The Changing Life The Changing Life of the Peopleof the People

Before and After Before and After 17501750

Marriage and the FamilyMarriage and the Family

Extended and the Nuclear FamiliesExtended and the Nuclear Families Previous thought – Extended families Previous thought – Extended families

gives way to Industrialismgives way to Industrialism

New thought – Extended family was a rarity in western and central Europe by 1700

Parents would move in with their children rather than the reverse

Who Married ,When and Who Married ,When and WhyWhy

Many never marriedMany never married

Those that did, married late – 27 yrs oldThose that did, married late – 27 yrs old Most men and women married in late Most men and women married in late

20’s20’s

Economic conditions: major condition Economic conditions: major condition for marriagefor marriage Peasant sons would wait for inheriting landPeasant sons would wait for inheriting land

Peasant daughters would have Peasant daughters would have to accumulate a dowryto accumulate a dowry

Marriage CeremonyMarriage Ceremony

Why… continuedWhy… continued

Community controlsCommunity controls Many needed permission from local Many needed permission from local

officialsofficials Poor would be discouraged because Poor would be discouraged because

they became a burden on the they became a burden on the communitycommunity

Work Away from HomeWork Away from Home

Boys would go where the work wasBoys would go where the work was Sometimes as an apprentice at 14 – Sometimes as an apprentice at 14 –

forbidden to marryforbidden to marry Always subject to economic fluctuationAlways subject to economic fluctuation

Girls jobs were more limited•Domestic service was most common•Physical and mental abuse by the mistress of the house•Sexually exploited by family and friends of family

““The Carnival”The Carnival”Social InversionSocial Inversion

Public humiliationPublic humiliation

Premarital Sex and Premarital Sex and Community Controls Community Controls

Up until 1750 illegitimacy was rareUp until 1750 illegitimacy was rare

Premarital sex was commonPremarital sex was common Going steadyGoing steady PromisedPromised

Community controls Community controls Open field systems led to patterns Open field systems led to patterns

of cooperationof cooperation Moved quickly to protect unwed Moved quickly to protect unwed

mothermother Carnival Season – humiliation Carnival Season – humiliation

ritualsrituals

Community Controls…Community Controls…continuedcontinued

Family planning was up to the coupleFamily planning was up to the couple Contraception; 1700’s in urban areas- Contraception; 1700’s in urban areas-

sheathsheath

Created by Fallapio in 1564. He claimed to Created by Fallapio in 1564. He claimed to have invented a linen sheath,, as protection have invented a linen sheath,, as protection against syphilis against syphilis

Coitus interruptus- WithdrawlCoitus interruptus- Withdrawl

The Cottage IndustryThe Cottage Industry

Cottage industryCottage industry – wages made people – wages made people independent independent Courtship becomes freer Courtship becomes freer The illegitimacy explosion: Cottage industry and The illegitimacy explosion: Cottage industry and

urban migration urban migration

New Patterns of New Patterns of IllegitimacyIllegitimacy

1750 to 1850 – “Illegitimacy 1750 to 1850 – “Illegitimacy Explosion”Explosion” Germany – rose to 25%Germany – rose to 25% France 36%France 36%

More women were activeMore women were active Fewer men would marryFewer men would marry Cottage industryCottage industry – wages made – wages made

people independent people independent Courtship becomes freer Courtship becomes freer

Illegitimacy…continuedIllegitimacy…continued

Urbanization – growing population Urbanization – growing population sent villagers to the citysent villagers to the city Mobility … not subject to traditionsMobility … not subject to traditions Promises were made, but not kept? Promises were made, but not kept?

Sincere or not?Sincere or not?

Children and EducationChildren and Education

If the couple lived to 45 they had six or If the couple lived to 45 they had six or more children more children One in three or one in five died - One in three or one in five died -

depending on social classdepending on social class Parents neglect was a reason for mortality: Parents neglect was a reason for mortality:

Vicious circle. High mortality rare lead to Vicious circle. High mortality rare lead to abuse.abuse.

