J lanah 1-0fJ it J6 1003

The Characteristics of Iron Concentration in Tropical Paddy Soils with Different Organic Matter Content

A rief Hartono I W idiatmaka I P Cunni 2 J Berrier2 A Jaffrezic

ABSTRACT

The Characteristics of fron Concentration in Tropical Paddy Soils ith Different Organic Matter Content (A Hartono Widiatmaka P Curmi J Berrier and A JaffreJic) To characterize iron (Fe) concentration in tropical paddy soils with ditTerent organic matter content selected Fe pedological features were collected from two paddy soil profiles in Damlaga Bogor and tvmiddoto paddy soil profiles from Karawang Bulk samples and Wlcovercd thin section were subjected to selective dissolution by citrate- bicarbonate (CB) or dithionite citrateshybicarbonate (DeB) Bulk Sal1lples analyses showed that Fe-CB increased with increasing organic matter content On the contmry in samples with less organic matter content Fe-OCB tended to increase 336 hours dissolution tinle was not enough to dissolve all Fe-CB as indicated by the tendency of the curve to increase with tinle but it was optinlum for F e-DCB Compared to Fe-total all samples showed relatively low Fe complexed or adsorbed by organic matter (Fe-CB) (u S shy553 ) and high Fe oxide amorphous and crystalline (Fe-OCB - Fe-CB) (6057 -6907 ) The wlcovered thin section observation showed that there was no Fe disolution observed in selected coatings and mottles after 150 hours immersion in OCB solution The XRD analyses showed the presence of goethite and ferryhydrite in the bulk samples TIlese facts suggested that organic matter will enhance complexation and adsorption of Fe in the formation of Fe pedological features and atTected Fe oxide ratio in Fe concentration These coating and mottle ere stable and dominated by Fe oxides partly cl)stalline as shovm by the presence of goethite and ferrvhidrite minerals

Key words Fe Concentration Fe Form Paddy Soil Pedological Feature

INTRODUCTION

Paddy soils undergo submersion and and organic acids or as solid in the fonn of drying periodically in a year It enhances amorphous or crystalline minerals (Wang el

reduction and oxidation processes in the soil aI 1993 Jokoya II 01 1999) The and changes some chemical biological and precipitation of iron and manganese as oxides physical properties of the soils (Murase and are typical pedological features existing in Kimura 1997 Tae et 01 1998 Mozammel hydromorphic soils Coatings in void or et 012001 Kimura et 01 2002) Reduction concretion and diffuse mottles in matrix are and oxidation processes occurring in paddy the common formation These pedological soils profoundly influence the dynamics of features are also can be observed in paddy iron in solution as free ion or complexed by soils But so far the mechanism engaged in ligand existing in the soil such as hydroxides

lDepartment of Soil Sciences Faculty of Agriculture Bogor Agricultural University Jalan Meranti Kampus IPB Dannaga Bogor 16680 Indonesia 2Unite Sol et Agronomie Rennes Quimper (INRA) 65 Route De St Brieuc 35042 Rennes France J Tanflh Trop No 16 Z003129-J4

129

Hartono A dick The Charaderistics ofIron Concentration in Tropical Paddy Soils

the formation of Mn or Fe concentration in hydromorphic environment are still not well understood

Selective dissolution technique is one of the ways to study about formation of iron concentration Citrate-bicarbonate (CB) and dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB) were introduced by Mehra and Jackson (1960) to selectively dissolve iron concentration Pagliai and Sequi (1982) proposed amonium oxalate to remove iron as amorphous form Identification of iron concentration using Differential X-ray Diffraction (DXRD) was introduced by Schulze (1981)

By using selective dissolution techniques citrate-bicarbonate (CB) and dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB) and Xshyray Diffraction (XRD) Soulier (1991) and Acebal et al (2000) identified and characterize Fe concentration By using this dissolution techniques iron concentration can bc fractionated into I) iron complexed bv citrate without reduction 2) amorphous iro~ forms and 3) more or less crystallized iron oxide

Iron concentration in the form of coating mottle nodule and concretion can develope in each horizon in soil profile with different environtment middot such as different in organic matter content The effect of organic matter to the formation Fe concentration is not well evaluated By evaluating Fe concentration with different organic matter content will give insight into how organic matter affect the formation of Fe concentration Further how Fe was immobilized in the form of coating m~ttle or concretion in paddy soil By using CB and DBC selective dissolution techniques the Fe form in the Fe concentration can be determined

The objectives of this study were to evaluate how organic matter content effect the Fe form in Fe pedological features and its effect to ~ he formation of crystalline Fe oxide

by using selective dissolution citrateshybicarbonate (CB) and dithionite-citrateshybicarbonate (DCB) in bulk samples and in thin section XRD analyses was used to identify the of Fe oide crystalline in Fe concentration

MATERALS AiD METHODS

Samples

Selected samples were collected from two soils profiles of tropical paddy soils developed under volcanic ash parent materials in Darmaga Bogor and two soils profiles developed under alluvium parent materiaJs in Karawang Sampling was conducted where the paddy fields were dried and bared The soil proflles in Darmaga were taken toposequencely Upslope profile was symbolized as PID and downslope profile was symbolized with P2D Two soil profiles from Karawang were taken in flat area and symbolized with PIK and P2K respectively Soil profiles and selected horizon for bulk samples analyses and thin section observation are presented in Figure 1

Bulk sample analyses which is to evaluate the kinetic of Fe dissolution of pedological feature of Fe to CB and DCB solution were performed by selecting samples from horizons with different organic matter content from both locations Kinds of samples evaluated were coating around root in Ap honzons from both locations and mottles in B horizon from Karawang Besides matrix from both locations were also sclected Table I presents the selected samples and their

content of organic matter To investigate the pedological features

behaviour in respect to their stability same chemical dissolution technique were used on uncovered thin sections with size 110 x 70 rom Table 2 present the site of samples for thin section

130

~al Paddy Soils

dissolution citrateshyand dil io nne-citrateshyn bulk samples and in anal ses 1 S used to

)xide cr 5gtwlll ne in Fe

D lETHODS

es II fC II - ed from f l ro lcal paddv soils olcan~ h parent a 80pound ~ two soils

uI middotlum parent hog was

- ~ I I ere dried )il p~ 1 Darrnaga cr l I- - pe profile

P D a yns]ope d h P gt Two soil an ~ lai n in flat i ~ and P2K

and selected scs and thin

in Figure I 1 hich is to

F di ssolution of f F- 0 CB and DCB ~ selecting samples

middotff ln organic matter nmiddot Kinds of samples

g a ound root in Ap Ions and mottles in B

~an_ Besides matrix - al so selected Table

samples and their ner l pedological features

10 i hei r stability same lechn ique were used on )fl wilh size 110 x 70 I Ihe sile of samples for

J Tanah Trop No 16 2003

Apg219-20 em

Bg353-69 em

P1D P2D

Apg2130-60 em

Bg1l37-60 em Bgl60-81 em

P1K P2K

Figure I Soil profiles and selected horizon for bulk samples alilllyses lind Ulin section observation

131

Hartono A dkk The Ch(JJracterJ1ic~ ofJron Concentration in JropicaJ Paddy oils

l abd ] Sample used for I-mlk an~lt

r- ]rOlil horiOlldcptil represtllwtif fcd()~ica1 fe8tures --- - l -( lrgil il ic C (J~I~- l(~llgg)--- --~i------~----P2DApg2N-20 C111 I coating around rO(I-- --- -- - - 2 ~-I---------l

P2KJApg230-60 cm ~ coating around root i -- - T7- - - - - 1 -- P2KJBg l60-S cm -t-- mottle middot- - r-------zA- -- -------l r-- ---- K-I-lg c- - - -t-middot Crrey matrix -l 78-----shyp-]-- =-cIC--37=-_--6(middotmiddot-c)- m --1

PI KBgl37-60cm Bnw11lllatrix I 67 1 Tabk 2 Sampks used for thin section observation

I Proii lIhonzonJdepth nprestnUltif Iog--Cica- - s ----=jl ~-----l=-)c-d-o--- --I--Cft-atu-r-eshyl- - shyI P2DApg29-20 cm coating around root r---middot- ------P2=-=-KJ----A--P-g2--3c-O--6-Omiddot-crn- coating around root ~ if PIKJBg1l37-60 cm mottle r-------=~~~~~-----~--------------~----

P2KJBg 1I60-S I Clll mottle I

Table 3 Icarson correlation (r) between orgulll( i11a tlcr contenl il nd FeCH and Fe(OCI3middotCB)

~ L-----(_)r_ga_lU--middotcc-1l1ft1_tc_r-c-on_tentc--___-_- -=- shy signiticantly different (PltOO] )

Bulk samples anal)ses

Pedological features of related horizons were extracted in situ to have more concentrated samples After collecting the sample modified selective dissolution technique of Mehra and Jackson (1960) according to Jeanroy and Pill on (1989) was performed Two series of experiment were conducted One serie was DCB and the other was CB Two hundred mg of six pedological feature samples were treated by DCB and the other by CB Each sample of one serie (DCB or CB) were shaken for 1 hour or 2 hours or 6 hours or 48 hours or 336 hours The solutions obtained after e1raction were filtered through micropores filter papers and senl to analyses laboratorium in ARRAS TOlal Fe of each pedological feature samples were also analysed

32

Fe-GJ Fe-(IXI3-CBJ

- -U-9--)-=-middot-c- - - -----------004 I ~

Uncoered thin section obsenation

The four thin sections were treated only by DCB solution Immersion in CB solution was not conducted because no Fe dissolution -vas observed in soulier (1991) s experiment Firstly they were irrunersed in DCB in series of time They were irrunersed in 1 minute or 10 minutes or 25 minutes or 45 minutes or 1 hour or 48 hours or 150hours Dissolution by DCB was continued in a hot water bath (70 0c) if tllere was no Fe dissolution after 150 hours Volume of DCB solution were applied that the volume was enough to immerse the thin section (Bullock et aI 1975 soulier 1991) After the end of irrunersion the thin sections were rinsed by ultra pure aquadestilled (twice destillation) water and then observed under optical microscope

Hartono A dick The Charaderistics ofIron Concentration in Tropical Paddy Soils

the formation of Mn or Fe concentration in hydromorphic environment are still not well understood

Selective dissolution technique is one of the ways to study about formation of iron concentration Citrate-bicarbonate (CB) and dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB) were introduced by Mehra and Jackson (1960) to selectively dissolve iron concentration Pagliai and Sequi (1982) proposed amonium oxalate to remove iron as amorphous form Identification of iron concentration using Differential X-ray Diffraction (DXRD) was introduced by Schulze (1981)

By using selective dissolution techniques citrate-bicarbonate (CB) and dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB) and Xshyray Diffraction (XRD) Soulier (1991) and Acebal et al (2000) identified and characterize Fe concentration By using this dissolution techniques iron concentration can bc fractionated into I) iron complexed bv citrate without reduction 2) amorphous iro~ forms and 3) more or less crystallized iron oxide

Iron concentration in the form of coating mottle nodule and concretion can develope in each horizon in soil profile with different environtment middot such as different in organic matter content The effect of organic matter to the formation Fe concentration is not well evaluated By evaluating Fe concentration with different organic matter content will give insight into how organic matter affect the formation of Fe concentration Further how Fe was immobilized in the form of coating m~ttle or concretion in paddy soil By using CB and DBC selective dissolution techniques the Fe form in the Fe concentration can be determined

The objectives of this study were to evaluate how organic matter content effect the Fe form in Fe pedological features and its effect to ~ he formation of crystalline Fe oxide

by using selective dissolution citrateshybicarbonate (CB) and dithionite-citrateshybicarbonate (DCB) in bulk samples and in thin section XRD analyses was used to identify the of Fe oide crystalline in Fe concentration

MATERALS AiD METHODS

Samples

Selected samples were collected from two soils profiles of tropical paddy soils developed under volcanic ash parent materials in Darmaga Bogor and two soils profiles developed under alluvium parent materiaJs in Karawang Sampling was conducted where the paddy fields were dried and bared The soil proflles in Darmaga were taken toposequencely Upslope profile was symbolized as PID and downslope profile was symbolized with P2D Two soil profiles from Karawang were taken in flat area and symbolized with PIK and P2K respectively Soil profiles and selected horizon for bulk samples analyses and thin section observation are presented in Figure 1

Bulk sample analyses which is to evaluate the kinetic of Fe dissolution of pedological feature of Fe to CB and DCB solution were performed by selecting samples from horizons with different organic matter content from both locations Kinds of samples evaluated were coating around root in Ap honzons from both locations and mottles in B horizon from Karawang Besides matrix from both locations were also sclected Table I presents the selected samples and their

content of organic matter To investigate the pedological features

behaviour in respect to their stability same chemical dissolution technique were used on uncovered thin sections with size 110 x 70 rom Table 2 present the site of samples for thin section

130

~al Paddy Soils

dissolution citrateshyand dil io nne-citrateshyn bulk samples and in anal ses 1 S used to

)xide cr 5gtwlll ne in Fe

D lETHODS

es II fC II - ed from f l ro lcal paddv soils olcan~ h parent a 80pound ~ two soils

uI middotlum parent hog was

- ~ I I ere dried )il p~ 1 Darrnaga cr l I- - pe profile

P D a yns]ope d h P gt Two soil an ~ lai n in flat i ~ and P2K

and selected scs and thin

in Figure I 1 hich is to

F di ssolution of f F- 0 CB and DCB ~ selecting samples

middotff ln organic matter nmiddot Kinds of samples

g a ound root in Ap Ions and mottles in B

~an_ Besides matrix - al so selected Table

samples and their ner l pedological features

10 i hei r stability same lechn ique were used on )fl wilh size 110 x 70 I Ihe sile of samples for

J Tanah Trop No 16 2003

Apg219-20 em

Bg353-69 em

P1D P2D

Apg2130-60 em

Bg1l37-60 em Bgl60-81 em

P1K P2K

Figure I Soil profiles and selected horizon for bulk samples alilllyses lind Ulin section observation

131

Hartono A dkk The Ch(JJracterJ1ic~ ofJron Concentration in JropicaJ Paddy oils

l abd ] Sample used for I-mlk an~lt

r- ]rOlil horiOlldcptil represtllwtif fcd()~ica1 fe8tures --- - l -( lrgil il ic C (J~I~- l(~llgg)--- --~i------~----P2DApg2N-20 C111 I coating around rO(I-- --- -- - - 2 ~-I---------l

P2KJApg230-60 cm ~ coating around root i -- - T7- - - - - 1 -- P2KJBg l60-S cm -t-- mottle middot- - r-------zA- -- -------l r-- ---- K-I-lg c- - - -t-middot Crrey matrix -l 78-----shyp-]-- =-cIC--37=-_--6(middotmiddot-c)- m --1

PI KBgl37-60cm Bnw11lllatrix I 67 1 Tabk 2 Sampks used for thin section observation

I Proii lIhonzonJdepth nprestnUltif Iog--Cica- - s ----=jl ~-----l=-)c-d-o--- --I--Cft-atu-r-eshyl- - shyI P2DApg29-20 cm coating around root r---middot- ------P2=-=-KJ----A--P-g2--3c-O--6-Omiddot-crn- coating around root ~ if PIKJBg1l37-60 cm mottle r-------=~~~~~-----~--------------~----

P2KJBg 1I60-S I Clll mottle I

Table 3 Icarson correlation (r) between orgulll( i11a tlcr contenl il nd FeCH and Fe(OCI3middotCB)

~ L-----(_)r_ga_lU--middotcc-1l1ft1_tc_r-c-on_tentc--___-_- -=- shy signiticantly different (PltOO] )

Bulk samples anal)ses

Pedological features of related horizons were extracted in situ to have more concentrated samples After collecting the sample modified selective dissolution technique of Mehra and Jackson (1960) according to Jeanroy and Pill on (1989) was performed Two series of experiment were conducted One serie was DCB and the other was CB Two hundred mg of six pedological feature samples were treated by DCB and the other by CB Each sample of one serie (DCB or CB) were shaken for 1 hour or 2 hours or 6 hours or 48 hours or 336 hours The solutions obtained after e1raction were filtered through micropores filter papers and senl to analyses laboratorium in ARRAS TOlal Fe of each pedological feature samples were also analysed

32

Fe-GJ Fe-(IXI3-CBJ

- -U-9--)-=-middot-c- - - -----------004 I ~

Uncoered thin section obsenation

The four thin sections were treated only by DCB solution Immersion in CB solution was not conducted because no Fe dissolution -vas observed in soulier (1991) s experiment Firstly they were irrunersed in DCB in series of time They were irrunersed in 1 minute or 10 minutes or 25 minutes or 45 minutes or 1 hour or 48 hours or 150hours Dissolution by DCB was continued in a hot water bath (70 0c) if tllere was no Fe dissolution after 150 hours Volume of DCB solution were applied that the volume was enough to immerse the thin section (Bullock et aI 1975 soulier 1991) After the end of irrunersion the thin sections were rinsed by ultra pure aquadestilled (twice destillation) water and then observed under optical microscope

~al Paddy Soils

dissolution citrateshyand dil io nne-citrateshyn bulk samples and in anal ses 1 S used to

)xide cr 5gtwlll ne in Fe

D lETHODS

es II fC II - ed from f l ro lcal paddv soils olcan~ h parent a 80pound ~ two soils

uI middotlum parent hog was

- ~ I I ere dried )il p~ 1 Darrnaga cr l I- - pe profile

P D a yns]ope d h P gt Two soil an ~ lai n in flat i ~ and P2K

and selected scs and thin

in Figure I 1 hich is to

F di ssolution of f F- 0 CB and DCB ~ selecting samples

middotff ln organic matter nmiddot Kinds of samples

g a ound root in Ap Ions and mottles in B

~an_ Besides matrix - al so selected Table

samples and their ner l pedological features

10 i hei r stability same lechn ique were used on )fl wilh size 110 x 70 I Ihe sile of samples for

