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The Central Dogma of BiologyWhy It’s Important DNA contains instructions for making proteins, which determine an organism’s traits
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Learning Outcomes Identify the levels of biological organization
and explain their relationships Summarize the process of transcription. Relate the role of codons to the sequence of
amino acids that results after translation. Explain the Central Dogma of Biology and
its importance in genetic engineering
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Vocabulary Organism Cell Central Dogma DNA RNA Transcription Translation Amino acid Nucleotide
Tissue Organ Protein Eukaryote Nucleic acid Nucleus Genetic Code Gene Expression
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Organisms & Their Components
Working in any area of medicine requires a thorough understanding of the characteristics of life and the structures that compose organisms
You must have at least a minimal understanding of Biochemistry Cytology Anatomy Physiology
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Biological Organization
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Decoding the Information in DNATraits, such as eye color, are determined by
_____________ that are built according to instructions ________ in DNA.
The instructions for making each protein are contained in small segments of our DNA called _______________
A single molecule of DNA has thousands of genes lined up like __________ ________.
proteinscoded
genes
train cars
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Nucleus Ribosome in the cytoplasm
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Critical Thinking If all cells within one organism have the
same set of DNA (in other words, the DNA in your nerve cells is identical to the DNA in the epithelium of your little toe), how is it that all cells are not the same?
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Overview of Gene Expression DNA is composed of long stretches of nucleotides
covalently linked together Genetic information lies in the sequence of
nitrogenous bases There are 5 nitrogenous bases
DNA: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine RNA: adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil
Cytosine on 1 strand always pairs with guanine on the other strand
Adenine pairs with either thymine or Uracil
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The Genetic Code: Three-Nucleotide “Words”
In order for a protein to be made, the code stored in mRNA must be __________________
The code is stored in a series of ________ nucleotide sequences on mRNA called _______________
Each codon codes for a specific __________ _________ that will be placed in a protein
translated
threecodons
aminoacid
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What does CCC code for? proline
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DNA is the template to build RNAAATC
CGTCTATG
TTAGGCAGATAC
REPLICATION
AAUCCGUCUAUG
TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION
The sequence of bases is read in groups of 3
Each group of 3 bases is called a codon and specifies 1 amino acid
Asparagine
Proline
Serine
Methionine
Occurs on a ribosome in the cytoplasm or attached to the
RER
Occurs in the nucleus
Peptide bonds are a type of covalent bond that hold amino acids together
What type of reaction forms peptide bonds?