The Cervical Spine Beyond DDD - bonepit.combonepit.com/Lectures/Articular diseases of the...
Transcript of The Cervical Spine Beyond DDD - bonepit.combonepit.com/Lectures/Articular diseases of the...
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Articular Diseases of the Cervical Spine
Binh-To Tran
May 12, 2010
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PRETEST
1. Juvenile Idiopathic
Arthritis
2. Rheumatoid Arthritis
3. Seronegative
Spondyloarthropathy
4. Gout
5. CPPD
A
D E F
B C
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Anatomy
4 atlanto-axial articulations
4 types of subluxation
Atlanto-axial stabilizers
Normal predental space
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Anatomy
4 atlanto-axial articulations
Between the posterior aspect of
the anterior arch of the atlas and
the front of the odontoid
Between the anterior aspect of
the tranverse ligament and the
back of the odontoid
Between the articular processes
on either side
Synovial membrane for each joint
4 types of subluxation
Atlanto-axial stabilizers
Normal predental space
Grant’s Atlas
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Anatomy 4 atlanto-axial articulations
4 types of subluxation Anterior
Most common
Posterior Not usually associated with
spinal cord compromise
Lateral Offset of the lateral masses
>2mm often associated with rotational deformity
Vertical/cranial settling Result of bone & cartilage loss
in the atlanto-axial & atlanto-occipital articulations
Atlanto-axial stabilizers
Normal predental space
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5 Contour Lines
Anterior vertebral line
Posterior vertebral line
Spinolaminar line
Posterior spinous line
Clivus-odontoid line
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Anatomy
4 atlanto-axial articulations
4 types of subluxation
Atlanto-axial stabilizers Transverse ligament
Attaches to a small tubercle on the medial surface of the lateral mass of the atlas
Fascicles attach to the basion & posterior aspect of the body of the axis
Alar ligaments
Apical ligaments
Normal predental space
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Anatomy
4 atlanto-axial articulations
4 types of subluxation
Atlanto-axial stabilizers Transverse ligament
Alar ligaments Connect the odontoid to
tubercles on the medial surface of the occipital condyles
Apical ligaments
Normal predental spaceRef: 15
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Anatomy
4 atlanto-axial articulations
4 types of subluxation
Atlanto-axial stabilizers Transverse ligament
Alar ligaments
Apical ligaments
Extends from the odontoid tip to the anterior margin of the foramen magnum
Intimate with the superior fascicles of the transverse ligament
Normal predental space
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Anatomy
4 atlanto-axial articulations
4 types of subluxation
Atlanto-axial stabilizers
Normal predental space
<3mm in adults
<5mm in children
Pitfalls
Technique
Patient position
Erosions
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Atlanto-Axial Alignment
McRae line from the basion to the opisthion: dens is below this line or only the tip is touching Sensitivity: 43%1
Clark lines divide the odontoid process into 3 equal parts, abnormal if the anterior ring of the atlas is below the first 1/3
Chamberlain line from the hard palate to the opisthion: dens normally projects <3mm above this line and >6.6mm = cranial settling
Variant: McGregor line hard palate to the most inferior aspect of the occipital curve: abnormal if dens projects > 4.5mm above the line
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Atlanto-Axial Alignment
McRae line from the basion to the opisthion: dens is below this line or only the tip is touching
Clark lines divide the odontoid process into 3 equal parts, abnormal if the anterior ring of the atlas is below the first 1/3 Sensitivity: 83%1
Chamberlain line from the hard palate to the opisthion: dens normally projects <3mm above this line and >6.6mm = cranial settling Variant: McGregor line hard palate to
the most inferior aspect of the occipital curve: abnormal if dens projects > 4.5mm above the line
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Atlanto-Axial Alignment
McRae line from the basion to the opisthion: dens is below this line or only the tip is touching
Clark lines divide the odontoid process into 3 equal parts, abnormal if the anterior ring of the atlas is below the first 1/3
Chamberlain line from the hard palate to the opisthion: dens normally projects <3mm above this line and >6.6mm = cranial settling Variant: McGregor line upper surface
of the hard palate to the most inferior aspect of the occipital curve: abnormal if dens projects > 4.5mm above the line
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Atlanto-Axial Alignment