J Tanah Trop No 16 2003

Apg219-20 em

Bg353-69 em

P1D P2D

Apg2130-60 em

Bg1l37-60 em Bgl60-81 em

P1K P2K

Figure I Soil profiles and selected horizon for bulk samples alilllyses lind Ulin section observation

131

Hartono A dkk The Ch(JJracterJ1ic~ ofJron Concentration in JropicaJ Paddy oils

l abd ] Sample used for I-mlk an~lt

r- ]rOlil horiOlldcptil represtllwtif fcd()~ica1 fe8tures --- - l -( lrgil il ic C (J~I~- l(~llgg)--- --~i------~----P2DApg2N-20 C111 I coating around rO(I-- --- -- - - 2 ~-I---------l

P2KJApg230-60 cm ~ coating around root i -- - T7- - - - - 1 -- P2KJBg l60-S cm -t-- mottle middot- - r-------zA- -- -------l r-- ---- K-I-lg c- - - -t-middot Crrey matrix -l 78-----shyp-]-- =-cIC--37=-_--6(middotmiddot-c)- m --1

PI KBgl37-60cm Bnw11lllatrix I 67 1 Tabk 2 Sampks used for thin section observation

I Proii lIhonzonJdepth nprestnUltif Iog--Cica- - s ----=jl ~-----l=-)c-d-o--- --I--Cft-atu-r-eshyl- - shyI P2DApg29-20 cm coating around root r---middot- ------P2=-=-KJ----A--P-g2--3c-O--6-Omiddot-crn- coating around root ~ if PIKJBg1l37-60 cm mottle r-------=~~~~~-----~--------------~----

P2KJBg 1I60-S I Clll mottle I

Table 3 Icarson correlation (r) between orgulll( i11a tlcr contenl il nd FeCH and Fe(OCI3middotCB)

~ L-----(_)r_ga_lU--middotcc-1l1ft1_tc_r-c-on_tentc--___-_- -=- shy signiticantly different (PltOO] )

Bulk samples anal)ses

Pedological features of related horizons were extracted in situ to have more concentrated samples After collecting the sample modified selective dissolution technique of Mehra and Jackson (1960) according to Jeanroy and Pill on (1989) was performed Two series of experiment were conducted One serie was DCB and the other was CB Two hundred mg of six pedological feature samples were treated by DCB and the other by CB Each sample of one serie (DCB or CB) were shaken for 1 hour or 2 hours or 6 hours or 48 hours or 336 hours The solutions obtained after e1raction were filtered through micropores filter papers and senl to analyses laboratorium in ARRAS TOlal Fe of each pedological feature samples were also analysed

32

Fe-GJ Fe-(IXI3-CBJ

- -U-9--)-=-middot-c- - - -----------004 I ~

Uncoered thin section obsenation

The four thin sections were treated only by DCB solution Immersion in CB solution was not conducted because no Fe dissolution -vas observed in soulier (1991) s experiment Firstly they were irrunersed in DCB in series of time They were irrunersed in 1 minute or 10 minutes or 25 minutes or 45 minutes or 1 hour or 48 hours or 150hours Dissolution by DCB was continued in a hot water bath (70 0c) if tllere was no Fe dissolution after 150 hours Volume of DCB solution were applied that the volume was enough to immerse the thin section (Bullock et aI 1975 soulier 1991) After the end of irrunersion the thin sections were rinsed by ultra pure aquadestilled (twice destillation) water and then observed under optical microscope

Hartono A dkk The Ch(JJracterJ1ic~ ofJron Concentration in JropicaJ Paddy oils

l abd ] Sample used for I-mlk an~lt

r- ]rOlil horiOlldcptil represtllwtif fcd()~ica1 fe8tures --- - l -( lrgil il ic C (J~I~- l(~llgg)--- --~i------~----P2DApg2N-20 C111 I coating around rO(I-- --- -- - - 2 ~-I---------l

P2KJApg230-60 cm ~ coating around root i -- - T7- - - - - 1 -- P2KJBg l60-S cm -t-- mottle middot- - r-------zA- -- -------l r-- ---- K-I-lg c- - - -t-middot Crrey matrix -l 78-----shyp-]-- =-cIC--37=-_--6(middotmiddot-c)- m --1

PI KBgl37-60cm Bnw11lllatrix I 67 1 Tabk 2 Sampks used for thin section observation

I Proii lIhonzonJdepth nprestnUltif Iog--Cica- - s ----=jl ~-----l=-)c-d-o--- --I--Cft-atu-r-eshyl- - shyI P2DApg29-20 cm coating around root r---middot- ------P2=-=-KJ----A--P-g2--3c-O--6-Omiddot-crn- coating around root ~ if PIKJBg1l37-60 cm mottle r-------=~~~~~-----~--------------~----

P2KJBg 1I60-S I Clll mottle I

Table 3 Icarson correlation (r) between orgulll( i11a tlcr contenl il nd FeCH and Fe(OCI3middotCB)

~ L-----(_)r_ga_lU--middotcc-1l1ft1_tc_r-c-on_tentc--___-_- -=- shy signiticantly different (PltOO] )

Bulk samples anal)ses

Pedological features of related horizons were extracted in situ to have more concentrated samples After collecting the sample modified selective dissolution technique of Mehra and Jackson (1960) according to Jeanroy and Pill on (1989) was performed Two series of experiment were conducted One serie was DCB and the other was CB Two hundred mg of six pedological feature samples were treated by DCB and the other by CB Each sample of one serie (DCB or CB) were shaken for 1 hour or 2 hours or 6 hours or 48 hours or 336 hours The solutions obtained after e1raction were filtered through micropores filter papers and senl to analyses laboratorium in ARRAS TOlal Fe of each pedological feature samples were also analysed

32

Fe-GJ Fe-(IXI3-CBJ

- -U-9--)-=-middot-c- - - -----------004 I ~

Uncoered thin section obsenation

The four thin sections were treated only by DCB solution Immersion in CB solution was not conducted because no Fe dissolution -vas observed in soulier (1991) s experiment Firstly they were irrunersed in DCB in series of time They were irrunersed in 1 minute or 10 minutes or 25 minutes or 45 minutes or 1 hour or 48 hours or 150hours Dissolution by DCB was continued in a hot water bath (70 0c) if tllere was no Fe dissolution after 150 hours Volume of DCB solution were applied that the volume was enough to immerse the thin section (Bullock et aI 1975 soulier 1991) After the end of irrunersion the thin sections were rinsed by ultra pure aquadestilled (twice destillation) water and then observed under optical microscope

PClddy oils

c ~~)I~nti711gg)-- - 2-J-J --- ----1

- --- - ----1 R7 ---- --_- ------_ (l

- - -78---- - 67 I

aI features I

around root =j around root I

_O_I~ll_e___-----~ nOllle =-=====J and l-dDCB-CB)

Fe-(IXB-CB) -0 04 J I

~tion obsenation

1 sections were treated only Inunersion in CB solution because no Fe dissolution

ulier (199 1) s ex-periment inunersed in DCB in series re immersed in I minute or ninutes Qr 45 minutes or 1 r I 50hours Dissolution by xl in a hot water bath (70 10 Fe dissolution after 130 DeB solution were applied as enough to immerse the ock et al 1975 soulier nd of inunersion the thin rinsed by ultra pure e destillation) water and nder optical microscope

XRD Anal~ses

XRD analyses was conducted to determine qualitatively Fe oxide crystalline Samples were deriyed from bulk samples

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Bulk Sample Analysis

The Fe dissolution of the samples are described in kinetic dissolution in time course (Figure 2) Fe-CB showed the amount of Fe complexed or adsorbed by organic matter and Fe-DCB showed the amount of Fe in the form of oxides in crystalline or amorphous Fe complexed or adsorbed but not Fe in crystalline silicate structure (Jeanroy 1983) The subtraction between Fe-DCB and Fe-CB ( Fe-(DCB-CB) ) showed the amount of Feshyoxide amorphous and crystalline

Figure 2a shows that coating around root in P2DIApg29-20 cm resulted in Fe-CB profoundly higher than the others in each dissolution series (I hour 2 hours 6 hours 48 hours and 336 hours) (Fig 2a) It was followed by brown matrix in PIDlBg353-69 cm Fe-CB of coating around root in P2KApg230-60 cm mottles in P2KJBgl60shy8] cm and grey matrix in PIKfBg137-60 cm were comparable and the values far below coating around root in P2DIApg29-20 cm On the contrary Fe-DCB where coating around root in P2KfApg230-60 cm and mottles in P2KlBgl60-81 cm resulted in higher values of Fe-DCB compared with coating around root in P2DApg29-20 em and brown matrix in PIDlBg353-69 cm (figure 2b) Grey matrix in P1KlBg]37-60 cm resulted in little amount of Fe-CB and FeshyDCB as well After 336 hours of dissolution Fc-CB dissolved ranging from 042 to 507 mglg while Fe-DCB dissolved ranging from 1214 to 6565 mgg

These results showed that organic Inaller content of the samples affected Feshycomplexcd or adsorbed and Fc-oxide

J lanah Trop No 16 20()3

amorphous Clnd crystaWne distribution of Fe concenlration Fe-CB clearly had relationship Iith the organic matter content of the sample Coating around root in P2DIApg29-2 0 em with 2 I I mgg C-organic content resulted in fe-CB profoundly higher than the others Iith lower organic matter content Simple pearson correlation (r) between C-organic content and Fe-CB after 360 hours e1raclion shows that C-organic content significantl correlated with Fe-CB (r = 095) and did nol correlated with Fe-(DCBshyCB) (r=-O041) (Table 3)

Organic matter will complex and adsorbe Fe 2- and Fe 3~ (soulier 1991 Xingkai el aI lY 9 10kova el 01 1999 Yang el aI 200 1 Rose et aI 2002) so its present in Fe concentration process will tend to increase Fe-complexed or adsorbed pool and will prcyent c formation of Fe oxides pool as amorpholls and crystaJline It was indicated by the increase of Fe-CB in this experiment

This expefl menl also showed that 336 hours dissolution was not enough to dissolvc all Fe-CB All samples had tendcncy to have more Fe-CB if dissolution time was increased especiaJly In wating around root in P2DApg29 -20 cm (fig 2a) Meanwhile 336 hours dissolution was optimum for dissoling Fe-DCB ith indicated by the levelling CUfe after 336 hours dissolution in all samples (Fig 2b) It means tha1 Fe dissolution b~ complexing Fe2

bull and Fe ~ needs more time than reduction processes because citrate in CB must compete with acid organic matter as the other ligand in the soil solution or because Fe complexed in the samples in the form of Fe 3 so it was difficult to be complcxed by citrate but easier to dissolve by reduction process with dithjonite This is possible because the samples were collected under dry condition (reoxidation) so Fe changed 10 Fe (Murase and Kimura J997)

133

bull bull

Hartono A dkk 1Iu ChtUmiddotadriftili of Iron Concentration in Tropical Paddy Soils

6 bull coating around root in

P2DtAp2g19-20 em

5 bull coating around root inbull P2K1Apg2l30-60 em

rrottle in P2K1Bg1160-81 em 4

~ amp grey rretrix in P1K1Bg1137-60 Q

sect em 3

II) 1 - brow n rreatrix in0 do P1 DtBg353-69 em u bull _ _--- -_ ----- shy

2

bullbull 2()() 300 4middot()()100

tim e (hour)a

70

60 fI bullbullbull bullSO l

bull eoatfig around root in P2OIAp2g19-20 em

40 f I bull eOlltfig around root in P2K1Apg2l3O-60 em

bull rro(tle in P2KIBg 1 60-81 em~( bull

~ bull grey rmtrix in P1K1Bg1137-60 em

20 I bull bmw n rrntrix n P1GBg315l-69 I

1

em10 t I

o ---- - - - - - - -- ---- shyo 100 200 300

time (hourI

b

Figure 2 Kinetics Fe Dissolution Curve Obtained by CB and DCB

134

400

middotu u Paddy Soils

9 around root in 11299-20 em

9 around root in Ipg2f30-60 em

i1 P2K1Bg160-81 em

ratrix in PtKlBg1l37-60

1 rraatrix in g353-69 em

root In em

root In Oem

I11160-81 em

I 1KBg1137-60 em

I P1D1Bg3S3-69

The distribution of Fe oxides as amorphous and C0 slalline pool was shown in Fig 3 After 336 hours dissolution Fe oxide as amorphous or c0st~lIine in the samples ranged between 31 72 mglg to 651 ~ mgg

Fe-lotal of the samples arc presented in Table 4 Fe-lotal of all samples ere relatively comparable except grey matrix in PIKlBgl137-60 cm The highest Fe-total was brown matrix in PlDBg353-69 cm (9970 mgg) and lhe least was grey matrix in P1KfBgJ37-60 cm (5360 mgg) It is clearly explained why PKlBlmatrix resulted in little amount of Fe-CB and Fe-DCB Kinetics Fe dissolution curve by CB and DeB compared to Fe-total are shown in Fig 4 It is shown that Fe-CB dissolved after 336 11 compared to Fe-total ranged between 053 (grey matrix in PIKfBgl37-60 cm) to 553 (coating around root in P2DApg29shy

F~ ltmiddot0mpl~x~d or Jdsorbcd

Fe2+ Fe3 +

in solution

t SOM (soil organic matter)

Tabel4 Fe-total of the samples

1_ Tanah Trop_ No 16 Z003

20 em) (Fig 4a) while Fe-DCB dissolved after 336 h ranged between 611 0 (grey matrix in PIKBg137-60 cm) to 7460 (mottles in P2KBg J160-8 J cm) (Fig 4b) From these Figures it is shown that not all Fe dissolved by tilese solutions This was because that DeB could not extracl Fe in crystalline silicate structure (]eamoy 19~3) This experimenl showed that Fe complexed by organic matter pool occupied small portion of tile Fe concentration in the samples and It was shown that all samples were dOlninated by Fe oxides as amorphous and crystalline which occupied 6057 to 69J)7

The formation mechanism of Fe concentration involving Fe in solution and soil organic matter in these selected samples could be proposed as scheme below

Fe-complexed or adsorbed O53 -553 )

Fe concentration (coating mottle)

Fe-oxide amorphous and crystalline (6057 - 6907 )

i

135

ProtillhorizonJdepth representatif Pedological features Fe-total (mgg)

PlDApg29-20 cm coating around root in Ap horizon 211 PlKJApg230-60 em coating around root in Ap horizon 87

PlKfBgl60-81 em mottle 64

PIKfBgl37-60 ern Grey matIi 78 P1KfBgl37-60 em BroTI matrix 67

bullbull

Brow

n I1

gtak

ll in

PI O

Bg3

53

middot69

em

~

TJ

tot

in

ro

un

d r

oo I

In P

20JA

pV2J

9middot2

0 em

~ ~

~ 70

~

(

60

$

60w

50

~

~so

A ~

J r4

0 bull

sect

40

~

CD

~ ~

til

lt

30

~ 3

0 ~

n TJ

e 20

~

u

I g

20

laquogt-

LL

0 10

I)

10

Q

CO

o o

100

200

300

40

0 T

J fl ~

(1)

100

200

300

400

linie

(ho

ur)

~h

lime

(hou

r)

bCO

a

~ ()

mot

1le

in P2

K1Bg

16

0-81

em

~

c

eo_t

ing

ato

__ n

cf r

oo

l in

P2K

Ap

f2l3

G-S

O e

m

= ~

(l

70

~

70 1

lt

)6

0

~

60

1-t

(

r

r5

0

~

0

50 ~

5 0

Q

~

sect

40~

3

0

~ co

0

t

~ 3

0

20

lt)

~

10

~20

~

u

10

I Smiddot

10

0 20

0 3

00

_0

0

lim

e (

ho

ur)

o

----

-shy

~

c ~

o tO

O

200

300

400 ~

Gre

y m

atrix

in

Pltlt

Bg1

137

fO e

m

()

time

(hou

r)

~

0

d ~

~ 3

0 ~

35

25

~

20

ID e 15

~

10

100

200

300

00

e I

me

(ho

urf

)

-01 Paddy Soils J anahhNJ to 6 2003

a o

~

-

~ g ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

(BBw) (81-810) ~

0

6

bull 5

bull coaling around rool in P2Q1Apg29-20 em

bull coating around root inl 4

P2KJApg2l30-60 emiii 0 bull rrottle in P2KJBgl6O-81 em1 3 u iD bull C) bull grey rralnx In P1 KBgl37-60 cIgt emu 2

- brow n rratrix in P1 CVBg353shy

~ 69cmi

+r II- bullof --_---- shy

0 100 200 300 400

time (hour)

a

100

90

80 ~o~middotln~~~d roo-~bull bull P2DApg29-20 em

70 ~ bull coating around root in~ bull6- P2KJApg230middot60 em 60 ~ I sect i mottle in P2KBgI60-81

50 ~ lD () 40 t bull grey matrix in PI KBgl37-60

em 0 ~ - 30 ~

- brow n matrix in PIOB9353middot

20 69 em

10

0

0 100 200 300 400

tim e (hour)b

Figure 4 Kinetics Fe Dissolution Curve by CB and DCB compared to Fe-total

137

Harlono A dkk The Characteristics of Iron Concentration in Tropkal Paddy Soils

That proposed mechanism pointed out that soil organic matter is determining factor for Fe concentration like coating or mottle to contain amorphous or cI)staliine form

The small amount of Fe complcxed or adsorbed by organic matter in the samples indicated that reduction and oxidation process occuring in these paddy field have beenmiddot lasting for long periode which enhanced the formation of Fe oxide amorphous and crystalline

