The Civil Rights The Civil Rights MovementMovement

Unit 6Unit 6

The Civil Rights The Civil Rights MovementMovement• The Civil Rights Movement and the The Civil Rights Movement and the

escalating war in Vietnam were the escalating war in Vietnam were the two great catalysts for social two great catalysts for social protest in the sixties. protest in the sixties. – Since the end of the Civil War Since the end of the Civil War

many organizations had been many organizations had been created to promote the goals of created to promote the goals of racial justice and equality in racial justice and equality in America, but progress was America, but progress was painfully slow.painfully slow.

• It was not until the sixties that a It was not until the sixties that a hundred years of effort would begin hundred years of effort would begin to garner the attention necessary to to garner the attention necessary to force a modicum of change.force a modicum of change.

How Was Equality How Was Equality Achieved??Achieved??

• There was little consensus on how to There was little consensus on how to promote equality on a national levelpromote equality on a national level– Groups such as the NAACP, CORE, and Groups such as the NAACP, CORE, and

Dr. Martin Luther King's SCLC, Dr. Martin Luther King's SCLC, endorsed peaceful methods and believed endorsed peaceful methods and believed change could be affected by working change could be affected by working around the established systemaround the established system

– Other groups such as the Black Other groups such as the Black Panthers, the Nation of Islam, and the Panthers, the Nation of Islam, and the Black Nationalist Movement advocated Black Nationalist Movement advocated retaliatory violence and a separation of retaliatory violence and a separation of the races. the races.

Violent Violent andand Non-Violent Non-Violent Means Means

• There were numerous marches, There were numerous marches, rallies, strikes, riots, and violent rallies, strikes, riots, and violent confrontations with the police. confrontations with the police.

• National leaders such as Dr. National leaders such as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X would be Malcolm X would be assassinated, violence would assassinated, violence would claim the lives of young and old, claim the lives of young and old, and rigged all-white juries and rigged all-white juries mocked justice in cases involving mocked justice in cases involving crimes perpetrated by whites crimes perpetrated by whites against African Americans. against African Americans.

Fighting for EqualityFighting for Equality• Restaurants, hotels, night clubs, public Restaurants, hotels, night clubs, public

facilities, and the school systems were facilities, and the school systems were still segregated during the early sixties, still segregated during the early sixties, and educational and job opportunities for and educational and job opportunities for minorities were far below those available minorities were far below those available to the white majority. to the white majority.

• The African-American community, being The African-American community, being in the minority, depended on the support in the minority, depended on the support of the white population, and at least in of the white population, and at least in terms of sentiment, those caught up in terms of sentiment, those caught up in the spirit of the hippie movement took the spirit of the hippie movement took the cause of racial justice and equality to the cause of racial justice and equality to heart, and often to the streets. heart, and often to the streets.

Martin Luther King, Jr.Martin Luther King, Jr.• Martin Luther King, Jr., was a civil rights Martin Luther King, Jr., was a civil rights

leader and minister who worked for racial leader and minister who worked for racial equality and civil rights in the United equality and civil rights in the United States of America. States of America. – He was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, GA.He was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, GA.

• During the 1950's, Dr. King became active During the 1950's, Dr. King became active in the movement for civil rights and racial in the movement for civil rights and racial equality. He participated in the equality. He participated in the Montgomery, Alabama, bus boycott and Montgomery, Alabama, bus boycott and many other peaceful demonstrations that many other peaceful demonstrations that protested the unfair treatment of African-protested the unfair treatment of African-Americans. Americans.

• He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.

Letter from a Birmingham Letter from a Birmingham JailJail• In the eleven-year period between 1957 In the eleven-year period between 1957

and 1968, King traveled over six million and 1968, King traveled over six million miles and spoke over twenty-five hundred miles and spoke over twenty-five hundred times, appearing wherever there was times, appearing wherever there was injustice, protest, and actioninjustice, protest, and action

• In these years, he led a massive protest in In these years, he led a massive protest in Birmingham, Alabama, that caught the Birmingham, Alabama, that caught the attention of the entire world, providing attention of the entire world, providing what he called a coalition of conscience. what he called a coalition of conscience.