McRae line from the basion to the opisthion: dens is below this line or only the tip is touching
Clark lines divide the odontoid process into 3 equal parts, abnormal if the anterior ring of the atlas is below the first 1/3
Chamberlain line from the hard palate to the opisthion: dens normally projects <3mm above this line and >6.6mm = cranial settling Variant: McGregor line hard palate to
the most inferior aspect of the occipital curve: abnormal if dens projects > 4.5mm above the line
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Atlanto-Axial Alignment Redlund-Johnell
Measures the distance between McGregor’s line and the midpoint of the inferior endplate of C2
Normals Men: >/= 34mm
Women: >/= 29mm
Sensitivity: 61%1
Ranawat Detects settling of C1 on C2
Measures the distance from the center of the pedicles of C2 to a line drawn between the midpoints of the anterior and posterior arches of C1
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Atlanto-Axial Alignment
Redlund-Johnell
Measures the distance
between McGregor’s line and
the midpoint of the inferior
endplate of C2
Ranawat
Detects settling of C1 on C2
Measures the distance from
the center of the pedicles of
C2 to a line drawn between
the midpoints of the anterior
and posterior arches of C1
Sensitivity: 71%1
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
Involves synovial joints and synovium of bursae
Never involves the spine without involving the extremities
Rarely involves the sacroiliiac joints or lumbar spine
Erosions
Cervical subluxation3 (43-86%)
Cranial settling
Lack of bony proliferation in DDD
Osteopenia
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Rheumatoid Arthritis Involves synovial joints and synovium of bursae
Never involves the spine without involving the extremities
Rarely involves the sacroiliiac joints or lumbar spine
Erosions Odontoid process
Spinous process “whittling”
Facet and uncovertebral
Discovertebral junction
Rare: fusion of apophyseal joints
Cervical subluxation3 (43-86%)
Cranial settling
Lack of bony proliferation in DDD
Osteopenia
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
Involves synovial joints and synovium of bursae
Never involves the spine without involving the extremities
Rarely involves the sacroiliiac joints or lumbar spine
Erosions
Cervical subluxation3 (43-86%) Atlanto-axial subluxation (33%)
Subaxial subluxation (20-25%)
Basilar invagination (10-15%)
Rare: Posterior and rotatory atlanto-axial subluxations
Cranial settling
Lack of bony proliferation in DDD
Osteopenia Absent in “robust RA”
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Cervical subluxations
Atlanto-axial subluxation C1-2 malalignment in flexion,
reduces in extension
Laxity of the transverse ligament, major stabilizer of the atlanto-axial joint
Pannus & granulation tissue erodes & tears the transverse ligament
Pannus may prevent reduction in extension
Inflammation of the synovium of the odontoid process bursae also seen in psoriasis and ankylosing spondylitis
primarily seen
reducibility of
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Cervical subluxations
Atlanto-axial subluxation
Atlanto-dental interval (predental space) 3-6mm early instability,
transverse ligament damage
>6mm alar ligaments also damaged
>9mm surgical, high correlation with neurological symptoms: paresthesia, paresis, muscle wasting, weakness, abnormal mobility, pain
Ref: 13
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Boden et al. Rheumatoid arthritis of the cervical spine. A long term analysis with predictors of paralysis and recovery. JBJS Sep 1993; 75 (9): 1282-97
42/73 patients with C1-C2 or
occipital-cervical arthrodesis
Posterior atlanto-odontoid interval
directly measures the spinal
canal, better predictor
Minimum diameter: 14mm
Plain films: <14mm 97%PPV
neurologic deficit
<10mm unlikely to have
neurological recovery post
surgery
>14mm complete motor recovery
post surgery
Ref: 13
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Cervical subluxations
Atlanto-axial subluxation
Atlanto-dental interval (predental space)
Sub axial subluxation
Step ladder subluxations (10-20%)
Late manifestation of RA
Secondary to erosions at the facets and discovertebral joints
Ref: 17
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Cervical subluxations Atlanto-axial subluxation
Atlanto-dental interval (predental space)
Sub axial subluxation
Basilar invagination Usually preceded by AAS
Anterior arch of C1 is abnormally adjacent to the body of C2
The clivus is intimate with the odontoid
Cranial migration of an eroded dens
Tip indents the medulla
Narrowing of the foramen magnum
Little pannus formation
Ref: 13
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Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
