BUILDING UP THE COLLECTED MODEL OF MEDICINAL PLANTSWITH THE PARTICIPATION OF LOCAL PEOPLE

IN THE BUFFER ZONE OF BACH MA NATIONAL PARK, THUA THIEN HUE PROVINCE, VIETNAM

By Le Thi Dienreport

November 2008

Supported by: Rufford Small Grants

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our sincere thank to:

- The Rufford Small Grants program in supporting us for conducting this research;

- Hue university of Agriculture and Forestry in supporting us with equipment, staffs and time forthose who participate in the research;

- Bach Ma National Park, People’s Committee of Loc Tri in cooperating with the research team;

- The community of Khe Su in participating in the models and providing information for theresearch;

- Students in conducting researches;

- My colleagues in providing information, supporting the research team in implementing researchactivities.

The author

Le Thi Dien

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1. INTRODUCTION

Vietnam has a distinct geographic position, one part is closely related to the terrestrial part, theother is closely attached to the ocean. It also lies in the tropic area with high variation of the typicaltropical climate from the low mountain from the South to the semi-tropical climate in the North.Such diverse in geography and climate has created the abundance and diversity the fauna and floraof Vietnam of which has the potential of medicinal plants. Following the data of the MedicalInstitution published in 2002, Vietnam has 3.854 flora species that are used as medicinal sources.This source is not only diverse in number of species but also diverse in the treatment capability.However, until now, people knowledge of these species is limited, there are many more medicinalplant species in nature that people do not know or just a small part of it applicability.

Medicinal part is an important part of the Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and is of specialimportance to local people living in the rural and mountainous area of Vietnam where the social,economic and infrastructure conditions are low and deficit. During their development, each peoplehave its own tradition, knowledge and experience in using the natural medicinal plants. However,most of the indigenous knowledge of using medicinal plants are only passed with a limited scope ofthe communities and are not written down for the conservation. Thus, this precious knowledge iseasy to be neglected and forgotten. Moreover, overharvesting of forest resources, the degradation ofthe vegetation due to the expansion of agriculture production and constructions … has put some ofthe medicinal plants in scare status and even go extinction.

Loc tri is a commune lying in the buffer zone of Bach Ma National Park, which has a very diverseflora status. Due to the difficulties in the transportation system to the other area, local peopleusually treat the common diseases by the medicinal plants in the area. Through a long time, theyhave accumulated precious experiences in using medicinal plants. However, these days when thelivelihoods of local people have been improved, the infrastructure as well as transportation systemto the villages have been upgraded and the clinic system are also installed to the lowestadministrative unit (village level) thus the usage of medicinal plants were gradually less concerneddue to the fact that local people started using medicines that have quick effects and easy usage.Moreover, the overharvesting of medicinal plants in a long time and the urgent need of cultivationland force local people to convert the forest land – where many medicinal plants live – so that manyof the species become scare or extinct.

In order to avoid the threat of being neglected of the indigenous knowledge as well as the run out ofthe medicinal plants resources, the research of conservation of medicinal plants as well as ancientmedicinal plants script are of great importance and has the meaningful value.

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2. PROJECT AREAS AND METHODOLOGY

2.1. Project areas

Loctri lies in the buffer zone of Bach Ma National Park which is quite close to the district center,only 3.5 km away from the district to the North-west. The South and the East is faced with BachMa Range; the East is adjacent to Loc Thuy commune (Phu Loc District); the North is adjacent tothe Cau Hai Lagoon (figure 01).

Figure 1: The map of research area

- The forest land of the commune is 3.143 ha occupying 49.94% of natural land, this is anadvantage for forestry production especially it is possible to integrate the restoration of naturalmedicinal plants and intercropping of medicinal plants under the natural forest canopy.

- The hilly area that are unused is 1.351,8 occupying 21.48% of natural land, can be used forplanting medicinal plants.

- Most of the natural land of the area is hilly area which is suitable for farm model withagro-forestry activities of which the integration of medicinal plants are possible.

Researcharea

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- Local people have livelihoods that are depended on forest resource and they have good knowledgeof the medicinal plants thus forest products take important roles for the household income. This is avery good condition for developing the medicinal plant resources.

- The Abundant labour forces that have a labourous tradition are another advantage.

- Belonging to the buffer zone of Bach Ma National Park thus local people have received a lot ofprograms/projects from outside. Thus the agriculture and forestry development activities in the areahave many chances, of which there are potential for the medicinal plant development. Besides, themedicinal plant resource is well protected by the forest rangers of the National Park.

2.2. Methodologies

- Typical transects would be established through different landscape such as home garden, swiddenfield, plantation forest, natural forest. On each transect there would be at least 2 standard plots of

200m2 as the representatives of different landscape. On each plot, the medicinal plants will beidentified, speciments will be collected and photo is taken. There would be discussion with localpeople and after that published documents will be used to determine the local name, scientific nameof the species and families.

- Participatory Rural Apraisal (PRA) method would be used with the specific tools such as: (1)semi-structured interview for elder people who have experience in using medicinal plants, thosewho usually go to the forest especially those who work as physician in the area; and (2)Representative meeting of those who know a lot about medicinal plant in the area.

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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSIONS

3.1. The diverse of medicinal plants in the study area:

Through the survey, we draftly identified 120 medicinal plants species belonging to 110 genus and67 families which are harvested and used by local people in the study area (Appendix 01). Of those120 species surveyed:

- Distribution: There are 90 species appears to be wild; 23 were planted; 07 species existed both innature and also planted in the household gardens.

- Possibility of seeing in nature: 28 species has highest possibility; 59 species has high potential; 31species has low potential and 2 species has very low potential of being seen in nature.

- Frequency of usage: 3 are estremely largely used; 30 species are commonly used; 56 are little usedand 31 are rarely used.

The diversity of the medicinal plants species in the study area are presented as followed:

3.1.1. Classification of medicinal plants following biological taxonomy

Even though the above mentioned results are not yet fully describe the medicinal plant resources inthe study area but it shows that this is a rich area of the medicinal plant potential. However, thecomponents of each level are not equally distributed, in the 67 families collected, there are morethan 40 families (over 50%) only have one species. This is the typical characteristics of the tropicaldiversity. The ratio of families of the flora phylum is presented in table 01:

Table 01: Taxonomies of medicinal plants in the flora phylum

No Phylum Families Genus Species % species

1 Lycopodiophyta (Nganh Thong dat) 1 1 1 0,83

2 Polypodiophyta (Nganh Duong xi) 4 4 4 3,34

3 Pinophyta (Nganh Thong) 1 1 1 0,83

4 Magnoliophyta (Nganh Ngoc lan) 61 104 114 95

Total 67 110 120 100

(Source: Data collected 2008).

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It can be seen that the medicinal plants in Loc Tri mostly belonging to Magnoliophyta phylumoccupying 114 species, with the ratio of 95% total number of species. Comparing to theMagnoliophyta phylum, numbers of species of other phylum has very low ratio: Polypodiophytahas only 4 species, occupying only 3.34%; The two other phylums are Lycopodiophyta andPinophyta each only has one species occupying only 0.83%.

Analysing the genus, family indexes of the Magnoliophyta phylum of the flora in the study area wehad the following results:

- Family index is 1,87 which means each family has in average 1,9 species;

- Genus index is 1.1 which means each genus has in average 1.1 species;

- On average, each family has 1.7 gennuses.

With the small scope of the area and the conditions of the study area have been affected by localpeople, these indexes could to some extent reflect the diversity of medicinal plant species in theflora of the study area.

The ratio of the Liliopsida species and Magnoliopsida is one of the index that are used to evaluatethe characteristic of the flora. This is a very important index for indentifying the diversity of theflora. Following De Candolle, the closer to the equator, the higher the diversity of the lower theratio of liipopsida is. The analysing of the ratio of the Liliopsida species and Magnoliopsida are asfollowed:

Figure 02: The ratio of Magnoliopsida and liliopsida

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The Magnoliopsida phylum always has higher numbers of genus and species than Liliopsidaphphylum. For the tropical flora, this ratio at species level is 3:1. In the study area, this ratio is 3.22:1proving that the area has typical tropical characteristic. This ratio is even higher than in Cat Tien(2.63:1) and is equivalent to Cuc Phuong (3.29:1).

3.1.2. Classification of medicinal plants following the living forms:

The classification of 120 medicinal plant species used by local people following the living forms ofthose species area presented in table 02.

Table 02: Classification of medicinal plant species in the study area

Living forms Number of species % of the totalBig tree (GOL)

2 1,67

Average tree (GOT) 3 2,50

Small tree (GON) 8 6,67

Bush tree (BUI) 5 4,17

Small tree or bush tree (GNB) 24 20,00

Woody climber (DLG) 5 4,17

Standing herbaceous (COD) 25 20,82

Climbing herbaceous (COL) 48 40,00

Total 120 100

(Source: survey data 2008)

Through the table 02, we can see that the medicinal plants of the study area have very highlydiverse forms of living. From the tree, bushes, woody to hebarcious living forms. In the total of 8groups the Climbing herbaceous group has the highest number of species occuppying up to40% of the total number of species, next is the Standing herbaceous occupying 20,82% the smalltree or bushes has 20%. This is understandable because this living form is very common and theyusually live near the house or in the swidden field that are convienient for harvesting, processing aswell as preserving thus they are widely used by local people. Usually, these are the species that

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local people harvest for daily use such as: Diep ca, Co muc, Tia to, Rau ma, Rau can… which hasthe capability of treatment and prevention of some disease for children and woman such as: fewer,cough, headage… The group that has lowest using ratio is big and average tree 1.67% and 2.5%respectively. These species are distributed in the high areas which are unfavourable for harvestingas well as limited number of species. The big tree is only of concern for timber.

