THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM€¦ · THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM •Also called the Cardiovascular System...
Transcript of THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM€¦ · THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM •Also called the Cardiovascular System...
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
•Also called the Cardiovascular
System
•Consists of the heart, blood vessels
and blood
•Has three functions
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1. Carries needed substances to
and from cells
2. Removes wastes from cells
3. Transports immune cells that
help fight off bacteria, viruses
and other disease causing cells.
THE HEART•The heart is a muscular organ
that pumps blood throughout the
body. Each time it beats, it pushes
blood through the blood vessels of
the circulatory system
•The right side of the heart is
completely separated from the left
side by a wall of tissue called the
septum.
•Each side has two compartments,
or chambers an upper chamber
and a lower chamber.
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THE HEART
•Each of the two upper chambers
are called an atrium which
receives blood that comes into
the heart
•Each lower chamber is called a
ventricle which pumps blood out
of the heart.
•The atria and ventricles are
separated by valves which is a
flap of tissue that prevents blood
from flowing backward.
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BLOOD FLOW PATTERNS
•Arteries are blood vessels that
carry blood away from the heart.
•Blood flows from arteries into
capillaries which are tiny narrow
vessels where substances like
oxygen are exchanged between
blood and body cells.
•From capillaries blood flows into
veins which are blood vessels that
carry blood back to the heart
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Blood Vessel Function Connected to which part
of the heart
Artery
Capillary
Vein
Carries blood away
from the heart
Narrow vessels
where carbon
dioxide and oxygen
are exchanged
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Carry blood back to
the heart
Right atrium
Left Atrium TC
BLOOD CIRCULATION
BLOOD FLOW PATTERNS
•When blood leaves the heart, it travels
through arteries. The walls of arteries are
very thick. Your __________ is caused by
the expansion and relaxation of the artery
wall. When you count your pulse rate you
are counting your heart beat or rate.
•In the capillaries materials are
exchanged between the blood and body
cell’s through the process of
_______________ where molecules move
from higher to lower concentration.
pulse
diffusion
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BLOOD AND LYMPH
•Blood is made up of four
components:
• Plasma
• Red blood cells
• White blood cells
• Platelets
• 45% of the volume of blood
is cells while the remaining
55% is plasma
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PLASMA •Plasma is the liquid part of the blood that
helps transports the blood cells.
•Water makes up 90% of plasma
•Most of the carbon dioxide in blood is
carried by the plasma
PLATELETS
• Platelets are cell fragments
that help to form blood clots.
• They stick to the site of the
wound and release chemicals
that start a chain reaction.
• This series of reactions help
produce a protein called fibrin
that weaves tiny fibers in the
wound.TC
RED BLOOD CELLS (RBC)
•RBC take up oxygen in the lungs and deliver it to cells in your body. •Produced in ______________•Made of hemoglobin which is an iron-containing protein that binds chemicals to oxygen molecules.•When hemoglobin binds to oxygen the cells become bright red, without oxygen the cells are dark red. •Mature RBS have no nuclei.
Bone marrow
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WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBC)
•WBC are the bodies disease fighters. Some recognize the disease causing organisms and alert the body. Others produce chemicals to fight the invaders. Others surround and kill the organisms •Produced in ______________•They are larger and fewer than RBC and they
Bone marrow
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Brain pop blood
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
•Is a network of vein like
vessels that returns fluid to the
bloodstream.
•Fluid in the lymphatic system
is called lymph which consists
of water, dissolved materials
and some WBC.
•Lymph nodes filter the lymph
and trap disease causing
microorganisms.
•Why do your lymph nodes
swell when you are sick?
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Brain pop lymphatic system
RESPIRATION AND EXCRETION
TEACHER COPY
BELL RINGER
-Grab white board and marker (or scrap paper and pencil)
and answer the following question
-What other body systems work with the respiratory system?
-Make a flow chart to show how they interact with one
another
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
•The respiratory system moves
oxygen from the outside environment
into the body and removes carbon
dioxide and water from the body.
•Is respiration the same thing as
breathing?
