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The Civil Rights Movement
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The Civil The Civil Rights Rights Movement Movement
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The Civil Rights Movement. Essential Questions:. How had legalized segregation deprived African-Americans of their rights as citizens? How did WWII experiences lay the foundation for the movement ? What were key court decisions of the movement? What were the responses to those decisions? - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of The Civil Rights Movement
The Civil The Civil Rights Rights
MovementMovement
Essential Questions:Essential Questions: How had legalized How had legalized segregation segregation
deprived African-Americans of their deprived African-Americans of their rightsrights as citizens? as citizens?
How did How did WWII experiences lay the WWII experiences lay the foundation for the movementfoundation for the movement??
What were What were key court decisionskey court decisions of the of the movement? What were the responses movement? What were the responses to those decisions?to those decisions?
Who were the Who were the key leaders and key leaders and organizations of the Civil Rightsorganizations of the Civil Rights movementmovement??
What were What were victoriesvictories of the of the movement?movement?
How did the movement How did the movement expand and expand and change?change?
Segregation : The World Segregation : The World of Jim Crow 1877-1960’sof Jim Crow 1877-1960’s
Many states passed Many states passed Jim Crow lawsJim Crow laws The laws required The laws required separation of separation of
blacks and whites in schools, parks, blacks and whites in schools, parks, public buildings, hospitals, and public buildings, hospitals, and transportation systemstransportation systems
Whites and Blacks could not use Whites and Blacks could not use the same toilets and water the same toilets and water fountains, theaters were fountains, theaters were segregated as well segregated as well
African American Facilities were African American Facilities were always inferioralways inferior
Violence towards Violence towards African- African- Americans was Americans was widespreadwidespread
LynchingsLynchings were were carried out when carried out when mobs seized mobs seized innocent innocent individuals and individuals and tortured, tortured, mutilated and mutilated and hung the victimhung the victim
Those who did it Those who did it were not caught were not caught or punished (KKK)or punished (KKK)
Discrimination: North Vs Discrimination: North Vs SouthSouth
In the South In the South de jure segregationde jure segregation was was practiced because of the Jim Crow laws practiced because of the Jim Crow laws (The Law)(The Law)
In the North In the North de facto segregationde facto segregation was was practiced, the not posted or practiced, the not posted or unannounced separation of races unannounced separation of races ( The ( The Fact)Fact) Public Areas, schools, housing, and Public Areas, schools, housing, and
employment were effectively segregatedemployment were effectively segregated Bloody Race Riots occurred in NYC in 1900, Bloody Race Riots occurred in NYC in 1900,
and Springfield Illinois in 1908, Tulsa in and Springfield Illinois in 1908, Tulsa in 19211921
The Great Migration 1890-The Great Migration 1890-19201920
Success and Black PrideSuccess and Black Pride The The 369369thth Harlem Hell Harlem Hell
Fighters of WWIFighters of WWI Madame CJ Walker Madame CJ Walker
became the richest became the richest women in Americawomen in America
Marcus Garvey’s Marcus Garvey’s United Negro United Negro Improvement Improvement Association (UNIA)Association (UNIA) gained support in the gained support in the 1920’s1920’s
The Harlem The Harlem Renaissance of the Renaissance of the 1920’s1920’s
Discrimination and Discrimination and InjusticeInjustice Blacks up North faced segregation and Blacks up North faced segregation and
racial prejudice, down South the number racial prejudice, down South the number of lynchings increasedof lynchings increased
Competition for jobs led to violence Competition for jobs led to violence (Race Riots) (Race Riots) Racism increased by the Racism increased by the 1930’s1930’s
During the During the Great Depression jobs were Great Depression jobs were scarce and blacks were the first fired scarce and blacks were the first fired and last hiredand last hired