La khoi Binh voi Thach xuong bo

Thus, the harvesting of medicinal plants in the study area does not affect much to the structure ofthe forest because the species used are mainly hebarcious, climbers and bushes. However, ifharvested with high concentration of some species such as Bo bo, Thach xuong bo, Sa nhan… thenthe threat of losing the diversity is very high.

3.1.3. Classification of medicinal plants following the part used:

Using medicinal plant should be taken into consideration of the parts used in order to increase theeffectiveness as well as avoid the unexpected result. Because with some species, this part is usefulfor treating disease while other part are toxic for health of people.

The classification of the medicinal plants following the parts used are presented in the table 03:

Table 03: classification of the medicinal plants following the parts used

Parts used Number of species Ratio (%)

Whole parts 43 35,83

Stump, Branches 27 22,5

Leaf 17 14,17

Bud, head 3 2,50

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Rood, Tupe, 20 16,67

Fruit, Seed 6 5,00

Bark, latex, oil 4 3,33

Total 120 100

(Source: survey data 2008)

It can be identified that local people in the study area use the whole part of the plants for themedicine; the species used occupy 35.83% of the total 120 species. This is very favourable for theconservation and preservation of medicinal plants because for those species that can be used all partwith the same usage, we can choose to harvest those parts that are easy to recover to meet theregular demand such as: leaf, branch, bud… and restrict harvesting those part that are difficult torecover and have great impact to the regeneration such as root, tupe, bark, flower, fruit, seed…Moreover, those that are harvested whole plants are mainly bushes and hebarcious. These specieshave really high capability of regenerate and are abundant in nature such as: Buom bạc, Chac chiu,Ngay, Nhan tran, Ngai cuu… thus local people usually clear cut with only the root left, this also is acleaning mechanism of forest that bring about the forest product but not to make them scare.However, with those that are difficult to regenerate such as Kim tuyen, Ba kich, Bach benh, Thachxuong bo, Vang dang, O duoc... the clear harvesting affect to the existence and regeneration abilityof the plants ad it lead to the reduction in numbers if the management and harvesting activities areanot planned.

O duoc Bach benh Vang dang

Each medicinal plant has different part for harvesting, the processing also produce different usagemedicine. Especially medicinal plants should be harvested in the right season to bring about activeeffect. The medicinal plants sometime need to be integrated with each other, if used alone onespecies can be toxic such as the chó đẻ has the ability to cool down the liver and reduce livercomplaint but if it is used alone, it can make the woman being infertility. Thus, we have to use the

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right time, right species, and right disease in order to high effectiveness in the measurement andtreatment of disease for local people.

3.1.4. Classification of medicinal plant following the usage:

The diversity of medicinal plants in the area lead to the diversity of usage and value of thosespecies. Following the experience of local people, we classify the medicinal plants into 9 groupspresented in table 04:

Table 04: Classification of medicinal plant following the usage value

No Usage Number of species Ratio %1 Stomatage, Nephrolith, liver complaint 28 23,342 maleria, fewer, cough, cold 12 10,003 Tonic, tranquillizer, antidotal 13 10,834 Colic, typhoid 15 12,505 Furuncle, sore 11 9,176 Back pain, arthraegia, Sprain 17 14,177 Snake bite, 4 3,328 For woman 8 6,679 Other treatments 12 10,00Total 120 100

(Source: survey data 2008)

In the 9 groups, the highest group is treatment for Stomatage, Nephrolith, liver complaint with23,34%. This is a group of dangerous disease and costly for treatment thus local people activelyhave the prevention and treatment by available medicinal plants in the area with low cost and higheffectiveness. Local people usually use leaf of Dong, Khoi to boil for drinking water, the tupe ofBach can be soaked with wine or the tupe of Nghe den drilled and mixed with honey bee for dailyuse to treat with stomatage. Those who have Colic, typhoid use re Tranh, Co cu, Ma de… to boiland use that water for drinking. Those who have liver complaint usually use Cho de, Nhan tran,Cuc chi thien… because these speciec can have the ability to release toxic for liver. The next groupis for treatment of Back pain, arthraegia, Sprain with 14,17%. Local people usually use Sam bongbong to boil or soaked with wine to reduce weary. Day dau xuong, Day com nguoi, Kim cang forboiling for Sprain treatment. The groups with lowest number of species used is for snake bite withthe ratio of 3,32%.

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Nhan tran La khoi Kim cang

3.1.5. Diversitification of medicinal plant following the habitat:

Through the surveys and interview local people and after that crosscheck the information throughgroups discussion with knowledgable people of medicinal plants in the study area, we identifiedhabitat and distribution of the medicinal plants in the study area, the result is showed in table 05:

Table 05: Medicinal plants classification in the study area following the habitats

No Habitat No of species onlyexisted in each

habitat

No of speciesin eachhabitat

Ratio of no of species ineach habitat/total species

surveyed

1 Natural forest 27 73 60,83

2 Plantation forest 0 67 55,83

3 Home garden 23 67 55,83

Total species surveyed 120

(Source: survey data 2008)

Through table 05, we can see that natural forest is the habitat that have highest number ofmedicinal plant species that local people use most (73 species) occupying 60,83% of the totalnumber of species surveyed. However, this ratio is not that different compared to other ratio ofspecies distributed in plantation forest and home garden (only 5% different). This means that themedicinal plants species used by local people distribute quite balance in different habitats. Thisdoes not mean that plantation forest and home garden has the diversity of medicinal plants as in thenatural forest but because due to the tradition of local people, they usually use those medicinalplants that are close to the household that is easy for finding and harvesting. Thus, even thoughnatural forest has higher diversity of the medicinal plant species but due to difficult transportationso local people has low access and knowledge to these diversed resources. Most of them are onlyconcerned to high value medicinal plant species that can only be found in natural forest such as Re

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huong, Kim tuyen, Thach xuong bo… As in the survey, there are 27 species used by local peopleonly be found in the natural forest. In reality these species exist with low quantity due to theoverharvesting. Because of that, there need to have conservation measures to these species byprotecting, restoring in order to preserve the gene to help them recover.

In the home garden habitat, there are 23 species used as medicinal plants that are not distributed innatural forest such as: Dao tien, Hoan ngọc, Huyet du, Dinh lang, Trinh nu hoang cung… these arespecies that have been brought from other place to plant in the garden. This is an advantage in orderto develop the community-based conservation and development models of medicinal plants.

In the plantation habitat, even though there are 67 species used by local people has the distributionin this habitat, but there are none of them could only be seen in plantation forest. This is due to thefact that all the plantation forest in the area are originally from natural forest that have beenconverted to plantation forest thus the vegetation of these area still have the natural forest’scharacteristics. Besides, there are some species that have original from home garden and do notexist in plantation forest Nghe den, Nghe vang… but local people plant in these area to explore thepotential of space under the un-close plantation forest canopy. Thus local people usually plantThien nien kien, Re quat, Sa, Nghe, Gung, Sa nhan…under the plantation forest in order to increasethe income as well as conserve and develop the medicinal plant species in the area.

Home garden habitat Plantation habitat Natural forest habitat

3.2. Knowledge in harvesting, using of medicinal plants of local people:

Being a community living near forest and within the buffer zone of Bach Ma National Park thuslocal people of Loc Tri has the potential to access the diverse and abundant medicinal plantresources. Thanks to this, even the clinic system is quite developed nowadays and the westernmedicines are widely distributed, some local people still use the medicinal plants for diseasetreatment because they consider the western medicines are dangerous, they can treat with onedisease but it contain the possibility of creating other. For them, traditional medicinal plants haveslow effect but less side-effect, available and no cost. However, as the physician, elder people inthe area, the demand of using traditional medicinal plants have reduced due to the development ofthe western medicine, especially the young generation that keen on these products due to the

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fashion of quick and effective of western medicines. This is one of the reasons that traditionalmedicinal plants are being neglected especially when the elders pass away, most of the preciousmedicinal plants are out of concerns of local people for disease treatment. Thus, from right now,there should be researches in order to document the precious traditional local knowledge inharvesting, utilizing the medicinal plant resources.