Schools Schools Most never learned to read but literacy Most never learned to read but literacy

was growingwas growing The book hungry PublicThe book hungry Public

Child Care and NursingChild Care and Nursing

Lower class women breast fedLower class women breast fed Longer then todayLonger then today Reduces chance of pregnancyReduces chance of pregnancy Increases immunitiesIncreases immunities

Upper-class rarely breast fedUpper-class rarely breast fed Hired a wet nurseHired a wet nurse Middle class women used a wet nurse Middle class women used a wet nurse

so she could go to workso she could go to work

Wet NursingWet Nursing

Women were exploitedWomen were exploited If they dried they were firedIf they dried they were fired Their own babies were neglectedTheir own babies were neglected

Attitudes toward the nursesAttitudes toward the nurses Passed their bad traits to babiesPassed their bad traits to babies Killing nurses – let the baby die to take Killing nurses – let the baby die to take

another feeanother fee

Foundlings and Foundlings and InfanticideInfanticide

Christian Church through Jewish scriptures Christian Church through Jewish scriptures denounce practicedenounce practice

Overlaying … Austria made it illegal to take Overlaying … Austria made it illegal to take toddlers to bed with them.toddlers to bed with them.

Abortions were rare and dangerousAbortions were rare and dangerous Foundling Homes – St Vincent de PaulFoundling Homes – St Vincent de Paul. The . The

wealthy donate to the cause… wealthy donate to the cause… demonstrates social concerndemonstrates social concern

Foundlings continued…Foundlings continued…

Even so, by 1770 1/3 of all babies Even so, by 1770 1/3 of all babies born in Paris were abandoned. 1/3 of born in Paris were abandoned. 1/3 of those were from married couples… those were from married couples… The working poor.The working poor. ½ of these died early up to 90% on ½ of these died early up to 90% on

some homessome homes 100, 000 admitted per year100, 000 admitted per year

Attitudes Toward Attitudes Toward ChildrenChildren

A minor concern of parents regardless of class- A minor concern of parents regardless of class- High infant mortalityHigh infant mortality

“ “ One blushes to think of loving one’s childrenOne blushes to think of loving one’s children But … What about evolution But … What about evolution But… What about ChristianityBut… What about Christianity Child mortality rates were high so don’t become Child mortality rates were high so don’t become

attached?attached? No doctors for the childrenNo doctors for the children Factory abuse: normal to treat children poorlyFactory abuse: normal to treat children poorly Vicious circle …Vicious circle …

Attitudes… continuedAttitudes… continued

When attention was given is was When attention was given is was often abusiveoften abusive

““Spare the rod, spoil the child.”Spare the rod, spoil the child.”

Mother of John Wesley “conquer the Mother of John Wesley “conquer the will of the child.”will of the child.”

Cry silently to avoid more punishmentCry silently to avoid more punishment

Attitudes…Attitudes…

Early paupers were beaten in Early paupers were beaten in factories because it was considered factories because it was considered normalnormal

Enlightenment ideas appearEnlightenment ideas appear Rousseau.. Rousseau.. Emile 1762Emile 1762

Greater love and tendernessGreater love and tenderness Nurse your own childNurse your own child Stop swaddlingStop swaddling

Schools and Popular Schools and Popular EducationEducation

Aristocrats Aristocrats 1616thth century often sent children colleges – Jesuits century often sent children colleges – Jesuits

Elementary education for the common – 18Elementary education for the common – 18thth century century Boys and girls 7-12Boys and girls 7-12

Literacy and religionLiteracy and religion The Reformation fostered education… competition The Reformation fostered education… competition

for the mind of the peoplefor the mind of the people Prussia leads the way 1717... Mandatory elementary Prussia leads the way 1717... Mandatory elementary

ed.ed. Literacy rates skyrocket from 1600-1800.Literacy rates skyrocket from 1600-1800.

What Did They Read?What Did They Read?

The educated public – Philosophical The educated public – Philosophical worksworks

The commoners… The commoners… The BibleThe Bible Chap booksChap books Fairy tales, Fictions, AdventuresFairy tales, Fictions, Adventures

Morality lessonsMorality lessons Almanacs – practical information: astrology, Almanacs – practical information: astrology,

weird facts etc.weird facts etc.

Food and Medical Food and Medical PracticesPractices

The poor … The poor … Grains - bread, wine and Grains - bread, wine and beer and some vegetablesbeer and some vegetables, fruit was , fruit was uncommon… Feel fulluncommon… Feel full

Ate less meat in the 1700’s then in Ate less meat in the 1700’s then in the 1500’sthe 1500’s Poor were not allowed to hunt game.Poor were not allowed to hunt game.