The U ncoered thin section observation

Thin section observation was used to evaluate the stability of Fe concentration Fe dissolution to DeB of selected pedological

features were obsented The results showed that there was no Fe dissolution observed in selected pedological features when they were immersed in DeB solution It was shoTI that there was no Fe dissolution in all samples after 150 h immersion There was no changes observed for examples at coating around root in P2DApg9-20 em (Fig 5ab) Jnd at mottle in PIK1Bg137-60 cm (Figure 5e and d) Probably Fe dissolution occured but it was too small amount to be observed through the picture

Different results were obtained where dissolution by DeB was conducted in a hot water bath ( 70 () C) for 15 minutes By this method some dissolutions of Fe were observed in some pedological features Representatives figure is mottle in PI KJBgJ 137-60 em (Figure 6) But Fe dissolution b~ DeB in a hot water bath ( 70deg C ) for 15 minutes did not occur in coating around root for intances in P2DIApg9-20 em (Fig is not shown) This result showed that the selected Fe concentration were stable and confirmed the bulk analyses results that the Fe pedological features in these paddy

soils were dominated Fe oxide amorphous and CI)stalline

XRD analyses

Bulk samples analyses and thin section observation showed that Fe concentration in selected pedological features were dominated by Fe oxides amorphous or crystalline XRD

analyses was perfonned to evaluate qualitatively the kinds of Fe oxide minerals in the samples

By using characterisation of goethite and ferribydrite proposed by Brindley and Brown (1980) XRD analyses showed clearly that Fe concentration in some pedological features was goethite and probably ferrihydrite Mottles from P2K1Bgl60-81 cm before treated by CB and DCB showed the presence of goethite and probably ferrihydrite and collapsed after ex1racted by DeB for 336 h (Fig 7) The presence of goethite and ferrihydrite were also found in coating around root in Ap horizon from P2DIAPG29-20 em before treatments and also collapsed after ex1racted by DCB for 336 h (Fig 8)

The presence of goethite and ferrihydrite in coatings arround root and mottles showed that some Fe concentration in these pedological features have already developed to crystalline mineral

CONCLUSIONS

Organic matter contentmiddot affected the Fe distribution in the formation of Fe concentration like in coating and mottles Fe complexed or adsorbed pool will increase with increasing organic matter content The increased Fe complexed or adsorbed pool decreased Fe oxide pool ratio in Fe concentration

138

pical Paddy Soils

~ Fe oxide amorphous

analyses and thin section I that Fe concentration in I features were dominated hOllS or crystalline XRD lerfonned to evaluate ds of Fe oxide minerals in

lracterisation of goethite oposed by Brindlev and ) analyses showed ~learly on in some pedological gtethite and probably es from P2K1Bgl60-81 CB and DCBsbowed the and probably ferrihydrite x1racted by DCB for 336 middotesence of goethite and Iso found in coating

Ap horizon from before treatments and

-1racted by DCB for 336

e of goethite and ings arround root and orne Fe concentration in features have already ne mineral

LUSJONS

content middot affected the Fe ie fonnation of Fe coating and mottles Fe gtcd pool will increase nic matter content The ~xed or adsorbed pool e pool ratio in Fe

e e

= =

Figure 5 Coaling around root in thin section located in P2DIApgN-20 cm before DCB treatment (a) after J50 h immersion in DCB Solulion (b) and mottle in PIKBG1I37-60 em before treatment (c) after 150 h immersion in DCB solution (d )

HiJriono A dkk The Churaderigt1ics of Iron Concentration in Tropical Paddy Soi

a lmm

lmmb

Figure 6 Mottle in PIKIBGl37-60 em before treattnent (a) immersed in DeB solution in heated water for 15 minutes (b)

140

Imm

1 Goethite Goethite I

i 494 A 417 A I

1 i J

i

1j1 middot

middot

IlJ)m

Figllre 7 XRD analyses of mottles from rnersed in DeB solution in c(rrteted bv DCB for 336 It

after extracted by DCB for 336 h

Ferryhidrite

o 256 A oethlte Goethite

rg A j0 j I f 218 A

~ I 1

I

I

f ~~I

bull I i

I Imiddot I f 1 I

middot iT ~~ I

before treatment

P2K1Bg 160-8J em before trCrlllllent rind after

Hartono A dkk The Charcu1eri1iclt of Iron Concentration in Tropiclil Pllddy S(J il

~fter extracted by DeB for 336 h

Go thite

1 I J

lBefore treatment

i i I

~ JUmiddotI

F errih ydri te

171 A

I

f igure 8 XRD analyses of coating around root from P2DApg29-20 cm before treatment and after etracted by DeB for 336 h

l-n

I Paddy Soils

~rrihydrite

PIA

20 cin before treatment all

336 h dissolution time was not enough o dissolve all Fe-CB as indicated by the

lendency of the curve to increase but it was )ptimilm for Fe-DCB Compared to Fe-total 1gt1 all samples Fe complexed or adsorbed was ery small amount (05 - 553 ) while Fe oxide amorphous and crystalline was ~elatively high amount (6057 - 6907 )

The stability of Fe concentration in selected pedological features were very high and containing goethite and ferrihydrite The presence of goethite and ferryhidrite in selected pedological features indicated that some Fe concentration has developed to crvstalline Fe oxides

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors thank Directorate General of Higher Education (Dikti) Department of iational Education for the financial support through URGE project so this research could be conducted and thank Center for Wetland Studies (CWS) Department of Soil Science Bogor Agricultural University and Unite Sol et Agronomie Rennes Quimper (INRA) Rennes France for their cooperation and fully supports so this research run well

REFERENCES

Acebal S G A Mijovilovich E H Rueda M E Aguirre and C Saragoi 2000 Jron- oxide mineralogy of a mol Iisol from Argentina A study by selective-dissolution techniques X-ray diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy Clays Clay Miner 48 132-110

Aroccna J G Dc GC1er C Landuyt and U Schwer1m1nn 1989 Dis50lution of soil iron oxides with ammonium oxalate comparison between bulk samples and thin section Pedologie jy 275-297

J Tanah Trop No 162003

Brindley G W and G Brown (cds) 1980 Cristal structures of clay minerals and their x- ray identification Mineralogy Society Monograph 5 Londres 495 pp

Bullock P P J Loveland and C p Murphy 1975 A technique for selective solution of iron oxides in thin sections of soil J Soil Sci 26 247shy248

Jeanroy E 1983 Diagnostic des fonnes du fer dans les pedogeneses temperees Evaluation par les reactifes chimiques dextraction et apports de la spectrometric Mossbauer Theses de doctorate University Nancy 1 168 pp

Jeanroy E and P Pillon 1989 A combined chemical and DXRD methods for determination of the hematitegoethite ratio in the fine fraction of soils In Resume de La 9ltT11e conference internationale pour I Etude des Argiles 190

Jokova M N Kaloyanova and O Kostov 1999 Reduction state and eX1ractabie compounds of Fe Mn and Al in flooded soils Pochvoznanie Agrokhimiya i Ekologiya 34 6-11

Kimura M S Taketoshi N Yasunori M Kamo and I Makoto 2002 Community structure of the microbiota in the floodwater of a Japanese paddy field esti mated by restriction fragment length polymorphism and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis pattern analyses BioI Fert Soil 36 306shy112

Mehra O P and M L Jackson 1960 Iron o-ide removal from soils and clays by a dithionite-citrateS)stem buffered wilh sodium bicarbonate Clays Clay Miner 7 317-127

U3

Harlono A dkk The Charaderistics of Iron Concenlrriion in Tropical Paddy Soil~

Motammel H M 1 Kazuyuki M Shu K Kazuhiko K H Yong O MasumL and Y Shingo 200 I Biologiclll dinilrogen fixation and soil microbial biomass carbon as int1uenced by free air carbon dioxide enrichment (fAC E) at three levels of nitrogen fertili zation in a paddy field Bio Fen Soil 3~ -+ 53shy45 9

Murase 1 and M Kimura 1) ) 7

Anaerobic reoxidation of ]vil 2- Fe - S) ans 5 in submerged paddy soils Biol Fert Soil 25 302-306

Pagliltll M and P Sequi 1nz A comparison betwccn two treatments fffor the removal of iron oxides from thin sections of a soiL Can 1 Soil Sci 62 533-5 35

Rose A L and W T David 2002 Kinetic model for Fe (II) oxidation in seawater in the absence and presence of natural organic matter Envirorunental Scicnce and Technology 36 433-444

Schulzc DG 1981 Identification of soil iron oxide minerals by differential x-ray diffraction Soil Sci SOC Am 1 45 437-440

Soulier A 1991 Relation Entre LExpression Des Traits

IH

Morphologiques Dc LHydromorphie ct De La Degradation et Les Formes Du Fer (Bassin Versant Noe-Seche-Cotcs D Armor) DEA Thesis Unjcrsit De Nancy L pp 49

Tae K M 1 Y Tae Y E Soo S Y K li

S I Soo 1 K Yuol and P K Bae 1998 Changes of soil propenies and vegetations in the abandoned paddy soils RDA fouma of Agro Environtment Science 40 23-26

Wang H D G N White F T Tumer and J B Dixon 1993 FelT)-hydrite lepidocrocitc and goethite in coatings from east Texas ertic soils Soil Sci Soc Am l 57 1381-1386

Xingkai x Z Sujun W Longhua and C Xin 1998 Rhizospheric effect of orgaruc material on heavy metals in coastal saline soil 1 Distribution of soil native zinc forms Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao 9 247-253

Yang Y D Ratte B F Smets j 1 PignateUoand D Grasso 2001 Mobilization of soil orgaruc matter by complexing agents and implication for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon desorption Chemosphere 43 1013shy1021

bull bull

Hartono A dkk 1Iu ChtUmiddotadriftili of Iron Concentration in Tropical Paddy Soils

6 bull coating around root in

P2DtAp2g19-20 em

5 bull coating around root inbull P2K1Apg2l30-60 em

rrottle in P2K1Bg1160-81 em 4

~ amp grey rretrix in P1K1Bg1137-60 Q

sect em 3

II) 1 - brow n rreatrix in0 do P1 DtBg353-69 em u bull _ _--- -_ ----- shy

2

bullbull 2()() 300 4middot()()100

tim e (hour)a

70

60 fI bullbullbull bullSO l

bull eoatfig around root in P2OIAp2g19-20 em

40 f I bull eOlltfig around root in P2K1Apg2l3O-60 em

bull rro(tle in P2KIBg 1 60-81 em~( bull

~ bull grey rmtrix in P1K1Bg1137-60 em

20 I bull bmw n rrntrix n P1GBg315l-69 I

1

em10 t I

o ---- - - - - - - -- ---- shyo 100 200 300

time (hourI

b

Figure 2 Kinetics Fe Dissolution Curve Obtained by CB and DCB

134

400

middotu u Paddy Soils

9 around root in 11299-20 em

9 around root in Ipg2f30-60 em

i1 P2K1Bg160-81 em

ratrix in PtKlBg1l37-60

1 rraatrix in g353-69 em

root In em

root In Oem

I11160-81 em

I 1KBg1137-60 em

I P1D1Bg3S3-69

The distribution of Fe oxides as amorphous and C0 slalline pool was shown in Fig 3 After 336 hours dissolution Fe oxide as amorphous or c0st~lIine in the samples ranged between 31 72 mglg to 651 ~ mgg

Fe-lotal of the samples arc presented in Table 4 Fe-lotal of all samples ere relatively comparable except grey matrix in PIKlBgl137-60 cm The highest Fe-total was brown matrix in PlDBg353-69 cm (9970 mgg) and lhe least was grey matrix in P1KfBgJ37-60 cm (5360 mgg) It is clearly explained why PKlBlmatrix resulted in little amount of Fe-CB and Fe-DCB Kinetics Fe dissolution curve by CB and DeB compared to Fe-total are shown in Fig 4 It is shown that Fe-CB dissolved after 336 11 compared to Fe-total ranged between 053 (grey matrix in PIKfBgl37-60 cm) to 553 (coating around root in P2DApg29shy

F~ ltmiddot0mpl~x~d or Jdsorbcd

Fe2+ Fe3 +

in solution

t SOM (soil organic matter)

Tabel4 Fe-total of the samples

1_ Tanah Trop_ No 16 Z003

20 em) (Fig 4a) while Fe-DCB dissolved after 336 h ranged between 611 0 (grey matrix in PIKBg137-60 cm) to 7460 (mottles in P2KBg J160-8 J cm) (Fig 4b) From these Figures it is shown that not all Fe dissolved by tilese solutions This was because that DeB could not extracl Fe in crystalline silicate structure (]eamoy 19~3) This experimenl showed that Fe complexed by organic matter pool occupied small portion of tile Fe concentration in the samples and It was shown that all samples were dOlninated by Fe oxides as amorphous and crystalline which occupied 6057 to 69J)7

The formation mechanism of Fe concentration involving Fe in solution and soil organic matter in these selected samples could be proposed as scheme below

Fe-complexed or adsorbed O53 -553 )

Fe concentration (coating mottle)

Fe-oxide amorphous and crystalline (6057 - 6907 )

i

135

ProtillhorizonJdepth representatif Pedological features Fe-total (mgg)

PlDApg29-20 cm coating around root in Ap horizon 211 PlKJApg230-60 em coating around root in Ap horizon 87

PlKfBgl60-81 em mottle 64

PIKfBgl37-60 ern Grey matIi 78 P1KfBgl37-60 em BroTI matrix 67

bullbull

Brow

n I1

gtak

ll in

PI O

Bg3

53

middot69

em

~

TJ

tot

in

ro

un

d r

oo I

In P

20JA

pV2J

9middot2

0 em

~ ~

~ 70

~

(

60

$

60w

50

~

~so

A ~

J r4

0 bull

sect

40

~

CD

~ ~

til

lt

30

~ 3

0 ~

n TJ

e 20

~

u

I g

20

laquogt-

LL

0 10

I)

10

Q

CO

o o

100

200

300

40

0 T

J fl ~

(1)

100

200

300

400

linie

(ho

ur)

~h

lime

(hou

r)

bCO

a

~ ()

mot

1le

in P2

K1Bg

16

0-81

em

~

c

eo_t

ing

ato

__ n

cf r

oo

l in

P2K

Ap

f2l3

G-S

O e

m

= ~

(l

70

~

70 1

lt

)6

0

~

60

1-t

(

r

r5

0

~

0

50 ~

5 0

Q

~

sect

40~

3

0

~ co

0

t

~ 3

0

20

lt)

~

10

~20

~

u

10

I Smiddot

10

0 20

0 3

00

_0

0

lim

e (

ho

ur)

o

----

-shy

~

c ~

o tO

O

200

300

400 ~

Gre

y m

atrix

in

Pltlt

Bg1

137

fO e

m

()

time

(hou

r)

~

0

d ~

~ 3

0 ~

35

25

~

20

ID e 15

~

10

100

200

300

00

e I

me

(ho

urf

)

-01 Paddy Soils J anahhNJ to 6 2003

a o

~

-

~ g ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

(BBw) (81-810) ~

0

6

bull 5

bull coaling around rool in P2Q1Apg29-20 em

bull coating around root inl 4

P2KJApg2l30-60 emiii 0 bull rrottle in P2KJBgl6O-81 em1 3 u iD bull C) bull grey rralnx In P1 KBgl37-60 cIgt emu 2

- brow n rratrix in P1 CVBg353shy

~ 69cmi

+r II- bullof --_---- shy

0 100 200 300 400

time (hour)

a

100

90

80 ~o~middotln~~~d roo-~bull bull P2DApg29-20 em

70 ~ bull coating around root in~ bull6- P2KJApg230middot60 em 60 ~ I sect i mottle in P2KBgI60-81

50 ~ lD () 40 t bull grey matrix in PI KBgl37-60

em 0 ~ - 30 ~

- brow n matrix in PIOB9353middot

20 69 em

10

0

0 100 200 300 400

tim e (hour)b

Figure 4 Kinetics Fe Dissolution Curve by CB and DCB compared to Fe-total

137

Harlono A dkk The Characteristics of Iron Concentration in Tropkal Paddy Soils

That proposed mechanism pointed out that soil organic matter is determining factor for Fe concentration like coating or mottle to contain amorphous or cI)staliine form

The small amount of Fe complcxed or adsorbed by organic matter in the samples indicated that reduction and oxidation process occuring in these paddy field have beenmiddot lasting for long periode which enhanced the formation of Fe oxide amorphous and crystalline

The U ncoered thin section observation

Thin section observation was used to evaluate the stability of Fe concentration Fe dissolution to DeB of selected pedological

features were obsented The results showed that there was no Fe dissolution observed in selected pedological features when they were immersed in DeB solution It was shoTI that there was no Fe dissolution in all samples after 150 h immersion There was no changes observed for examples at coating around root in P2DApg9-20 em (Fig 5ab) Jnd at mottle in PIK1Bg137-60 cm (Figure 5e and d) Probably Fe dissolution occured but it was too small amount to be observed through the picture

Different results were obtained where dissolution by DeB was conducted in a hot water bath ( 70 () C) for 15 minutes By this method some dissolutions of Fe were observed in some pedological features Representatives figure is mottle in PI KJBgJ 137-60 em (Figure 6) But Fe dissolution b~ DeB in a hot water bath ( 70deg C ) for 15 minutes did not occur in coating around root for intances in P2DIApg9-20 em (Fig is not shown) This result showed that the selected Fe concentration were stable and confirmed the bulk analyses results that the Fe pedological features in these paddy

soils were dominated Fe oxide amorphous and CI)stalline

XRD analyses

Bulk samples analyses and thin section observation showed that Fe concentration in selected pedological features were dominated by Fe oxides amorphous or crystalline XRD

analyses was perfonned to evaluate qualitatively the kinds of Fe oxide minerals in the samples

By using characterisation of goethite and ferribydrite proposed by Brindley and Brown (1980) XRD analyses showed clearly that Fe concentration in some pedological features was goethite and probably ferrihydrite Mottles from P2K1Bgl60-81 cm before treated by CB and DCB showed the presence of goethite and probably ferrihydrite and collapsed after ex1racted by DeB for 336 h (Fig 7) The presence of goethite and ferrihydrite were also found in coating around root in Ap horizon from P2DIAPG29-20 em before treatments and also collapsed after ex1racted by DCB for 336 h (Fig 8)