• He was jailed for protesting police actions He was jailed for protesting police actions in Birmingham, ALin Birmingham, AL

• His "His "Letter from a Birmingham JailLetter from a Birmingham Jail", ", became a manifesto of the civil rights became a manifesto of the civil rights movementmovement

Kennedy on Civil RightsKennedy on Civil Rights• Persuaded Alabama judge to Persuaded Alabama judge to

release King on bail, release King on bail, resulting in increasing resulting in increasing African American vote in African American vote in 1960 election1960 election

• Embarrassed by world’s Embarrassed by world’s response to Freedom Rides response to Freedom Rides in 1961in 1961

• Proposed civil rights bill, but Proposed civil rights bill, but southern segregationists in southern segregationists in Congress kept it from Congress kept it from coming coming up for a voteup for a vote– Speech 6-11-63Speech 6-11-63

LBJ and Civil RightsLBJ and Civil Rights• After being an outspoken After being an outspoken

critic of the civil rights critic of the civil rights movement during the movement during the 1950s, Lyndon B. Johnson 1950s, Lyndon B. Johnson championed the cause championed the cause during his presidencyduring his presidency

• He promoted African-He promoted African-Americans to key Americans to key government positions and government positions and ordering his ordering his administration to stay administration to stay away from segregated away from segregated meetings. meetings. – Carl Rowan became the Carl Rowan became the

first black man to head the first black man to head the U.S. Information Agency.U.S. Information Agency.

NAACPNAACP

• The oldest of the Civil Rights The oldest of the Civil Rights organizationsorganizations

• Founded by WEB DuBois at the turn of Founded by WEB DuBois at the turn of the century to overcome the century to overcome discrimination and to challenge laws discrimination and to challenge laws

• In the 1950’s the NAACP hired In the 1950’s the NAACP hired lawyers to represent the Brown family lawyers to represent the Brown family in their struggle to integrate schools in their struggle to integrate schools in in Brown v Board of EducationBrown v Board of Education

SCLCSCLC• The The Southern Christian Southern Christian

Leadership Conference Leadership Conference (SCLC)(SCLC) was formed in 1957 by was formed in 1957 by group of black clergy, ministers, group of black clergy, ministers, and civil rights activists.and civil rights activists.– Martin Luther King, Jr. served as Martin Luther King, Jr. served as

President and Ralph David President and Ralph David Abernathy served as Program Abernathy served as Program Director. Director.

• The SCLC had The SCLC had two objectivestwo objectives, , one to use nonviolent protest as one to use nonviolent protest as a method of resistance to a method of resistance to discrimination and the other to discrimination and the other to appeal to the moral conscience appeal to the moral conscience of Americans. of Americans.

• The first important action was The first important action was the Montgomery Bus Boycott. the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

The SCLC in The SCLC in MontgomeryMontgomery

• The Montgomery Bus Boycott The Montgomery Bus Boycott began on December 5, 1955 after began on December 5, 1955 after Rosa Parks was arrested for Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a refusing to give up her seat to a white man on the bus. white man on the bus.

• The boycott lasted for 381 days The boycott lasted for 381 days and ended on December 21, 1956, and ended on December 21, 1956, with the desegregation of the with the desegregation of the Montgomery bus system. Montgomery bus system.

• The boycott was carried out by the The boycott was carried out by the newly established Montgomery newly established Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA). Improvement Association (MIA).

• It was one of history’s most It was one of history’s most dramatic and massive nonviolent dramatic and massive nonviolent protests, stunning the nation and protests, stunning the nation and the world the world

SNCCSNCC• On February 1, 1960, On February 1, 1960,

a group of black a group of black college students from college students from North Carolina A&T North Carolina A&T University refused to University refused to leave a Woolworth's leave a Woolworth's lunch counter in lunch counter in Greensboro, North Greensboro, North Carolina where they Carolina where they had been denied had been denied service. service.

• This sparked a wave of This sparked a wave of other sit-ins in college other sit-ins in college towns across the towns across the SouthSouth. .

