The “circular” relationship The “circular” relationship between seer and seen between seer and seen

““Techniques of the Observer”Techniques of the Observer”February 3February 3rdrd and February 8 and February 8thth

20112011

““Circles”Circles”The eye is the first circle; the horizon which it forms is the second; and throughout nature this primary figure is repeated without end. It is the highest emblem in the cipher of the world. St. Augustine described the nature of God as a circle whose centre was everywhere, and its circumference nowhere. We are all our lifetime reading the copious sense of this first of forms. One moral we have already deduced, in considering the circular or compensatory character of every human action. Another analogy we shall now trace; that every action admits of being outdone. Our life is an apprenticeship to the truth, that around every circle another can be drawn; that there is no end in

nature, but every end is a beginning; that there is always another dawn at mid-noon, and under every deep a lower deep opens (Emerson 403).

In what sense do “circles” figure prominently in Turner’s work?

Turner’s eyeTurner’s eye

• On “Turner’s preference for poetic atmospherics On “Turner’s preference for poetic atmospherics over narrative clarity, his infatuation with the over narrative clarity, his infatuation with the operation of light rather than with the objects it operation of light rather than with the objects it illuminated”:illuminated”:

“ “His love affair with gauzy obscurity, his His love affair with gauzy obscurity, his resistance to customary definitions of contour resistance to customary definitions of contour and line, his shameless rejoicing in the mucky and line, his shameless rejoicing in the mucky density of oils or in the wayward leaks and bleeds density of oils or in the wayward leaks and bleeds of watercolors—these were condemned as of watercolors—these were condemned as reprehensible self-indulgence” (Schama). reprehensible self-indulgence” (Schama).

A process of A process of defamiliarizationdefamiliarization

Joseph Mallord William Turner (English, 1775–1851)Snow Storm—Steam Boat off a Harbour's Mouth Making Signals in Shallow Water, and Going by the Lead. The Author Was in this Storm on the Night the Ariel Left Harwich, exhibited 1842. (Image courtesy of metmuseum.org.)

““Slavers Throwing Overboard Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying—Typhon the Dead and Dying—Typhon [sic] Coming On” (1840)[sic] Coming On” (1840)

Image courtesy of http://history.hanover.edu/courses/art/turnss.html

Emerson’s “transparent Emerson’s “transparent eyeball”eyeball”……Standing on Standing on the bare ground, -- my head bathed by -- my head bathed by

the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, -- all the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, -- all mean egotism vanishes. mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent I become a transparent eye-ball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of eye-ball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God. part or particle of God. The name of the nearest The name of the nearest friend sounds then foreign and accidental: to be friend sounds then foreign and accidental: to be brothers, to be acquaintances, -- master or servant, is brothers, to be acquaintances, -- master or servant, is then a trifle and a disturbance. I am the lover of then a trifle and a disturbance. I am the lover of uncontained and immortal beauty. uncontained and immortal beauty. In the In the wilderness, I find something more dear and wilderness, I find something more dear and connate connate than in streets or villages. In the tranquil than in streets or villages. In the tranquil landscape, and especially in the distant line of the landscape, and especially in the distant line of the horizon, horizon, man beholds somewhat as beautiful as man beholds somewhat as beautiful as his own nature.his own nature. (“Nature” 10). (“Nature” 10).

On Turner’s mode of On Turner’s mode of depictiondepiction

““He seems to have understood picturing as He seems to have understood picturing as a a collaborative process between the artist’s collaborative process between the artist’s hand and the beholder’s eyehand and the beholder’s eye, in which the , in which the former laid down suggestive elements and the former laid down suggestive elements and the imaginative observer assembled them in his mind imaginative observer assembled them in his mind to make a coherent subject. Sometimes he would to make a coherent subject. Sometimes he would help the process along, sometimes not. But he was help the process along, sometimes not. But he was much taken by the indeterminacy of the exercise, much taken by the indeterminacy of the exercise, by forms that escaped resolution. by forms that escaped resolution. The sobriety of The sobriety of the hard edge became, one has to think, a the hard edge became, one has to think, a sign of conceptual banality, a weakness in sign of conceptual banality, a weakness in the mind’s eyethe mind’s eye. For him the purest form, and one . For him the purest form, and one that he repeatedly returned to, was also the most that he repeatedly returned to, was also the most naturally unstable: the rainbow” (Schama, my naturally unstable: the rainbow” (Schama, my emphasis). emphasis).

““The least change in our point of view gives The least change in our point of view gives the whole world a pictorial air.”the whole world a pictorial air.”

Light and Colour (Goethe's Theory) - the Morning after the Deluge - Moses Writing the Book of Genesis  exhibited 1843. (Image courtesy of www.tate.org).

Why does Goethe’s name Why does Goethe’s name appear in Turner’s title?appear in Turner’s title?

• Turn to Emerson: “In optics,…[Goethe] Turn to Emerson: “In optics,…[Goethe] rejected the artificial theory of seven rejected the artificial theory of seven colors, and considered that every color colors, and considered that every color was the mixture of light and darkness in was the mixture of light and darkness in new proportions” (“Goethe—or the Writer new proportions” (“Goethe—or the Writer 753).753).

• Consider Emerson’s final lines, “The secret Consider Emerson’s final lines, “The secret of genius is…to honor every truth by use” of genius is…to honor every truth by use” (761). Might Emerson and Turner be (761). Might Emerson and Turner be interpreting Goethe in similar ways? What interpreting Goethe in similar ways? What kind of “truth” is Turner honoring “by use” kind of “truth” is Turner honoring “by use” in his painting on Goethe’s theory? in his painting on Goethe’s theory?