The traditional harvesting of local people mostly depending on the distribution of the species, asThach xuong bo usually lie along the stream, on the rock edge. Kim tuyen lie in the hole in the rockwhich has high humus. Son thuc growths in the moist land that have thick layer of rotten leavesunder the forest canopy. Nap am usually growths in muddy area or along the farm. It is alsodepended on the growth period of each species to have different harvesting time to ensure thehighest amount of active contamination. For example, harvesting of root, tupes of Gung, Nghe,Binh voi… is implemented in the beginning of spring or starting of winter because in this hardtime, the tree is dried out and the active contamination concentrate into the root or tupe. For thoseto harvest bud or leaf such as Hoan ngoc, Dua, Quay cho… are harvest in the spring-summer. Forthose to harvest flowers is at the time of blooming season. For the fruits is to harvest when the fruitis ripen such as Gac, Vong vang, Day trun. However, the harvesting of medicinal plants usuallytakes place in the free day of agriculture leisure time or with the integration of other forest productharvesting such as: hatch leave, Rattan, hunting…

Medicinal plants are mainly harvested for household usage; some are sold in the market but not thatmuch. There are some physicians in the area but they do not harvest with large amount for storagebut only go to harvest with the requirement from the patients. On average, the processing of theseproducts is primative such as dried in the sun or fire. The medicinal plants are used diversely withdifferent target. Some are soaked with wine for restorative medicine, back pain treatment such asBa kich, Sam bong bong, Thach xuong bo, O duoc.... Women usually use Huong nhu, Buom bac,Ngai cuu, Co sua, Bum bup… to boil for drink after giving birth. For the kids, the green leaves areboiled or grilled to treat with fewer such as Kop, Co nho noi, Re quat, La bong…

Those medicinal plants used by local people have different distribution and habitat: in the forest, inthe swidden field, some wildly growth along the roads, in the home garden. Besides, somemedicinal plants are planted in the home garden and used as vegetation, medicines and whennecessary can be sold to increase income such as Diep ca, Sa, La lot, Gung, Nghe den, Nghe vang...The survey result of medicinal plants that are most planted in the home garden is presented in table06:

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Table 06: List of medicinal plants planted in the home gardens

No Name Usage Mục đích

1 Bong bong Restorative, detocicating +

2 Chuoi tieu Treatment for diabetis +

3 Co dau Urenic +

4 Ma de Urenic +

5 Dao tien Anorexia, insomnia +

6 Diep ca Furuncle, sore +

7 Dinh lang Back pain, arthraegia, Sprain +

8 Dua Stomatage, Nephrolith, liver complaint +

9 Dua can maleria, fewer, cough, cold +

10 Gac Pain relief ++

11 Gung maleria, fewer, cough, cold ++

12 Hoan ngoc Colic, typhoid +

13 Huyet du For woman disease +

14 Khe Alergic +

15 Kho sam Colic, typhoid +

16 La Mo Colic, typhoid +

17 Lo hoi Colic, typhoid +

18 Lot Furuncle, sore +

19 Ngai cuu Pregnancy pain +

20 Nghe den Stomatage, Nephrolith, liver complaint ++

21 Nghe vang Stomatage, Nephrolith, liver complaint ++

22 Oi Colic, typhoid +

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23 Rau can High blood pressure +

24 Re quat Digestion system +

25 Sa Cold ++

26 Sam dai hanh Stop blood bleeching +

27 Tam phong Red eyes +

28 Thuoc bong fewer +

29 Tia to Cold, headage +

30 Vu sua Stomatchage +

(Source: survey data and discussion 2008)

Note: +: For household usage; ++: For sale

Meeting with local people

Of those species, as stated by local people, Nghe den has highest value, the price of 1kg ofpre-processed is 70-90,000 VND and usually in hot sale. This is not the original species from thearea, it was provided by Bach Ma National Park for the program of building up the medicinal homegarden in the Khe Su village, one of the many that lie in the buffer zone of the Park. From then,people realized the economical value as well as the biological suitability of this species and they tryto find out the seedling to expand the model. Also in this program, the Park provided othermedicinal species such as Huyet du, Sam bong bong, La khoi, Re quat… but these species do nothave the market and have low economic potential thus they do not get the concern of local people.From this point, we can see that, in order to develop the community-based medicinal developmentmodel, it is needed to deal with the market for the products so that local people would be willing toparticipate.

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Medicinal plants processing

Through time, local people experience with testing, practises, learning and accumulatingexperiences in utilizing medicinal plant following precies treatment group. From the survey, theresearch group has recognized 9 groups of treatments that are used by local people within thecommunity:

- Group of treatment for Stomatage, Nephrolith, liver complaint including of species: Binh voi,Nghe den, Nghe vang, Co cu, Thach xuong bo, O dưoc, Lau do, La dong, Cuc chi thien, Chac chiu,Tiet de, Ma de, Ngay, Co muc, Cho de, Ha thu o do, Thanh nganh, Nhan tran, Co tranh, Rau can…

- Group of treatment for maleria, fewer, cough, cold including species: Tia to, Hanh, Cuc tan,Gung, Cuc chi thien, Re quat, Nho noi, Rau sam, Thai lai tia, Sa, Oi, Ngai cuu, La bong…

- Group of treatment for Tonic, tranquillizer, antidotal: Ha thu o do, Ngay tia, Nhan tran, Buombac, Thach xuong bo, Bong bong, Ba kich…

- Group of treatment for Colic, typhoid: Co nho noi, Rau ma, Co sua, Rau sam, Oi, Sa, Quyt,Gung…

- Group of treatment for Furuncle, sore: Bo cong anh, Ke dau ngua, Tho phuc linh, vong vang…

- Group of treatment for Back pain, arthraegia, Sprain: Nhau, Ngai cứu, Buoi bung, Chia voi, Daydau xuong, Cuc tan, Ngai cuu, La lot, Thien nien kien, Gac, Rau can…

- Group of treatment for snake bite: Nghe vang, Tia to, Bay la mot hoa, Lau…

- Group of treatment for woman disease: Co cu, Ngai cuu, Ngay, Che vang, Nhan tran, Buom bac,Huyet du, Co nho noi, Re quat, Ich mau, Cu gau, Diep ca…

- Other treatment group: Rau ma, Dua, Khuc khac, To dieu, Sam dại hanh, Khe, Co hoi…

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3.3. Threats to medicinal plant resources in the study area:

The medicinal plant resources in the area are really great. Even though there has many supports andconcerns from the local authorities, conservation groups and expecially from the ManagementBoard of Bach Ma National Park and the participation of local people in conserving the medicinalplant resources in the area. However, the medicinal plant resources in the area are threatened bymany other reasons. Through group discussion and meetings with those who has good knowledgeof the medicinal plant resources, everybody agreed to lay down the different threats to themedicinal plant resources that create the degradation of medicinal plants reosurces in the area(Table 07).

Table 07: Threats to the medicinal plant resources in the area

No Threats Degree of affecting

1 Degradation of the vegetation cover ++++

2 Overharvesting ++++

3 Waste of medicinal plant recources ++

4. Increase of the usage demand +

5 Chang of crop composition +++

6 Swidden field, forest plantation +++

7 Un-docummented of indegenous knowledge +++

8 Development of western medicines ++

9 People do not want to share their experiences ++

(Source: survey data and discussion 2008)

Note: ++++: Very serious +++: Serious

++: Medium +: Low

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- Degradation of the vegetation cover: Due to the pressure of the population growth, livelihoodsand development activities such as expansion of cultivation land, forest product harvesting, roadbuilding, building of eco-tourism area expecially the clearing of natural forest to set up plantationforest have cause serious degradation of the vegetation cover. The degradation of the vegetationcovers lead to the direct affect to the medicinal plant resource as well as destroys their livingharbitat. Moreover, the usage of pesticides in the home garden, plantation forest have make thevegetation in genenral and medicinal plants in specific go extinct and meet with difficulties torecover.

- Overharvesting: It means harvesting over the restoring capability of medicinal plants. This iscause by population blooming and greater demand of medicinal plants not only for domestic usebut also for export. In reality, the harvesting of medicinal plants in the area is under greatinterference of the market. Any medicinal plant has high economic value would be under greatthreat of extraction by local people without planning and protection measurement. They do not careat all to the existence of those species. Such plants as Vang dang, Ba Kich, Re huong, Thien nienkien etc that have widely distributed in the area previously but up to this moment, they are reallyscare.

- Waste of the medicinal plant resources: due to the lack of techniques and equipments forprocessing and storaging. In the area, there are some physicians, they harvest the medicinal plantresouces in large amount to sell and store for time that those medicinal plant species can not beharvested such as Sa nhan, Kim tien thao… However, these medicinal plants were only dried underthe sun so if it rain after the harvest those harvested products would be useless. Moreover, if theyare used afterward, the quality of the products would be very low.

- Increase of the usage demand: People recognise the safety and easiness of usaged of medicinesfrom medicinal plants, they seem to turn back to use medicines and products that originally fromplants. Moreover, with the development of science especially in the physic, people discover newmedicine that can treat with new disease thus medicinal plants are being harvested with higherspeed and they are hardly to recover. Following elder people in the village, Vang dang wasabundant in the area but after being harvest to sell to medicinal companies and they are now veryscared; or Thạch xuong bo which used to growth along the streams nearby but now people have togo very far into the forest to see them.

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- Chang of crop composition: Many household and the community land that used to be plants withtraditional medicinal plants are now removed and converted into high yield crops for the economicdevelopment purposes. Previously, the gardens of those people such as Le Ngoc Toan, ông TruongVan Nguyen, Nguyen Chu in Khe Su village have many medicinal plant species and were tendedwell especially the garden of Mr. Le Ngoc Toan which have been highly valued by local people andhave been visited by many groups coming to Bach Ma National Park. However, recently theincome from the gardens is not high so they were converted to plant the citrus tree group.