Discrimination existed in FDR’s New DealDiscrimination existed in FDR’s New Deal Programs (CCC Segregated, and WPA)Programs (CCC Segregated, and WPA)
The The Scottsboro BoysScottsboro Boys case signified racial case signified racial injustice in the late 1930’sinjustice in the late 1930’s
Civil Rights of the 1940’sCivil Rights of the 1940’s New job opportunities for Blacks, Latinos, New job opportunities for Blacks, Latinos,
and womenand women 1million African Americans served in WWII1million African Americans served in WWII Double V CampaignDouble V Campaign In 1942 Civil Rights leader In 1942 Civil Rights leader James FarmerJames Farmer
founded the founded the Congress of Racial Equality Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)(CORE) to confront segregation in the North to confront segregation in the North
First Sit In was used in Chicago, and boycottsFirst Sit In was used in Chicago, and boycotts In In 1943 Race Riot in Detroit, 34 killed1943 Race Riot in Detroit, 34 killed A. Phillip Randolph’sA. Phillip Randolph’s March on Washington March on Washington FDR’s establishing the Fair Labor Practices FDR’s establishing the Fair Labor Practices
Commission ( No Discrimination in War Work)Commission ( No Discrimination in War Work)
NAACP’s Legal StrategyNAACP’s Legal Strategy The The NAACP focused on the NAACP focused on the
inequalities between the inequalities between the black/white schoolsblack/white schools
Under lawyer Under lawyer Thurgood MarshallThurgood Marshall the NAACP would win 29 out of 32 the NAACP would win 29 out of 32 cases cases
Morgan Vs Virginia (1946) - No Morgan Vs Virginia (1946) - No segregated seating on interstate segregated seating on interstate busesbuses
Sweatt Vs Painter (1950) – State Sweatt Vs Painter (1950) – State Law schools must admit black Law schools must admit black applicants applicants
Brown V. Board of Brown V. Board of EducationEducation The father of 8 yr old Linda Brown The father of 8 yr old Linda Brown
challenged the idea of his daughter challenged the idea of his daughter traveling 21 blocks to school in traveling 21 blocks to school in Topeka, KansasTopeka, Kansas
Thurgood MarshallThurgood Marshall argued the case argued the case before the Supreme Court (1954)before the Supreme Court (1954)
Under Under Chief Justice Earl WarrenChief Justice Earl Warren the the court unanimously struck down school court unanimously struck down school segregationsegregation
It violated the 14It violated the 14thth Amendment and Amendment and “in public education the doctrine of “in public education the doctrine of separate but equal has no place.”separate but equal has no place.”
12 million schoolchildren in 21 states were 12 million schoolchildren in 21 states were impactedimpacted
Crisis in Little Rock 1957Crisis in Little Rock 1957 In September Gov. In September Gov. Orval FaubusOrval Faubus of of
Arkansas ordered the AK National Arkansas ordered the AK National Guard to turn away nine African Guard to turn away nine African American students trying to attend American students trying to attend Little Rock’s Central High schoolLittle Rock’s Central High school
A Federal Judge ordered the “Little A Federal Judge ordered the “Little Rock Nine” be admittedRock Nine” be admitted
The students were turned away by The students were turned away by hostile crowds and guardsmanhostile crowds and guardsman
IKE called out the 101IKE called out the 101stst Airborne in Airborne in support of the Federal Court Ordersupport of the Federal Court Order (Troop escort)(Troop escort)
Civil Rights Act of 1957Civil Rights Act of 1957 gave the gave the Attorney General power over school Attorney General power over school desegregationdesegregation
Montgomery Bus Boycott Montgomery Bus Boycott 19561956 In December 1In December 1stst, 1955 Seamstress , 1955 Seamstress
and NAACP officer and NAACP officer Rosa ParksRosa Parks refused to give up her seat on the refused to give up her seat on the bus home bus home
The Montgomery Improvement The Montgomery Improvement Association suggested a boycott and Association suggested a boycott and a young 26 yr. old Minister a young 26 yr. old Minister Martin Martin Luther KingLuther King was elected leader was elected leader
African-Americans filed a lawsuit and African-Americans filed a lawsuit and boycotted the busses for 381 daysboycotted the busses for 381 days
