The Challenges of the Internet of Nano Things

Department of Communications Engineering

The Challenges of the Internet of Nano Things

Sasitharan Balasubramaniam (Sasi)([email protected])

Nano Communication CentreDepartment of Electronics and Communications

EngineeringTampere University of Technology


Outline

• Nanotechnology• Nanomachines

• Nano Communications• Molecular Communications

• Internet of Nano Things (IoNT)• Applications of IoNT

• Plans for Horizon2020


Nanotechnology

• Concept was first proposed by Richard Feyman in 1959 in his nobel prize acceptance speech• “Plenty of room at the bottom”

• Nanotechnology are devices on the scale of the order of one billionth of a meter(10-9)

• Example materials: Graphene, Nanocrystallites, Nanoparticles

• Numerous healthcare applications• Improved monitoring of chronic diseases• Accurate drug delivery• Nanorobots that can perform surgery

• Other applications include Aeronautics, Environmental Science


Nanomachine to treat cancer

• Issue with current chemotherapy is that drugs kill good cells

• Aim – deliver drug to targeted areas• Cut the dosage down by

hundred – thousand times

• Developed at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)

• Honeycomb nanostructure that holds the drug particles

• Valves releases particles. Numerous approaches:• Chemical agent• Light http://www.rsc.org


DNA Nanorobot

• Developed at Wyss Institute• Robotic device developed from

DNA• DNA origami – 3D shapes created

from folding DNA

• Two halves connected with a hinge, and shut using DNA latches

• The latches can be designed to recognize certain cell proteins and disease markers

• Hold molecules with encoded instructions (antibody fragments)• Used on two types of cancer cells

(leukemia and lymphoma) http://wyss.harvard.edu


Problems and Challenges

• Scale of nanodevices allows us to….

• Reach hard to access areas…..

• Access vital information at a whole new level (molecular information)…..

• Devices of the future will be built from nanomaterials

• Limitation – limited functionalities!!

• Communication and networking between nanomachines would further advance their capabilities and functionalities


What is the answer…..???


Nano Communications!

• Two broad Areas…………

o Electromagnetic (EM) Nano Communications

o Molecular Communications


Molecular Communication

• Sender nanomachines encode information into information molecules (e.g. DNA, proteins, peptides)• Information can be transmitted through diffusion or active transport• Ability to create communication systems and networks using biological components and processes that are found in nature• Interdisciplinary research (nanotechnology, communication technology, biochemistry, molecular biology)

I. F. Akyildiz, F. Brunetti, C. Blasquez, “Nanonetworks: A New Communication Paradigm”, Computer Networks, 52, 2008

Nanomachine Bacteria


Diffusion-based Molecular Communications

• Communication is performed through diffusion of molecules

• Information is embedded into the molecules

• Ideally this is suited to fluidic medium

I. F. Akyildiz, J.M. Jornet, M. Pierobon,,"Nanonetworks: A New Frontier in Communications," Communications of the ACM, vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 84-89, November 2011.


Bacteria Communication

Nanonetworks (1)Bacteria can hold genetic information (plasmids)

Mess. 2 Mess. 1

Bacteria can swim – possible attraction through the process of chemotaxis

20μm

λRandom

λBiased

Chemoattractant

AB

L. C. Cobo-Rus, I. F. Akyildiz, "Bacteria-based Communication in Nanonetworks", Nano Communication Networks, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 244-256, December 2010.

M. Eisenbach, “Bacterial Chemotaxis”, Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, 2001


DTN Bacteria Nanonetworks

Sasitharan Balasubramaniam, Pietro Lio’, Multi-hop Conjugation based Bacteria Nanonetworks, IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience, vol. 12, no. 1, March 2013.

Opportunistic multi-hop routing in bacteria nanonetworks using chemotaxis and conjugation.

Each Bacteria is akin to a mobile node.

3

2

3

2

3

2

Bacteria conjugation point

(a) (b) (c)

Bacteria with transferredmessage

Chemoattractant

ChemoattractantEmitter

11 1

Relay Node


Smart Organ

• Through tissue engineering we can develop various body parts• Tissues -> Organs (skin, bone)

• Using nanomaterial scaffolds, we can grow cells on the scaffold into tissue

• Utilizing 3D bioprinting to develop organs

• Challenge – integration to the existing system within the body

• Integrate sensors into the tissue (Smart tissue)• Robert Langer (BBC, October

2013)

www.mhs.manchester.ac.uk

www.explainingthefuture.com


Internet of Things

BAN

EnvironmentalSensors

• Physical Interconnection of devices, objects……integrated with virtual interconnection of services

• A large number of these devices are MINITIARIZED devices (sensors, BAN)!!!