• The Student Nonviolent The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Coordinating Committee, or SNCC Committee, or SNCC (pronounced "snick"), (pronounced "snick"), was created on the was created on the campus of Shaw campus of Shaw University in Raleigh University in Raleigh two months later to two months later to coordinate these sit-ins, coordinate these sit-ins, support their leaders, support their leaders, and publicize their and publicize their activities.activities.

Famous Members of Famous Members of SNCCSNCC

• Out of SNCC came some Out of SNCC came some of today's black leaders, of today's black leaders, such as Congressman such as Congressman John Lewis, NAACP John Lewis, NAACP chairman Julian Bond, chairman Julian Bond, and Black Panther and Black Panther Stokely Carmichael. Stokely Carmichael.

• Together with hundreds Together with hundreds of other students, they of other students, they left a lasting impact on left a lasting impact on American history. American history.

CORECORE• James Farmer and James Farmer and

several Christian several Christian pacifists founded the pacifists founded the Congress on Racial Congress on Racial Equality (CORE) in 1942. Equality (CORE) in 1942.

• The organization's The organization's purpose was to apply purpose was to apply direct challenges to direct challenges to American racism by American racism by using Gandhian tactics using Gandhian tactics of non-violence. Farmer's of non-violence. Farmer's religious beliefs resulted religious beliefs resulted in him refusing to serve in him refusing to serve in the armed forces in the armed forces during WWII during WWII

James FarmerJames Farmer• In 1947 Farmer In 1947 Farmer

participated in CORE's participated in CORE's campaign of sit-ins which campaign of sit-ins which successfully ended two successfully ended two Chicago restaurants' Chicago restaurants' discriminatory service discriminatory service practices against blacks. practices against blacks. – Articulate and Articulate and

charismatic, Farmer charismatic, Farmer became CORE National became CORE National Director in 1961. In this Director in 1961. In this position he helped position he helped organize student sit-ins organize student sit-ins and the Freedom Rides and the Freedom Rides in the Deep South in the Deep South

Sit-InsSit-Ins

• 1943, Jack 1943, Jack Spratt Coffee Spratt Coffee House in House in Chicago; used Chicago; used by COREby CORE

• 1960, four 1960, four students from students from NCA&T sat at NCA&T sat at Woolworth’s Woolworth’s counter in counter in Greensboro, NCGreensboro, NC

National Urban LeagueNational Urban League

• The National Urban League is an The National Urban League is an American service agency founded for the American service agency founded for the purpose of eliminating racial segregation purpose of eliminating racial segregation and discrimination and helping African and discrimination and helping African Americans and other minorities to Americans and other minorities to participate in all phases of American life. participate in all phases of American life.

• From its founding, the League has been From its founding, the League has been interracial in its efforts to overcome interracial in its efforts to overcome discrimination in labor unions, and citiesdiscrimination in labor unions, and cities

Freedom Summer - 1964Freedom Summer - 1964

• Voter Voter registratioregistration drive in n drive in MississippiMississippi

• A thousand A thousand volunteers volunteers came to came to register register African African Americans Americans to voteto vote

Freedom RidesFreedom Rides• Boynton v. Virginia Boynton v. Virginia

1960, integrated bus 1960, integrated bus waiting rooms and waiting rooms and restaurantsrestaurants

• 1961, bus left 1961, bus left Washington, D.C.; Washington, D.C.; Anniston, AL, bus Anniston, AL, bus attacked and attacked and firebombed; riders firebombed; riders were beatenwere beaten

• Resulted in Resulted in desegregation of all desegregation of all transportationtransportation

Freedom Summer - 1964Freedom Summer - 1964• Three men were reported Three men were reported

missing and found buried missing and found buried in an earthen damin an earthen dam– Michael Schwerner, a 24-Michael Schwerner, a 24-

year old from Brooklyn, year old from Brooklyn, New York New York

– James Chaney a 21-year old James Chaney a 21-year old from Meridian, Mississippifrom Meridian, Mississippi

– Andrew Goodman, a 20-Andrew Goodman, a 20-year old from Manhattan, year old from Manhattan, New YorkNew York • It was Goodman’s first day in It was Goodman’s first day in

MississippiMississippi

• Each had been beaten to Each had been beaten to deathdeath

• http://www.whitehousetapehttp://www.whitehousetapes.org/exhibits/miss_burning/s.org/exhibits/miss_burning/

CORE Protests and CORE Protests and OrganizationsOrganizations

• In Birmingham, Alabama, one of the In Birmingham, Alabama, one of the CORE buses was fire-bombed and CORE buses was fire-bombed and passengers were beaten by a white mob. passengers were beaten by a white mob.