A bomb ripped through MLK’s home A bomb ripped through MLK’s home but in 1956 the Supreme Court but in 1956 the Supreme Court outlawed bus segregationoutlawed bus segregation
Dr. Martin Luther KingDr. Martin Luther King DR. King called his brand of non-DR. King called his brand of non-
violent resistance violent resistance “Soul Force”“Soul Force” He was influenced by his Christian He was influenced by his Christian
beliefs, Henry David Thoreau, A. Phillip beliefs, Henry David Thoreau, A. Phillip Randolph, and Randolph, and Mohandas GandhiMohandas Gandhi
King graduated from Morehouse King graduated from Morehouse CollegeCollege
King earned a divinity degree from King earned a divinity degree from Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, PAPA
King earned a PH.D from Boston Univ King earned a PH.D from Boston Univ where he met his wife Coretta Scott where he met his wife Coretta Scott KingKing
Dr. King and the SCLCDr. King and the SCLC In 1957 King joined with Baptist In 1957 King joined with Baptist
Ministers and Civil Rights leaders in Ministers and Civil Rights leaders in forming the forming the Southern Christian Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)Leadership Conference (SCLC)
King worked with two Northern King worked with two Northern pacifists: pacifists: Beyard RustinBeyard Rustin and and Glenn Glenn SmilySmily
Ella BakerElla Baker was the backbone of SCLC was the backbone of SCLC by setting up branches all over the by setting up branches all over the SouthSouth
The Reverend The Reverend Ralph AbernathyRalph Abernathy was was elected treasurerelected treasurer
The Movement Spreads: Sit-The Movement Spreads: Sit-insins In April 1960 Baker helped students In April 1960 Baker helped students
at Shaw University organize at Shaw University organize The The Student Non-violent Coordinating Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)Committee (SNCC)
Student Activism would be essentialStudent Activism would be essential In In February 1960 sit-in were held at February 1960 sit-in were held at
the White Only lunch counter at the White Only lunch counter at Woolworth’s in Greensboro, NCWoolworth’s in Greensboro, NC
By late 1960 students had By late 1960 students had descended on segregated lunch descended on segregated lunch counters in 48 cities in 11 states counters in 48 cities in 11 states resisting violent backlashresisting violent backlash
The Politics of Civil The Politics of Civil Rights The Election of Rights The Election of
19601960 JFK supported the Sit-insJFK supported the Sit-ins, Nixon , Nixon supported Civil Rights in Congress but supported Civil Rights in Congress but mentioned it little while campaigningmentioned it little while campaigning
Robert Kennedy’s influence in getting Robert Kennedy’s influence in getting Dr. MLK out of jailDr. MLK out of jail in Atlanta, and JFK’ in Atlanta, and JFK’ phone call to Coretta Scott King helpedphone call to Coretta Scott King helped
JFK won 70% of the black voteJFK won 70% of the black vote JFK established a Committee on Equal JFK established a Committee on Equal
Employment OpportunityEmployment Opportunity Robert Kennedy’s in the field Robert Kennedy’s in the field
lawyers/agents (Active Attorney lawyers/agents (Active Attorney General)General)
The Freedom RidesThe Freedom Rides In In 1961 CORE members black and white 1961 CORE members black and white
began riding interstate busesbegan riding interstate buses to test to test the courts decision to end segregation the courts decision to end segregation on buses and public placeson buses and public places
Freedom Riders were attackedFreedom Riders were attacked and and beaten by white mobs in Birmingham beaten by white mobs in Birmingham and Anniston, ALand Anniston, AL
One bus was firebombed, in One bus was firebombed, in Montgomery riders were beaten with Montgomery riders were beaten with bats and pipesbats and pipes
RFK sent in 400 Federal MarshalsRFK sent in 400 Federal Marshals for for the rest of the ride to Mississippithe rest of the ride to Mississippi
The ICC banned segregation in all The ICC banned segregation in all interstate travel interstate travel
The Albany MovementThe Albany Movement Activist from SNCC, NAACP and local Activist from SNCC, NAACP and local
groups of Albany, GA formed a groups of Albany, GA formed a coalition in an effort to desegregate coalition in an effort to desegregate the small citythe small city
Black citizens and activists sat-in, Black citizens and activists sat-in, boycotted, marched in an effort to boycotted, marched in an effort to integrate public facilities and secure integrate public facilities and secure voting rightsvoting rights