The presence of goethite and ferrihydrite in coatings arround root and mottles showed that some Fe concentration in these pedological features have already developed to crystalline mineral

CONCLUSIONS

Organic matter contentmiddot affected the Fe distribution in the formation of Fe concentration like in coating and mottles Fe complexed or adsorbed pool will increase with increasing organic matter content The increased Fe complexed or adsorbed pool decreased Fe oxide pool ratio in Fe concentration

138

pical Paddy Soils

~ Fe oxide amorphous

analyses and thin section I that Fe concentration in I features were dominated hOllS or crystalline XRD lerfonned to evaluate ds of Fe oxide minerals in

lracterisation of goethite oposed by Brindlev and ) analyses showed ~learly on in some pedological gtethite and probably es from P2K1Bgl60-81 CB and DCBsbowed the and probably ferrihydrite x1racted by DCB for 336 middotesence of goethite and Iso found in coating

Ap horizon from before treatments and

-1racted by DCB for 336

e of goethite and ings arround root and orne Fe concentration in features have already ne mineral

LUSJONS

content middot affected the Fe ie fonnation of Fe coating and mottles Fe gtcd pool will increase nic matter content The ~xed or adsorbed pool e pool ratio in Fe

e e

= =

Figure 5 Coaling around root in thin section located in P2DIApgN-20 cm before DCB treatment (a) after J50 h immersion in DCB Solulion (b) and mottle in PIKBG1I37-60 em before treatment (c) after 150 h immersion in DCB solution (d )

HiJriono A dkk The Churaderigt1ics of Iron Concentration in Tropical Paddy Soi

a lmm

lmmb

Figure 6 Mottle in PIKIBGl37-60 em before treattnent (a) immersed in DeB solution in heated water for 15 minutes (b)

140

Imm

1 Goethite Goethite I

i 494 A 417 A I

1 i J

i

1j1 middot

middot

IlJ)m

Figllre 7 XRD analyses of mottles from rnersed in DeB solution in c(rrteted bv DCB for 336 It

after extracted by DCB for 336 h

Ferryhidrite

o 256 A oethlte Goethite

rg A j0 j I f 218 A

~ I 1

I

I

f ~~I

bull I i

I Imiddot I f 1 I

middot iT ~~ I

before treatment

P2K1Bg 160-8J em before trCrlllllent rind after

Hartono A dkk The Charcu1eri1iclt of Iron Concentration in Tropiclil Pllddy S(J il

~fter extracted by DeB for 336 h

Go thite

1 I J

lBefore treatment

i i I

~ JUmiddotI

F errih ydri te

171 A

I

f igure 8 XRD analyses of coating around root from P2DApg29-20 cm before treatment and after etracted by DeB for 336 h

l-n

I Paddy Soils

~rrihydrite

PIA

20 cin before treatment all

336 h dissolution time was not enough o dissolve all Fe-CB as indicated by the

lendency of the curve to increase but it was )ptimilm for Fe-DCB Compared to Fe-total 1gt1 all samples Fe complexed or adsorbed was ery small amount (05 - 553 ) while Fe oxide amorphous and crystalline was ~elatively high amount (6057 - 6907 )

The stability of Fe concentration in selected pedological features were very high and containing goethite and ferrihydrite The presence of goethite and ferryhidrite in selected pedological features indicated that some Fe concentration has developed to crvstalline Fe oxides

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors thank Directorate General of Higher Education (Dikti) Department of iational Education for the financial support through URGE project so this research could be conducted and thank Center for Wetland Studies (CWS) Department of Soil Science Bogor Agricultural University and Unite Sol et Agronomie Rennes Quimper (INRA) Rennes France for their cooperation and fully supports so this research run well

REFERENCES

Acebal S G A Mijovilovich E H Rueda M E Aguirre and C Saragoi 2000 Jron- oxide mineralogy of a mol Iisol from Argentina A study by selective-dissolution techniques X-ray diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy Clays Clay Miner 48 132-110

Aroccna J G Dc GC1er C Landuyt and U Schwer1m1nn 1989 Dis50lution of soil iron oxides with ammonium oxalate comparison between bulk samples and thin section Pedologie jy 275-297

J Tanah Trop No 162003

Brindley G W and G Brown (cds) 1980 Cristal structures of clay minerals and their x- ray identification Mineralogy Society Monograph 5 Londres 495 pp

Bullock P P J Loveland and C p Murphy 1975 A technique for selective solution of iron oxides in thin sections of soil J Soil Sci 26 247shy248

Jeanroy E 1983 Diagnostic des fonnes du fer dans les pedogeneses temperees Evaluation par les reactifes chimiques dextraction et apports de la spectrometric Mossbauer Theses de doctorate University Nancy 1 168 pp

Jeanroy E and P Pillon 1989 A combined chemical and DXRD methods for determination of the hematitegoethite ratio in the fine fraction of soils In Resume de La 9ltT11e conference internationale pour I Etude des Argiles 190

Jokova M N Kaloyanova and O Kostov 1999 Reduction state and eX1ractabie compounds of Fe Mn and Al in flooded soils Pochvoznanie Agrokhimiya i Ekologiya 34 6-11

Kimura M S Taketoshi N Yasunori M Kamo and I Makoto 2002 Community structure of the microbiota in the floodwater of a Japanese paddy field esti mated by restriction fragment length polymorphism and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis pattern analyses BioI Fert Soil 36 306shy112

Mehra O P and M L Jackson 1960 Iron o-ide removal from soils and clays by a dithionite-citrateS)stem buffered wilh sodium bicarbonate Clays Clay Miner 7 317-127

U3

Harlono A dkk The Charaderistics of Iron Concenlrriion in Tropical Paddy Soil~

Motammel H M 1 Kazuyuki M Shu K Kazuhiko K H Yong O MasumL and Y Shingo 200 I Biologiclll dinilrogen fixation and soil microbial biomass carbon as int1uenced by free air carbon dioxide enrichment (fAC E) at three levels of nitrogen fertili zation in a paddy field Bio Fen Soil 3~ -+ 53shy45 9

Murase 1 and M Kimura 1) ) 7

Anaerobic reoxidation of ]vil 2- Fe - S) ans 5 in submerged paddy soils Biol Fert Soil 25 302-306

Pagliltll M and P Sequi 1nz A comparison betwccn two treatments fffor the removal of iron oxides from thin sections of a soiL Can 1 Soil Sci 62 533-5 35

Rose A L and W T David 2002 Kinetic model for Fe (II) oxidation in seawater in the absence and presence of natural organic matter Envirorunental Scicnce and Technology 36 433-444

Schulzc DG 1981 Identification of soil iron oxide minerals by differential x-ray diffraction Soil Sci SOC Am 1 45 437-440

Soulier A 1991 Relation Entre LExpression Des Traits

IH

Morphologiques Dc LHydromorphie ct De La Degradation et Les Formes Du Fer (Bassin Versant Noe-Seche-Cotcs D Armor) DEA Thesis Unjcrsit De Nancy L pp 49

Tae K M 1 Y Tae Y E Soo S Y K li

S I Soo 1 K Yuol and P K Bae 1998 Changes of soil propenies and vegetations in the abandoned paddy soils RDA fouma of Agro Environtment Science 40 23-26

Wang H D G N White F T Tumer and J B Dixon 1993 FelT)-hydrite lepidocrocitc and goethite in coatings from east Texas ertic soils Soil Sci Soc Am l 57 1381-1386

Xingkai x Z Sujun W Longhua and C Xin 1998 Rhizospheric effect of orgaruc material on heavy metals in coastal saline soil 1 Distribution of soil native zinc forms Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao 9 247-253

Yang Y D Ratte B F Smets j 1 PignateUoand D Grasso 2001 Mobilization of soil orgaruc matter by complexing agents and implication for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon desorption Chemosphere 43 1013shy1021

400

middotu u Paddy Soils

9 around root in 11299-20 em

9 around root in Ipg2f30-60 em

i1 P2K1Bg160-81 em

ratrix in PtKlBg1l37-60

1 rraatrix in g353-69 em

root In em

root In Oem

I11160-81 em

I 1KBg1137-60 em

I P1D1Bg3S3-69

The distribution of Fe oxides as amorphous and C0 slalline pool was shown in Fig 3 After 336 hours dissolution Fe oxide as amorphous or c0st~lIine in the samples ranged between 31 72 mglg to 651 ~ mgg

Fe-lotal of the samples arc presented in Table 4 Fe-lotal of all samples ere relatively comparable except grey matrix in PIKlBgl137-60 cm The highest Fe-total was brown matrix in PlDBg353-69 cm (9970 mgg) and lhe least was grey matrix in P1KfBgJ37-60 cm (5360 mgg) It is clearly explained why PKlBlmatrix resulted in little amount of Fe-CB and Fe-DCB Kinetics Fe dissolution curve by CB and DeB compared to Fe-total are shown in Fig 4 It is shown that Fe-CB dissolved after 336 11 compared to Fe-total ranged between 053 (grey matrix in PIKfBgl37-60 cm) to 553 (coating around root in P2DApg29shy

F~ ltmiddot0mpl~x~d or Jdsorbcd

Fe2+ Fe3 +

in solution

t SOM (soil organic matter)

Tabel4 Fe-total of the samples

1_ Tanah Trop_ No 16 Z003

20 em) (Fig 4a) while Fe-DCB dissolved after 336 h ranged between 611 0 (grey matrix in PIKBg137-60 cm) to 7460 (mottles in P2KBg J160-8 J cm) (Fig 4b) From these Figures it is shown that not all Fe dissolved by tilese solutions This was because that DeB could not extracl Fe in crystalline silicate structure (]eamoy 19~3) This experimenl showed that Fe complexed by organic matter pool occupied small portion of tile Fe concentration in the samples and It was shown that all samples were dOlninated by Fe oxides as amorphous and crystalline which occupied 6057 to 69J)7

The formation mechanism of Fe concentration involving Fe in solution and soil organic matter in these selected samples could be proposed as scheme below

Fe-complexed or adsorbed O53 -553 )

Fe concentration (coating mottle)

Fe-oxide amorphous and crystalline (6057 - 6907 )

i

135

ProtillhorizonJdepth representatif Pedological features Fe-total (mgg)

PlDApg29-20 cm coating around root in Ap horizon 211 PlKJApg230-60 em coating around root in Ap horizon 87

PlKfBgl60-81 em mottle 64

PIKfBgl37-60 ern Grey matIi 78 P1KfBgl37-60 em BroTI matrix 67

bullbull

Brow

n I1

gtak

ll in

PI O

Bg3

53

middot69

em

~

TJ

tot

in

ro

un

d r

oo I

In P

20JA

pV2J

9middot2

0 em

~ ~

~ 70

~

(

60

$

60w

50

~

~so

A ~

J r4

0 bull

sect

40

~

CD

~ ~

til

lt

30

~ 3

0 ~

n TJ

e 20

~

u

I g

20

laquogt-

LL

0 10

I)

10

Q

CO

o o

100

200

300

40

0 T

J fl ~

(1)

100

200

300

400

linie

(ho

ur)

~h

lime

(hou

r)

bCO

a

~ ()

mot

1le

in P2

K1Bg

16

0-81

em

~

c

eo_t

ing

ato

__ n

cf r

oo

l in

P2K

Ap

f2l3

G-S

O e

m

= ~

(l

70

~

70 1

lt

)6

0

~

60

1-t

(

r

r5

0

~

0

50 ~

5 0

Q

~

sect

40~

3

0

~ co

0

t

~ 3

0

20

lt)

~

10

~20

~

u

10

I Smiddot

10

0 20

0 3

00

_0

0

lim

e (

ho

ur)

o

----

-shy

~

c ~

o tO

O

200

300

400 ~

Gre

y m

atrix

in

Pltlt

Bg1

137

fO e

m

()

time

(hou

r)

~

0

d ~

~ 3

0 ~

35

25

~

20

ID e 15

~

10

100

200

300

00

e I

me

(ho

urf

)

-01 Paddy Soils J anahhNJ to 6 2003

a o

~

-

~ g ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

(BBw) (81-810) ~

0

6

bull 5

bull coaling around rool in P2Q1Apg29-20 em

bull coating around root inl 4

P2KJApg2l30-60 emiii 0 bull rrottle in P2KJBgl6O-81 em1 3 u iD bull C) bull grey rralnx In P1 KBgl37-60 cIgt emu 2

- brow n rratrix in P1 CVBg353shy

~ 69cmi

+r II- bullof --_---- shy

0 100 200 300 400

time (hour)

a

100

90

80 ~o~middotln~~~d roo-~bull bull P2DApg29-20 em

70 ~ bull coating around root in~ bull6- P2KJApg230middot60 em 60 ~ I sect i mottle in P2KBgI60-81

50 ~ lD () 40 t bull grey matrix in PI KBgl37-60

em 0 ~ - 30 ~

- brow n matrix in PIOB9353middot

20 69 em

10

0

0 100 200 300 400

tim e (hour)b

Figure 4 Kinetics Fe Dissolution Curve by CB and DCB compared to Fe-total

137

Harlono A dkk The Characteristics of Iron Concentration in Tropkal Paddy Soils

That proposed mechanism pointed out that soil organic matter is determining factor for Fe concentration like coating or mottle to contain amorphous or cI)staliine form

The small amount of Fe complcxed or adsorbed by organic matter in the samples indicated that reduction and oxidation process occuring in these paddy field have beenmiddot lasting for long periode which enhanced the formation of Fe oxide amorphous and crystalline

The U ncoered thin section observation

Thin section observation was used to evaluate the stability of Fe concentration Fe dissolution to DeB of selected pedological

features were obsented The results showed that there was no Fe dissolution observed in selected pedological features when they were immersed in DeB solution It was shoTI that there was no Fe dissolution in all samples after 150 h immersion There was no changes observed for examples at coating around root in P2DApg9-20 em (Fig 5ab) Jnd at mottle in PIK1Bg137-60 cm (Figure 5e and d) Probably Fe dissolution occured but it was too small amount to be observed through the picture

Different results were obtained where dissolution by DeB was conducted in a hot water bath ( 70 () C) for 15 minutes By this method some dissolutions of Fe were observed in some pedological features Representatives figure is mottle in PI KJBgJ 137-60 em (Figure 6) But Fe dissolution b~ DeB in a hot water bath ( 70deg C ) for 15 minutes did not occur in coating around root for intances in P2DIApg9-20 em (Fig is not shown) This result showed that the selected Fe concentration were stable and confirmed the bulk analyses results that the Fe pedological features in these paddy

soils were dominated Fe oxide amorphous and CI)stalline

XRD analyses

Bulk samples analyses and thin section observation showed that Fe concentration in selected pedological features were dominated by Fe oxides amorphous or crystalline XRD

analyses was perfonned to evaluate qualitatively the kinds of Fe oxide minerals in the samples

By using characterisation of goethite and ferribydrite proposed by Brindley and Brown (1980) XRD analyses showed clearly that Fe concentration in some pedological features was goethite and probably ferrihydrite Mottles from P2K1Bgl60-81 cm before treated by CB and DCB showed the presence of goethite and probably ferrihydrite and collapsed after ex1racted by DeB for 336 h (Fig 7) The presence of goethite and ferrihydrite were also found in coating around root in Ap horizon from P2DIAPG29-20 em before treatments and also collapsed after ex1racted by DCB for 336 h (Fig 8)

The presence of goethite and ferrihydrite in coatings arround root and mottles showed that some Fe concentration in these pedological features have already developed to crystalline mineral

CONCLUSIONS

Organic matter contentmiddot affected the Fe distribution in the formation of Fe concentration like in coating and mottles Fe complexed or adsorbed pool will increase with increasing organic matter content The increased Fe complexed or adsorbed pool decreased Fe oxide pool ratio in Fe concentration

138

pical Paddy Soils

~ Fe oxide amorphous

analyses and thin section I that Fe concentration in I features were dominated hOllS or crystalline XRD lerfonned to evaluate ds of Fe oxide minerals in

lracterisation of goethite oposed by Brindlev and ) analyses showed ~learly on in some pedological gtethite and probably es from P2K1Bgl60-81 CB and DCBsbowed the and probably ferrihydrite x1racted by DCB for 336 middotesence of goethite and Iso found in coating

Ap horizon from before treatments and

-1racted by DCB for 336

e of goethite and ings arround root and orne Fe concentration in features have already ne mineral

LUSJONS

content middot affected the Fe ie fonnation of Fe coating and mottles Fe gtcd pool will increase nic matter content The ~xed or adsorbed pool e pool ratio in Fe

e e

= =

Figure 5 Coaling around root in thin section located in P2DIApgN-20 cm before DCB treatment (a) after J50 h immersion in DCB Solulion (b) and mottle in PIKBG1I37-60 em before treatment (c) after 150 h immersion in DCB solution (d )

HiJriono A dkk The Churaderigt1ics of Iron Concentration in Tropical Paddy Soi

a lmm

lmmb

Figure 6 Mottle in PIKIBGl37-60 em before treattnent (a) immersed in DeB solution in heated water for 15 minutes (b)

140

Imm

1 Goethite Goethite I

i 494 A 417 A I

1 i J

i

1j1 middot

middot

IlJ)m

Figllre 7 XRD analyses of mottles from rnersed in DeB solution in c(rrteted bv DCB for 336 It

after extracted by DCB for 336 h

Ferryhidrite

o 256 A oethlte Goethite

rg A j0 j I f 218 A

~ I 1

I

I

f ~~I

bull I i

I Imiddot I f 1 I

middot iT ~~ I

before treatment

P2K1Bg 160-8J em before trCrlllllent rind after

Hartono A dkk The Charcu1eri1iclt of Iron Concentration in Tropiclil Pllddy S(J il