The Camera ObscuraThe Camera Obscura• Camera obscuraCamera obscura (||Cam"e*ra ob*scu"ra) [LL. camera chamber + (||Cam"e*ra ob*scu"ra) [LL. camera chamber +

L. obscurus, obscura, dark.] (Opt.) L. obscurus, obscura, dark.] (Opt.) • 1. An apparatus in which the images of external objects, formed 1. An apparatus in which the images of external objects, formed

by a convex lens or a concave mirror, are thrown on a paper or by a convex lens or a concave mirror, are thrown on a paper or other white surface placed in the focus of the lens or mirror within other white surface placed in the focus of the lens or mirror within a darkened chamber, or box, so that the outlines may be traced. a darkened chamber, or box, so that the outlines may be traced. 2. (Photog.) An apparatus in which the image of an external object 2. (Photog.) An apparatus in which the image of an external object or objects is, by means of lenses, thrown upon a sensitized plate or objects is, by means of lenses, thrown upon a sensitized plate or surface placed at the back of an extensible darkened box or or surface placed at the back of an extensible darkened box or chamber variously modified; - commonly called simply the chamber variously modified; - commonly called simply the camera. (camera. (Websters Dictionary, 1913)Websters Dictionary, 1913)

What do we talk about when What do we talk about when we talk about “modernity”?we talk about “modernity”?

• modernity: “a set of political, economic, modernity: “a set of political, economic, social and cultural attributes that social and cultural attributes that include such things a nationalism, include such things a nationalism, democracy, imperialism, consumerism democracy, imperialism, consumerism and capitalism—each of which appear and capitalism—each of which appear associated with the nineteenth century associated with the nineteenth century by virtue of their radical expansion by virtue of their radical expansion during that period” (Schwartz and during that period” (Schwartz and Przyblyski 9).Przyblyski 9).

““The Work of Art in the Age The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction”of Mechanical Reproduction”

• Walter Benjamin writes this Walter Benjamin writes this

critique in 1936. The modern age of critique in 1936. The modern age of

mechanical reproduction has introduced the mechanical reproduction has introduced the “culture of the copy.” “The world, in short, “culture of the copy.” “The world, in short, appears ever nearer and more ‘real’ by appears ever nearer and more ‘real’ by virtue of these copies, even as the world virtue of these copies, even as the world ‘in reality’ paradoxically recedes in the ‘in reality’ paradoxically recedes in the face of an onslaught of virtual face of an onslaught of virtual representations” (in this sense, the “aura” representations” (in this sense, the “aura” of the “real” is just another convincing of the “real” is just another convincing illusion) (Schwartz and Przyblyski 11).illusion) (Schwartz and Przyblyski 11).

““The Image Standard”The Image Standard”

• New mechanical techniques of visual New mechanical techniques of visual representation allows the visibility of the representation allows the visibility of the impact of a human hand in the impact of a human hand in the manufacturing of imaging to be minimalizedmanufacturing of imaging to be minimalized

• This allows modes of visual representation This allows modes of visual representation like the photograph to appear “objective” like the photograph to appear “objective” and stable, and freed from “the trace of a and stable, and freed from “the trace of a producer” (Cohen and Higonnet 16). producer” (Cohen and Higonnet 16).

• Today, think of scanner, Photoshop, and –of Today, think of scanner, Photoshop, and –of course—PowerPoint! course—PowerPoint!

““Modernizing Vision”Modernizing Vision”• According to Crary…According to Crary…

if the if the camera obscura camera obscura is the model for the is the model for the camera, then one could say that visual culture camera, then one could say that visual culture is based on a “monocular” way of thinking is based on a “monocular” way of thinking about vision (one-eyed, focused on captured a about vision (one-eyed, focused on captured a single object in perspective—a single, single object in perspective—a single, consistent, unified point of view).consistent, unified point of view).

• BUT technologies like stereoscopes and cinema BUT technologies like stereoscopes and cinema challenge this unified mode of seeing, creating challenge this unified mode of seeing, creating a new type of “observer-consumer”a new type of “observer-consumer”

What do we talk about when What do we talk about when we talk about images? we talk about images?

• For historians, traditionally, the image For historians, traditionally, the image has been a “supplement” to or has been a “supplement” to or decoration for a text (i.e. “logocentrism”) decoration for a text (i.e. “logocentrism”) (Wilson 29-30)(Wilson 29-30)

• Are images always “direct Are images always “direct representations” of a thing? When is an representations” of a thing? When is an illustration just an illustration and when is illustration just an illustration and when is it something more?it something more?

What is the “methodology” What is the “methodology” of visual cultural analysis?of visual cultural analysis?

• ““How do we weight the explanatory power How do we weight the explanatory power of different bodies of evidence? How are we of different bodies of evidence? How are we to apprehend and analyze the multiple to apprehend and analyze the multiple relations between words and images, relations between words and images, language and the pictorial?” What role do language and the pictorial?” What role do cultural phenomena, like images, play cultural phenomena, like images, play within discussions of society, economics, within discussions of society, economics, and politics? (Wilson 31)and politics? (Wilson 31)

• The question we, as critics, are always The question we, as critics, are always anticipating: are we in a new visual cultural anticipating: are we in a new visual cultural era or is this an extension of the era of era or is this an extension of the era of mechanical reproduction?mechanical reproduction?