Thousands spent time in jail (MLK 2X)Thousands spent time in jail (MLK 2X) Chief Pritchett filed the jailsChief Pritchett filed the jails with black with black
demonstrators, and prevented white demonstrators, and prevented white mob violencemob violence
Albany, GA remained segregatedAlbany, GA remained segregated
Integrating Old MissIntegrating Old Miss In Sept. 1962 air-In Sept. 1962 air-
force veteran force veteran James MeredithJames Meredith won a case to won a case to enrollenroll
Gov. Ross Barnett Gov. Ross Barnett refused to let him refused to let him registerregister
Riots broke out,Riots broke out, thousands of thousands of soldiers called in, soldiers called in, 200 arrests,160 200 arrests,160 wounded marshals wounded marshals and two deathsand two deaths
The Movement at High Tide -The Movement at High Tide -Birmingham, AlabamaBirmingham, Alabama
The SCLC and Dr. MLK targeted The SCLC and Dr. MLK targeted Birmingham, AL to hold a marchBirmingham, AL to hold a march
In April 12, 1963 Dr. MLK was arrestedIn April 12, 1963 Dr. MLK was arrested He wrote “He wrote “Letter from a Birmingham Letter from a Birmingham
Jail”Jail” On May 2On May 2ndnd, 2,000 children marched, 2,000 children marched Chief Bull ConnerChief Bull Conner arrested 959 of them arrested 959 of them On May 3On May 3rdrd, Police Dogs, high pressure , Police Dogs, high pressure
hoses, and clubs were used (National hoses, and clubs were used (National TV Audience)TV Audience)
Protests, Boycotts, and Negative Protests, Boycotts, and Negative Media forced desegregationMedia forced desegregation
JFK sent a Civil JFK sent a Civil Rights Bill to Rights Bill to CongressCongress
US Marshalls are sent US Marshalls are sent in to desegregate the in to desegregate the Univ. of ALUniv. of AL
Gov. George WallaceGov. George Wallace stands in the doorstands in the door
NAACP’s Medger NAACP’s Medger Evers is gunned Evers is gunned downdown
In Sept. a bomb In Sept. a bomb killed four girls in a killed four girls in a Baptist ChurchBaptist Church
The March on WashingtonThe March on Washington To encourage the Congress to pass To encourage the Congress to pass
JFK’s Civil Rights Bill, JFK’s Civil Rights Bill, A. Phillip A. Phillip Randolph and Bayard Rustin Randolph and Bayard Rustin organized a march on Washingtonorganized a march on Washington
On August 28On August 28thth, 1963 more than , 1963 more than 250,000 people including 75,000 250,000 people including 75,000 whites assembled on the national whites assembled on the national mallmall
All listened to many speaker All listened to many speaker including including Dr. Martin Luther King’s Dr. Martin Luther King’s “I have a dream!”“I have a dream!”
The Civil Rights Act of The Civil Rights Act of 19641964 After JFK was killed LBJ pledged to After JFK was killed LBJ pledged to
continue his workcontinue his work On July 2On July 2ndnd, 1964 LBJ signed the , 1964 LBJ signed the Civil Civil
Rights Act of 1964Rights Act of 1964 which which prohibited prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, discrimination because of race, religion, national origin, and gendernational origin, and gender
It gave all citizens the right to enter It gave all citizens the right to enter libraries, parks, washrooms, libraries, parks, washrooms, restaurants, theaters and all public restaurants, theaters and all public placesplaces
It gave more government power to It gave more government power to desegregate and created the Equal desegregate and created the Equal Employment Opportunity CommissionEmployment Opportunity Commission
Freedom SummerFreedom Summer In the In the summer of 1964 CORE and SNCC summer of 1964 CORE and SNCC
members under Bob Moses began voting members under Bob Moses began voting drives in the deep Southdrives in the deep South to register African to register African American voters American voters ( Freedom Summer)( Freedom Summer)
In June 1964 In June 1964 3 civil rights workers 3 civil rights workers disappeared, in Miss. they were murdered disappeared, in Miss. they were murdered by the KKK and local policeby the KKK and local police
Project workers suffered 1,000 arrests, 80 Project workers suffered 1,000 arrests, 80 beatings, 35 shootings, and 30 bombingsbeatings, 35 shootings, and 30 bombings