~fter extracted by DeB for 336 h

Go thite

1 I J

lBefore treatment

i i I

~ JUmiddotI

F errih ydri te

171 A

I

f igure 8 XRD analyses of coating around root from P2DApg29-20 cm before treatment and after etracted by DeB for 336 h

l-n

I Paddy Soils

~rrihydrite

PIA

20 cin before treatment all

336 h dissolution time was not enough o dissolve all Fe-CB as indicated by the

lendency of the curve to increase but it was )ptimilm for Fe-DCB Compared to Fe-total 1gt1 all samples Fe complexed or adsorbed was ery small amount (05 - 553 ) while Fe oxide amorphous and crystalline was ~elatively high amount (6057 - 6907 )

The stability of Fe concentration in selected pedological features were very high and containing goethite and ferrihydrite The presence of goethite and ferryhidrite in selected pedological features indicated that some Fe concentration has developed to crvstalline Fe oxides

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors thank Directorate General of Higher Education (Dikti) Department of iational Education for the financial support through URGE project so this research could be conducted and thank Center for Wetland Studies (CWS) Department of Soil Science Bogor Agricultural University and Unite Sol et Agronomie Rennes Quimper (INRA) Rennes France for their cooperation and fully supports so this research run well

REFERENCES

Acebal S G A Mijovilovich E H Rueda M E Aguirre and C Saragoi 2000 Jron- oxide mineralogy of a mol Iisol from Argentina A study by selective-dissolution techniques X-ray diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy Clays Clay Miner 48 132-110

Aroccna J G Dc GC1er C Landuyt and U Schwer1m1nn 1989 Dis50lution of soil iron oxides with ammonium oxalate comparison between bulk samples and thin section Pedologie jy 275-297

J Tanah Trop No 162003

Brindley G W and G Brown (cds) 1980 Cristal structures of clay minerals and their x- ray identification Mineralogy Society Monograph 5 Londres 495 pp

Bullock P P J Loveland and C p Murphy 1975 A technique for selective solution of iron oxides in thin sections of soil J Soil Sci 26 247shy248

Jeanroy E 1983 Diagnostic des fonnes du fer dans les pedogeneses temperees Evaluation par les reactifes chimiques dextraction et apports de la spectrometric Mossbauer Theses de doctorate University Nancy 1 168 pp

Jeanroy E and P Pillon 1989 A combined chemical and DXRD methods for determination of the hematitegoethite ratio in the fine fraction of soils In Resume de La 9ltT11e conference internationale pour I Etude des Argiles 190

Jokova M N Kaloyanova and O Kostov 1999 Reduction state and eX1ractabie compounds of Fe Mn and Al in flooded soils Pochvoznanie Agrokhimiya i Ekologiya 34 6-11

Kimura M S Taketoshi N Yasunori M Kamo and I Makoto 2002 Community structure of the microbiota in the floodwater of a Japanese paddy field esti mated by restriction fragment length polymorphism and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis pattern analyses BioI Fert Soil 36 306shy112

Mehra O P and M L Jackson 1960 Iron o-ide removal from soils and clays by a dithionite-citrateS)stem buffered wilh sodium bicarbonate Clays Clay Miner 7 317-127

U3

Harlono A dkk The Charaderistics of Iron Concenlrriion in Tropical Paddy Soil~

Motammel H M 1 Kazuyuki M Shu K Kazuhiko K H Yong O MasumL and Y Shingo 200 I Biologiclll dinilrogen fixation and soil microbial biomass carbon as int1uenced by free air carbon dioxide enrichment (fAC E) at three levels of nitrogen fertili zation in a paddy field Bio Fen Soil 3~ -+ 53shy45 9

Murase 1 and M Kimura 1) ) 7

Anaerobic reoxidation of ]vil 2- Fe - S) ans 5 in submerged paddy soils Biol Fert Soil 25 302-306

Pagliltll M and P Sequi 1nz A comparison betwccn two treatments fffor the removal of iron oxides from thin sections of a soiL Can 1 Soil Sci 62 533-5 35

Rose A L and W T David 2002 Kinetic model for Fe (II) oxidation in seawater in the absence and presence of natural organic matter Envirorunental Scicnce and Technology 36 433-444

Schulzc DG 1981 Identification of soil iron oxide minerals by differential x-ray diffraction Soil Sci SOC Am 1 45 437-440

Soulier A 1991 Relation Entre LExpression Des Traits

IH

Morphologiques Dc LHydromorphie ct De La Degradation et Les Formes Du Fer (Bassin Versant Noe-Seche-Cotcs D Armor) DEA Thesis Unjcrsit De Nancy L pp 49

Tae K M 1 Y Tae Y E Soo S Y K li

S I Soo 1 K Yuol and P K Bae 1998 Changes of soil propenies and vegetations in the abandoned paddy soils RDA fouma of Agro Environtment Science 40 23-26

Wang H D G N White F T Tumer and J B Dixon 1993 FelT)-hydrite lepidocrocitc and goethite in coatings from east Texas ertic soils Soil Sci Soc Am l 57 1381-1386

Xingkai x Z Sujun W Longhua and C Xin 1998 Rhizospheric effect of orgaruc material on heavy metals in coastal saline soil 1 Distribution of soil native zinc forms Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao 9 247-253

Yang Y D Ratte B F Smets j 1 PignateUoand D Grasso 2001 Mobilization of soil orgaruc matter by complexing agents and implication for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon desorption Chemosphere 43 1013shy1021

bullbull

Brow

n I1

gtak

ll in

PI O

Bg3

53

middot69

em

~

TJ

tot

in

ro

un

d r

oo I

In P

20JA

pV2J

9middot2

0 em

~ ~

~ 70

~

(

60

$

60w

50

~

~so

A ~

J r4

0 bull

sect

40

~

CD

~ ~

til

lt

30

~ 3

0 ~

n TJ

e 20

~

u

I g

20

laquogt-

LL

0 10

I)

10

Q

CO

o o

100

200

300

40

0 T

J fl ~

(1)

100

200

300

400

linie

(ho

ur)

~h

lime

(hou

r)

bCO

a

~ ()

mot

1le

in P2

K1Bg

16

0-81

em

~

c

eo_t

ing

ato

__ n

cf r

oo

l in

P2K

Ap

f2l3

G-S

O e

m

= ~

(l

70

~

70 1

lt

)6

0

~

60

1-t

(

r

r5

0

~

0

50 ~

5 0

Q

~

sect

40~

3

0

~ co

0

t

~ 3

0

20

lt)

~

10

~20

~

u

10

I Smiddot

10

0 20

0 3

00

_0

0

lim

e (

ho

ur)

o

----

-shy

~

c ~

o tO

O

200

300

400 ~

Gre

y m

atrix

in

Pltlt

Bg1

137

fO e

m

()

time

(hou

r)

~

0

d ~

~ 3

0 ~

35

25

~

20

ID e 15

~

10

100

200

300

00

e I

me

(ho

urf

)

-01 Paddy Soils J anahhNJ to 6 2003

a o

~

-

~ g ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

(BBw) (81-810) ~

0

6

bull 5

bull coaling around rool in P2Q1Apg29-20 em

bull coating around root inl 4

P2KJApg2l30-60 emiii 0 bull rrottle in P2KJBgl6O-81 em1 3 u iD bull C) bull grey rralnx In P1 KBgl37-60 cIgt emu 2

- brow n rratrix in P1 CVBg353shy

~ 69cmi

+r II- bullof --_---- shy

0 100 200 300 400

time (hour)

a

100

90

80 ~o~middotln~~~d roo-~bull bull P2DApg29-20 em

70 ~ bull coating around root in~ bull6- P2KJApg230middot60 em 60 ~ I sect i mottle in P2KBgI60-81

50 ~ lD () 40 t bull grey matrix in PI KBgl37-60

em 0 ~ - 30 ~

- brow n matrix in PIOB9353middot

20 69 em

10

0

0 100 200 300 400

tim e (hour)b

Figure 4 Kinetics Fe Dissolution Curve by CB and DCB compared to Fe-total

137

Harlono A dkk The Characteristics of Iron Concentration in Tropkal Paddy Soils

That proposed mechanism pointed out that soil organic matter is determining factor for Fe concentration like coating or mottle to contain amorphous or cI)staliine form

The small amount of Fe complcxed or adsorbed by organic matter in the samples indicated that reduction and oxidation process occuring in these paddy field have beenmiddot lasting for long periode which enhanced the formation of Fe oxide amorphous and crystalline

The U ncoered thin section observation

Thin section observation was used to evaluate the stability of Fe concentration Fe dissolution to DeB of selected pedological

features were obsented The results showed that there was no Fe dissolution observed in selected pedological features when they were immersed in DeB solution It was shoTI that there was no Fe dissolution in all samples after 150 h immersion There was no changes observed for examples at coating around root in P2DApg9-20 em (Fig 5ab) Jnd at mottle in PIK1Bg137-60 cm (Figure 5e and d) Probably Fe dissolution occured but it was too small amount to be observed through the picture

Different results were obtained where dissolution by DeB was conducted in a hot water bath ( 70 () C) for 15 minutes By this method some dissolutions of Fe were observed in some pedological features Representatives figure is mottle in PI KJBgJ 137-60 em (Figure 6) But Fe dissolution b~ DeB in a hot water bath ( 70deg C ) for 15 minutes did not occur in coating around root for intances in P2DIApg9-20 em (Fig is not shown) This result showed that the selected Fe concentration were stable and confirmed the bulk analyses results that the Fe pedological features in these paddy

soils were dominated Fe oxide amorphous and CI)stalline

XRD analyses

Bulk samples analyses and thin section observation showed that Fe concentration in selected pedological features were dominated by Fe oxides amorphous or crystalline XRD

analyses was perfonned to evaluate qualitatively the kinds of Fe oxide minerals in the samples

By using characterisation of goethite and ferribydrite proposed by Brindley and Brown (1980) XRD analyses showed clearly that Fe concentration in some pedological features was goethite and probably ferrihydrite Mottles from P2K1Bgl60-81 cm before treated by CB and DCB showed the presence of goethite and probably ferrihydrite and collapsed after ex1racted by DeB for 336 h (Fig 7) The presence of goethite and ferrihydrite were also found in coating around root in Ap horizon from P2DIAPG29-20 em before treatments and also collapsed after ex1racted by DCB for 336 h (Fig 8)

The presence of goethite and ferrihydrite in coatings arround root and mottles showed that some Fe concentration in these pedological features have already developed to crystalline mineral

CONCLUSIONS

Organic matter contentmiddot affected the Fe distribution in the formation of Fe concentration like in coating and mottles Fe complexed or adsorbed pool will increase with increasing organic matter content The increased Fe complexed or adsorbed pool decreased Fe oxide pool ratio in Fe concentration

138

pical Paddy Soils

~ Fe oxide amorphous

analyses and thin section I that Fe concentration in I features were dominated hOllS or crystalline XRD lerfonned to evaluate ds of Fe oxide minerals in

lracterisation of goethite oposed by Brindlev and ) analyses showed ~learly on in some pedological gtethite and probably es from P2K1Bgl60-81 CB and DCBsbowed the and probably ferrihydrite x1racted by DCB for 336 middotesence of goethite and Iso found in coating

Ap horizon from before treatments and

-1racted by DCB for 336

e of goethite and ings arround root and orne Fe concentration in features have already ne mineral

LUSJONS

content middot affected the Fe ie fonnation of Fe coating and mottles Fe gtcd pool will increase nic matter content The ~xed or adsorbed pool e pool ratio in Fe

e e

= =

Figure 5 Coaling around root in thin section located in P2DIApgN-20 cm before DCB treatment (a) after J50 h immersion in DCB Solulion (b) and mottle in PIKBG1I37-60 em before treatment (c) after 150 h immersion in DCB solution (d )

HiJriono A dkk The Churaderigt1ics of Iron Concentration in Tropical Paddy Soi

a lmm

lmmb

Figure 6 Mottle in PIKIBGl37-60 em before treattnent (a) immersed in DeB solution in heated water for 15 minutes (b)

140

Imm

1 Goethite Goethite I

i 494 A 417 A I

1 i J

i

1j1 middot

middot

IlJ)m

Figllre 7 XRD analyses of mottles from rnersed in DeB solution in c(rrteted bv DCB for 336 It

after extracted by DCB for 336 h

Ferryhidrite

o 256 A oethlte Goethite

rg A j0 j I f 218 A

~ I 1

I

I

f ~~I

bull I i

I Imiddot I f 1 I

middot iT ~~ I

before treatment

P2K1Bg 160-8J em before trCrlllllent rind after

Hartono A dkk The Charcu1eri1iclt of Iron Concentration in Tropiclil Pllddy S(J il

~fter extracted by DeB for 336 h

Go thite

1 I J

lBefore treatment

i i I

~ JUmiddotI

F errih ydri te

171 A

I

f igure 8 XRD analyses of coating around root from P2DApg29-20 cm before treatment and after etracted by DeB for 336 h

l-n

I Paddy Soils

~rrihydrite

PIA

20 cin before treatment all

336 h dissolution time was not enough o dissolve all Fe-CB as indicated by the

lendency of the curve to increase but it was )ptimilm for Fe-DCB Compared to Fe-total 1gt1 all samples Fe complexed or adsorbed was ery small amount (05 - 553 ) while Fe oxide amorphous and crystalline was ~elatively high amount (6057 - 6907 )

The stability of Fe concentration in selected pedological features were very high and containing goethite and ferrihydrite The presence of goethite and ferryhidrite in selected pedological features indicated that some Fe concentration has developed to crvstalline Fe oxides

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors thank Directorate General of Higher Education (Dikti) Department of iational Education for the financial support through URGE project so this research could be conducted and thank Center for Wetland Studies (CWS) Department of Soil Science Bogor Agricultural University and Unite Sol et Agronomie Rennes Quimper (INRA) Rennes France for their cooperation and fully supports so this research run well

REFERENCES

Acebal S G A Mijovilovich E H Rueda M E Aguirre and C Saragoi 2000 Jron- oxide mineralogy of a mol Iisol from Argentina A study by selective-dissolution techniques X-ray diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy Clays Clay Miner 48 132-110

Aroccna J G Dc GC1er C Landuyt and U Schwer1m1nn 1989 Dis50lution of soil iron oxides with ammonium oxalate comparison between bulk samples and thin section Pedologie jy 275-297

J Tanah Trop No 162003

Brindley G W and G Brown (cds) 1980 Cristal structures of clay minerals and their x- ray identification Mineralogy Society Monograph 5 Londres 495 pp

Bullock P P J Loveland and C p Murphy 1975 A technique for selective solution of iron oxides in thin sections of soil J Soil Sci 26 247shy248

Jeanroy E 1983 Diagnostic des fonnes du fer dans les pedogeneses temperees Evaluation par les reactifes chimiques dextraction et apports de la spectrometric Mossbauer Theses de doctorate University Nancy 1 168 pp

Jeanroy E and P Pillon 1989 A combined chemical and DXRD methods for determination of the hematitegoethite ratio in the fine fraction of soils In Resume de La 9ltT11e conference internationale pour I Etude des Argiles 190

Jokova M N Kaloyanova and O Kostov 1999 Reduction state and eX1ractabie compounds of Fe Mn and Al in flooded soils Pochvoznanie Agrokhimiya i Ekologiya 34 6-11

Kimura M S Taketoshi N Yasunori M Kamo and I Makoto 2002 Community structure of the microbiota in the floodwater of a Japanese paddy field esti mated by restriction fragment length polymorphism and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis pattern analyses BioI Fert Soil 36 306shy112

Mehra O P and M L Jackson 1960 Iron o-ide removal from soils and clays by a dithionite-citrateS)stem buffered wilh sodium bicarbonate Clays Clay Miner 7 317-127

U3

Harlono A dkk The Charaderistics of Iron Concenlrriion in Tropical Paddy Soil~

Motammel H M 1 Kazuyuki M Shu K Kazuhiko K H Yong O MasumL and Y Shingo 200 I Biologiclll dinilrogen fixation and soil microbial biomass carbon as int1uenced by free air carbon dioxide enrichment (fAC E) at three levels of nitrogen fertili zation in a paddy field Bio Fen Soil 3~ -+ 53shy45 9

Murase 1 and M Kimura 1) ) 7

Anaerobic reoxidation of ]vil 2- Fe - S) ans 5 in submerged paddy soils Biol Fert Soil 25 302-306

Pagliltll M and P Sequi 1nz A comparison betwccn two treatments fffor the removal of iron oxides from thin sections of a soiL Can 1 Soil Sci 62 533-5 35

Rose A L and W T David 2002 Kinetic model for Fe (II) oxidation in seawater in the absence and presence of natural organic matter Envirorunental Scicnce and Technology 36 433-444

Schulzc DG 1981 Identification of soil iron oxide minerals by differential x-ray diffraction Soil Sci SOC Am 1 45 437-440

Soulier A 1991 Relation Entre LExpression Des Traits

IH

Morphologiques Dc LHydromorphie ct De La Degradation et Les Formes Du Fer (Bassin Versant Noe-Seche-Cotcs D Armor) DEA Thesis Unjcrsit De Nancy L pp 49

Tae K M 1 Y Tae Y E Soo S Y K li

S I Soo 1 K Yuol and P K Bae 1998 Changes of soil propenies and vegetations in the abandoned paddy soils RDA fouma of Agro Environtment Science 40 23-26

Wang H D G N White F T Tumer and J B Dixon 1993 FelT)-hydrite lepidocrocitc and goethite in coatings from east Texas ertic soils Soil Sci Soc Am l 57 1381-1386

Xingkai x Z Sujun W Longhua and C Xin 1998 Rhizospheric effect of orgaruc material on heavy metals in coastal saline soil 1 Distribution of soil native zinc forms Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao 9 247-253