- The clearance of natural forest for swidden field and the plantation forest development projecthave reduce the area of medicinal plants, which make many species difficult to develop and eventhe loss of genetic such those species as Ba kich, Re quat, Son thuc…

- The local knowledge usages of medicinal plants have not been docummented. Most of theknowledge of usage of medicinal plants of those communities are transferred by verbal expressionfrom generation to generation and are not recorded thus it is very easy to disappear, that lead to thefact that the young generation do not concern about medicinal plants and of course they would notconcern of restoring these precious resources. Following the people of Khe Su village, the father ofMr. Truong Van Nguyen knew many precious prescriptions and had treated for many people in thevillage but when he got old, those prescriptions have not been transferred to anybody. This is awaste of resources.

- The development of morden medicine and the look down upon the traditional experiences:Nowadays, with the development of the transfering system of morden medicine as well as it fasteffect have made people toward using of morden medicine and do not concern about thosemedicinal plants that have slow effects. This easily leads to the degradation of the traditionalknowledge of using medicinal plants.

- People do not want to share their knowldege of using medicinal plants: Many people have goodprescriptions but they do not want to let other know and they want to keep that for them and theirfalily only, usually, they only transfer to people within the falily, clan so it can be easily lossed.During the survey for the research, we also meet with difficulties because some people do not wantto share their knowledge, they do not answer the questionaire or only answer with general mannerand even when they are invited to the meeting or discussion of the medicinal plant, they also refuseto participate.

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In summary, the medicinal plant resources in the area have been and are threatened due to the factthat natural habitat of them are reduced, most of the high economic value have been down innumber, some of the rare species would go extinct. Moreover, the current management strategiesare not really suitable, there have not been any clear regulation for the harvesting, utilizing ofmedicinal plants; local people freely go harvesting without plans. The harvesting are not inaccordance with protecting, restoring or in other words, medicinal plants are not sustainably used.

The following table show threat level to some medicinal plants in the study area following the redbook of Vietnam (1996).

Bảng 08: List of medicinal plants in the study area that are threatened by extinction dueto overharvesting

No Scientific name Local name Threat levels

1 Paris poyphylla Sm. Var. chinensis (Franch.) Hara. Bay la mot hoa R

2 Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. Kim tuyen E

3 Ardisia silvestris Pit. La khoi V

4 Nepenthes annamensis Macfarl. Nap am R

5 Lindera myrrha (Lour) Merr. O dưoc V

6 Cinnamomum parthenoxylon Re huong K

7 Coscinium fenestratum (Gagn.) Colebr. Vang dang V

8 Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. Day dau xuong K

9 Smilax glabra Roxb. Tho phuc linh V

10 Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Merr. 1906 Ngu gia bi gai T

(Source: survey data 2008)

Note:

(E): Endangered, threatened with extinction.

(V): Vunerable can be extincted.

(R): Rare, can be vunerable.

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(T): Threatened.

(K): Listed in the list but with insufficient data.

Ngu gia bi gai Tho phuc linh Bay la mot hoa

Above are list of medicinal plants which have been ideintified in the area with the reduction inamount seriously due to the overharvesting to provide the higher demand of users, their distributionhabitat are being reduced due to human activities. Thus the conservation and development ofmedicinal plants in general and the above mentioned species are critical for the local authorities.

3.4. Choosing important medicinal plants for the propagation and conservation with theparticipation of local people

From the criteria of: (+) High value of disease treatment; (+) Important to local community whichhave been widely used; (+) Species which can be traded in the future; (+) Currently rare species,hard to find, local people want to restore and develop; (+) Species that have the ability to live in dryarea, easy to plant. The research group worked with local people and find out a list of medicinalplants species which have been suggested by local people:

Table 09: medicinal plants species suggested for expansion by local people

No Local name Scientific names

1 Ba kich trang Morindada cochinchinensis DC.

2 Kho sam Croton tonkinensis Gagnep.

3 Lo hoi Aloe vera L.

4 Re quat Belamcanda sinensis Lem.

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5 Sam bong bong Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook.

6 Sam dai hanh (Toi Lao) Eleutherine Subaphylla Gagnep

7 Thach xuong bo Acorus tatarinowi Schott

8 Tho phuc linh Smilax glabra

9 Ha thu o do Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.

10 La khoi Ardisia silvestris

11 O duoc (Dau dang) Lindera myrrha (Lour) Merr.

12 Vang dang Coscinium usitatum

13 Ngu gia bi gai Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Merr. 1906

14 Nghe den Curcuma zedoaria (Berg.) Roscoe.

(Source: Group discussion and village meeting 2008)

The medicinal plants chosen by local people for restoring and expanding in the area includes 14species. This is the demand and disire of local people, they wish their knowledge of utilizingtraditional medicinal plants could be restored and conserved as well as being expanded, especiallyto transfer to their younger generation.

From this, local people also suggested some solutions for conserving, developing these species inthe area, they are presented in the table 10.

Table 10: Some solutions for conserving, developing of medicinal plants raised by localcommunity

No Species Method Advantages Disadvantages

1 Ba kichtrang

Plant in the homegarden,intercroping underplantation forest

- Suitable for the localclimate

- High demand from themarket.

- Lack of seedsources

2 Kho sam Plant by stump orseed in the home

- Available seed source

- Easy to plant, less labour

- Low marketdemand

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garden in theSpring

needed

3 Lo hoi Plant in the homegarden

- Naturally distrubute inthe area.

- Available seed sources.

- Low marketdemand

- Hard to processand restore

4 Re quat Intercroping underforsest canopy,under fruit trees Ithe home garden

- Suitable for the localclimate

- Available seed sources.

- Suitable for drycondition

- Unformed market

- Easy to die inflooding condition

5 Sam bongbong

Plant in the homegarden or swiddenfield by stump orseedlings

- Suitable for hot and dryseason

- Available seed sources.

- Unformed market

- Lack ofprocessing andrestoring techniques

6 Sam daihanh

Plant in the homegarden or swiddenfield by stump orseedlings

- Available seed sources.

- Easy to palnt, less labourcost

- Low marketdemand

7 Thachxuong bo

Plant along thestream, moist areawith running water

- High value in themarket.

- Under the concerns ofmany people by its usage.

- Difficult to findseed sources

- Low experience inplanting andtending

8 Tho phuclinh

- planting underforest canopy

- Easy to palnt, less labourcost

- Huge market demand

No seed sources inthe area

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9 Ha thu o do - Plant in thehome garden orunder plantationforest canopy.

- High market demand.

- High value.

- Lack of seedsources

10 La khoi - Plant in thehome garden or inthe swidden field.

- High market demand.

- Under the concerns ofmany people by its usagefor stomatch treament.

- Difficult to findseed sources

- Low experience inplanting andtending

11 O duoc - Restoring innature, plant underplantation forest

- High market demand.

- Naturally distribute inthe area.

- Difficult to findseed sources

12 Vang dang - Restoring innature, plant underplantation forest,swidden field orhome garden

- High market demand.

- High value.

- Naturally distribute inthe area.

- Difficult to findseed sources

- Low experience inplanting andtending

13 Ngu gia bigai

- Restoring innature,

- plant underplantation forest

- High market demand.

- Available seed sources.

- Hard to manage

- Low experience inplanting andtending

14 Nghe den Plant in the homegarden

- High value.

- Available seed sources,suitable for localconditions.

- Local people haveeexperience in planting,tending

- Harvesting,processing andstoring in primativenature so it is veryeasy to be rotten,degraded.

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(Sources: Group discussion, 2008)

Lo hoi Re quat Sam bong bong

3.5. The result of buiding up collection garden

- Scale: 2 ha.

- Vegetation treatment: treat the forest canopy in order to provide enough light for themedicinal plants model below. Weeding, create favourable condition for planting.

- Preparation of the holes: the size is depended on species: 20cmx20cmx30cm or30cmx30cmx40cm.

- Distance: depending on the species.

- Planting partern: intercroping under forest canopy into plots

- Fertilizer: lay down the fertilizer before planting.

- Time: From February to April 2008.

Hereafter are some techniques of planting some species in the collection model:

Table 11: Techniques of planting some medicinal plants

No Species Planting and tending technique

1 Ba kich (Morindaofficinalis How.)

* Creating of seedlings:

There are two way of producing seedlings: from the seeds andfrom the stump:

- From the seed:

+ Collecting of fruit: only take the fruits from 3 years old motherplants, taking the red ones:

After harvesting, put the fruits into a bag to keep for several daysto let the skin ripe, take out to rub and clean with water, take the

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seeds and put in the shading area to dry. After processing, itshould be bring to sow immediately.

+ Sowing: Using the nylon bag with 5-7cm diameter and heightof 12-15cm. The compositions of the bag include 78% soft soil+ 20% decomposed manure + 2% Phosphorus. Bag packed arefolded in to bed. Use a stick to put a hole of 2cm and put 3-4seeds in to each bag, cover with soil. Cover the bags and watersufficiently.