• Two years later, the organization helped Two years later, the organization helped organize the famous organize the famous March on March on Washington Washington – On 28 August 1963, more than 200,000 On 28 August 1963, more than 200,000

people marched peacefully to the Lincoln people marched peacefully to the Lincoln Memorial to demand equal justice for all Memorial to demand equal justice for all citizens under the law. citizens under the law.

• At the end of the march Martin At the end of the march Martin Luther King made his famous "I Have Luther King made his famous "I Have a Dream" speech.a Dream" speech.

March on Washington- March on Washington- 19631963

• August 1963; August 1963; organized by A. organized by A. Philip RandolphPhilip Randolph

• Many leaders and Many leaders and celebrities took celebrities took partpart

• Speech by Martin Speech by Martin Luther King, Jr.Luther King, Jr.

• ““I have a I have a dream…”, page dream…”, page 832 in textbook832 in textbook

The Fight for Voting The Fight for Voting RightsRights

• CORE, SNCC, and the NAACP CORE, SNCC, and the NAACP organized the Freedom Summer organized the Freedom Summer campaigns. campaigns.

• Its main objective was to attempt to end Its main objective was to attempt to end the political disenfranchisement of the political disenfranchisement of African Americans in the Deep South. African Americans in the Deep South. – In 1962 only 6.7 percent of African In 1962 only 6.7 percent of African

Americans in the state were registered to Americans in the state were registered to vote, the lowest percentage in the country. vote, the lowest percentage in the country.

• Volunteers from the three organizations Volunteers from the three organizations decided to concentrate its efforts in decided to concentrate its efforts in Mississippi. Mississippi.

Integration at “Ole Miss”Integration at “Ole Miss”• James Meredith, an Air James Meredith, an Air

Force veteran sued claiming Force veteran sued claiming he was denied entrance to he was denied entrance to Ol’ MissOl’ Miss

• The suit alleged that The suit alleged that Meredith was refused Meredith was refused admission to the university admission to the university based solely upon his race. based solely upon his race.

• After numerous legal battles After numerous legal battles and appeals, the United and appeals, the United States Supreme Court States Supreme Court handed down its decision on handed down its decision on September 10, 1962. September 10, 1962.

• The Court upheld The Court upheld Meredith’s right to attend Meredith’s right to attend the University of Mississippithe University of Mississippi

Enforcing the Court’s Enforcing the Court’s Ruling- 1962Ruling- 1962

• Governor Ross Barnett Governor Ross Barnett blocked the way to the blocked the way to the admissions officeadmissions office

• Violence erupted; two Violence erupted; two killed with hundreds killed with hundreds hurthurt

• President Kennedy sent President Kennedy sent army troops to restore army troops to restore order and marshals order and marshals escorted him to classescorted him to class

The March to SelmaThe March to Selma• In March of 1965, the Southern Christian In March of 1965, the Southern Christian

Leadership Conference along with other Leadership Conference along with other civil rights groups planned a march from civil rights groups planned a march from Selma to the state capital of Montgomery.  Selma to the state capital of Montgomery. 

• The plan was designed to protest the The plan was designed to protest the growing violence against civil rights growing violence against civil rights activists throughout Alabama. activists throughout Alabama.

• As the marchers neared the Edmund As the marchers neared the Edmund Pettus bridge, they were met by Sheriff Pettus bridge, they were met by Sheriff Jim Clark and his Alabama State Troopers. Jim Clark and his Alabama State Troopers. – They were confronted and then attacked They were confronted and then attacked

by Alabama State troopers.  by Alabama State troopers. 