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Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Age of onset < 16 years
Involves synovial joints and synovium of bursae
Rare to occur in the spine without peripheral involvement
Subtypes based on symptoms and the number of joints involved Still Disease
Polyarticular arthritis
Pauciarticular (oligo)arthritis
Differentiating JIA from the adult form
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Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Age of onset < 16 years
Involves synovial joints and synovium of bursae
Rare to occur in the spine without peripheral involvement
Subtypes based on symptoms and the number of joints involved Still Disease
Systemic, larger joints
No gender predilection
No ocular pathology
Polyarticular arthritis
Pauciarticular (oligo)arthritis
Differentiating JIA from the adult form
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Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Age of onset < 16 years
Involves synovial joints and synovium of bursae
Rare to occur in the spine without peripheral involvement
Subtypes based on symptoms and the number of joints involved
Still Disease
Polyarticular arthritis
Greater than 5 joint in the first 6 months
Symmetric involvement
Girls > Boys
Cervical spine, TMJ, small joints of the hands and feet
Pauciarticular (oligo)arthritis
Differentiating JIA from the adult form
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Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Age of onset < 16 years
Involves synovial joints and synovium of bursae
Rare to occur in the spine without peripheral involvement
Subtypes based on symptoms and the number of joints involved
Still Disease
Polyarticular arthritis
Pauciarticular (oligo)arthritis Fewer than 5 joint in the first 6 months
Girls > Boys
Self limiting
Ocular manifestations
Differentiating JIA from the adult form
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Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Age of onset < 16 years
Involves synovial joints and synovium of bursae
Rare to occur in the spine without peripheral involvement
Subtypes based on symptoms and the number of joints involved
Differentiating JIA from the adult form
Lower incidence of neurological symptoms
Relatively late destruction of articular cartilage and bone
Growth disturbances
Ankylosis of the apophyseal joints
Micrognathia: short antegonial notch
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Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Erosions
Odontoid process
Cranial settling and basilar invagination
Cervical subluxations
DDD at unfused levels
Growth disturbances
Courtesy of T. Hughes
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Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Erosions
Odontoid process
Fusion of the apophyseal joints
Cranial settling and basilar invagination
Cervical subluxations
DDD at unfused levels
Growth disturbances
Courtesy of T. Hughes
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Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Erosions
Cranial settling and basilar invagination
Cervical subluxations
DDD at unfused levels
Growth disturbances
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Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Erosions
Cranial settling and basilar invagination
Cervical subluxations
Craniocervical
Atlanto-axial
Sub axial “step ladder”
May be rotary or anteroposterior
DDD at unfused levels
Growth disturbances 22yo F with JIA
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Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Erosions
Cranial settling and basilar invagination
Cervical subluxations
Craniocervical
Atlanto-axial
Sub axial “step ladder”
May be rotary or anteroposterior
DDD at unfused levels
Growth disturbances
22 yo F with JIA
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Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Erosions
Cranial settling and basilar invagination
Cervical subluxations
DDD at unfused levels
Disc calcifications
Disc space narrowing
Growth disturbances
37 yo F with JIA. Courtesy of T. Hughes
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Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Erosions
Cranial settling and basilar
invagination
Cervical subluxations
DDD at unfused levels
Growth disturbances
Vertebrae are small, tall,
and narrow in the AP
dimension
Mandibular hypoplasia
Courtesy of T. Hughes
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Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies
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Seronegative Spondyloarthropathy
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Psoriatic Arthritis