Internet of NANO Things

BAN

EnvironmentalSensors

• MORE MINITIARIZED -> Interconnection of devices at Nanoscale AND connection to the wider Internet


IoNT Architecture

Molecular nanonetworks

Micro-gateway

nano-sensors

on clothing

sPhone surface sensors

–

Nano-sensorsFor

environmental monitoring

Context Management layer

Query routing

EM – nano communication

Micro-gateway

PathogensChemicals

Sweat

Blood

Allergens

nano-sensors

nano-sensors

nano-sensors

Services Layer


IoNT Challenges: Context Models

Smart Home

Smart Office Ontology

Shopping Env.

ContextProcessing

ContextInference

andDeduction

ServiceDirectory

Nano Sensors

RawData

Micro Sensors

ContextBroker

Context Model

Data CollectionServices

Micro-Conte

xt

ApplicationServices Micro

-Conte

xt

User Profile Medical Condition

BAN2BANMolecular Communication

Nano-sensor

Bacteria Nanonets

Calcium Signaling

Temperature

Pressure

Accelerometer

Location

X-value

Y-valueZ-value

Device Mobile PhoneNano Senso

rsEM nano

Nano Senso

rs

Bio nano-sensor

Contains

ContainsLocatedAT

Contains

Activity

PerformingAt

(a) (b)

Cross domain ontologies

Ontologies and Knowledge base

Contains

Contains

Cross domains of heterogeneous knowledge bases


IoNT Challenges: Service Models

• Multitude of nanodevices and micro-gateways

• Big data from nanoscale sensors and networks

• New distributed service models (lightweight services)

EM Nanonets

Molecular Communications

Data Collection

Services A1

Data CollectionServices

A2

ApplicationServices A

ServiceComposition”EM Nanonets”

ServiceComposition”Molecular Nets”

Micro-Conte

xt

ContextInteraction

ContextInteraction

Micro-Conte

xt

Micro-Conte

xt


Applications (1): Body Area NanoNetworks (BAN2)

Enzyme protocols

Cell

Nucleus

Cell

Nucleus

Cell

Nucleus

Cell

NucleusCell

Nucleus

Cell

Nucleus

Micro-gateway

Short rangetransmission

Message biomolecule

Synthetic Nanosensor

Long rangetransmission

• New healthcare monitoring approaches

• BAN -> BAN2

• Heterogeneous molecular communication networks• Short range (Calcium

signalling)• Medium range

(Bacteria)• Long range

(Hormones)

Baris Atakan, Ozgur B. Akan, Sasitharan Balasubramaniam, Body Area NanoNetworks with Molecular Communications in Nanomedicine, IEEE Communications Magazine, January 2012.


Applications (2): Smart Cities

Smart Transport•Pollution control

Smart Energy•Monitoring of renewable energy infrastructure ( graphene-based solar panels)•Monitoring of biofuel production

Smart Water•Contamination control•Infrastructure monitoring (smart pipes)

Smart Agriculture•Contamination control•Urban agriculture (hydroponics)


EU FET Project Plan (1)

• Coordinated Support Action (FET OPEN2 - September 2014) Planned submission September 2014 (7 partners including TSSG - WIT, Ireland (coordinator); Koc, Turkey, TUT (Finland)........

• FET Open (FET OPEN1 - September 2014): Internet of Bacteria Things

• Collaborator: Prof. Ozgur B. Akan, Koc University• Partners: University of Helsinki (Finland), Tampere University of

Technology (Finland), Koc University (Turkey), University of Cambridge (UK), Tyndall Institute (Ireland)

• Objective: To realize a simple bacteria nanonetwork that interfaces to the Internet (software services)• Bridge ICT to Molecular Biology World. Linking communication of

behaviour of bacteria to the software services in Telecommunications.

• Bacteria communication will be conducted through wet lab experiments (Univ. of Helsinki).


EU FET Project Plan (2)

Microgateway

Services

Services

Services

Bacteria


Conclusion

• Basics of Nanotechnology• Examples of Nanomachines• Nano Communication

• Electro-magnetic Nano Communications• Molecular Communications

• Internet of Nano Things• Body Area Nanonetworks• Smart Cities Applications

• Plans for Horizon2020

The Challenges of the Internet of Nano Things

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