Selma MarchSelma March

Results from SelmaResults from Selma• Footage of the attack was broadcast to the Footage of the attack was broadcast to the

nation by ABC News. News interrupted the nation by ABC News. News interrupted the network's Sunday night movie, to show network's Sunday night movie, to show 15minutes of raw and dramatic footage 15minutes of raw and dramatic footage from the attack on the Edmund Pettus from the attack on the Edmund Pettus Bridge.Bridge.

• On the evening of  March 15, 1965, On the evening of  March 15, 1965, President Lyndon Johnson addressed a joint President Lyndon Johnson addressed a joint session of Congress and a national session of Congress and a national television audience. television audience.

• His response to the violence in Alabama His response to the violence in Alabama was to propose a law that would "was to propose a law that would "strike strike down restrictions to voting in all elections--down restrictions to voting in all elections--Federal, State, and local--which have been Federal, State, and local--which have been used to deny Negroes the right to vote.“used to deny Negroes the right to vote.“

The Civil Rights Act of 1964The Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Civil Rights Act of 1964: Civil Rights Act of 1964:

(1)Banned use of different voter (1)Banned use of different voter registration standardsregistration standards

(2)Prohibited discrimination in public (2)Prohibited discrimination in public areasareas

(3)Allowed the withholding of federal funds(3)Allowed the withholding of federal funds

(4)Banned discrimination on the basis of (4)Banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, or national originrace, sex, religion, or national origin

(5)Created the Equal Employment (5)Created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to investigate charges of job discriminationinvestigate charges of job discrimination

The Civil Rights Act of The Civil Rights Act of 19641964• Although Congress Although Congress

had passed civil rights had passed civil rights bills in 1957 and bills in 1957 and 1960, most analysts 1960, most analysts agree that the agree that the measures were weak measures were weak and ineffective.and ineffective.– Not so with the Civil Not so with the Civil

Rights Act of 1964. Rights Act of 1964. • The act banned The act banned

segregation segregation in all in all public facilitiespublic facilities and and authorized the authorized the Department of Justice Department of Justice to bring legal action to bring legal action against segregation. against segregation.

–In LBJ's words, "no In LBJ's words, "no memorial or eulogy memorial or eulogy could more could more eloquently honor eloquently honor President Kennedy's President Kennedy's memory than the memory than the earliest possible earliest possible passage of the civil passage of the civil rights bill for which rights bill for which he fought."he fought."

Text from LBJ’s MessageText from LBJ’s Message          The most dramatic moment of  LBJ's The most dramatic moment of  LBJ's

speech came when he invoked the speech came when he invoked the anthem of the civil rights movement:anthem of the civil rights movement:

"But even if we pass this bill, the battle will "But even if we pass this bill, the battle will not be over. What happened in Selma is part not be over. What happened in Selma is part of a far larger movement which reaches into of a far larger movement which reaches into every section and every section and     State of America. It is the effort of     State of America. It is the effort of American Negroes to secure for American Negroes to secure for themselves the full blessings of American themselves the full blessings of American life.  Their cause must be our cause too. life.  Their cause must be our cause too. Because  it is not just Negroes, but really it Because  it is not just Negroes, but really it is all of us, who must overcome the crippling is all of us, who must overcome the crippling legacy of bigotry and injustice. And we shall legacy of bigotry and injustice. And we shall overcome."overcome."

Voting Rights Act of 1965Voting Rights Act of 1965

• Federal officials could Federal officials could register voters in places register voters in places where local officials were where local officials were blocking registration by blocking registration by African AmericansAfrican Americans

• Effectively eliminated Effectively eliminated literacy tests and other literacy tests and other barriersbarriers

• 400,000 African 400,000 African Americans registered to Americans registered to vote in the Deep Southvote in the Deep South

Voter Voter RegistratioRegistration Rates n Rates

(1965 vs. (1965 vs. 1988)1988)