Blacks wanted a voice within the Miss. Blacks wanted a voice within the Miss. Democratic party, so SNCC organized the Democratic party, so SNCC organized the Miss. Freedom Democratic Party led by Miss. Freedom Democratic Party led by Fannie Lou HamerFannie Lou Hamer ( They were given only 2 ( They were given only 2 of 68 seatsof 68 seats))
Malcolm X and Black Malcolm X and Black ConsciousnessConsciousness
Malcolm Little joined Malcolm Little joined The Nation of IslamThe Nation of Islam when he was in prison converted and when he was in prison converted and changed his name to changed his name to Malcolm XMalcolm X
He preached He preached Elijah Muhammad’sElijah Muhammad’s views views that whites were the cause of the that whites were the cause of the problem and black should separate from problem and black should separate from societysociety
Malcolm X preached black supremacyMalcolm X preached black supremacy Malcolm X got media attention which Malcolm X got media attention which
resulted in resentment from other resulted in resentment from other Nation of Islam membersNation of Islam members
In March of 1964 Malcolm X broke with In March of 1964 Malcolm X broke with the Nation and went on the pilgrimage the Nation and went on the pilgrimage to Meccato Mecca
““Ballots or Bullets?”Ballots or Bullets?” Malcolm X returned and preached an Malcolm X returned and preached an
extremely moderate messageextremely moderate message, found , found a new tolerant Muslim a new tolerant Muslim organization(OAU) and proposed organization(OAU) and proposed working with Dr. MLKworking with Dr. MLK
On Feb. 21, 1965, Malcolm X was On Feb. 21, 1965, Malcolm X was assassinated by members of the assassinated by members of the Nation of Islam, FBI?Nation of Islam, FBI?
Black PowerBlack Power In June 1966 march it had become In June 1966 march it had become
evident to MLK that CORE and SNCC evident to MLK that CORE and SNCC had become militanthad become militant
““We shall overrun!”We shall overrun!” Stokely CarmichaelStokely Carmichael of SNCC of SNCC
preached the slogan preached the slogan “Black Power”“Black Power” the battle cry for militant civil rightsthe battle cry for militant civil rights
The Selma CampaignThe Selma Campaign In 1965 SNCC organized a voting In 1965 SNCC organized a voting
campaign in Selma, Alabamacampaign in Selma, Alabama 2,000 African-Americans had been 2,000 African-Americans had been
arrestedarrested On On March 7March 7thth, 1965 , 600 protestors , 1965 , 600 protestors
began the march from Selma to began the march from Selma to Montgomery, ALMontgomery, AL
Police swung pipes, clubs and used Police swung pipes, clubs and used tear-gastear-gas
On March 21, 3,000 members led by On March 21, 3,000 members led by MLK with Federal Protection marchedMLK with Federal Protection marched
The numbers grew to 25,000 marchersThe numbers grew to 25,000 marchers
The Voting Rights Act of The Voting Rights Act of 19651965 That summer LBJ signed the That summer LBJ signed the Voting Voting
Rights Act of 1965Rights Act of 1965 The act eliminated literacy tests, The act eliminated literacy tests,
allowed federal officials to register allowed federal officials to register votersvoters
The 24The 24thth Amendment to the Amendment to the Constitution eliminated poll taxesConstitution eliminated poll taxes
Violence Erupts in the cities Violence Erupts in the cities of the Northof the North
Centuries of Centuries of de facto segregation had de facto segregation had produced social and economic produced social and economic inequalitiesinequalities
Slums, high unemployment, poor Slums, high unemployment, poor schools all contributed to desperationschools all contributed to desperation
Aggressive PoliceAggressive Police was a point of was a point of contentioncontention
In July 1964, a race riot erupted in In July 1964, a race riot erupted in Harlem after a 15 year old black student Harlem after a 15 year old black student was killed was killed
On On Aug. 11Aug. 11thth, 1965 the worst riot , 1965 the worst riot erupted in Watts, Los Angeleserupted in Watts, Los Angeles
The Kerner CommissionThe Kerner Commission What caused race riots and the What caused race riots and the
destruction?destruction? People suffered in the cities from People suffered in the cities from
heightened expectationsheightened expectations from the from the civil rights movement and LBJ’s civil rights movement and LBJ’s promises in the Great Society that promises in the Great Society that were not realizedwere not realized
