCH ON WASHINGTON: AUGUST, 1963

Organized by A. Phillip Randolph as march for jobs & freedom

200,000 marchers (60,000 white) met at Lincoln Memorial

King delivered his ―I Have a Dream‖ Speech

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VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1964

Outlawed poll tax

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CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964

outlawed discrimination in public places

no federal funds would be given to local or state programs that discriminated

government would start & finance lawsuits to desegregate schools

established the E.E. O.C.—Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to investigate complaints of job discrimination.

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FREEDOM SUMMER, 1964

Massive voter registration campaign launched by several civil rights groups in Mississippi

Fannie Lou Hamer & the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party challenged the all white Mississippi delegation at the Democratic National Convention

James Chaney, Michael Scherner, & Andrew Goodman--3 Civil Rights workers—are murdered by Klansmen in Mississippi Tried for murder by aquitted by all white

jury

Federal Judge sentenced them to 10 years in prison for civil rights violations.

4/21/2009

SELMA, ALABAMA: 1965

Violent opposition to efforts to register African-American voters Only 350 of 15,000 registered

Demonstrators attacked by sheriff

Murder of demonstrator

Bloody Sunday, March 7th

600 peaceful protesters marched through Selma

At Bridge attacked by sheriff & his posse who used whips, billy clubs, & tear gas

Martin Luther King led second March, Tuesday, March 9th

25,000 march from Selma to Montgomery

300 white clergy participate

National coverage of March protected King

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VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965 outlawed literacy

tests

federal examiners to

supervise at polls

government would

fund lawsuits to end

poll tax

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AFRICAN-AMERICAN

LEADERSHIP IN THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT:

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Founded 1909

Leader: Roy Wilkins

Methods: lobbying, education,

legal action, against violence

N.A.A.C.P.

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URBAN LEAGUE

Founded: 1910

Leader: A. Whitney Young

Methods: nonviolent

community action

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S.C.L.C.—SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE

Founded: 1957

Leader: Martin Luther King, Jr.

Methods: nonviolent civil disobedience &

protest to end segregation in public facilities, &

end discrimination in voting and employment

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C.O.R.E.—CONGRESS FOR RACIAL EQUALITY

Founded: 1942

Leader: James Farmer

Methods: nonviolent civil disobedience, sit-ins, freedom riders, voter registration

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S.N.C.C.—STUDENT NONVIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE

Founded: 1960

Leader: John Lewis, Diane

Nash, Ella Baker

Methods: nonviolent civil

disobedience, sit-ins, freedom

riders, voter registration

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Redirected: 1966 Leader: Stokely Carmichael

Methods: slogan ―Black Power‖, expelled white members, advocated use of violence in response to violence

S.N.C.C.—STUDENT NONVIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE

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BLACK MUSLIMS/NATION OF ISLAM Founded: 1930’s

Leaders: Malcolm X, Elisha Mohammed

Methods: favored separation of the races & Black Empowerment

4/21/2009

BLACK PANTHERS Founded: 1966

Leader: Huey Newton,

Bobby Seale

Eldridge Cleaver –

Soul on Ice

Methods: direct

confrontation, carried

guns for self-defense,

organized ghetto youth,

created programs to help

poor

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VIOLENCE WEAKENED THE CIVIL RIGHTS

MOVEMENT

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THE LONG HOT SUMMERS, 1964-65

Race Riots in

Northern Cities

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THE LONG HOT SUMMERS: WATTS, 1965

Overcrowded 27.3 people per acre (L.A. average 7.4), 1,000 African-Americans moved to L.A. every month

White policeman attempted to arrest Black youth for suspicion of drunken driving

Crowd attacked cop, began to riot

Rioting for 8 solid blocks

Two hours later, entire area of Watts—2,000 rioters

Next day 5,000 rioters in 150 block area

Riot ended after 6 days, 34 dead, 898 wounded, 4,000 arrested, 45 million in losses

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MALCOLM X ASSASSINATED: FEB. 21, 1965

Rift with Black Muslims

killed by Black Muslims

F.B. I. knew of danger, did

not intervene

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MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. ASSASSINATED: APRIL 4, 1968

in Memphis to help

garbage workers strike

shot by James Earl Ray

(white)

F.B.I. investigation of

shooting questionable

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CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT SPREAD TO OTHER GROUPS

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WOMEN’S MOVEMENT

Betty Friedan wrote Feminine Mystique Told how society had assigned

women to the role of subservient to the needs of their husband & children

N.O.W.—Gloria Steinem

Movement Goals Full equality with men

End discrimination in economic & social life—employment, education, society

Reproductive freedom & government support of child care

4/21/2009

E.R.A. - Equal Rights Amendment ―Equality of Rights

under the law shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex.‖

Passed by Congress, sent to states for ratification

Opposition organized fear campaign

Ratification failed, 3 states short

4/21/2009

HISPANIC CIVIL RIGHTS Past history of discrimination

in pay, employment, housing

Operation Wetback—rounding up Mexican Americans and dumping them back into Mexico regardless of their citizenship

Cesar Chavez organized the United Farm Workers Union National boycott on grapes &

lettuce

Partial success, weakened by teamsters

Chicano Movement spread to education, voting, etc.

4/21/2009

A.I.M.—AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT

Problems

High rates of poverty, alcoholism, suicide, infant mortality

Bureau of Indian Affairs control of Reservation Land

Goals:

Reclaim Indian Lands by force if necessary

Self-determination on ReservationsEnd Corrupt alliance between Indian Leaders and Bureau of Indian Affairs

2nd Battle of Wounded Knee –violence among the Lakota

4/21/2009