The Just Price… bread was important.The Just Price… bread was important. Against free market ideasAgainst free market ideas So what this is breadSo what this is bread

Diets… ContinuedDiets… Continued

The wealthyThe wealthy Meat and more meatMeat and more meat Cheeses, nuts, sweetsCheeses, nuts, sweets Alcohol and more alcoholAlcohol and more alcohol

Middle class – mixture of all Middle class – mixture of all

England, Holland’s poor ate best England, Holland’s poor ate best among the poor.among the poor.

The Impact on healthThe Impact on health The poor lacked important vitamins – A The poor lacked important vitamins – A

and Cand C The rich had goutThe rich had gout The middle class mixed their diet.The middle class mixed their diet. The potato from the Americas… A and The potato from the Americas… A and

C- Scurvy-limesC- Scurvy-limes 1818thth century tropical fruits appeared in century tropical fruits appeared in

maritime Europemaritime Europe White breadWhite bread SugarSugar

Medical PractitionersMedical Practitioners The Enlightenment – courses are createdThe Enlightenment – courses are created Women were restricted by the 1700’sWomen were restricted by the 1700’s Faith healers – the countrysideFaith healers – the countryside Apothecaries – PurgingApothecaries – Purging PhysiciansPhysicians

MenMen Wealthy Wealthy Served the wealthyServed the wealthy Practices – Bloodletting and purgingPractices – Bloodletting and purging

Surgeons – war allowed for practices to Surgeons – war allowed for practices to advance advance

Medicine… continuedMedicine… continued The MidwifeThe Midwife

Witch hunt crazeWitch hunt craze Doctors helped eliminate the traditionDoctors helped eliminate the tradition But may still remainedBut may still remained Dealt with female medical issues-venereal diseaseDealt with female medical issues-venereal disease

The HospitalThe Hospital DirtyDirty Enlightenment – hospital reformEnlightenment – hospital reform Mental hospitals – discipline, the lunatic, male Mental hospitals – discipline, the lunatic, male

masturbation… epilepsy, acne, and premature masturbation… epilepsy, acne, and premature ejaculation…ejaculation…

Quacks … electricityQuacks … electricity Small Pox … inoculation through small pox… JennerSmall Pox … inoculation through small pox… Jenner

Religion and Popular Religion and Popular CultureCulture

Religion Religion Church was woven into society: The Parish Church Church was woven into society: The Parish Church

was the basic unitwas the basic unit CharityCharity EducationEducation Priest for Protestants was no longer the Priest for Protestants was no longer the

intermediaries.intermediaries. Catholics less subject to the Pope… State controls Catholics less subject to the Pope… State controls

ChurchChurch Jesuits… 1773 were dissolved by Rome.Jesuits… 1773 were dissolved by Rome. Abolition of contemplative orders… Edict of Idle Abolition of contemplative orders… Edict of Idle

Institutions… AustriaInstitutions… Austria

Protestant RevivalProtestant Revival

Germany – PietismGermany – Pietism Warm emotional religionWarm emotional religion Priesthood for all believers Priesthood for all believers Christianity in everyday affairs- the practical Christianity in everyday affairs- the practical

powerpower Enthusiasm in prayerEnthusiasm in prayer Rejection of rationalismRejection of rationalism

John Wesley – Methodists – EnglandJohn Wesley – Methodists – England Church of England was corruptChurch of England was corrupt Took his emotional appeal to the peopleTook his emotional appeal to the people Rejects predestination : makes Methodism popularRejects predestination : makes Methodism popular

Catholic PietyCatholic Piety

Condemns paganism Condemns paganism

Festivals were to remember Biblical Festivals were to remember Biblical eventsevents

The Piety of the people and the The Piety of the people and the theological purity was mostly a theological purity was mostly a compromisecompromise

Leisure and RecreationLeisure and Recreation

Carnival… wild releaseCarnival… wild release

Oral tradition for the commonOral tradition for the common

Drinking and talking in a public Drinking and talking in a public place, taverns.place, taverns.

More Gin being madeMore Gin being made

LeisureLeisure

CommercializationCommercialization Fairs Fairs EntertainmentEntertainment Blood sportsBlood sports

GamblingGambling

Wedge grows between the common Wedge grows between the common and the eliteand the elite