The Chemical Composition of Cells - Biomolecules Chapter Two: Nelson Biology.
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Transcript of The Chemical Composition of Cells - Biomolecules Chapter Two: Nelson Biology.
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The Chemical Composition of Cells - Biomolecules
Chapter Two: Nelson Biology
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All living organisms are made of the same basic chemical
molecules!!• Most matter found in living organisms
is called Organic as it contains Carbon.
• Carbon usually joins with Hydrogen, Oxygen and sometimes Nitrogen and Phosphorous.
• Inorganic compounds are all other compounds (e.g. water, minerals).
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Vitamins
• Organic molecules that are needed by the body
• Fats help the body absorb vitamins.• Either fat soluble (A, D, E and K) or
water-soluble (B or C). • Your body cannot store water-soluble
vitamins and they need to be eaten every day.
• Read BioBox 2.1 (p.36)
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• Inorganic compounds• Present in the food we eat and incorporated
into many structures of the body.• Where in the body would we find the
following minerals?- sodium- calcium- iron- iodine- fluorine
Minerals
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Biomacromolecules
• Break down the word:Bio –Macro –Molecules -
• The four main biomacromolecules are:
ProteinsCarbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
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• Nitrogen-containing organic molecules that are essential for life!!! (structure and function).
• Also contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
• Amino Acids are the building blocks of proteins (polypeptides)!
• Think back to Year 10 – How many different amino acids are there?
Proteins
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• Amino acids are formed from C, H, O and N molecules.
• They join together to create polypeptide proteins.
• The order and number of amino acids determines the type of protein produced.
• Your genes determine the order of amino acids.
Amino Acids
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• Regulating movement (e.g. Channel Proteins p. 41)
• Structure (e.g. keratin, collagen)• Controlling metabolism (e.g. enzymes)
Functions of proteins
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• These are the most abundant organic compound in nature.
• Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
• Important energy source- starch in plants- cellulose in plants - glycogen in animals
Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
GlucoseStarch, Glycogen
and CelluloseSucrose
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Nucleic Acid
• DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid• RNA – Ribonucleic Acid• In prokaryotes it is found in the
cytoplasm or in plasmids (small rings).• In eukaryotes it is found mainly in the
nucleus, but also in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
• Consists of sugars, phosphates and nitrogenous bases.
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• There are four nitrogenous bases – A, C, T, G.
• What do these letters stand for?• According to the Base Pairing rule,
which base pairs with which?• A nucleotide consists of a sugar,
phosphate and a base.
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• All living things have nucleotides – it’s just the arrangement of bases, order of nucleotides and amount that makes us different!
• DNA Gene Protein Function!
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DNA vs RNA
DNA RNA
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• These are your fats and oils. • They also include steroids and waxes.• They are insoluble in water.• Lipids are used for energy storage,
protection, membrane production and sending messages.
Lipids
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• Triglyceride lipids are composed of:- three fatty acids- one glycerol
Triglyceride Lipids
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It all depends on the bonding!
• Fats can be saturated or unsaturated.• Saturated fats have single bonds between the
atoms which are strongly attracted.• What problems arise when fats are saturated?
(Hint: Think about the bonding)• Unsaturated fats have double bonds between
the atoms which are more easily broken down. Why?
It all depends on the bonding….
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Note: If there are many double bonds between the carbon atoms then it is described as polyunsaturated. •What name would we give to an unsaturated fat with only one double bond?
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Substance tested for: Biochemical test used: Outcome:
Monosaccharide (glucose) Benedict’s Solution
Starch Iodine
Lipid Sudan IV Indicator Pink-Red
Protein Biuret Reagent
Testing for Biomacromolecules
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• Use pages 31 and 32 (if you truly need to) to complete the following table.
Substances in plant and animal cells
Organelle: Substances it contains or is made of:
Nucleus
Cell Wall
Vacuole
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Plasma membrane
Chloroplast