Yang Y D Ratte B F Smets j 1 PignateUoand D Grasso 2001 Mobilization of soil orgaruc matter by complexing agents and implication for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon desorption Chemosphere 43 1013shy1021

-01 Paddy Soils J anahhNJ to 6 2003

a o

~

-

~ g ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

(BBw) (81-810) ~

0

6

bull 5

bull coaling around rool in P2Q1Apg29-20 em

bull coating around root inl 4

P2KJApg2l30-60 emiii 0 bull rrottle in P2KJBgl6O-81 em1 3 u iD bull C) bull grey rralnx In P1 KBgl37-60 cIgt emu 2

- brow n rratrix in P1 CVBg353shy

~ 69cmi

+r II- bullof --_---- shy

0 100 200 300 400

time (hour)

a

100

90

80 ~o~middotln~~~d roo-~bull bull P2DApg29-20 em

70 ~ bull coating around root in~ bull6- P2KJApg230middot60 em 60 ~ I sect i mottle in P2KBgI60-81

50 ~ lD () 40 t bull grey matrix in PI KBgl37-60

em 0 ~ - 30 ~

- brow n matrix in PIOB9353middot

20 69 em

10

0

0 100 200 300 400

tim e (hour)b

Figure 4 Kinetics Fe Dissolution Curve by CB and DCB compared to Fe-total

137

Harlono A dkk The Characteristics of Iron Concentration in Tropkal Paddy Soils

That proposed mechanism pointed out that soil organic matter is determining factor for Fe concentration like coating or mottle to contain amorphous or cI)staliine form

The small amount of Fe complcxed or adsorbed by organic matter in the samples indicated that reduction and oxidation process occuring in these paddy field have beenmiddot lasting for long periode which enhanced the formation of Fe oxide amorphous and crystalline

The U ncoered thin section observation

Thin section observation was used to evaluate the stability of Fe concentration Fe dissolution to DeB of selected pedological

features were obsented The results showed that there was no Fe dissolution observed in selected pedological features when they were immersed in DeB solution It was shoTI that there was no Fe dissolution in all samples after 150 h immersion There was no changes observed for examples at coating around root in P2DApg9-20 em (Fig 5ab) Jnd at mottle in PIK1Bg137-60 cm (Figure 5e and d) Probably Fe dissolution occured but it was too small amount to be observed through the picture

Different results were obtained where dissolution by DeB was conducted in a hot water bath ( 70 () C) for 15 minutes By this method some dissolutions of Fe were observed in some pedological features Representatives figure is mottle in PI KJBgJ 137-60 em (Figure 6) But Fe dissolution b~ DeB in a hot water bath ( 70deg C ) for 15 minutes did not occur in coating around root for intances in P2DIApg9-20 em (Fig is not shown) This result showed that the selected Fe concentration were stable and confirmed the bulk analyses results that the Fe pedological features in these paddy

soils were dominated Fe oxide amorphous and CI)stalline

XRD analyses

Bulk samples analyses and thin section observation showed that Fe concentration in selected pedological features were dominated by Fe oxides amorphous or crystalline XRD

analyses was perfonned to evaluate qualitatively the kinds of Fe oxide minerals in the samples

By using characterisation of goethite and ferribydrite proposed by Brindley and Brown (1980) XRD analyses showed clearly that Fe concentration in some pedological features was goethite and probably ferrihydrite Mottles from P2K1Bgl60-81 cm before treated by CB and DCB showed the presence of goethite and probably ferrihydrite and collapsed after ex1racted by DeB for 336 h (Fig 7) The presence of goethite and ferrihydrite were also found in coating around root in Ap horizon from P2DIAPG29-20 em before treatments and also collapsed after ex1racted by DCB for 336 h (Fig 8)

The presence of goethite and ferrihydrite in coatings arround root and mottles showed that some Fe concentration in these pedological features have already developed to crystalline mineral

CONCLUSIONS

Organic matter contentmiddot affected the Fe distribution in the formation of Fe concentration like in coating and mottles Fe complexed or adsorbed pool will increase with increasing organic matter content The increased Fe complexed or adsorbed pool decreased Fe oxide pool ratio in Fe concentration

138

pical Paddy Soils

~ Fe oxide amorphous

analyses and thin section I that Fe concentration in I features were dominated hOllS or crystalline XRD lerfonned to evaluate ds of Fe oxide minerals in

lracterisation of goethite oposed by Brindlev and ) analyses showed ~learly on in some pedological gtethite and probably es from P2K1Bgl60-81 CB and DCBsbowed the and probably ferrihydrite x1racted by DCB for 336 middotesence of goethite and Iso found in coating

Ap horizon from before treatments and

-1racted by DCB for 336

e of goethite and ings arround root and orne Fe concentration in features have already ne mineral

LUSJONS

content middot affected the Fe ie fonnation of Fe coating and mottles Fe gtcd pool will increase nic matter content The ~xed or adsorbed pool e pool ratio in Fe

e e

= =

Figure 5 Coaling around root in thin section located in P2DIApgN-20 cm before DCB treatment (a) after J50 h immersion in DCB Solulion (b) and mottle in PIKBG1I37-60 em before treatment (c) after 150 h immersion in DCB solution (d )

HiJriono A dkk The Churaderigt1ics of Iron Concentration in Tropical Paddy Soi

a lmm

lmmb

Figure 6 Mottle in PIKIBGl37-60 em before treattnent (a) immersed in DeB solution in heated water for 15 minutes (b)

140

Imm

1 Goethite Goethite I

i 494 A 417 A I

1 i J

i

1j1 middot

middot

IlJ)m

Figllre 7 XRD analyses of mottles from rnersed in DeB solution in c(rrteted bv DCB for 336 It

after extracted by DCB for 336 h

Ferryhidrite

o 256 A oethlte Goethite

rg A j0 j I f 218 A

~ I 1

I

I

f ~~I

bull I i

I Imiddot I f 1 I

middot iT ~~ I

before treatment

P2K1Bg 160-8J em before trCrlllllent rind after

Hartono A dkk The Charcu1eri1iclt of Iron Concentration in Tropiclil Pllddy S(J il

~fter extracted by DeB for 336 h

Go thite

1 I J

lBefore treatment

i i I

~ JUmiddotI

F errih ydri te

171 A

I

f igure 8 XRD analyses of coating around root from P2DApg29-20 cm before treatment and after etracted by DeB for 336 h

l-n

I Paddy Soils

~rrihydrite

PIA

20 cin before treatment all

336 h dissolution time was not enough o dissolve all Fe-CB as indicated by the

lendency of the curve to increase but it was )ptimilm for Fe-DCB Compared to Fe-total 1gt1 all samples Fe complexed or adsorbed was ery small amount (05 - 553 ) while Fe oxide amorphous and crystalline was ~elatively high amount (6057 - 6907 )

The stability of Fe concentration in selected pedological features were very high and containing goethite and ferrihydrite The presence of goethite and ferryhidrite in selected pedological features indicated that some Fe concentration has developed to crvstalline Fe oxides

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors thank Directorate General of Higher Education (Dikti) Department of iational Education for the financial support through URGE project so this research could be conducted and thank Center for Wetland Studies (CWS) Department of Soil Science Bogor Agricultural University and Unite Sol et Agronomie Rennes Quimper (INRA) Rennes France for their cooperation and fully supports so this research run well

REFERENCES

Acebal S G A Mijovilovich E H Rueda M E Aguirre and C Saragoi 2000 Jron- oxide mineralogy of a mol Iisol from Argentina A study by selective-dissolution techniques X-ray diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy Clays Clay Miner 48 132-110

Aroccna J G Dc GC1er C Landuyt and U Schwer1m1nn 1989 Dis50lution of soil iron oxides with ammonium oxalate comparison between bulk samples and thin section Pedologie jy 275-297

J Tanah Trop No 162003

Brindley G W and G Brown (cds) 1980 Cristal structures of clay minerals and their x- ray identification Mineralogy Society Monograph 5 Londres 495 pp

Bullock P P J Loveland and C p Murphy 1975 A technique for selective solution of iron oxides in thin sections of soil J Soil Sci 26 247shy248

Jeanroy E 1983 Diagnostic des fonnes du fer dans les pedogeneses temperees Evaluation par les reactifes chimiques dextraction et apports de la spectrometric Mossbauer Theses de doctorate University Nancy 1 168 pp

Jeanroy E and P Pillon 1989 A combined chemical and DXRD methods for determination of the hematitegoethite ratio in the fine fraction of soils In Resume de La 9ltT11e conference internationale pour I Etude des Argiles 190

Jokova M N Kaloyanova and O Kostov 1999 Reduction state and eX1ractabie compounds of Fe Mn and Al in flooded soils Pochvoznanie Agrokhimiya i Ekologiya 34 6-11

Kimura M S Taketoshi N Yasunori M Kamo and I Makoto 2002 Community structure of the microbiota in the floodwater of a Japanese paddy field esti mated by restriction fragment length polymorphism and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis pattern analyses BioI Fert Soil 36 306shy112

Mehra O P and M L Jackson 1960 Iron o-ide removal from soils and clays by a dithionite-citrateS)stem buffered wilh sodium bicarbonate Clays Clay Miner 7 317-127

U3

Harlono A dkk The Charaderistics of Iron Concenlrriion in Tropical Paddy Soil~

Motammel H M 1 Kazuyuki M Shu K Kazuhiko K H Yong O MasumL and Y Shingo 200 I Biologiclll dinilrogen fixation and soil microbial biomass carbon as int1uenced by free air carbon dioxide enrichment (fAC E) at three levels of nitrogen fertili zation in a paddy field Bio Fen Soil 3~ -+ 53shy45 9

Murase 1 and M Kimura 1) ) 7

Anaerobic reoxidation of ]vil 2- Fe - S) ans 5 in submerged paddy soils Biol Fert Soil 25 302-306

Pagliltll M and P Sequi 1nz A comparison betwccn two treatments fffor the removal of iron oxides from thin sections of a soiL Can 1 Soil Sci 62 533-5 35

Rose A L and W T David 2002 Kinetic model for Fe (II) oxidation in seawater in the absence and presence of natural organic matter Envirorunental Scicnce and Technology 36 433-444

Schulzc DG 1981 Identification of soil iron oxide minerals by differential x-ray diffraction Soil Sci SOC Am 1 45 437-440

Soulier A 1991 Relation Entre LExpression Des Traits

IH

Morphologiques Dc LHydromorphie ct De La Degradation et Les Formes Du Fer (Bassin Versant Noe-Seche-Cotcs D Armor) DEA Thesis Unjcrsit De Nancy L pp 49

Tae K M 1 Y Tae Y E Soo S Y K li

S I Soo 1 K Yuol and P K Bae 1998 Changes of soil propenies and vegetations in the abandoned paddy soils RDA fouma of Agro Environtment Science 40 23-26

Wang H D G N White F T Tumer and J B Dixon 1993 FelT)-hydrite lepidocrocitc and goethite in coatings from east Texas ertic soils Soil Sci Soc Am l 57 1381-1386

Xingkai x Z Sujun W Longhua and C Xin 1998 Rhizospheric effect of orgaruc material on heavy metals in coastal saline soil 1 Distribution of soil native zinc forms Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao 9 247-253

Yang Y D Ratte B F Smets j 1 PignateUoand D Grasso 2001 Mobilization of soil orgaruc matter by complexing agents and implication for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon desorption Chemosphere 43 1013shy1021

Harlono A dkk The Characteristics of Iron Concentration in Tropkal Paddy Soils

That proposed mechanism pointed out that soil organic matter is determining factor for Fe concentration like coating or mottle to contain amorphous or cI)staliine form

The small amount of Fe complcxed or adsorbed by organic matter in the samples indicated that reduction and oxidation process occuring in these paddy field have beenmiddot lasting for long periode which enhanced the formation of Fe oxide amorphous and crystalline

The U ncoered thin section observation

Thin section observation was used to evaluate the stability of Fe concentration Fe dissolution to DeB of selected pedological

features were obsented The results showed that there was no Fe dissolution observed in selected pedological features when they were immersed in DeB solution It was shoTI that there was no Fe dissolution in all samples after 150 h immersion There was no changes observed for examples at coating around root in P2DApg9-20 em (Fig 5ab) Jnd at mottle in PIK1Bg137-60 cm (Figure 5e and d) Probably Fe dissolution occured but it was too small amount to be observed through the picture

Different results were obtained where dissolution by DeB was conducted in a hot water bath ( 70 () C) for 15 minutes By this method some dissolutions of Fe were observed in some pedological features Representatives figure is mottle in PI KJBgJ 137-60 em (Figure 6) But Fe dissolution b~ DeB in a hot water bath ( 70deg C ) for 15 minutes did not occur in coating around root for intances in P2DIApg9-20 em (Fig is not shown) This result showed that the selected Fe concentration were stable and confirmed the bulk analyses results that the Fe pedological features in these paddy

soils were dominated Fe oxide amorphous and CI)stalline

XRD analyses

Bulk samples analyses and thin section observation showed that Fe concentration in selected pedological features were dominated by Fe oxides amorphous or crystalline XRD

analyses was perfonned to evaluate qualitatively the kinds of Fe oxide minerals in the samples

By using characterisation of goethite and ferribydrite proposed by Brindley and Brown (1980) XRD analyses showed clearly that Fe concentration in some pedological features was goethite and probably ferrihydrite Mottles from P2K1Bgl60-81 cm before treated by CB and DCB showed the presence of goethite and probably ferrihydrite and collapsed after ex1racted by DeB for 336 h (Fig 7) The presence of goethite and ferrihydrite were also found in coating around root in Ap horizon from P2DIAPG29-20 em before treatments and also collapsed after ex1racted by DCB for 336 h (Fig 8)

The presence of goethite and ferrihydrite in coatings arround root and mottles showed that some Fe concentration in these pedological features have already developed to crystalline mineral

CONCLUSIONS

Organic matter contentmiddot affected the Fe distribution in the formation of Fe concentration like in coating and mottles Fe complexed or adsorbed pool will increase with increasing organic matter content The increased Fe complexed or adsorbed pool decreased Fe oxide pool ratio in Fe concentration

138

pical Paddy Soils

~ Fe oxide amorphous

analyses and thin section I that Fe concentration in I features were dominated hOllS or crystalline XRD lerfonned to evaluate ds of Fe oxide minerals in

lracterisation of goethite oposed by Brindlev and ) analyses showed ~learly on in some pedological gtethite and probably es from P2K1Bgl60-81 CB and DCBsbowed the and probably ferrihydrite x1racted by DCB for 336 middotesence of goethite and Iso found in coating

Ap horizon from before treatments and

-1racted by DCB for 336

e of goethite and ings arround root and orne Fe concentration in features have already ne mineral

LUSJONS

content middot affected the Fe ie fonnation of Fe coating and mottles Fe gtcd pool will increase nic matter content The ~xed or adsorbed pool e pool ratio in Fe

e e

= =

Figure 5 Coaling around root in thin section located in P2DIApgN-20 cm before DCB treatment (a) after J50 h immersion in DCB Solulion (b) and mottle in PIKBG1I37-60 em before treatment (c) after 150 h immersion in DCB solution (d )

HiJriono A dkk The Churaderigt1ics of Iron Concentration in Tropical Paddy Soi

a lmm

lmmb

Figure 6 Mottle in PIKIBGl37-60 em before treattnent (a) immersed in DeB solution in heated water for 15 minutes (b)

140

Imm

1 Goethite Goethite I

i 494 A 417 A I

1 i J

i

1j1 middot

middot

IlJ)m

Figllre 7 XRD analyses of mottles from rnersed in DeB solution in c(rrteted bv DCB for 336 It

after extracted by DCB for 336 h

Ferryhidrite

o 256 A oethlte Goethite

rg A j0 j I f 218 A

~ I 1

I

I

f ~~I

bull I i

I Imiddot I f 1 I

middot iT ~~ I

before treatment

P2K1Bg 160-8J em before trCrlllllent rind after

Hartono A dkk The Charcu1eri1iclt of Iron Concentration in Tropiclil Pllddy S(J il

~fter extracted by DeB for 336 h

Go thite

1 I J

lBefore treatment

i i I

~ JUmiddotI

F errih ydri te

171 A

I

f igure 8 XRD analyses of coating around root from P2DApg29-20 cm before treatment and after etracted by DeB for 336 h

l-n

I Paddy Soils

~rrihydrite

PIA

20 cin before treatment all

336 h dissolution time was not enough o dissolve all Fe-CB as indicated by the

lendency of the curve to increase but it was )ptimilm for Fe-DCB Compared to Fe-total 1gt1 all samples Fe complexed or adsorbed was ery small amount (05 - 553 ) while Fe oxide amorphous and crystalline was ~elatively high amount (6057 - 6907 )

The stability of Fe concentration in selected pedological features were very high and containing goethite and ferrihydrite The presence of goethite and ferryhidrite in selected pedological features indicated that some Fe concentration has developed to crvstalline Fe oxides

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors thank Directorate General of Higher Education (Dikti) Department of iational Education for the financial support through URGE project so this research could be conducted and thank Center for Wetland Studies (CWS) Department of Soil Science Bogor Agricultural University and Unite Sol et Agronomie Rennes Quimper (INRA) Rennes France for their cooperation and fully supports so this research run well

REFERENCES

Acebal S G A Mijovilovich E H Rueda M E Aguirre and C Saragoi 2000 Jron- oxide mineralogy of a mol Iisol from Argentina A study by selective-dissolution techniques X-ray diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy Clays Clay Miner 48 132-110

Aroccna J G Dc GC1er C Landuyt and U Schwer1m1nn 1989 Dis50lution of soil iron oxides with ammonium oxalate comparison between bulk samples and thin section Pedologie jy 275-297

J Tanah Trop No 162003

Brindley G W and G Brown (cds) 1980 Cristal structures of clay minerals and their x- ray identification Mineralogy Society Monograph 5 Londres 495 pp

