The Chemistry of Life Elements C – carbon H – hydrogen O – oxygen N – nitrogen P –...
-
Upload
bartholomew-isaac-montgomery -
Category
Documents
-
view
241 -
download
4
Transcript of The Chemistry of Life Elements C – carbon H – hydrogen O – oxygen N – nitrogen P –...
Major MacromoleculesMacromolecules are large organic (carbon-
containing) molecules. We will look at 4 kinds: 1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic Acids
Many macro-molecules start as small monomers that grow into large polymers
monomers
monosaccharidesfatty acids and glycerol
amino acidsnucleotides
polymer
polysaccharidestriglycerides
polypeptides (proteins)nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)
H2OH2O
breakdown(hydrolysis)
formation (dehydration synthesis)
CarbohydratesElements• Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O)Types• Monosaccharides (e.g. glucose, fructose)• Disaccharides (e.g. sucrose)• Polysaccharides: starch, glycogen, cellulose,
chitinFunctions1. Energy supply (not cellulose or chitin) &
storage (glycogen in animals, starch in plants)2. Structural support in plant cell walls (cellulose)
and other organisms, such as lobsters (chitin)3. Provides dietary fibre for humans4. Deoxyribose and ribose in DNA and RNA
CarbohydratesMonomer
PolymerMonosaccharides are added together via dehydration synthesis (a condensation reaction).
glucose
Polysaccharides form when this process is repeated. For example, with glucose…
glucose fructose sucrose water+ +
monosaccharide disaccharide water+ + monosaccharide
dehydration synthesis
hydrolysis+ H2O
O O O O
+
OH
O
HO
bonds connect long
glucose chains
bonds link glucose
molecules
bonds in cellulose are hard to break
Cellulose
Glycogen
Starch
Elements• C and H, some O
(P, N in phospholipids)Types• Phospholipids
• Triglycerides• Waxes• SteroidsFunctions1. Long-term energy supply and storage2. Main structural component of cell membranes
(as phospholipids and cholesterol)3. Hormones such as testosterone and estradiol
Lipids
Hydrophobic tails (nonpolar)
Polar group
Phosphate
Glycerol
Fatty
acid
cha
in
Fatty
acid
cha
in
Hydrophilic head (polar)
LipidsMonomerThe closest thing to a monomer is a fatty acid:
PolymerLipids do not form polymers in the same way that carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids do. The largest lipids are triglycerides:
Fatty acid
Glycerol
Fat molecule (triglyceride)
Lipids• Fatty acids can be saturated with H (all single
bonds) or unsaturated (some double bonds)• A double bond introduces an inflexible kink to
a molecule, preventing these molecules from getting close and making them more fluid
above: saturated fatty acids, as in butter (all C–C bonds)
right: unsaturated fatty acids, as in corn oil (some C=C bonds)
True or False Answers: 1 – 101. T – “organic” = “carbon-containing” (slide 2) 2. F – monomers join via dehydration synthesis
(2) 3. F – cellulose is indigestible by humans (3)4. T – indigestible cellulose provides fibre (3)5. F – two monosaccharides together is a
disaccharide; “poly” means three or more (4)6. T – types of macromolecules include proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids (2)7. F – only C, H, and O are present (3)8. T – types of polysaccharides include starch,
glycogen, and cellulose (3)9. F – Cholesterol is a lipid (6)10. F – Fructose is a monosaccharide (4)
True or False Answers: 11 – 2011. F – Phospholipids have two fatty acids (6)12. T – Both provide energy (3,6)13. T – DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose (3)14. F – Triglycerides have 3 fatty acids. Note:
“tri” = 3 and triglyceride = triacylglycerol (7)15. T – Listed as the second function of lipids (6)16. T – Look at the structure of glycerol; it has 3
carbons, 8 hydrogens, and 3 oxygens (7)17. F – Saturated fatty acids have all single bond (8)18. T – E.g., butter contains saturated fatty acids (8)19. F – Amino acids are monomers (2)20. T – Most bonds in unsaturated fatty acids are
single, but the double bonds cause bends (8)
Elements in the Human BodyOxygen (65%), Carbon (18%), Hydrogen (10%)
Nitrogen (3%)Calcium (1.5%)Phosphorus (1.0%)Potassium (0.35%)Sulfur (0.25%) Sodium (0.15%) Magnesium (0.05%)
Copper, Zinc, Selenium, Molybdenum, Fluorine, Chlorine, Iodine, Manganese, Cobalt, Iron (0.70%)
Lithium, Strontium, Aluminum, Silicon, Lead, Vanadium, Arsenic, Bromine (trace amounts)
Elements in the Body
Oxygen (65%) Carbon (18%) Hydrogen (10%) Nitrogen (3%) Calcium (1.5%) Phosphorus (1.0%) Potassium (0.35%) Sulfur (0.25%) Sodium (0.15%) Magnesium (0.05%) Copper, Zinc, Selenium, Molybdenum, Fluorine, Chlorine, Iodine, Manganese, Cobalt, Iron (0.7%)
Lithium, Strontium, Aluminum, Silicon, Lead, Vanadium, Arsenic, Bromine (trace amounts)