Reiter Disease
Enteropathic Arthritis
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Seronegative Spondyloarthropathy
RA negative, ANA in 10%, HLA B27 positive
Normal bone density
Preservation of disk space
Fusion of apophyseal joints
Erosions
Syndesmophytes, enthesitis
Atlanto axial subluxation/cervical subluxations
Advanced DDD in unfused levels due to increased
stress
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Seronegative Spondyloarthropathy
Ankylosing Spondylitis Starts in the lumbosacral
spine and progresses superiorly
Squaring of the vertebral bodies (shiny corners): sclerotic repair of marginal enthesitis
Bridging syndesmophytes: ossification of Sharpey’s fibers and annulus fibrosus
Involvement of facets can progress to fusion
Erosion of anterior aspect of the vertebral bodies esp. lower cervical spine
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Seronegative Spondyloarthropathy
Psoriasis/Reiter's
Para vertebral bulky
ossification more than thin
bridging syndesmophytes
Lateral more than AP,
asymmetric
Fluffy periostitis secondary to
inflammatory enthesopathy
Apophyseal disease &
squaring of vertebrae less
frequent than AS
JIA subset with features of
psoriasis
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Gout
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Gout
Primary (95%)
Inherited or idiopathic hyperuricemia
Overproducer <<< Under excretor
Secondary (5%)
Due to other acquired disorders
Overproduction or Under excretion
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Gout
Tophus: urate crystals and host reaction
Usually have findings of peripheral disease
Present with symptoms of cord or root compression
Normal bone density
Periarticular tophi with juxta-articular erosions rare in the spine
Erosive arthritis centered on the disc
Tophus on MRI
Ref: 11
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Gout
Tophus: urate crystals and host reaction
Usually have findings of peripheral disease
Present with symptoms of cord or root compression
Normal bone density
Hyperostosis of involved levels
Osteophytes
Periarticular tophi with juxta-articular erosions rare in the spine
Erosive arthritis centered on the disc
Tophus on MRI Ref: 11
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Gout
Tophus: urate crystals and host reaction
Usually have findings of peripheral disease
Present with symptoms of cord or root compression
Normal bone density
Periarticular tophi with juxta-articular erosions rare in the spine
Erosive arthritis centered on the disc Involves 1-2 levels
Disc space narrowing
Endplate erosion
Prevertebral soft tissue massRef: 11
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Gout
Tophus on MRI Low on T1
Ref: 11
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Gout
Tophus on MRI Low on T1
Heterogeneous onT2/STIR
High water content of tophi
Calcifications, fibrous tissue, urate crystals
Ref: 11
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Gout
Tophus on MRI Low on T1
Heterogeneous onT2/STIR
Variable enhancement w/o enhancement of the marrow
Vascularized reactive tissue with in the tophus
Granulation tissue around the tophus
Ref: 11
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Calcium Pyrophospate Deposition
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CPPD
Idiopathic
Hereditary
Secondary
Hemochromatosis
Wilson’s
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Hypophosphatasia
Hypomagnesemia
Rheumatoid Arthritis
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CPPD Asymptomatic Chondrocalcinosis
Majority of cases
Pseudo gout: less pain than gout
Predilection for large joint as oppose to small joints
Can have rapid onset similar to acute gouty attack
Trauma, surgery, or illness may incite symptoms
Chronic CPPD Arthropathy Subchondral cyst formation
Mimic neuropathic ostoarthropathy Rapidly progressive joint destruction
Mimics osteoarthritis Usual features of OA
Possibly secondary to alter biomechanics
Involves less common joints for OA (weight bearing joints)
Mimics Rheumatoid Arthritis Acute synovitis & chronic arthritis
Asymmetric distribution
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CPPD
Involves cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine
Crystal deposition
Plain films, CT vs. MR
Complications
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CPPD Involves cervical, thoracic, and
lumbar spine
Crystal deposition Disc- linear, loss of height
Ligamentum flavum- spinal stenosis
Facet joints- erosions, subchondral cysts
Globular perivertebral deposits
Synovium/ ligaments-crowned dens
Plain films, CT vs. MR
Complications
Case Conf Archives: thick posterior
longitudinal ligament , transverse
ligament and amorphous
calcifications
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CPPD