Time in the nursery garden until transplantation is 6-7 months,the seedlings used for plantation is 20-25cm high.

- Creating seedlings from stumps:

+ Choosing and cutting of stump: take the stumps from 3 yearsold mother plants; take the whole part from the main trunkwithout the green tops. Chose the trunk or branches with > 3mmdiameter and has 1-3 internodes with 2-4 knots. Each stump is25-35 cm long and cut all the leave. Stumps are raisedimmediately.

+ Time of rising: In the spring or autumn time. .

+ Raising technique: make floating bed with small slits 10 cmdepth on the bed, distance between slits is 30cm. Put the stumps

in the slit with the angle of 450, stump by stump 5cm then coverwith 2-3cm of soil and jam. Cover and watering sufficiently.

Standard stump for plantation is when the secondary shoots getthe height of 20-25cm, with 5-6 pair of leaves and the length ofroot is about 5-7cm.

- Tending of the planted seedlings:

Watering sufficiently, in the first time water everyday in theearly morning or late afternoon. When the plant growth stably,water sufficiently 2 – 3 day a time.

Break the soil cover 7-10 days to ensure the soil soft andwell-aired. When the plant has more than 3 pair of leaves,fertilize with a composition of 70-80% decomposed manure +20-30% phosphorus.

Seedlings from seeds in the nursery time use to be disease; themeasurement is to have good cleaning of the nursery, do not letthe water saturation and waste accumulation, do not use the

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fresh manure. When the disease occurs, take out and set on fireof diseased plants and spray of all the nursery with Boocdo 0.5%

with the amount of 1 litre/m2.* Planting mode:- Choosing and soil preparation:

+ Choose a high, fertile and moisture place (not saturated area)

+ Deeply dig the soil, let the soil exposed to air, and make bedswith 20-30cm high, 60 cm width (for one row) or 1 m (for tworows).

+ The hole is 20 cm depth, 30 cm width, 60 cm away from eachother. Decomposed manure is 500 g/hole.

- Planting:

+ Season: from March to April

+ The stump cut is planted right away after cutting, each holecan be planted 2 - 3 stumps.

+ Put the stump in, jam the soil and only out to the air 1-3cm.

+ Cover with straw

* Tending:- Regularly water to keep moisture.

- After 6-7 months make the frame for the plant to climb.

- Weeding and turning the soil 1-2 times/year.

- In the second year, apply about 3 kg of decomposed manure or0,3 kg NPK fertilizer/plant.

2 Bach bo (Stemonatuberosa Lour.)

* Planting:- Choose the moisture, drainage and humus soil. - Seed source: from seeds or foot bud, foot bud is better. - Planting:+ Season: in the spring when having rain, at the beginning ofrainy season, or in autumn time. + Planting in holes or bed with 0,8-1 m width. + Make the hole with the size of 30x30x30cm.+ Each hole is planted with 2-3 stumps.

+ Put the stump inclined, only out to the air with 1-3cm.+ Covered with straw.* Tending:

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- Weeding and turning the soil around the foot of the plant withthe area of 0,5-0,8m.- When the plant is 20 cm high, make the frame for it to clime. - Adjusting the shading of 0,4-0,5.

3 Binh voi (Stephaniarotunda Lour.)

* Planting:- Choose the moisture, drained and low acid soil. - Seed source: collect the mature fruits, put under the shade tolet it dry. Slightly rub it to open the cover and then bring tosow. - But the seeds into warm water (3 hot, 2 cold) in 15-30minutes. Take out and let it to drain. Put in beds which are 5 - 6cm depth, 20-25cm away from each others. Use the silky soil tocover the seeds and water. Make the frame to let the shadearound 30-40%. Weeding and turning the soil regularly.

- Standard of Seedlings: 10-15cm height, has 3-4 leaves withoutdiseases and pets. - Planting season: in the spring when having rain, at thebeginning of rainy season, or in autumn time.- Planting in the holes or in beds 0,8-1m width.- Hole with the size of 30x30x30cm.- Plant by bare stumps but it should be covered by soil aroundthe root. Dig the hole then put the stump straight, cover with soilthen jam hard. Cover the area by straw. * Tending:- Weeding, turning the soil with the area of 0,5-0,8 m around thefoot of the plant.- put the frame for the plants to climb. - Adjust the shade from 0,4 to 0,5.

4 Bo beo (Gomphandratonkinensis Gagnep.)

* Planting:- Weeding, dig the hole 1 m away from each other, put thedecomposed fertilizer covered with soil. - Use the seeds.- Planting: sow directly the seeds into the hole. * Tending:Weeding, turning the soil, watching for pet and diseases to havesuitable preventive measurement.

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5 Bong bong(Dracaena angustifolia Roxb.)

* Planting:- Choosing and preparing land:+ Plough and turn the land, weeding, and making the beds. + Dig holes with the depth of 25-30cm, put down basicfertilizers (about 300g decomposed manure/hold) cover withstraw.- Seedlings: Choose the moderate branches to cut into stumps of25-30cm long or take the regenerated seedlings to plant.- Planting:

+ Season: Spring

+ Put the stumps with the angle of 450, cover with soil 2/3 of thestump and jam the soil, cover the foot with straw. Plant alternatebeds, each stump are 20-25cm long from each others.

+ Sufficiently water. About 15-20 days, the stump willgerminate.

* Tending:

- After the bud grow, in the sunny days, there need to havesufficient watering.

- Through out the growth of the plants, check to pick outpestilent insect.

7 Che vang (JasminumsubtriplinerveBlume)

* Planting:

- Choosing and preparing soil:

+ Choose the clear place with fertile, soft, drained soil aroundforest, hill or along the road, open area in forest.

+ Make holes with the size of 30x30x30cm.

- Seedlings: Cut the stump with moderate trunks with thediameter of 0,6-0,8cm, and the length of 20-25cm, raise in sandabout 15-20 days to take roots, take the stumps into bags withthe composition of 1/2 sandy soil and 1/2 silk soil. Three monthsold plants with the length of the bud of 2 – 5 cm can be broughtto plant.

- Planting:

+ Season: Spring or Autumn.

+ Put the stumps straight, covered with soil, jam hard.

+ Cover the foot of the plant with straw.

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* Tending:

- Weeding and turning the soil around the foot.

- Make the frame for the plants to climb.

8 Dinh lang (Polysciasfruticosa (L.) Harms.)

* Planting:

- Choosing and preparing land: choose the fertile, high and dry,soft soil. Weeding, dig holes 3 m away from each other with thesize of 30x30x30cm, put the basic fertilizer and cover with soil .

- Seedlings: raise from branches.

- Season: Spring or Autumn.

- Planting: Planting right away from cutting stumps, coveredwith soil of 2/3 of the stump, jam and cover foot with straw.

* Tending:

Weeding and turning soil 1 – 2 times/year.

9 Gung (Zingiberofficinale Rosc.)

* Planting:

- Can be planted all year round but best in Summer.

- Choose big and undamaged tubes for planting.

- The bed should be ensured to drain quickly. Make the bed withthe high of 20-25cm, and with the width of 60-70cm.

- On the bed, dig holes with distance of 30-40cm, in the hillyarea, no need to make the beds.

* Tending:

- After planting, it is needed to turn the soil, wedding and pile upthe foot of the plant until it form the tube.

- Put the straw, rice husk in the planting area. Fertilizer shouldbe applied to make the good growth of the plants.

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10 Hoang dang(Fibraurea recisaPierre)

* Planting:

- Choose the moisture, drained and soft soil.

- Seed sources:

+ Stumps are taken from 2 – 5 years old mother plants. Stumpsare 20-30cm long, raise right after cutting.

+ Stumps are fixed in ditches, water sufficiently. Straw isremoved when the stumps have buds. Shading should be30-40%, watering and tending until the seedlings meet thestandard requirements.

- Planting:

+ Season: Spring or Autumn

+ Plant in holes or in ditches with the width of 0,8-1m.

+ Dig holes with the size of 30x30x30cm.

+ Put the seedlings straight, cover soil fully, jam. Cover withstraw.

+ Make the frame for the plants to climb.

* Tending:

- Weeding and turning soil around the foot of plants. .

- Make the frame for the plants to climb.

- Adjusting the shade from 0,4-0,5.

11 Kim ngan (Lonicerajaponica Thunb.)

* Planting:

- Raising by branches: best time is Spring or Autumn.

- Choose the moderate branches then cut with the length of15-20cm. Round it up to make a circle and put in the holes, thencover with soil. The buds will come out after 10-16 days.

When the plant grows, make the frame for the plant to climb.

* Tending:

- Apply fertilizer 2-3 times/year.

- In the Autumn, it is needed to repair the frame and prune theaged branches to let the young ones grow.

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12 Kim tien thao(Desmodiumstyracifolium (Osb.)Merr)

- Choosing and preparing soil: not a soil selective plant exceptfor saturation or too much shading.

- Seedling sources: can be plant by stump from trunk orbranches but the best is from to sow directly from seeds becauseof the availability of the seeds.