• NO! Respiration is a series of
chemical reactions inside cells.
• Respiration could not occur
without the digestive system to
absorb glucose from food and the
circulatory system to carry oxygen
and glucose to your cells where
respiration occurs
Oxygen from air
(Respiratory system)Glucose from food
(Digestive system)
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Nose: Air enters the body
through two nostrils
Pharynx: Air moves from
nose to throat
Trachea: leads from
pharynx toward lungs
Bronchus: Air moves
from trachea into left
and right bronchiLung: air moves through
smaller and smaller
airways until it reaches
the alveoli Diaphragm: contracts and
flattens during inhalation.
Relaxes and moves upward
during exhalationTC
GAS EXCHANGE
•The alveoli are tiny sacs of
lung tissue that allow the
movement of gases between
air and blood.
•After air enters the
alveolus, oxygen passes
through the wall of the
alveolus and then through
the capillary wall into the
blood.
•Carbon dioxide and water
pass from the blood into the
alveoli.
BP Respiratory
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MUSCLES FOR BREATHING•At the base of your lungs is the diaphragm.
•When you inhale your rib cage moves up,
your lungs expand and your diaphragm
contracts and moves downward.
•When you exhale your rib cage returns to
its original position, air moves out of the
lungs and the diaphragm relaxes and moves
upwards.
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THE LARYNX
•The larynx or voice box is
located in the top part of the
trachea.
•Two vocal cords which are
folds of connective tissue that
produce your voice, stretch
across the openings of the
larynx.
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-Where does the following come from
Oxygen and glucose
- Where does the oxygen and glucose go? What is it used for?
- After cellular respiration occurs what is produced?
- -Where does the water, carbon dioxide and energy go?
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
•The excretory system is the
way the body collects wastes
that is produced by cells and
then removes the wastes from
the body.
•Two wastes that must be
eliminated are excess water
and urea.
•To remove water, urea and
other wastes the structures in
the excretory system uses
your kidneys, ureters, urinary
bladder and urethra
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THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Kidneys: remove urea and
other wastes from the
blood.
Ureters: urine flows from
the kidneys down these
two narrow tubes to the
urinary bladder
Urinary bladder: a saclike
muscular organ that
stores urine
Urethra: where urine
leaves the bodyTC
FILTRATION OF WASTES
•Each kidney contains a million nephrons which remove wastes from blood and produce urine.•The nephrons filter wastes in stages.1. Wastes and
needed materials, such as glucose are filtered out of the blood
2. Then the needed material is returned to the blood and wastes are eliminated from the body.
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HOW DOES EXCRETION MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS?
•By keeping the body’s internal
environment stable and free of
harmful levels of chemicals
•What other organs help
remove harmful chemicals
from the body?
• The lungs, skin and liver
all help to remove
products in the body that
in high enough amounts
can be harmful.
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THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
TEACHER COPY
TYPES OF PATHOGENS•There are four major groups of
human pathogens
1. Bacteria- are one-celled
microorganisms and cause a
wide variety of diseases.
Some damage the body cells
directly like strep throat
others produce toxins such
as with tetanus.
E.coli
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Lactobacillus acidophilus
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MISUNDERSTOOD BACTERIA
Not all bacteria are bad.
Some also help to
•Make foods like yogurt
•Keep harmful bacteria from
invading your body and
making you sick
•Help to decompose food
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TYPES OF PATHOGENS
•There are four major groups
of human pathogens
2. Viruses- are smaller than
bacteria and reproduce inside
your body’s cells. They damage
or destroy the cells in the
process and then release new
viruses to invade more cells.
Zika Virus NY 1,016 cases
CMV-
cytomegalovirus
-1/150 born with
CMV
-1/5 babies will be
sick from CMV
Rabies Virus
BP zika
BP Ebola/
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TYPES OF PATHOGENS
•There are four major groups of human
pathogens
3. Fungi- Includes molds and yeasts.
They like to grow in warm, dark and
moist areas
4. Protists- a single cell microorganism
that are responsible for a variety of
diseases.