Involves cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine
Crystal deposition
Plain films, CT vs. MR
CT is the gold standard
Difficult to see on plain radiography
Not seen on MR unless globular
Low signal on T1WI
Heterogeneous signal on T2WI
Complications
Case Conf Archives
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CPPD Involves cervical, thoracic, and
lumbar spine
Crystal deposition
Plain films, CT vs. MR
Complications
Destructive, hypertrophic arthropathy with osseous fragmentation
Myelopathy due to compression from tumoral masses, thickened ligaments
Type II dens fracture with little to no trauma possibly related to bone weakening from erosions & subchondral cyst formation Case Conf Archives
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CPPD Distinguishing from
Hydroxyapatite Deposition Disease (HADD)
Sudden onset of neck pain and stiffness
Self limited, resolves in 1-2 weeks
Focal calcification in the longus colli muscles (C1-C2)
Prevertebral/retropharygeal STS
Reactive inflammation in the underlying disc
Fluid extending along fascial planes Differentiated from a retropharyngeal
abscess which enhances peripherally and is rounded in appearance
Case Conf Archives
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CPPD
Crown dens syndrome “Neck pain caused by
calcified lesions surrounding
the top and sides of the
odontoid process in a crown-
or halo-like distribution”
Older females
Calcification of the transverse
and alar ligaments
Often only spinal
manifestation, look for
peripheral disease
Ref:
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POST TEST
1. Juvenile Idiopathic
Arthritis
2. Rheumatoid Arthritis
3. Seronegative
Spondyloarthropathy
4. Gout
5. CPPD
A
D E F
B C
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POST TEST
1. Juvenile Idiopathic
Arthritis - D
2. Rheumatoid Arthritis
3. Seronegative
Spondyloarthropathy
4. Gout
5. CPPD
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POST TEST
1. Juvenile Idiopathic
Arthritis
2. Rheumatoid Arthritis -B
3. Seronegative
Spondyloarthropathy
4. Gout
5. CPPD
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POST TEST
1. Juvenile Idiopathic
Arthritis
2. Rheumatoid Arthritis
3. Seronegative
Spondyloarthropathy –
A/E
4. Gout
5. CPPD
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POST TEST
1. Juvenile Idiopathic
Arthritis
2. Rheumatoid Arthritis
3. Seronegative
Spondyloarthropathy
4. Gout - F
5. CPPD
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POST TEST
1. Juvenile Idiopathic
Arthritis
2. Rheumatoid Arthritis
3. Seronegative
Spondyloarthropathy
4. Gout
5. CPPD - C
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Thank You!
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References1. Riew, et al. Diagnosing Basilar Invagination in the Rheumatoid Patient: The Reliability of Radiographic Criteria. JBJS 2001; 83: 194-
200
2. Tassanawipas, et al. Magnetic resonance maging study of the craniocervical junction. JOS 2005:13(3): 228-231
3. Roche, et al. Rheumatoid Cervical Spine: Signs of Instability on Plain Cervical Radiographs. Clin Radiol 2002; 57: 241-249
4. Ross et al. Diagnostic Imaging: Spine
5. Stiskal et al. MR Imaging of Craniocervical Rheumatoid Arthritis. Am. J. Roentgenol 1995; 165 (3): 585
6. Boden et al. Rheumatoid arthritis of the cervical spine. A long term analysis with predictors of paralysis and recovery. JBJS Sep 1993; 75 (9): 1282-97
7. Hensinger et al. Changes in the cervical spine in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1986;68:189-198
8. Espada et al. The Cervical Spine in Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, Vol 17, No 3 1988: 185-195
9. Johnson, K. Imaging of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Ped Radiol 2006 Aug;36(8):743-58. Epub 2006 Jun 2
10. Fenton et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 77 (5): 767
11. Duprez et al. Gout in the Cervical Spine: MR Pattern Mimicking Diskovertebral Infection AJNR (1996) 17:151–153
12. Hsu et al. Tophaceous Gout of the Spine: MR Imaging Features. Clinical RadiologyVolume 57, Issue 10, October 2002, Pages 919-925
13. Schweitzer and Miller. Diagnostic Musculoskeletal Imaging. McGraw- Hill Professional
14. Salvarni et al. The cervical spine in patients with psoriatic arthritis: a clinical, radiological and immunogenetic study. Ann Rheum Dis. 1992 January; 51(1): 73–77
15. Pfirrmann et al. MR Morphology of Alar Ligaments and Occipitoatlantoaxial Joints: Study in 50 Asymptomatic Subjects Radiology 2001;218:133-137
16. Shen et al. Rheumatoid arthritis: evaluation and surgical management of the cervical spine. Spine 4 (2004) 689–700
17. Albert et al. Cervical spine surgery challenges: Diagnosis and Management18. De Geeter et al. Clinical Nuclear Medicine Vol 32 (11) 2007: 854-857