- The best time for sowing and planting is Spring or rainyseason. Put the seeds into hot water (3 hot + 2 Cold) in 4 – 5hours, take out to mix with ash, sand then sow, cover with soilof 2 – 3 cm and then straw. Take out the straw when the seedsgerminate. When the seedlings has 3-5 leaves then adjust thedensity with the distance 0,8 x 0,8 m; when the seedlings has 6 -10 pile up the foot, fertilize with decomposed manure orchemical fertilizers.

13 La khoi (Ardisiasylvestris Pitard.)

* Planting:- Choosing and preparing soil: moisture soil along stream, riverwith high shading. Make and turn the soil around the foot of theplant with the size of 20cm x 20cm x 20cm.- Seedlings: From seeds or raising.+ Seeds harvested in December and sow right away fromharvesting in moisture sand. After 15 to 20 the seeds germinate.Take out and put into the bag. The composition of the bag is 1/2sand + 1/2 clay. Put the bags under shading, watering regularly.After 3 months, the seedlings can be planted. + Stump taken from the mother plants (choose the one that havediameter from 1-1,5cm). Cut into section of 20-35cm. Put thosesections into moisture sand. After the stumps take root, take andput into the bag (as from the seeds).- Planting:+ Season: Spring or Autumn.+ Put the plants straight, cover with soil, and jam then coverwith straw. + Make the frame to let the plant climb.* Tending:- Weeding and turning the soil.- Adjusting the shading of 0,6-0,7.

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14 Lo hoi (Aloe vera L.) * Planting:- Choosing and preparing soil: sloppy land, drained. Dig andmake the bed with 30-40cm height, with of 40-50cm, hole fromhole is 40-50cm, apply fertilizer, cover with soil of 3-5cm.- Seedlings: small plants.- Planting: put the seedlings straight, put the soil, jam. - Water sufficiently.* Tending:- Water in hot and dry day.- Weeding, piling foot when the plant grows.

15 Mia do (Costusspeciosus (Koening)Smith)

* Planting:- Choosing and preparing soil: deep soil, moisture, with theshading..- Seedlings: there are some kind of making seedlings asfollowed:+ From seeds: collect seed and sow to meet the requirements. + Cut the buds near the trunk to raise. + Cut the young trunk with some roots when harvesting toreplant..- Planting: minimum distance between hold is 0,8m. Dig thehole, put the seedlings straight, pile up the foots of the plants.- Put basal fertilizer by decomposed manure.* Tending:Watering, keeping the moisture in the dry and hot season,weeding, piling up the foot and apply fertilizer for the plants.

16 Nghe den (Curcumazedoaria (Berg.)Roscoe.)

* Planting:- Soil preparation: soft and drained soil, make the bed with thewidth of 1-1,2m, with the height of 20-25cm. Apply phosphorus.- Seedlings made from good tube roots, divided the root intosmall part and put into the hole.- Plant tube by tube with the distance of 20 – 25 cm and row byrow with 30 – 35 cm. Cover with soil and straw afterward. * Tending:- After the root germinate (5 – 7 days) remove the straw. .- When the plants has 5-6 leaves, apply potassium and pile upthe foot.

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17 Nghe vang (Curcumadomestica Valet.)

* Planting:- Soil preparation: soft and drained soil, make the bed with thewidth of 1-1,2m, with the height of 20-25cm. Apply phosphorus.- Seedlings made from good tube roots, divided the root intosmall part and put into the hole.- Plant tube by tube with the distance of 20 – 25 cm and row byrow with 30 – 35 cm. Cover with soil and straw afterward. * Tending:- After the root germinate (5 – 7 days) remove the straw. - When the plants has 5-6 leaves, apply potassium and pile upthe foot.

18 Ngu gia bi gai(Acanthopanaxtrifoliatus (L.) Merr.)

* Planting:- Soft and moisture soil along stream. Dig holes with thedistance of 3 x 3 m with the size of 30x30x30cm, apply basalfertilizer, cover with soil. - Seedlings: sow seeds into bags, taking care until the seedlingsare 40-50cm high. We can also take the seedlings in naturalforest to put into the bag.- Planting: Put the seedlings straight, cover with soil, jam,watering.* Tending:As tending plants in plantation forest.

19 Sa (Cymbopogoncitratus (DC.) Stapf)

* Planting:- Season: Any time but best in Spring. - Seedlings: take from the clustered bushes.- Make the bed 20-30cm high, 45-50cm wide. Hole from hole 50cm, fertilizer, soil covered. - Put straight, watering regularly.* Tending:- Check and replace dead seedlings. - Weeding, turning the soil, piling up foot, watering in hot anddry day.

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20 Sam bo chinh(Abenmoschusmoschatus)

* Planting:- Choosing and preparing soil: soft, moisture with enough light.Total turning of the soil, making beds of 1.0 - 1.5m. Apply basalfertilizer of decomposed manure mixed with 2% phosphorous- Season: end of December, planting in the Spring.- Seedlings: sowing seedlings from seeds or raising stumps inOctober - November so that can plant in January and February.Seeds is put into warm water for 10 hours, keep in bag for 2days and then mix with ash and sand to put on the ditches* Tending:- Watering for the newly stage and on hot and dry time.- Weeding, turning the soil, prevention of pests.- Apply additional fertilizer by dissolved decomposed manure. Ifdo not have the need of seeds, cut the flower bud to make rootbigger.

21 Thien nien kien(Homalonemaocculta)

Cut the aged root to plant, 4 seedlings/1m2

22 Tho phuc linh(Smilax glabraRoxb.)

* Planting:

- Choosing and preparing soil:

+ Need the soil depth over 1 m, low acid, silky or sandy soil

+ Under the secondary forest with the shading of 0,4-0,5.Plantation forest with unclosed canopy or have been done withthinning.

+ Weeding around hole or patches.

+ Holes with the size of 30x30x30cm.

- Seedlings: From seeds or stumps

+ Seeds collected from 2 – 3 years olds mother plants. Choosethe mature seed, dry in shading area and bring to sow afterharvesting.

+ Stumps taken from 2 – 3 years olds mother plants. Cuttings are

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20-30cm long with 2-4 eyes,

+ Seeds and stumps are fixed with patches with the distance of10-15cm, and 5-6cm deep, cover seeds and stumps by soil.Cover the patches by straw, water sufficiently. Keep the shading40-50%

- Planting:

+ Season: Spring or autumn, choose the cool day with smallrain.

+ Put the seedlings straight, covered with soil, jam. Pile up the5-6cm, covered with straw.

+ Make the frame for the plants to climb.

* Tending:

- Weeding and turning the soil.

- Adjusting the shade from 0,4-0,5.

23 Thuoc bong(Kalanchoe pinnata(Lam.) Pers.)

* Planting:

- Choosing and preparing soil: Choose dry land, dig the soil withthe size of: 20cm x 20cm x 20cm.

- Seedlings: From trunk stump: cuttings with the length of20-25cm. After taking roots, take the seedlings to the bag whichis composed of 1/2 silk soil and 1/2 sandy soil. Wateringregularly.

- Planting:

+ Season: Spring or autumn.

+ Put the seedlings straight, cover with soil, jam, covered withstraw.

* Tending:

- Weeding, turning the soil around the foot.

- Adjusting the shading of 0,3-0,4.

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24 Vang đang(Cosciniumfenestratum)

* Planting:

- Choose soft, moisture, and drained soil

- Seedlings:

+ Stumps taken from 2-5 years old plants with the length of20-30cm,

+ Stumps are put in patches with the distance of 10-15cm,5-6cm deep,

- Planting:

+ Season: Spring or

+ Plant in holes or in patches 0,8-1m.

+ Make the hole with the size of 30x30x30cm.

+ Put the seedlings straight, cover with soil, jam, covered withstraw.

+ Make the frame for the plant to climb.

* Tending:

- Weeding, turning the soil around the foot.

- Adjusting the shading of 0,4-0,5.

Up to now, it is only 6 month after the establishment of the model. The result shows that thosespecies planted in the model growth quite well, high living ratio ranging from 60-90%. Thebuilding of the collection model are highly valued and appreciated by local people and theyparticipate actively. The suggested techniques have been applied to the testing model of theresearch.

3.6. Training workshops for local communities, students and related stakeholders

The research have organized 4 trainings for local people, students, staff of Bach Ma National Parkand also young lecturers of Faculty of Forestry in Hue University of Agriculture and forestry withthe following content:

(i) Identification and specimens processing capability;

(ii) Propagating, planting, tending, harvesting, processing, storing and utilizing medicinal plants;

(iii) Managing the model, nurseries and the experiment plots in the field;

(iv) Participatory species conservation ability.

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The training was taken right in the field where the models would be implemented. Learners of thetraining would be those who build the models.

The training result shows that, participants are fully participated; they actively give ideas,comments to improve the techniques. Participants learnt very quickly because they all haveexperience in the daily activities. Participant evaluated the training themselves by 70% good and30% at the average level.

Training and workshop

3.7. Model propagating

The research has collected 30 dry speciment of 30 species, 10 posters for training and learningpurposes.

The researl also held 3 field training for students to identify species composition and distribution ofmedicinal plants as well as instruction for speciment collection and processing and drying forteaching purposes.