Bullock P P J Loveland and C p Murphy 1975 A technique for selective solution of iron oxides in thin sections of soil J Soil Sci 26 247shy248

Jeanroy E 1983 Diagnostic des fonnes du fer dans les pedogeneses temperees Evaluation par les reactifes chimiques dextraction et apports de la spectrometric Mossbauer Theses de doctorate University Nancy 1 168 pp

Jeanroy E and P Pillon 1989 A combined chemical and DXRD methods for determination of the hematitegoethite ratio in the fine fraction of soils In Resume de La 9ltT11e conference internationale pour I Etude des Argiles 190

Jokova M N Kaloyanova and O Kostov 1999 Reduction state and eX1ractabie compounds of Fe Mn and Al in flooded soils Pochvoznanie Agrokhimiya i Ekologiya 34 6-11

Kimura M S Taketoshi N Yasunori M Kamo and I Makoto 2002 Community structure of the microbiota in the floodwater of a Japanese paddy field esti mated by restriction fragment length polymorphism and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis pattern analyses BioI Fert Soil 36 306shy112

Mehra O P and M L Jackson 1960 Iron o-ide removal from soils and clays by a dithionite-citrateS)stem buffered wilh sodium bicarbonate Clays Clay Miner 7 317-127

U3

Harlono A dkk The Charaderistics of Iron Concenlrriion in Tropical Paddy Soil~

Motammel H M 1 Kazuyuki M Shu K Kazuhiko K H Yong O MasumL and Y Shingo 200 I Biologiclll dinilrogen fixation and soil microbial biomass carbon as int1uenced by free air carbon dioxide enrichment (fAC E) at three levels of nitrogen fertili zation in a paddy field Bio Fen Soil 3~ -+ 53shy45 9

Murase 1 and M Kimura 1) ) 7

Anaerobic reoxidation of ]vil 2- Fe - S) ans 5 in submerged paddy soils Biol Fert Soil 25 302-306

Pagliltll M and P Sequi 1nz A comparison betwccn two treatments fffor the removal of iron oxides from thin sections of a soiL Can 1 Soil Sci 62 533-5 35

Rose A L and W T David 2002 Kinetic model for Fe (II) oxidation in seawater in the absence and presence of natural organic matter Envirorunental Scicnce and Technology 36 433-444

Schulzc DG 1981 Identification of soil iron oxide minerals by differential x-ray diffraction Soil Sci SOC Am 1 45 437-440

Soulier A 1991 Relation Entre LExpression Des Traits

IH

Morphologiques Dc LHydromorphie ct De La Degradation et Les Formes Du Fer (Bassin Versant Noe-Seche-Cotcs D Armor) DEA Thesis Unjcrsit De Nancy L pp 49

Tae K M 1 Y Tae Y E Soo S Y K li

S I Soo 1 K Yuol and P K Bae 1998 Changes of soil propenies and vegetations in the abandoned paddy soils RDA fouma of Agro Environtment Science 40 23-26

Wang H D G N White F T Tumer and J B Dixon 1993 FelT)-hydrite lepidocrocitc and goethite in coatings from east Texas ertic soils Soil Sci Soc Am l 57 1381-1386

Xingkai x Z Sujun W Longhua and C Xin 1998 Rhizospheric effect of orgaruc material on heavy metals in coastal saline soil 1 Distribution of soil native zinc forms Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao 9 247-253

Yang Y D Ratte B F Smets j 1 PignateUoand D Grasso 2001 Mobilization of soil orgaruc matter by complexing agents and implication for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon desorption Chemosphere 43 1013shy1021

pical Paddy Soils

~ Fe oxide amorphous

analyses and thin section I that Fe concentration in I features were dominated hOllS or crystalline XRD lerfonned to evaluate ds of Fe oxide minerals in

lracterisation of goethite oposed by Brindlev and ) analyses showed ~learly on in some pedological gtethite and probably es from P2K1Bgl60-81 CB and DCBsbowed the and probably ferrihydrite x1racted by DCB for 336 middotesence of goethite and Iso found in coating

Ap horizon from before treatments and

-1racted by DCB for 336

e of goethite and ings arround root and orne Fe concentration in features have already ne mineral

LUSJONS

content middot affected the Fe ie fonnation of Fe coating and mottles Fe gtcd pool will increase nic matter content The ~xed or adsorbed pool e pool ratio in Fe

e e

= =

Figure 5 Coaling around root in thin section located in P2DIApgN-20 cm before DCB treatment (a) after J50 h immersion in DCB Solulion (b) and mottle in PIKBG1I37-60 em before treatment (c) after 150 h immersion in DCB solution (d )

HiJriono A dkk The Churaderigt1ics of Iron Concentration in Tropical Paddy Soi

a lmm

lmmb

Figure 6 Mottle in PIKIBGl37-60 em before treattnent (a) immersed in DeB solution in heated water for 15 minutes (b)

140

Imm

1 Goethite Goethite I

i 494 A 417 A I

1 i J

i

1j1 middot

middot

IlJ)m

Figllre 7 XRD analyses of mottles from rnersed in DeB solution in c(rrteted bv DCB for 336 It

after extracted by DCB for 336 h

Ferryhidrite

o 256 A oethlte Goethite

rg A j0 j I f 218 A

~ I 1

I

I

f ~~I

bull I i

I Imiddot I f 1 I

middot iT ~~ I

before treatment

P2K1Bg 160-8J em before trCrlllllent rind after

Hartono A dkk The Charcu1eri1iclt of Iron Concentration in Tropiclil Pllddy S(J il

~fter extracted by DeB for 336 h

Go thite

1 I J

lBefore treatment

i i I

~ JUmiddotI

F errih ydri te

171 A

I

f igure 8 XRD analyses of coating around root from P2DApg29-20 cm before treatment and after etracted by DeB for 336 h

l-n

I Paddy Soils

~rrihydrite

PIA

20 cin before treatment all

336 h dissolution time was not enough o dissolve all Fe-CB as indicated by the

lendency of the curve to increase but it was )ptimilm for Fe-DCB Compared to Fe-total 1gt1 all samples Fe complexed or adsorbed was ery small amount (05 - 553 ) while Fe oxide amorphous and crystalline was ~elatively high amount (6057 - 6907 )

The stability of Fe concentration in selected pedological features were very high and containing goethite and ferrihydrite The presence of goethite and ferryhidrite in selected pedological features indicated that some Fe concentration has developed to crvstalline Fe oxides

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors thank Directorate General of Higher Education (Dikti) Department of iational Education for the financial support through URGE project so this research could be conducted and thank Center for Wetland Studies (CWS) Department of Soil Science Bogor Agricultural University and Unite Sol et Agronomie Rennes Quimper (INRA) Rennes France for their cooperation and fully supports so this research run well

REFERENCES

Acebal S G A Mijovilovich E H Rueda M E Aguirre and C Saragoi 2000 Jron- oxide mineralogy of a mol Iisol from Argentina A study by selective-dissolution techniques X-ray diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy Clays Clay Miner 48 132-110

Aroccna J G Dc GC1er C Landuyt and U Schwer1m1nn 1989 Dis50lution of soil iron oxides with ammonium oxalate comparison between bulk samples and thin section Pedologie jy 275-297

J Tanah Trop No 162003

Brindley G W and G Brown (cds) 1980 Cristal structures of clay minerals and their x- ray identification Mineralogy Society Monograph 5 Londres 495 pp

Bullock P P J Loveland and C p Murphy 1975 A technique for selective solution of iron oxides in thin sections of soil J Soil Sci 26 247shy248

Jeanroy E 1983 Diagnostic des fonnes du fer dans les pedogeneses temperees Evaluation par les reactifes chimiques dextraction et apports de la spectrometric Mossbauer Theses de doctorate University Nancy 1 168 pp

Jeanroy E and P Pillon 1989 A combined chemical and DXRD methods for determination of the hematitegoethite ratio in the fine fraction of soils In Resume de La 9ltT11e conference internationale pour I Etude des Argiles 190

Jokova M N Kaloyanova and O Kostov 1999 Reduction state and eX1ractabie compounds of Fe Mn and Al in flooded soils Pochvoznanie Agrokhimiya i Ekologiya 34 6-11

Kimura M S Taketoshi N Yasunori M Kamo and I Makoto 2002 Community structure of the microbiota in the floodwater of a Japanese paddy field esti mated by restriction fragment length polymorphism and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis pattern analyses BioI Fert Soil 36 306shy112

Mehra O P and M L Jackson 1960 Iron o-ide removal from soils and clays by a dithionite-citrateS)stem buffered wilh sodium bicarbonate Clays Clay Miner 7 317-127

U3

Harlono A dkk The Charaderistics of Iron Concenlrriion in Tropical Paddy Soil~

Motammel H M 1 Kazuyuki M Shu K Kazuhiko K H Yong O MasumL and Y Shingo 200 I Biologiclll dinilrogen fixation and soil microbial biomass carbon as int1uenced by free air carbon dioxide enrichment (fAC E) at three levels of nitrogen fertili zation in a paddy field Bio Fen Soil 3~ -+ 53shy45 9

Murase 1 and M Kimura 1) ) 7

Anaerobic reoxidation of ]vil 2- Fe - S) ans 5 in submerged paddy soils Biol Fert Soil 25 302-306

Pagliltll M and P Sequi 1nz A comparison betwccn two treatments fffor the removal of iron oxides from thin sections of a soiL Can 1 Soil Sci 62 533-5 35

Rose A L and W T David 2002 Kinetic model for Fe (II) oxidation in seawater in the absence and presence of natural organic matter Envirorunental Scicnce and Technology 36 433-444

Schulzc DG 1981 Identification of soil iron oxide minerals by differential x-ray diffraction Soil Sci SOC Am 1 45 437-440

Soulier A 1991 Relation Entre LExpression Des Traits

IH

Morphologiques Dc LHydromorphie ct De La Degradation et Les Formes Du Fer (Bassin Versant Noe-Seche-Cotcs D Armor) DEA Thesis Unjcrsit De Nancy L pp 49

Tae K M 1 Y Tae Y E Soo S Y K li

S I Soo 1 K Yuol and P K Bae 1998 Changes of soil propenies and vegetations in the abandoned paddy soils RDA fouma of Agro Environtment Science 40 23-26

Wang H D G N White F T Tumer and J B Dixon 1993 FelT)-hydrite lepidocrocitc and goethite in coatings from east Texas ertic soils Soil Sci Soc Am l 57 1381-1386

Xingkai x Z Sujun W Longhua and C Xin 1998 Rhizospheric effect of orgaruc material on heavy metals in coastal saline soil 1 Distribution of soil native zinc forms Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao 9 247-253

Yang Y D Ratte B F Smets j 1 PignateUoand D Grasso 2001 Mobilization of soil orgaruc matter by complexing agents and implication for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon desorption Chemosphere 43 1013shy1021

HiJriono A dkk The Churaderigt1ics of Iron Concentration in Tropical Paddy Soi

a lmm

lmmb

Figure 6 Mottle in PIKIBGl37-60 em before treattnent (a) immersed in DeB solution in heated water for 15 minutes (b)

140

Imm

1 Goethite Goethite I

i 494 A 417 A I

1 i J

i

1j1 middot

middot

IlJ)m

Figllre 7 XRD analyses of mottles from rnersed in DeB solution in c(rrteted bv DCB for 336 It

after extracted by DCB for 336 h

Ferryhidrite

o 256 A oethlte Goethite

rg A j0 j I f 218 A

~ I 1

I

I

f ~~I

bull I i

I Imiddot I f 1 I

middot iT ~~ I

before treatment

P2K1Bg 160-8J em before trCrlllllent rind after

Hartono A dkk The Charcu1eri1iclt of Iron Concentration in Tropiclil Pllddy S(J il

~fter extracted by DeB for 336 h

Go thite

1 I J

lBefore treatment

i i I

~ JUmiddotI

F errih ydri te

171 A

I

f igure 8 XRD analyses of coating around root from P2DApg29-20 cm before treatment and after etracted by DeB for 336 h

l-n

I Paddy Soils

~rrihydrite

PIA

20 cin before treatment all

336 h dissolution time was not enough o dissolve all Fe-CB as indicated by the

lendency of the curve to increase but it was )ptimilm for Fe-DCB Compared to Fe-total 1gt1 all samples Fe complexed or adsorbed was ery small amount (05 - 553 ) while Fe oxide amorphous and crystalline was ~elatively high amount (6057 - 6907 )

The stability of Fe concentration in selected pedological features were very high and containing goethite and ferrihydrite The presence of goethite and ferryhidrite in selected pedological features indicated that some Fe concentration has developed to crvstalline Fe oxides

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors thank Directorate General of Higher Education (Dikti) Department of iational Education for the financial support through URGE project so this research could be conducted and thank Center for Wetland Studies (CWS) Department of Soil Science Bogor Agricultural University and Unite Sol et Agronomie Rennes Quimper (INRA) Rennes France for their cooperation and fully supports so this research run well

REFERENCES

Acebal S G A Mijovilovich E H Rueda M E Aguirre and C Saragoi 2000 Jron- oxide mineralogy of a mol Iisol from Argentina A study by selective-dissolution techniques X-ray diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy Clays Clay Miner 48 132-110

Aroccna J G Dc GC1er C Landuyt and U Schwer1m1nn 1989 Dis50lution of soil iron oxides with ammonium oxalate comparison between bulk samples and thin section Pedologie jy 275-297

J Tanah Trop No 162003

Brindley G W and G Brown (cds) 1980 Cristal structures of clay minerals and their x- ray identification Mineralogy Society Monograph 5 Londres 495 pp

Bullock P P J Loveland and C p Murphy 1975 A technique for selective solution of iron oxides in thin sections of soil J Soil Sci 26 247shy248

Jeanroy E 1983 Diagnostic des fonnes du fer dans les pedogeneses temperees Evaluation par les reactifes chimiques dextraction et apports de la spectrometric Mossbauer Theses de doctorate University Nancy 1 168 pp

Jeanroy E and P Pillon 1989 A combined chemical and DXRD methods for determination of the hematitegoethite ratio in the fine fraction of soils In Resume de La 9ltT11e conference internationale pour I Etude des Argiles 190

Jokova M N Kaloyanova and O Kostov 1999 Reduction state and eX1ractabie compounds of Fe Mn and Al in flooded soils Pochvoznanie Agrokhimiya i Ekologiya 34 6-11

Kimura M S Taketoshi N Yasunori M Kamo and I Makoto 2002 Community structure of the microbiota in the floodwater of a Japanese paddy field esti mated by restriction fragment length polymorphism and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis pattern analyses BioI Fert Soil 36 306shy112

Mehra O P and M L Jackson 1960 Iron o-ide removal from soils and clays by a dithionite-citrateS)stem buffered wilh sodium bicarbonate Clays Clay Miner 7 317-127

U3

Harlono A dkk The Charaderistics of Iron Concenlrriion in Tropical Paddy Soil~

Motammel H M 1 Kazuyuki M Shu K Kazuhiko K H Yong O MasumL and Y Shingo 200 I Biologiclll dinilrogen fixation and soil microbial biomass carbon as int1uenced by free air carbon dioxide enrichment (fAC E) at three levels of nitrogen fertili zation in a paddy field Bio Fen Soil 3~ -+ 53shy45 9

Murase 1 and M Kimura 1) ) 7

Anaerobic reoxidation of ]vil 2- Fe - S) ans 5 in submerged paddy soils Biol Fert Soil 25 302-306

Pagliltll M and P Sequi 1nz A comparison betwccn two treatments fffor the removal of iron oxides from thin sections of a soiL Can 1 Soil Sci 62 533-5 35

Rose A L and W T David 2002 Kinetic model for Fe (II) oxidation in seawater in the absence and presence of natural organic matter Envirorunental Scicnce and Technology 36 433-444

Schulzc DG 1981 Identification of soil iron oxide minerals by differential x-ray diffraction Soil Sci SOC Am 1 45 437-440

Soulier A 1991 Relation Entre LExpression Des Traits

IH

Morphologiques Dc LHydromorphie ct De La Degradation et Les Formes Du Fer (Bassin Versant Noe-Seche-Cotcs D Armor) DEA Thesis Unjcrsit De Nancy L pp 49

Tae K M 1 Y Tae Y E Soo S Y K li

S I Soo 1 K Yuol and P K Bae 1998 Changes of soil propenies and vegetations in the abandoned paddy soils RDA fouma of Agro Environtment Science 40 23-26

Wang H D G N White F T Tumer and J B Dixon 1993 FelT)-hydrite lepidocrocitc and goethite in coatings from east Texas ertic soils Soil Sci Soc Am l 57 1381-1386

Xingkai x Z Sujun W Longhua and C Xin 1998 Rhizospheric effect of orgaruc material on heavy metals in coastal saline soil 1 Distribution of soil native zinc forms Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao 9 247-253

Yang Y D Ratte B F Smets j 1 PignateUoand D Grasso 2001 Mobilization of soil orgaruc matter by complexing agents and implication for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon desorption Chemosphere 43 1013shy1021

Imm

1 Goethite Goethite I

i 494 A 417 A I

1 i J

i

1j1 middot

middot

IlJ)m

Figllre 7 XRD analyses of mottles from rnersed in DeB solution in c(rrteted bv DCB for 336 It

after extracted by DCB for 336 h

Ferryhidrite

o 256 A oethlte Goethite

rg A j0 j I f 218 A

~ I 1

I

I

f ~~I

bull I i

I Imiddot I f 1 I

middot iT ~~ I

before treatment

P2K1Bg 160-8J em before trCrlllllent rind after

Hartono A dkk The Charcu1eri1iclt of Iron Concentration in Tropiclil Pllddy S(J il