March 1965 November 1988

Black White Gap Black White Gap

Alabama 19.3 69.2 49.9 68.4 75.0 6.6

Georgia 27.4 62.6 35.2 56.8 63.9 7.1

Louisiana 31.6 80.5 48.9 77.1 75.1 -2.0

Mississippi 6.7 69.9 63.2 74.2 80.5 6.3

North Carolina 46.8 96.8 50.0 58.2 65.6 7.4

South Carolina 37.3 75.7 38.4 56.7 61.8 5.1

Virginia 38.3 61.1 22.8 63.8 68.5 4.7

Twenty-fourth AmendmentTwenty-fourth Amendment

• Ratified in 1964Ratified in 1964• Barred the use of Barred the use of

the poll tax in the poll tax in federal electionsfederal elections

• Forced southern Forced southern states to open up states to open up elections to all elections to all racesraces

The Black Power The Black Power MovementMovement

• Black Power was a political Black Power was a political movement that arose in the movement that arose in the middle 1960s, that strove to middle 1960s, that strove to express a new racial express a new racial consciousness among Blacks in consciousness among Blacks in the United States.the United States.

• The movement stemmed from The movement stemmed from the earlier civil rights the earlier civil rights movements, but its meaning movements, but its meaning was vigorously debated. was vigorously debated. – To some African Americans, To some African Americans,

Black Power represented Black Power represented racial dignity and self-racial dignity and self-reliance (i.e. freedom from reliance (i.e. freedom from white authority in both white authority in both economic and political economic and political arenas). arenas).

– To others, it was economic To others, it was economic in orientation.in orientation.

1968 1968 OlympicsOlympics

• Tommie Smith Tommie Smith (gold medal) and (gold medal) and John Carlos John Carlos (bronze medal) (bronze medal) famously famously performed the performed the Black Power Black Power salute on the 200 salute on the 200 m winners podium m winners podium at the 1968 at the 1968 Olympics Olympics

Malcolm XMalcolm X• Real name- Malcolm Real name- Malcolm

LittleLittle• Joined the National of Joined the National of

Islam or Black Muslims, Islam or Black Muslims, which preached black which preached black separation and self-helpseparation and self-help– Formed Muslim Mosque, Formed Muslim Mosque,

Inc.Inc.

• Trip to Saudi Arabia Trip to Saudi Arabia changed his mindchanged his mind– Became more tolerantBecame more tolerant

• Assassinated by fellow Assassinated by fellow killed by Nation of Islam killed by Nation of Islam members because of his members because of his changing viewpointschanging viewpoints

Elijah MohammedElijah Mohammed• Elijah Muhammad (1897-Elijah Muhammad (1897-

1975) was the leader of the 1975) was the leader of the Nation of Islam ("Black Nation of Islam ("Black Muslims") during their Muslims") during their period of greatest growth in period of greatest growth in the mid-20th century. the mid-20th century.

• He was a major advocate of He was a major advocate of independent, black-operated independent, black-operated businesses, institutions, and businesses, institutions, and religion. religion.

• In the early 1960s In the early 1960s Muhammad came to be Muhammad came to be overshadowed by the overshadowed by the charismatic Malcolm X, charismatic Malcolm X, leader of the New York leader of the New York Temple. Temple.

Black PanthersBlack Panthers• When the Black Panther When the Black Panther

Party began to grow in the Party began to grow in the late 1960s, it became the late 1960s, it became the largest Black organization largest Black organization advocating Black Power.advocating Black Power.

• It was a militant political It was a militant political party formed by Bobby party formed by Bobby Seale and Huey NewtonSeale and Huey Newton

• Motto: “Motto: “Power flows from Power flows from the barrel of a gun.”the barrel of a gun.”– Mao ZedongMao Zedong

• Wanted government to Wanted government to help inner cities and help inner cities and rebuild the ghettosrebuild the ghettos

• They also sponsored They also sponsored programs that set up day-programs that set up day-care centers and breakfast care centers and breakfast programsprograms

Bobby SealeBobby Seale

Huey NewtonHuey Newton

Stokely Carmichael Joins Stokely Carmichael Joins the Black Panthersthe Black Panthers

• Carmichael became less Carmichael became less pacifist in his outlook in the pacifist in his outlook in the later 1960’s and joined the later 1960’s and joined the Black Panthers. Black Panthers.

