The Cell Membrane- · 2019-11-11 · through the cell membrane easily. 16 Small molecules and...
Transcript of The Cell Membrane- · 2019-11-11 · through the cell membrane easily. 16 Small molecules and...
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The Cell Membrane -
Gateway to the Cell
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Photograph of a Cell Membrane
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Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is flexible and allows a unicellularorganism to move
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Homeostasis
• Balanced internal condition of cells
• Also called equilibrium
• Maintained by plasma membranecontrolling what enters & leaves the cell
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Functions of Plasma Membrane
� Protective barrier
� Regulate transport in & out of cell (selectively permeable)
� Allow cell recognition
� Provide anchoring sites for filaments of cytoskeleton
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Functions of Plasma Membrane
� Provide a binding site for enzymes
� Interlocking surfaces bind cells together (use of pectin)
�Contains the cytoplasm (fluid in cell)
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Structure of the Cell Membrane
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Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Proteins(peripheral and integral)Carbohydrates (glucose)
Membrane Components
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Phospholipids
Make up the cell membrane
Contains 2 fatty acid chains that are nonpolar
Head is polar & contains a phosphate group & glycerol
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FLUID- because individual phospholipids and proteins can move side-to-side within the layer, like it’s a liquid.
MOSAIC- because of the pattern produced by the scattered protein molecules when the membrane is viewed from above.
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
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Polar heads are hydrophilic “water loving”
Nonpolar tails are hydrophobic “water fearing”
Cell Membrane
Makes membrane “Selective” in what crosses
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Cell Membrane
Hydrophobicmolecules pass easily; hydrophilic DO NOT
The cell membrane is made of 2 layers of phospholipids called the lipid bilayer
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Solubility
• Materials that are soluble in lipids can pass through the cell membrane easily
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Small molecules and larger hydrophobicmolecules move through easily.e.g. O2, CO2, H2O
Semipermeable Membrane
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Ions, hydrophilic molecules larger than water, and large molecules such as proteinsdo not move through the membrane on their own.
Semipermeable Membrane
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Types of Transport Across Cell Membranes
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1. Simple Diffusion
• Requires NOenergy
• Molecules move from area of HIGH to LOWconcentration
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2. DIFFUSION
Diffusion is a PASSIVE process which means no energy is used to make the molecules move, they have a natural KINETIC ENERGY
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Diffusion of Liquids
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Diffusion through a Membrane
Cell membrane
Solute moves DOWN concentration gradient (HIGH to LOW)
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3. Osmosis
• Diffusion of wateracross a membrane
• Moves from HIGH water potential(low solute) toLOW water potential (high solute)
Diffusion across a membrane
Semipermeable membrane
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Diffusion of H2O Across A Membrane
High H2O potentialLow solute concentration
Low H2O potentialHigh solute concentration
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TONICITY
the osmotic pressure or tension of a solution, as in
the cells would swell or shrink depending on the
tonicity of the environment.
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Cell in Isotonic Solution
CELL
10% NaCL90% H2O
10% NaCL90% H2O
What is the direction of water movement?
The cell is at _______________.equilibrium
ENVIRONMENT
NO NET MOVEMENT
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Cell in Hypotonic Solution
CELL
10% NaCL90% H2O
20% NaCL80% H2O
What is the direction of water movement?
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Cell in Hypertonic Solution
CELL
15% NaCL85% H2O
5% NaCL95% H2O
What is the direction of water movement?
ENVIRONMENT
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Cells in Solutions
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Isotonic Solution
NO NET MOVEMENT OF
H2O (equal amounts entering & leaving)
HypotonicSolution
CYTOLYSIS
HypertonicSolution
PLASMOLYSIS
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Cytolysis & Plasmolysis
Cytolysis Plasmolysis
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Osmosis in Red Blood Cells
Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertoniccopyright cmassengale
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What Happens to Blood Cells?
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(3) Forms of Transport Across the Membrane
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Passive Transport
Simple Diffusion
� Doesn’t require energy
� Moves high to lowconcentration� Example: Oxygen or water diffusing into a cell and carbon dioxidediffusing out.
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Passive Transport
Facilitated diffusion
�Doesn’t require energy
�Uses transport proteins to move high tolow concentrationExamples: Glucose or amino acids moving from blood into a cell.
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Proteins Are Critical to Membrane Function
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Types of Transport Proteins
• Channel proteins are embedded in the cell membrane & have a porefor materials to randomly cross
• Carrier proteins can change shapeto move material from one side of the membrane to the other. Also called Integral proteins
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CHANNEL PROTEINS (passive transport)
Molecules will randomly move through the pores in Channel Proteins.
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CARRIER PROTEINS (active transport)
• Some Carrier proteins do not extend through the membrane.
• They bond anddrag molecules through the lipid bilayer and release them on the opposite side.
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Carrier Proteins
• Other carrierproteins change shapeto move materials across the cell membrane
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Active Transport
�Requires energy or ATP
�Moves materials from LOW to HIGHconcentration
�AGAINSTconcentration gradient
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Active transport
�Examples: Pumping Na+ (sodium ions) out and K+
(potassium ions) in against strong concentration gradients.
�Called Na+-K+ Pump
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Sodium-Potassium Pump
3 Na+ pumped in for every 2 K+ pumped out; creates a membrane potential
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Moving the “Big Stuff”
Molecules are moved out of the cell by vesicles that fusewith the plasma membrane.
1. Exocytosis-
moving things out.
This is how many hormones are secreted and how nerve cells communicate with one another.
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ExocytosisThe opposite of endocytosis is exocytosis. Large molecules that are manufactured in the cell are
released through the cell membrane.
Inside Cell Cell environment
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ExocytosisExocytic vesicle immediately after fusion with plasma membrane.
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Moving the “Big Stuff”Large molecules move materials into the cell by
one of (3) forms of endocytosis.
2. Endocytosis
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I. Pinocytosis
• Cell forms an invagination
• Materials dissolve in water to be brought into cell
• Called “Cell Drinking”
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Pinocytosis
Most common form of endocytosis.Takes in dissolved molecules as a vesicle.
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Example of Pinocytosispinocytic vesicles forming mature transport vesicle
Transport across a capillary cell (blue).
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II. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Some integral proteins have receptors on their surface to recognize & take in hormones, cholesterol, etc.
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Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
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III. Phagocytosis
Used to engulf large particles such as food, bacteria, etc. into vesicles
Called “Cell Eating”
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Phagocytosis About to Occur
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Phagocytosis- Capture of a YeastCell (yellow) by Membrane Extensions of an Immune System Cell(blue)