THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 1863-1965
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Transcript of THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 1863-1965
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT1863-1965
Chapter 21p. 700-723
Segregation and Separation
• 1863--14th Amendment– granted full citizenship to the former slaves– called for “due process” and “equal protection
under the law”• 1875 Civil Rights Act
– “all persons shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations…”
– Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional
Segregation and Separation
• 1890--Louisiana law and trains– “equal but separate accommodations…”
• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)– ruled that “separate but equal” did not violate the
14th Amendment.• “Jim Crow” laws• racial prejudice and segregation in the North
as well.
Challenging segregation
• World War II labor• Minorities in the military
– Truman integrated the military in 1948• formation of organizations to campaign for
voting and challenge Jim Crow– NAACP– Charles Hamilton Houston– Thurgood Marshall
Challenging segregation
• Morgan v. Virginia (1946)
• Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)
Reaction to Brown
• initial reaction was mixed– Kansas and Oklahoma– Mississippi and Georgia– Baltimore and Washington, D.C.
• the KKK and White Citizen’s Councils
• Little Rock, Arkansas, 1957– Central High School
Little Rock• “The Little Rock Nine”
– Governor Orville Faubus– hand chosen by NAACP– 1st day of school– Elizabeth Eckford, Ernest Green, Melba Patillo– plan fails– 2nd attempt nine days later
• Eisenhower and Arkansas National Guard– 1957 Civil Rights Act– Warriors Don’t Cry
Arkansas Governor Orville Faubus
Central High SchoolLittle Rock, Arkansas
The “Little Rock Nine”
• front: Gloria Ray, Elizabeth Eckford, Carlotta Watts, Minnijean Brown.• back: Jefferson Thomas, Daisy Bates, Thelma Mothershed, Terrance Roberts, Melba
Patillo, Ernest Green
Elizabeth Eckford
Montgomery, Alabama, 1955
• May, 1954– Jo Ann Robinson
• December 1, 1955– Rosa Parks– E.D. Nixon– bus boycott– Montgomery Improvement Association– Martin Luther King, Jr.
Rosa Parks prior to arrest
A young Martin Luther King, Jr.
The Bus Boycott• organized quickly
– filed a lawsuit– carpools or walked
• support
• MLK’s home bombed
• lasted 381 days
• 1956--Supreme Court ruling
King in front of fire-bombed home
The Movement Begins
• Boycott and King showed:– power of organization and unity– “nonviolent resistance”– “civil disobedience”– quote, p. 705
The Movement Begins
• Emmett Till murder• SCLC• SNCC
– used students as protesters– sit-ins– February, 1960
• Woolworth’s in Greensboro, North Carolina• tv
Emmett Till
Sit-in at Woolworth’sJackson, Mississippi
The Movement continues
• 1961--The Freedom Riders– organization– Bus One and Bus Two
• Alabama state line attack• Birmingham, Alabama• Bus Two and Anniston, Alabama
– violence in Birmingham and Montgomery
Freedom Riders map, 1961
Bus Two outside Anniston, Alabama
The Movement continues• Integration of public schools
– K-12 schools• closed• remained segregated• private and parochial schools
– colleges and universities• Auburn
– Harold Franklin• Ole Miss
– James Meredith• Alabama
– Autherine Lucy
Harold Franklin, James Meredith, Autherine Lucy
The Movement comes to Alabama and Mississippi
• April, 1963– April 3--MLK is arrested
• “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”– May 3--protesters are hosed by sheriff Eugene
“Bull” Connor– June 11, 1963--murder of Medgar Evers in
Mississippi– September, 1963--16th Street Baptist Church
bombed
The Movement draws worldwide attention
• August, 1963• March on Washington, D.C.• MKL’s “I Have a Dream Speech”• Civil Rights Act of 1964
– prohibited discrimination based on race, gender, religion, national origin.
– ended segregation in all public facilities
The fight to vote
• Freedom Summer– college students
• Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner, James Chaney– Neshoba County, Mississippi, June 21, 1964
• New political parties– Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party– Fannie Lou Hammer
Neshoba County
The fight to vote
• Selma, Alabama– March 7, 1965– “Bloody Sunday”– March 21, 1965
• Voting Rights Act of 1965
The Movement expands
• Voting and an end to segregation got people thinking—what else can be changed?????– end to poverty– change social structure– new focus on the North/urban violence– new leadership
The Movement expands
• Northern segregation– de facto segregation– de jure segregation– Chicago riots and protests
• Urban violence– New York– Watts in Los Angeles, California
New Leadership, New Ideas
• Malcolm X (1964)
• Stokely Carmichael (1966)– “Black Power”
• Black Panthers (1966)
1968--a violent year
• April 4, 1968– Memphis, Tennessee– The Lorraine Motel– James Earl Ray
• June, 1968– Robert Kennedy– Sirhan Sirhan
• Civil Rights Act of 1968
Civil Rights since 1968
• Fight for equality has continued:– Women’s rights– Hispanics and bi-lingual ballots– Equal pay for equal work– “Victim’s Rights” laws
• “Are we changing attitudes or just changing platitudes?”