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HOW PATHOGENS ARE SPREAD
•Pathogens can spread through contact with either an
infected…
1. Person- direct physical contact such as kissing or shaking
hands. Indirect physical contact such as sneezes in the
air, or on objects like a door handle that is touched
frequently.
2. Soil, food, water- some pathogens contaminate food and
water like E.coli. Others occur naturally in the environment
like the bacteria that causes botulism.
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PROTECTING AGAINST PATHOGENS
•The first lines of defense are
the
• Skin- oil and sweat protect
against pathogens.
Pathogens can only enter
where there is a cut
• Breathing Passages-
During inhalation the
mucus and cilia trap most
pathogens or you may
sneeze them out.
• Mouth and Stomach- the
saliva in your mouth and
stomach acid help to
destroy the pathogens. TC
THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
•The second line of defense is the
inflammatory response. Fluid, and white
blood cells leak form blood vessels into
nearby tissues. The white blood cells then
fight the pathogens.
•Inflammation is caused by increased blood
flow to the area which brings more white
blood cells to the area to fight. Fevers help
prevent the pathogens from growing and
reproducing.
•Phagocytes- are white blood cells that engulf
pathogens and destroys them. Involved in the
inflammatory response.
•Why are inflamed areas warm to the touch?
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THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
•The bodies third line of defense. The cells of the immune system can tell the difference between different kinds of pathogens and react to each kind of pathogen with a specific response. •White blood cells that can tell the difference between pathogens are called lymphocytes. •There are two major kinds of lymphocytes1. T-cells- identify pathogens by the marker molecules called antigens
that are found on pathogens.2. B-cells- produce proteins called antibodies that destroy pathogens.
Each kind of B-cell only produces one kind of antibody. Each antibody has a specific antigen that it can bind to.
Brainpop immune system
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PREVENTING INFECTIOUS DISEASE
•Immunity is the body’s ability to destroy
pathogens before they can cause
disease. There are two types
1. Active Immunity- when your own
immune system produces antibodies
in response to the presence of a
pathogen.
• This can result from either getting
the disease or from being
vaccinated.
• A vaccine usually consists of
pathogens but they have been
weakened or killed and yet can still
trigger the immune system to react.
Brain pop vaccinesTC
PREVENTING INFECTIOUS DISEASE
•Immunity is the body’s ability to destroy
pathogens before they can cause disease.
There are two types
2. Passive Immunity- results when
antibodies are given to a person. The
antibodies that fight the pathogen come
from a source other than the person’s
body.
What is one example of acquiring passive
immunity?
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NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES
•Cancer is a disease in which cells
multiply and divide uncontrollably and
abnormally over and over destroying
healthy tissue in the process.
• Allergies- the immune system is overly sensitive to foreign substances such as pollen and dandruff. The antibodies that react to the allergen signal the release of histamine which is what causes sneezing and watery eyes
• Diabetes- where the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin, or the body’s cells fail to properly use insulin. Insulin is used to take in glucose from the blood and use it for energy.
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THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
THE ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM-Produces chemicals called
hormones that control
many of the body’s daily
activities.
- Regulates long-term
changes such as growth
and development
-Hormones turn on, turn
off, speed up or slow down
the activities of different
organs and tissues.
- Hormones are carried
throughout the body by the
blood.
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
-Endocrine glands produce and
release their chemical
hormones into the blood
The glands include the
hypothalamus, pituitary,
thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal,
thymus, pancreases, testes and
ovaries
-Nerve impulses
travel from the
persons eyes to the
brain. The brain
then interprets the
information and
then sends an
impulse to an
endocrine gland
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
VISION
•Your eyes respond to the stimulus of
light. They convert that stimulus into
impulses that your brain interprets,
enabling you to see.
•So how do you see things?
• Rays of light passes through the clear
tissue called the cornea. Then the light
rays continue through a fluid filled
chamber behind the cornea and
reaches the pupil.
• The pupil is the opening where light
enters the eye. The size of the pupil is
adjusted by muscles in the iris which is
the colored circle around the pupil.