Training for students

Moreover, the research have provided 1,200 seedlings of ba kich; 2,000 of kim ngan; 300 of dinhlang; 500 of la khoi; 600 of ha thu o do; 1,000 of sa nhan; 300 of kim tien thao; 2,000 of tiem maosam and many other species for the training farm of Hue Univertisy of Agriculture and Forestry aswell as adjacent communities.

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Seedling of Ba kich Seedlings of Tiem mao sam Seedlings of Kim ngan

Seedling of Dinh lang Seedlings of La khoi Seedlings of Ha thu o do

Seedling of Kim tien thao Seedlings of Binh voi The sources of Sa nhan

The research also published one paper on the related magazine. Up to now, there was one studentdefensed and got excelent result (10/10) with the content of the research and two other groups ofstudent are finalizing their reports.

4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS:

From reality, it can be said that the medicinal plant resouces in the study area are extremelydiversed. This diversity is presented by the distribution of taxonomies of flora phylum, living form,part used, usages and habitat distribution.

In order to conserve and develop the medicinal plants resources in the study area, we recommendfollowing options:

- It is needed to keep on surveying the medicinal plants distributing in the area of the village, itsform and usages should be clearly studied.

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- For those scare species that have high value, they should be propagated and expanded such as:Kim tuyen, Ngu gia bi gai, Bay la mot hoa, Bach benh, La Khoi..., It is necessary to consider thenatural conditions, soild and suitable techniques for the conservation purposes.

- It is also needed to have experimental propagation of medicinal plants in the forest such as: Bakich trang, Thach xuong bo, Tho phuc linh, Ha thu o do, Day dau xuong... in order to determinetheir adaptability in the artificial conditions as well as their ability in regenerate in nature to haveproper measurements.

- It is necessary to build up medicinal plant model in villages of the communes, to hold workshop,training to raise the awareness of local people in conserving and developing natural resources.

5. REFERENCES

1. Agricultural extension of Vietnam, 2002. Ky thuat trong mot so cay an qua va cay dac sano vung nui thap. Publishing House of Agriculture, Ha Noi.

2. Department of Agriculture and Forestry expansion, 2003. Nhung dieu nong dan mien nuican biet. Publishing House of Agriculture, Ha Noi.

3. Do Tat Loi, 2001. Nhung cay thuoc va vi thuoc Vietnam. Publishing House of Medicine. HaNoi.

4. Giap Kieu Hung et al., 2004. Trong va so che cay lam thuoc. Publishing House of ThanhHoa.

5. Huynh Van Keo, Tran Thien An (1996), Da dang sinh hoc cay thuoc vung nui Bach Ma,Publishing House of Thuan Hoa, Hue.

6. Nguyen Hoang Nghia, 1997. Bao ton nguon gen cay rung. Publishing House of Agriculture,Ha Noi.

7. Nguyen Ngoc Binh, Pham Duc Tuan, 2002. Trong cay nong nghiep, duoc lieu va dac sanduoi tan rung. Publishing House of Agriculture, Ha Noi.

8. Nguyen Ngoc Binh, Pham Duc Tuan, 2005. Ky thuat canh tac nong lam ket hop o Vietnam.Publishing House of Agriculture, Ha Noi.

9. Nguyen Xuan Quat, Pham Ngoc Thuong, Dang Van Thuyet, 2004. Mo hinh Lam nghiep xahoi o Vietnam. Publishing House of Agriculture, Ha Noi.

41

10. Phan Cong Chung et al., 2005. Hoi dap ve trong trot va trang trai. Publishing House ofThanh Hoa.

11. Medicinal Institute, 1990. Cay thuoc Vietnam. Publishing House of Science and Technique,Ha Noi.

12. Vo Dai Hai, Nguyen Xuan Quat, Hoang Chuong, 2003. Ky thuat nuoi trong mot so cay conduoi tan rung. Publishing House of Agriculture, Ha Noi.

13. Vo Van Chi, Tran Hop, 2002. Cay co co ich o Viet Nam. Publishing House of Education,Ha Noi.

14. Vo Van Chi, 1997. Cay rau lam thuoc. General Publishing House of Dong Thap, DongThap.

15. Vo Van Chi, 2000. Cay thuoc tri benh thong dung. Publishing House of Thanh Hoa.

42

Appendix 01: Composition of medicinal plants distributed in study area

No Vietnamese name Latin name

Ngành Thông đất A. LYCOPODIOPHYTA

Họ Quyển bá 1. Selaginellaceae

1 Quyển bá Seganillea uncinata (Desv.) Spring

Ngành Dương xỉ B. POLYPODIOPHYTA

Họ Tổ điểu 2. Aspleniaceae

2 Tổ điểu Asplenium nitidus L.

Họ Bòng bong 3. Lygodiaceae

3 Bòng bong Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw.

Họ Lưỡi rắn 4. Ophioglossaceae

4 Sâm bòng bong Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook.

Họ Dương xỉ 5. Polypodiaceae

5 Dương xỉ Microsorum steerei (Harr.)

Nghành Thông C. PINOPHYTA

Họ Kim giao 6. Podocarpaceae

6 Thông tre Podocarpus nerriifolius Don.

Ngành Ngọc lan E. MAGNOLIOPHYTA

Họ Ô rô 7. Acanthaceae

7 Hoàn ngọc Pseuderanthemum reticulatum

8 Tam phòng Justica gendarussa L.F.

Họ Thích 8. Aceraceae

9 Quấy chó Acer tonkinensis Lec. Subsp tonkinensis

Họ Loa kèn đỏ 9. Amaryllidaceae

10 Trinh nữ hoàng cung Crinum latifolium

Họ Hoa tán 10. Apiaceae

11 Ngò tàu Eryngium foetidum L.

12 Rau cần Apium graveolens

43

13 Rau má Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban.

Họ Trúc đào 11. Apocynaceae

14 Dừa cạn Catharanthus roseus

15 Kốp Kopsia harmadiana Pierre. Ex Pit.

Họ Ráy 12. Araceae

16 Ráy dại Alocasia odora (Roxb.) C. Kock.

17 Thạch xương bồ Acorus tatarinowi Schott

18 Thiên niên kiện Homalomena occulta (Lour.) Schott

Họ Nhân sâm 13. Araliaceae

19 Ngũ gia bì gai Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Merr. 1906

20 Đinh lăng Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms.

Họ Thiên Lý 14. Asclepiadaceae

21 Hà thủ ô trắng Streptocaulen griffithii Hook.f

Họ Cúc 15. Asteraceae

22 Bồ công anh Lactuca indica L.

23 Cỏ hôi Ageratum conyzoides L.

24 Cỏ nhọ nồi Eclipta prostrate

25 Cúc chỉ thiên Elephantopus scarber L.

26 Đại bi Blumea balsamifera

27 Ké đầu ngựa Xanthium inaequilaterum DC.

28 Ngải cứu Artemisia vulgaris L.

Họ Núc nác 16. Bignoniaceae

29 Đào tiên Crescentia cujeta

Họ Dứa 17. Bromeliaceae

30 Dứa Ananas comosus

Họ Dây gối 18. Celastraceae

31 Chóc máu Salacia chinensis L.

Họ Bứa 19. Clusiaceae

44

32 Cỏ nọc sởi Hypericum japonicum Thunb. Ex Murray

33 Thành nghạnh đẹp Cratoxylon formosum

34 Thành nghạnh nam Cratoxylon cochinchinensis Bl.

Họ Bàng 20. Combretaceae

35 Dây giun Quisqualis indica L.

Họ Thài lài 21. Commelinaceae

36 Thài lài tía Zebrina pendula Schnizl.

Họ Bìm bìm 22. Convolvulaceae

37 Bìm bìm Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet.

Họ Thuốc bỏng 23. Crassulaceae

38 Thuốc bỏng Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.

Họ Bí 24. Cucurbitaceae

39 Gấc Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng.

40 Giảo cổ lam Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb). Makino

Họ Cói 25. Cyperaceae

41 Cỏ Cú Cyperus rotundus L.

Họ Sổ 26. Dillenniaceae

42 Chạc chìu Tetracera scandens

Họ Dầu 27. Dipterocapaceae

43 Sao đen Hopea odorata

Họ Phất dụ 28. Dracaenaceae

44 Bồng bồng Dracaena angustifolia Roxb.

Họ Thầu dầu 29. Euphorbiaceae

45 Chó đẻ Phyllanthus amarus

46 Bùm bụp Mallotus aspelata

47 Chó đẻ dáng đẹp Phyllanthus pulcher Wall ex. Muell-Arg.

48 Cỏ dấu Pedilanthus tithymaloides

49 Cỏ sữa Euphorbia thymifolia

45

50 Khổ sâm Croton tonkinensis Gagnep.

51 Xương rồng ông Euphorbia antiquorum L.

Họ Đậu 30. Fabaceae

52 Hàm xì Flemingia macrophylla

53 Trinh nữ Cassia mimosoides L.

54 Sắn dây Pueraria montana var chinensis

Họ La dơn 31. Iridaceae

55 Rẻ quạt Belamcanda sinensis Lem.

56 Sâm đại hành Eleutherine Subaphylla Gagnep

Họ Hoa môi 32. Lamiaceae

57 Tía tô Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.

Họ Re 33. Lauraceae

58 Ô dước Lindera myrrha (Lour) Merr.