““White RacismWhite Racism” created an explosive ” created an explosive mixture of mixture of poverty, police brutalitypoverty, police brutality, , and the commission recommended and the commission recommended extensive public housing, integrated extensive public housing, integrated schools, 2 million new jobs, and a schools, 2 million new jobs, and a national system of income national system of income supplementationsupplementation
WattsWatts- 34 deaths, - 34 deaths, $200 million in $200 million in damagesdamages
DetroitDetroit 1967 – 43 1967 – 43 deaths, $40 million deaths, $40 million in property in property damagesdamages
In 1966 and 67 In 1966 and 67 more than 100 riots more than 100 riots and violent clashes and violent clashes took placetook place
Newark, San Newark, San Francisco, Francisco, Milwaukee, Phila., Milwaukee, Phila., Cleveland, and Cleveland, and DaytonDayton
The Black PanthersThe Black Panthers In October 1966, In October 1966, Huey Newton and Huey Newton and
Bobby SealeBobby Seale founded the political founded the political party party the Black Panthersthe Black Panthers
It advocated It advocated self-sufficiency, full self-sufficiency, full employment opportunities, decent employment opportunities, decent housing and no military servicehousing and no military service due due to the unfair numbers being drafted to the unfair numbers being drafted and killed in Vietnamand killed in Vietnam
Police shootouts occurred and the Police shootouts occurred and the FBI conducted many investigationsFBI conducted many investigations
Panthers helped out with many Panthers helped out with many community projects in urban ghettoscommunity projects in urban ghettos
Mexican AmericansMexican Americans The The League of United Latin American League of United Latin American
Citizens ( LULAC), G.I. Forum, both Citizens ( LULAC), G.I. Forum, both pushed for improved education, and pushed for improved education, and political power through votingpolitical power through voting..
1947 Mendez V. Westminster1947 Mendez V. Westminster 1948 Delgado v. Texas1948 Delgado v. Texas ““Segregation Unconstitutional”Segregation Unconstitutional” 1954 Hernandez decision –jury lists TX1954 Hernandez decision –jury lists TX Asociacion Nacional Asociacion Nacional Mexicano-Mexicano-
Americana- founded in 1950, tried to Americana- founded in 1950, tried to curb abuses against aliens and curb abuses against aliens and Mexican AmericansMexican Americans
Puerto RicansPuerto Ricans US Citizens since 1917-US Citizens since 1917- Somewhat different experience than Somewhat different experience than
other groupsother groups BarrioBarrio in East Harlem -1920’s in East Harlem -1920’s By the 1970’s there were 700,000 By the 1970’s there were 700,000
Puerto Ricans in NYC. (Ex. Bronx)Puerto Ricans in NYC. (Ex. Bronx) Some were barred from craft unions Some were barred from craft unions
and certain neighborhoods.and certain neighborhoods. Push for equality of education Push for equality of education
( bilingual) and job opportunities( bilingual) and job opportunities Strong Identification with Puerto Strong Identification with Puerto
Rican HeritageRican Heritage
Native AmericansNative Americans The New Deal stressed Indian The New Deal stressed Indian
sovereignty and cultural independencesovereignty and cultural independence 1953-1962 Termination policy 1953-1962 Termination policy
failed, poverty, unemployment, failed, poverty, unemployment, poor health, and alcoholism poor health, and alcoholism resultedresulted
The National Congress of American The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) condemned terminationIndians (NCAI) condemned termination
US vs WheelerUS vs Wheeler ( 1978) – brought back ( 1978) – brought back “unique and limited sovereignty“unique and limited sovereignty
The National Indian Youth Council The National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) united the causes of equality (NIYC) united the causes of equality and special status of tribes.and special status of tribes.
Asian AmericansAsian Americans 1946 -JACL fought 1946 -JACL fought
against anti-alien against anti-alien law in Ca.law in Ca.
1952- Immigration 1952- Immigration Act removed the Act removed the ban against ban against Japanese Japanese immigrantsimmigrants
Immigration Act of Immigration Act of 1965 abolished the 1965 abolished the quota systemquota system
1965-1985 the 1965-1985 the number of Asian number of Asian Am. soured from Am. soured from 1-5 million1-5 million