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VISION•The light rays continue to pass
through the pupil and to the lens.
The lens focuses the light similar to
a camera.
•After passing through the lens the
light rays strike the retina which is
the layer of receptor cells that lines
the back of the eye. There are two
types of receptors
1. Rods- work best in dim light to
see black, white, and shades of
gray.
2. Cones- work best in bright light
and allows you to see colors.
Brain pop VisionTC
VISION
•What colors do you see?
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VISION
•What direction is she spinning
•Clockwise
•counterclockwise
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SMELL & TASTE
•The sense of smell and taste work
closely together. Both depend on
chemicals in food or in the air. The
chemicals trigger responses in receptors
in the nose and mouth.
•Nerve impulses travel to the brain where
they are interpreted as smell or taste
•The nose can distinguish at least 50
basic odors where as there are only five
main taste sensations
1. Sweet
2. Sour
3. Salty
4. Bitter
5. umami
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TASTE AND SMELL
•The Miracle berry
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HEARING AND BALANCE
•Your ears are the sense organs that
respond to the stimulus of sound.
The ears convert the sound to nerve
impulses that your brain interprets.
•Sound is produced by vibrations.
The vibrations cause particles like
gas molecules in the air to vibrate
and carry the sound.
•These sound waves enter first at the
outer ear travel to the middle ear
and then to the inner ear. The
vibrations eventualy bounce from
structure to structure until hitting
your auditory nerve
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NERVOUS SYSTEM
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FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. Receives information about what is
happening inside and outside of your
body
2. Directs how your body responds to
information-
3. Helps maintain homeostasis- ex. Eating
when hungry
• What are the three functions of the Nervous System?
• How does your body do this?
1. Stimulus- a change in the
environment that causes an reaction
2. Response- what your body does in
reaction to the stimulus
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THE NEURON•Neurons or nerve cells carry information through your nervous system. The
message that a neuron carries is a called a nerve impulse
•Neurons has a large cell body that contains the nucleus, threadlike
extensions called dendrites and an axon.
• Dendrites carry impulses to the cell body
• Axons carries impulses away from the cell body.
Axons
Dendrites
Cell Body
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DIFFERENT KINDS OF NEURONS
•There are three kinds of neurons
found in the body
1. Sensory neurons- pick up stimuli
from the internal or external
environment
2. Interneurons- receives the nerve
impulses from sensory neurons
and carries it to other
interneurons or motor neuron.
3. Motor neurons- sends an impulse
or response to a muscle or gland
in the body.
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HOW NERVE IMPULSES TRAVEL
1. Receptors pick up stimuli form the
environment. The receptors trigger nerve
impulses in sensory neurons.
2. The nerve
impulse
passes from
sensory
neuron to
interneurons
in the brain
3. Impulses travel from the interneuron to travel along thousands of
motor neurons that lead to muscles. Muscles carry out the response. TC
THE SYNAPSE
•The junction where one neuron can
transfer an impulse to another is called
a synapse
•A nerve impulse must cross the gap
between the axon and the dendrite of
the next neuron. The axon tips release
chemicals that carry the impulse
across the gap.
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How does the nervous system, muscular system and skeletal system work together
(locomotion)
DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM•Your nervous system has two divisions that
work together
1. Central nervous system- brain and spinal
cord
2. Peripheral nervous system- all the nerves
outside of the central nervous system
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THE BRAIN
•Your brain has 100 billion interneurons!
•There are three main regions of the brain that receive and process
information. These are the cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem.
Cerebrum -Largest part of the
brain
-interprets input from
the sense, controls
movement, carries
out complex mental
processes
Cerebellum - Second largest part
of your brain
- Coordinates your
muscles and balance
Brain stem -Controls involuntary
actions TC
THE CEREBRUM
•The cerebrum is divided into right and left halves. The right half sends
messages to the skeletal muscles on the left half of your body and vice
versa.
•Certain areas of the cerebrum are associated with small, touch, taste,
hearing and vision as well as movement, speech, written language and
abstract thought.
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