59 Re hương Cinnamomum parthenoxylon

60 Tơ xanh Cassytha filiformis L.

Họ Loa kèn 34. Liliaceae

61 Bảy lá một hoa Paris poyphylla Sm. Var. chinensis (Franch.) Hara)

62 Huyết dụ Cordyline fruticosa

63 Lô hội Aloe vera L.

Họ Bòng bong 35. Lygodiaceae

64 Bòng bong Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw.

Họ Bông 36. Malvaceae

65 Cối xay Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet

66 Vông vang Abelmoschus moschatus L.

Họ Tiết dê 37. Menispermaceae

67 Bình vôi Stephania rotunda Lour.

68 Dây cóc Tinospora crispa Miers.

69 Dây đau xương Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr.

46

70 Dây tiết dê Cissampelos pareira L.

71 Hoàng đằng Fibraurea recisa Pierre

72 Vàng đắng Coscinium fenestratum (Gagn.) Colebr.

73 Mán đỉa Archidendron clypearia

Họ Dâu tằm 38. Moraceae

74 Ngái Ficus hispida L.

75 Vú bò Ficus hirta

Họ Chuối 39. Musaceae

76 Chuối tiêu Musa paradisiacal

Họ Đơn nem 40. Myrsinaceae

77 Cơm nguội Ardisia gigantifolia Stapf.

78 Lá khôi Ardisia silvestris

Họ Sim 41. Myrtaceae

79 Ổi Psidium guajava L.

80 Sim Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Wight.

Họ Nắp ấm 42. Nepenthaceae

81 Nắp ấm Nepenthes annamensis Macfarl.

Họ Nhài 43. Oleaceae

82 Chè vằng Jasminum subtriplinerve Blume

Họ Lưỡi rắn 44. Ophioglossaceae

83 Sâm bòng bong Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook.

Họ Phong lan 45. Orchidaceae

84 Kim tuyến Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl.

Họ Chua me đất 46. Oxalidaceae

85 Khế Averrhoa carambola L.

86 Me đất Oxalis corniculata L.

Họ Cánh bướm 47. Papilionaceae

87 Kim tiền thảo Desmodium styracifolium (Osb.) Merr

47

Họ Lạc tiên 48. Passifloraceae

88 Mắm nêm Passiflora foetida

49. Pentaphramataceae

89 Rau tai nai Pentaphragma sinense Helms. & Wils.

Họ Tiêu 50. Piperaceae

90 Lốt Piper lolot DC.

Họ Mã đề 51. Plantaginaceae

91 Mã đề Plantago major L.

Họ Hòa thảo 52. Poaceae

92 Cỏ tranh Imperata cylindrical p.var major (Ness) L.E.. Hubb

93 Sả Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf

Họ Rau răm 53. Polygonaceae

94 Hà thủ ô đỏ Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.

Họ Chẹo thui 54. Proteaceae

95 Cây đông Helicia petiolaris Been.

Họ Hoa hồng 55. Rosaceae

96 Ngấy tía Rubus parvifolius L.

Họ Cà phê 56. Rubiaceae

97 Ba kích trắng Morindada cochinchinensis DC.

98 Bướm bạc Mussaenda pubescens Ait. f.

99 Lấu đỏ Psychotria rubra (Lour.) Poir.

100 Nhàu núi Morinda citrifolia L.

101 Trang tàu Ixora chinensis Lamk.

Họ Cam chanh 57. Rutaceae

102 Bưởi bung Glycosmis citrifolia (Willd.)

Họ Sến 58. Sapotaceae

103 Vú sữa Chrysophyllum cainito L.

Họ Lá giấp 59. Saururaceae

48

104 Diếp cá Houttuynia cordata Thunb.

105 Hàm ếch Saururus chinensis (Loureiro) Baillon

Họ Hoa mõm sói 60. Scrophulariaceae

106 Bồ bồ Adenosma indianum (Lour.) Merr.

Họ Thanh thất 61. Simaroubaceae

107 Bách bệnh Eurycoma longifolia Jack. subsp. longifolia

Họ Kim cang 62. Smilacaceae

108 Kim cang Smilax corbularia Kunth. Subsp synandra Koy.

109 Thổ phục linh Smilax glabra Roxb.

Họ Bách bộ 63. Stemonaceae

110 Bách bộ Stemona sp.

Họ Râu hùm 64. Taccaceae

111 Râu hùm Tacca vietnamensis Thin et Hoat

Họ Cỏ roi ngựa 65. Verbenaceae

112 Đuôi chuột Stachitarphera jamaicensis

113 Xích đồng nam Clerodendrum japonicum (Thumb.) Sweet.

Họ Nho 66. Vitaceae

114 Dây chìa vôi Cissus repens Lam

Họ Gừng 67. Zingiberaceae

115 Gừng Zingiber officinale Rosc.

116 Gừng gió Zingiber zerumbet (L) Sm.

117 Nghệ đen Curcuma zedoaria (Berg.) Roscoe.

118 Nghệ vàng Curcuma domestica Valet.

119 Riềng mép ngắn Catibium breviligulatum

120 Sa nhân Amomum villosum Lour.

49

BUDGET OF THE PROJECT

Heading Details Total cost(£Pound)

Requestedor obtainedfrom other

sources(£Pound)

Requestedform theRufford

SmallGrant

(£Pound)

1. Research personnel

1.1. Principalresearcher

Research design, organizing to implementproject activities, monitoring the overalltechnical aspect of the project, surveying,holding workshop, writing overall report of theproject, translating. Working time: oneweek/month: £35/month x 18 month

630 0 630

1.2. Otherresearchers

Conducting survey, data collection, dataanalyzing, tree identification and tagging,implementing guiding and monitoring ofmodel, participate in workshop, working time:1 week/month: £15/month x 18 month x 2people

540 0 540

1.3. Famers

Participate in surveying, data collection,monitoring of model, participate in workshop,working time: 1 week/month: £5/month x 18month

90 0 90

2. Research expenses2.1. Field work

- Hiring car Hiring car from Hue to study area: 1time/month. Total 18 times x £30/time 540 0 540

- Paying forvillagers forprovidinginformation(Interview keyperson)

Every local people providing information get2/day: 5 people x 3 day x £2/day 30 0 30

- Paying for localvillagers forparticipation inbuilding up model

Model design: 3 villagers x 2 days x £2/day;boundary mapping: 3 villagers x 2 days x£2/day; Clearance: 10 villagers x 6 days/ha x2ha/model x £2/day; Digging holes: 10villagers x 6 days/ha x 2ha/model x £2/day;Planting: 10 villagers x 6 days/ha x 2ha/modelx £2/day

744 0 744

50

- Paying forstudents forparticipation inbuilding up model

Seedlings collection and tagging (10 studentscollect seedlings for 10 days): 10 students x 10days x £3/day

300 0 300

2.2. Consumablesand materials 0

- Card/Tag making Name card/Tagging for 200 species: 2cards/species x 200 species x £0.25/card 100 0 100

- Seedlings

Seedling collection in natural habitat (15households collect seedlings in 10 days): 15households x 10 days x £2/day; Purchase forseedlings planted: 2,000 seedlings x£0.2/seedlings

700 0 700

- Fertilizer 0,5kg micro-org. fertilizer/1 tree x 3.300trees/ha x 2ha x £0.1/kg 330 0 330

- Equipment GPS, topographic maps, compass, hammocks,boots, raincoats 700 700(1) 0

2.3. Meetings/seminar 0

- Perdiem forworkshop

2 workshops x 1 day x 30 persons/workshop x£0.25/person 15 0 15

- Hiring room andequipment forworkshop

2 workshops x 1 day x £40/workshop 80 80(2) 0

- Hiring car to meetand see off workshopparticipants

1 shift x 2 workshops x 1 day x £30/shift 60 0 60

- Materials formeetings

2 workshops x 1 day x 30 persons/workshop x£0.4/person 24 0 24

2.4. Training/education 0

- Materials fortraining 4 courses x 30 trainees/course x £0.7/trainee 84 0 84

- Paying for trainer 4 courses x 1 trainer/course x 2 days x £20/day 160 0 160- Paying forparticipants 4 courses x 30 trainees/course x £2/trainee 240 0 240

- Paying forstudent's fieldpractice

3 shifts x £35/shift 105 0 105

- Paying for tourintroducing modelfor neighbouringcommunities

1 shift x £35/shift 35 0 35

3. Indirect costs 0

51

3.1. Accountinghelp

One part-time accountant will be hired to workfor the project, 2 days/month.: 2 days/month x18 months x £4/day

144 0 144

3.2. General officeexpenses Office stationary: £5/month x 18months 90 55(3) 35

3.3. Communicationscosts

Telephone, fax contacting with local area,£5/month x 18 months 90 55(4) 35

3.4. Disseminating,printing andphotocopying

Printing, photocopying, picture taken, dryspeciments. 200 150(5) 50

TOTAL 6031 1040 4991

(1) Budget is contributed by Faculty of Forestry in kinds GPS, topographic maps,compass, hammocks, boots, raincoats.(2) Budget for hiring room and equipment for workshop supported by local authority

(3,4,5) Budgets supported by research team members and students.