~fter extracted by DeB for 336 h

Go thite

1 I J

lBefore treatment

i i I

~ JUmiddotI

F errih ydri te

171 A

I

f igure 8 XRD analyses of coating around root from P2DApg29-20 cm before treatment and after etracted by DeB for 336 h

l-n

I Paddy Soils

~rrihydrite

PIA

20 cin before treatment all

336 h dissolution time was not enough o dissolve all Fe-CB as indicated by the

lendency of the curve to increase but it was )ptimilm for Fe-DCB Compared to Fe-total 1gt1 all samples Fe complexed or adsorbed was ery small amount (05 - 553 ) while Fe oxide amorphous and crystalline was ~elatively high amount (6057 - 6907 )

The stability of Fe concentration in selected pedological features were very high and containing goethite and ferrihydrite The presence of goethite and ferryhidrite in selected pedological features indicated that some Fe concentration has developed to crvstalline Fe oxides

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors thank Directorate General of Higher Education (Dikti) Department of iational Education for the financial support through URGE project so this research could be conducted and thank Center for Wetland Studies (CWS) Department of Soil Science Bogor Agricultural University and Unite Sol et Agronomie Rennes Quimper (INRA) Rennes France for their cooperation and fully supports so this research run well

REFERENCES

Acebal S G A Mijovilovich E H Rueda M E Aguirre and C Saragoi 2000 Jron- oxide mineralogy of a mol Iisol from Argentina A study by selective-dissolution techniques X-ray diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy Clays Clay Miner 48 132-110

Aroccna J G Dc GC1er C Landuyt and U Schwer1m1nn 1989 Dis50lution of soil iron oxides with ammonium oxalate comparison between bulk samples and thin section Pedologie jy 275-297

J Tanah Trop No 162003

Brindley G W and G Brown (cds) 1980 Cristal structures of clay minerals and their x- ray identification Mineralogy Society Monograph 5 Londres 495 pp

Bullock P P J Loveland and C p Murphy 1975 A technique for selective solution of iron oxides in thin sections of soil J Soil Sci 26 247shy248

Jeanroy E 1983 Diagnostic des fonnes du fer dans les pedogeneses temperees Evaluation par les reactifes chimiques dextraction et apports de la spectrometric Mossbauer Theses de doctorate University Nancy 1 168 pp

Jeanroy E and P Pillon 1989 A combined chemical and DXRD methods for determination of the hematitegoethite ratio in the fine fraction of soils In Resume de La 9ltT11e conference internationale pour I Etude des Argiles 190

Jokova M N Kaloyanova and O Kostov 1999 Reduction state and eX1ractabie compounds of Fe Mn and Al in flooded soils Pochvoznanie Agrokhimiya i Ekologiya 34 6-11

Kimura M S Taketoshi N Yasunori M Kamo and I Makoto 2002 Community structure of the microbiota in the floodwater of a Japanese paddy field esti mated by restriction fragment length polymorphism and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis pattern analyses BioI Fert Soil 36 306shy112

Mehra O P and M L Jackson 1960 Iron o-ide removal from soils and clays by a dithionite-citrateS)stem buffered wilh sodium bicarbonate Clays Clay Miner 7 317-127

U3

Harlono A dkk The Charaderistics of Iron Concenlrriion in Tropical Paddy Soil~

Motammel H M 1 Kazuyuki M Shu K Kazuhiko K H Yong O MasumL and Y Shingo 200 I Biologiclll dinilrogen fixation and soil microbial biomass carbon as int1uenced by free air carbon dioxide enrichment (fAC E) at three levels of nitrogen fertili zation in a paddy field Bio Fen Soil 3~ -+ 53shy45 9

Murase 1 and M Kimura 1) ) 7

Anaerobic reoxidation of ]vil 2- Fe - S) ans 5 in submerged paddy soils Biol Fert Soil 25 302-306

Pagliltll M and P Sequi 1nz A comparison betwccn two treatments fffor the removal of iron oxides from thin sections of a soiL Can 1 Soil Sci 62 533-5 35

Rose A L and W T David 2002 Kinetic model for Fe (II) oxidation in seawater in the absence and presence of natural organic matter Envirorunental Scicnce and Technology 36 433-444

Schulzc DG 1981 Identification of soil iron oxide minerals by differential x-ray diffraction Soil Sci SOC Am 1 45 437-440

Soulier A 1991 Relation Entre LExpression Des Traits

IH

Morphologiques Dc LHydromorphie ct De La Degradation et Les Formes Du Fer (Bassin Versant Noe-Seche-Cotcs D Armor) DEA Thesis Unjcrsit De Nancy L pp 49

Tae K M 1 Y Tae Y E Soo S Y K li

S I Soo 1 K Yuol and P K Bae 1998 Changes of soil propenies and vegetations in the abandoned paddy soils RDA fouma of Agro Environtment Science 40 23-26

Wang H D G N White F T Tumer and J B Dixon 1993 FelT)-hydrite lepidocrocitc and goethite in coatings from east Texas ertic soils Soil Sci Soc Am l 57 1381-1386

Xingkai x Z Sujun W Longhua and C Xin 1998 Rhizospheric effect of orgaruc material on heavy metals in coastal saline soil 1 Distribution of soil native zinc forms Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao 9 247-253

Yang Y D Ratte B F Smets j 1 PignateUoand D Grasso 2001 Mobilization of soil orgaruc matter by complexing agents and implication for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon desorption Chemosphere 43 1013shy1021

Hartono A dkk The Charcu1eri1iclt of Iron Concentration in Tropiclil Pllddy S(J il

~fter extracted by DeB for 336 h

Go thite

1 I J

lBefore treatment

i i I

~ JUmiddotI

F errih ydri te

171 A

I

f igure 8 XRD analyses of coating around root from P2DApg29-20 cm before treatment and after etracted by DeB for 336 h

l-n

I Paddy Soils

~rrihydrite

PIA

20 cin before treatment all

336 h dissolution time was not enough o dissolve all Fe-CB as indicated by the

lendency of the curve to increase but it was )ptimilm for Fe-DCB Compared to Fe-total 1gt1 all samples Fe complexed or adsorbed was ery small amount (05 - 553 ) while Fe oxide amorphous and crystalline was ~elatively high amount (6057 - 6907 )

The stability of Fe concentration in selected pedological features were very high and containing goethite and ferrihydrite The presence of goethite and ferryhidrite in selected pedological features indicated that some Fe concentration has developed to crvstalline Fe oxides

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors thank Directorate General of Higher Education (Dikti) Department of iational Education for the financial support through URGE project so this research could be conducted and thank Center for Wetland Studies (CWS) Department of Soil Science Bogor Agricultural University and Unite Sol et Agronomie Rennes Quimper (INRA) Rennes France for their cooperation and fully supports so this research run well

REFERENCES

Acebal S G A Mijovilovich E H Rueda M E Aguirre and C Saragoi 2000 Jron- oxide mineralogy of a mol Iisol from Argentina A study by selective-dissolution techniques X-ray diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy Clays Clay Miner 48 132-110

Aroccna J G Dc GC1er C Landuyt and U Schwer1m1nn 1989 Dis50lution of soil iron oxides with ammonium oxalate comparison between bulk samples and thin section Pedologie jy 275-297

J Tanah Trop No 162003

Brindley G W and G Brown (cds) 1980 Cristal structures of clay minerals and their x- ray identification Mineralogy Society Monograph 5 Londres 495 pp

Bullock P P J Loveland and C p Murphy 1975 A technique for selective solution of iron oxides in thin sections of soil J Soil Sci 26 247shy248

Jeanroy E 1983 Diagnostic des fonnes du fer dans les pedogeneses temperees Evaluation par les reactifes chimiques dextraction et apports de la spectrometric Mossbauer Theses de doctorate University Nancy 1 168 pp

Jeanroy E and P Pillon 1989 A combined chemical and DXRD methods for determination of the hematitegoethite ratio in the fine fraction of soils In Resume de La 9ltT11e conference internationale pour I Etude des Argiles 190

Jokova M N Kaloyanova and O Kostov 1999 Reduction state and eX1ractabie compounds of Fe Mn and Al in flooded soils Pochvoznanie Agrokhimiya i Ekologiya 34 6-11

Kimura M S Taketoshi N Yasunori M Kamo and I Makoto 2002 Community structure of the microbiota in the floodwater of a Japanese paddy field esti mated by restriction fragment length polymorphism and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis pattern analyses BioI Fert Soil 36 306shy112

Mehra O P and M L Jackson 1960 Iron o-ide removal from soils and clays by a dithionite-citrateS)stem buffered wilh sodium bicarbonate Clays Clay Miner 7 317-127

U3

Harlono A dkk The Charaderistics of Iron Concenlrriion in Tropical Paddy Soil~

Motammel H M 1 Kazuyuki M Shu K Kazuhiko K H Yong O MasumL and Y Shingo 200 I Biologiclll dinilrogen fixation and soil microbial biomass carbon as int1uenced by free air carbon dioxide enrichment (fAC E) at three levels of nitrogen fertili zation in a paddy field Bio Fen Soil 3~ -+ 53shy45 9

Murase 1 and M Kimura 1) ) 7

Anaerobic reoxidation of ]vil 2- Fe - S) ans 5 in submerged paddy soils Biol Fert Soil 25 302-306

Pagliltll M and P Sequi 1nz A comparison betwccn two treatments fffor the removal of iron oxides from thin sections of a soiL Can 1 Soil Sci 62 533-5 35

Rose A L and W T David 2002 Kinetic model for Fe (II) oxidation in seawater in the absence and presence of natural organic matter Envirorunental Scicnce and Technology 36 433-444

Schulzc DG 1981 Identification of soil iron oxide minerals by differential x-ray diffraction Soil Sci SOC Am 1 45 437-440

Soulier A 1991 Relation Entre LExpression Des Traits

IH

Morphologiques Dc LHydromorphie ct De La Degradation et Les Formes Du Fer (Bassin Versant Noe-Seche-Cotcs D Armor) DEA Thesis Unjcrsit De Nancy L pp 49

Tae K M 1 Y Tae Y E Soo S Y K li

S I Soo 1 K Yuol and P K Bae 1998 Changes of soil propenies and vegetations in the abandoned paddy soils RDA fouma of Agro Environtment Science 40 23-26

Wang H D G N White F T Tumer and J B Dixon 1993 FelT)-hydrite lepidocrocitc and goethite in coatings from east Texas ertic soils Soil Sci Soc Am l 57 1381-1386

Xingkai x Z Sujun W Longhua and C Xin 1998 Rhizospheric effect of orgaruc material on heavy metals in coastal saline soil 1 Distribution of soil native zinc forms Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao 9 247-253

Yang Y D Ratte B F Smets j 1 PignateUoand D Grasso 2001 Mobilization of soil orgaruc matter by complexing agents and implication for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon desorption Chemosphere 43 1013shy1021

I Paddy Soils

~rrihydrite

PIA

20 cin before treatment all

336 h dissolution time was not enough o dissolve all Fe-CB as indicated by the

lendency of the curve to increase but it was )ptimilm for Fe-DCB Compared to Fe-total 1gt1 all samples Fe complexed or adsorbed was ery small amount (05 - 553 ) while Fe oxide amorphous and crystalline was ~elatively high amount (6057 - 6907 )

The stability of Fe concentration in selected pedological features were very high and containing goethite and ferrihydrite The presence of goethite and ferryhidrite in selected pedological features indicated that some Fe concentration has developed to crvstalline Fe oxides

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors thank Directorate General of Higher Education (Dikti) Department of iational Education for the financial support through URGE project so this research could be conducted and thank Center for Wetland Studies (CWS) Department of Soil Science Bogor Agricultural University and Unite Sol et Agronomie Rennes Quimper (INRA) Rennes France for their cooperation and fully supports so this research run well

REFERENCES

Acebal S G A Mijovilovich E H Rueda M E Aguirre and C Saragoi 2000 Jron- oxide mineralogy of a mol Iisol from Argentina A study by selective-dissolution techniques X-ray diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy Clays Clay Miner 48 132-110

Aroccna J G Dc GC1er C Landuyt and U Schwer1m1nn 1989 Dis50lution of soil iron oxides with ammonium oxalate comparison between bulk samples and thin section Pedologie jy 275-297

J Tanah Trop No 162003

Brindley G W and G Brown (cds) 1980 Cristal structures of clay minerals and their x- ray identification Mineralogy Society Monograph 5 Londres 495 pp

Bullock P P J Loveland and C p Murphy 1975 A technique for selective solution of iron oxides in thin sections of soil J Soil Sci 26 247shy248

Jeanroy E 1983 Diagnostic des fonnes du fer dans les pedogeneses temperees Evaluation par les reactifes chimiques dextraction et apports de la spectrometric Mossbauer Theses de doctorate University Nancy 1 168 pp

Jeanroy E and P Pillon 1989 A combined chemical and DXRD methods for determination of the hematitegoethite ratio in the fine fraction of soils In Resume de La 9ltT11e conference internationale pour I Etude des Argiles 190

Jokova M N Kaloyanova and O Kostov 1999 Reduction state and eX1ractabie compounds of Fe Mn and Al in flooded soils Pochvoznanie Agrokhimiya i Ekologiya 34 6-11

Kimura M S Taketoshi N Yasunori M Kamo and I Makoto 2002 Community structure of the microbiota in the floodwater of a Japanese paddy field esti mated by restriction fragment length polymorphism and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis pattern analyses BioI Fert Soil 36 306shy112

Mehra O P and M L Jackson 1960 Iron o-ide removal from soils and clays by a dithionite-citrateS)stem buffered wilh sodium bicarbonate Clays Clay Miner 7 317-127

U3

Harlono A dkk The Charaderistics of Iron Concenlrriion in Tropical Paddy Soil~

Motammel H M 1 Kazuyuki M Shu K Kazuhiko K H Yong O MasumL and Y Shingo 200 I Biologiclll dinilrogen fixation and soil microbial biomass carbon as int1uenced by free air carbon dioxide enrichment (fAC E) at three levels of nitrogen fertili zation in a paddy field Bio Fen Soil 3~ -+ 53shy45 9

Murase 1 and M Kimura 1) ) 7

Anaerobic reoxidation of ]vil 2- Fe - S) ans 5 in submerged paddy soils Biol Fert Soil 25 302-306

Pagliltll M and P Sequi 1nz A comparison betwccn two treatments fffor the removal of iron oxides from thin sections of a soiL Can 1 Soil Sci 62 533-5 35

Rose A L and W T David 2002 Kinetic model for Fe (II) oxidation in seawater in the absence and presence of natural organic matter Envirorunental Scicnce and Technology 36 433-444

Schulzc DG 1981 Identification of soil iron oxide minerals by differential x-ray diffraction Soil Sci SOC Am 1 45 437-440

Soulier A 1991 Relation Entre LExpression Des Traits

IH

Morphologiques Dc LHydromorphie ct De La Degradation et Les Formes Du Fer (Bassin Versant Noe-Seche-Cotcs D Armor) DEA Thesis Unjcrsit De Nancy L pp 49

Tae K M 1 Y Tae Y E Soo S Y K li

S I Soo 1 K Yuol and P K Bae 1998 Changes of soil propenies and vegetations in the abandoned paddy soils RDA fouma of Agro Environtment Science 40 23-26

Wang H D G N White F T Tumer and J B Dixon 1993 FelT)-hydrite lepidocrocitc and goethite in coatings from east Texas ertic soils Soil Sci Soc Am l 57 1381-1386

Xingkai x Z Sujun W Longhua and C Xin 1998 Rhizospheric effect of orgaruc material on heavy metals in coastal saline soil 1 Distribution of soil native zinc forms Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao 9 247-253

Yang Y D Ratte B F Smets j 1 PignateUoand D Grasso 2001 Mobilization of soil orgaruc matter by complexing agents and implication for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon desorption Chemosphere 43 1013shy1021

Harlono A dkk The Charaderistics of Iron Concenlrriion in Tropical Paddy Soil~

Motammel H M 1 Kazuyuki M Shu K Kazuhiko K H Yong O MasumL and Y Shingo 200 I Biologiclll dinilrogen fixation and soil microbial biomass carbon as int1uenced by free air carbon dioxide enrichment (fAC E) at three levels of nitrogen fertili zation in a paddy field Bio Fen Soil 3~ -+ 53shy45 9

Murase 1 and M Kimura 1) ) 7

Anaerobic reoxidation of ]vil 2- Fe - S) ans 5 in submerged paddy soils Biol Fert Soil 25 302-306

Pagliltll M and P Sequi 1nz A comparison betwccn two treatments fffor the removal of iron oxides from thin sections of a soiL Can 1 Soil Sci 62 533-5 35

Rose A L and W T David 2002 Kinetic model for Fe (II) oxidation in seawater in the absence and presence of natural organic matter Envirorunental Scicnce and Technology 36 433-444

Schulzc DG 1981 Identification of soil iron oxide minerals by differential x-ray diffraction Soil Sci SOC Am 1 45 437-440

Soulier A 1991 Relation Entre LExpression Des Traits

IH

Morphologiques Dc LHydromorphie ct De La Degradation et Les Formes Du Fer (Bassin Versant Noe-Seche-Cotcs D Armor) DEA Thesis Unjcrsit De Nancy L pp 49

Tae K M 1 Y Tae Y E Soo S Y K li

S I Soo 1 K Yuol and P K Bae 1998 Changes of soil propenies and vegetations in the abandoned paddy soils RDA fouma of Agro Environtment Science 40 23-26

Wang H D G N White F T Tumer and J B Dixon 1993 FelT)-hydrite lepidocrocitc and goethite in coatings from east Texas ertic soils Soil Sci Soc Am l 57 1381-1386

Xingkai x Z Sujun W Longhua and C Xin 1998 Rhizospheric effect of orgaruc material on heavy metals in coastal saline soil 1 Distribution of soil native zinc forms Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao 9 247-253

Yang Y D Ratte B F Smets j 1 PignateUoand D Grasso 2001 Mobilization of soil orgaruc matter by complexing agents and implication for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon desorption Chemosphere 43 1013shy1021