The Chemistry of Living Cells. What are ATOMS? Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter that...
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Transcript of The Chemistry of Living Cells. What are ATOMS? Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter that...
![Page 1: The Chemistry of Living Cells. What are ATOMS? Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter that make up everyday objects. A desk, the air, even you.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f575503460f94c7bc99/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Chemistry of Living Cells
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What are ATOMS?•Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter that make up everyday objects. A desk, the air, even you are made up of atoms!
•There are 90 naturally occurring kinds of atoms. Scientists in labs have been able to make about 25 more.
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Everything is composed of ATOMS!
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Atoms are made of?• Three basic particles:
– Electrons-carry a negative charge, are outside nucleus (in a neutral atom, same # as # of protons)
– Protons-carry a positive charge, are inside nucleus
(in a neutral atom, same # as # of electrons)– Neutrons-carry NO charge, are inside nucleus
– Ions = atoms (or molecules)
with missing or extra electrons,
giving it an electrical charge
(+ or -)
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Draw this diagram and label the parts:
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Atoms Contain Energy!• It takes energy to prevent the (-) electrons from
crashing into the (+) protons. WHY?
• Electrons are organized in an electron cloud in different energy levels.
• The farther away from the nucleus the energy levels is, the higher the energy.
The electron cloud shows the most probable location of the electrons. More to come in Chemistry!!!
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Energy Levels
• VALENCE ELECTRONS – The electrons in the outermost energy level. – The maximum number is 8. These are the electrons
involved in chemical bonding.
• The energy level can have less than the maximum but then it is UNSTABLE/UNHAPPY.
• The atom will GAIN or LOSE electrons to become stable add: (OR IT MAY SHARE!!!!)
This will get more complicated in chemistry!!!)
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Periodic Table Represents atoms that make up elements
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Elements• ELEMENTS: Pure substances that consist
entirely of one type of atom; Cannot be broken down into simpler substances
• Elements related to living things:
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How to read an element on the periodic table?
Atomic # = # of protons and #electrons Atomic mass = # of protons PLUS # neutrons
Protons = atomic # Electrons = same as protons/atomic # Neutrons = atomic mass – atomic #
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Practice!!
• Hydrogen • Carbon
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Answers!
• Hydrogen• Atomic # = 1• Atomic mass = 1• Protons = 1• Electrons = 1• Neutrons = 0
• Carbon• Atomic # = 6• Atomic mass = 12• Protons = 6• Electrons = 6• Neutrons = 6
Extension: Draw these atoms above the chart!!!
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Bonds and Compounds
• COMPOUND = a group of atoms held together by chemical bonds. Example: NaCl, H2O
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Chemical Formulas for Compounds
• CHEMICAL FORMULA: Shows the number of each element in the compound
Each capital letter is a new element• Subscript: (# below the symbol) tells how
many atoms of that element there are– If there is not a subscript, it is considered ONE
atom
• Coefficient: # in front of the chemical formula, tells how many of that compound there are
Examples: C6H12O6 2C6H12O6
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Types of Bonds
• Covalent
• Ionic
• Hydrogen
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COVALENT BONDS = Occur when two atoms share a pair of electrons; called molecules, not compounds
MOLECULE = a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds.Example = Water
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IONIC BONDS = when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another (one loses electron(s), one gains electron(s)
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*Sodium loses an electron-becomes a positive cation.
*Chlorine gains an electron; becomes a negative anion.
The attraction between the cation and anion makes the ionic bond.
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• HYDROGEN BOND = a weak chemical bond that forms between 2 polar molecules.
• POLAR MOLECULES = unequal areas of charge.
• Water molecules have a slight (+) charge at the hydrogen and slight (-) charge at the oxygen that causes them to attract forming hydrogen bonds.
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Summary of chemical bonds
• Covalent: weak (melting sugar)
• Ionic: strong (hard to melt salt)
• Hydrogen bonds: weakest (individually), but strong collectively.