• He changed his name to He changed his name to Kwame Ture and later Kwame Ture and later moved to Africa, adopting moved to Africa, adopting the cause of pan-the cause of pan-Africanism. Africanism.

• He wanted an Africa united He wanted an Africa united as a single socialist state. as a single socialist state.

• His motto became “His motto became “We We Shall OverrunShall Overrun””

Reaction to the Civil Reaction to the Civil Rights LawRights Law• 1964 seemed to mark a turning point in 1964 seemed to mark a turning point in

AmericaAmerica– The Rights Act seemed to appeared to The Rights Act seemed to appeared to

be dawning a new age in race relations. be dawning a new age in race relations. • But the states acted quickly to But the states acted quickly to

circumvent the new federal law.circumvent the new federal law.– California reacted with Proposition 14, California reacted with Proposition 14,

which moved to block the fair housing which moved to block the fair housing components of the Civil Rights Act. components of the Civil Rights Act.

• This, and other acts, created a feeling of This, and other acts, created a feeling of injustice and despair in the inner cities.injustice and despair in the inner cities.

• The result was violence and rioting in The result was violence and rioting in Watts (South Central LA) and in other Watts (South Central LA) and in other cities around the countrycities around the country

The Watts RiotThe Watts Riot• On August 11, 1965, a On August 11, 1965, a

routine traffic stop in routine traffic stop in South Central Los South Central Los Angeles provided the Angeles provided the spark that lit the fire spark that lit the fire of those seething of those seething feelings. feelings.

• The riots lasted for six The riots lasted for six days, leaving 34 dead, days, leaving 34 dead, over a thousand over a thousand people injured, nearly people injured, nearly 4,000 arrested, and 4,000 arrested, and hundreds of buildings hundreds of buildings destroyeddestroyed http://www.pbs.org/hueypnewt

on/times/times_watts.html

Other Important People: Other Important People: James BaldwinJames Baldwin

• Wrote Wrote The Fire The Fire Next TimeNext Time, , describing the describing the oppression and oppression and suffering of suffering of African African AmericansAmericans

• Supported the Supported the civil rights civil rights movementmovement

Other Important People: Other Important People: Anne MoodyAnne Moody

• College student from College student from Centreville, MississippiCentreville, Mississippi

• Joined NAACP, CORE, and SNCCJoined NAACP, CORE, and SNCC– Brother beaten and nearly lynched Brother beaten and nearly lynched – Told to never return home, but Told to never return home, but

continued to protestcontinued to protest

• Wrote Wrote Coming of Age in Coming of Age in MississippiMississippi

• Left South to move to North; she Left South to move to North; she felt that things remained the felt that things remained the same in Mississippi, regardless same in Mississippi, regardless of the protestsof the protests

Other Important People: Other Important People: Barbara JordanBarbara Jordan

• First African- American woman First African- American woman to be elected to the House of to be elected to the House of RepresentativesRepresentatives– She came from Texas where she She came from Texas where she

had been both a State had been both a State Representative and a State Representative and a State SenatorSenator

• Her career in Washington was Her career in Washington was from 1973 to 1979from 1973 to 1979

• Upon her retirement she was Upon her retirement she was awarded the Presidential awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1994Medal of Freedom in 1994

Other Important Other Important ConceptsConcepts

• De jure segregationDe jure segregation: created by law: created by law– School integration was established by School integration was established by

Brown v Board in 1954Brown v Board in 1954– Brown II- “Brown II- “With all deliberate speedWith all deliberate speed””

• De facto segregationDe facto segregation: caused by : caused by social conditions (neighborhoods)social conditions (neighborhoods)– Was not illegal but the courts forced Was not illegal but the courts forced

integration by busing studentsintegration by busing students– Neighborhoods were torn into partsNeighborhoods were torn into parts– Riots and protests resulted from the Riots and protests resulted from the

busingbusing

The First Struggles were Hard-The First Struggles were Hard-Fought and Victory came with Fought and Victory came with

a Pricea Price..The Fight for Civil Rights The Fight for Civil Rights

Continues Today…Continues Today…

If you aren’t part of the If you aren’t part of the solution, you are part of solution, you are part of

the Problemthe Problem!!