The Cell Cycle (Somatic Cells). Vocabulary Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase...
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Transcript of The Cell Cycle (Somatic Cells). Vocabulary Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase...
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The Cell Cycle(Somatic Cells)
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Vocabulary
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
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The Cell Cycle for Somatic CellsAll cells come from cells. To grow and
divide (how new cells are made) cells undergo an orderly sequence of events.
First, a cell must copy its DNA (in its chromosomes).
The DNA copies must separate into two sides of the cell.
The cell then splits into 2 identical cells. So…one skin cell divides into two skin
cells, one bone cell divides into two bone cells, one muscle cell divides into two muscle cells, etc.
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Mitosis:
The part of the cell cycle in which the nucleus divides to form two identical nuclei.
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Interphase (occurs just before Mitosis begins)
• The cell grows in size.• DNA (in the chromatin)
and organelles (such as centrioles) are replicated (copied).
• The cell prepares for division.
http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm
Chromatin -(loose
threads of DNA in the
nucleus of a cell)
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Interphase
Animal cell Plant cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
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1st step in Mitosis: Prophase (preparation phase)
http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm
• The chromatin (duplicated DNA) coils and condenses into chromosomes.
• The nuclear membrane disappears.
• The spindle fibers begin to form.
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Mitosis Prophase
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
Animal cell Plant cell
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2nd step in Mitosis:metaphase (organizational phase)
The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
The spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each replicated chromosome.
http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm
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Mitosis Metaphase
Animal cell Plant cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
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3rd step in Mitosis: Anaphase (separation phase)
The chromosomes split in the middle and the sister chromatids are pulled by the spindle fibers to opposite sides of the cell.
http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm
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Mitosis Anaphase
Animal cell Plant cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
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4th step in Mitosis: Telophase
The chromosomes, along with the cytoplasm and its organelles and membranes are divided into 2 portions. This diagram shows the end of telophase.
http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm
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Mitosis Telophase
Animal cell Plant cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
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After Mitosis: Cytokinesis
The actual splitting of
the daughter cells into
two separate cells is
called cytokinesis and
occurs differently in
both plant and animal
Cells.
Beginning of cytokinesis in a plant:
Beginning of cytokinesis in an animal:
http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm
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Meiosis Vocabulary Diploid Cells – have pairs of similar
chromosomes.
Somatic Cells – are diploid cells.
Haploid Cells – do NOT have pairs of chromosomes (have HALF the number of chromosomes that somatic cells have).
Gametes – are haploid sex cells.
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Meiosis is the process of cell division that results in gametes(sex cells, sperm and egg).Gametes (haploid number of chromosomes)
are needed for sexual reproduction. In sexual reproduction, the new
organism gets half of its chromosomes from one parent (mother via the egg)and half from another parent (father via the sperm).
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Before Meiosis: Interphase
The chromosomes have replicated, and the chromatin begins to condense.
http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
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Meiosis Prophase I• The chromosomes are
completely condensed.
• In meiosis (unlike mitosis), the homologous chromosome pairs join together.
• While the homologous chromosomes are joined, they exchange DNA (called crossing over).
http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
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Meiosis Metaphase I
The nuclear membrane dissolves and the homologous chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers. They are preparing to go to opposite poles.
http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
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Meiosis Anaphase I
The chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell.
http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
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Meiosis Telophase I & Cytokinesis
The cell begins to divide into two daughter cells. It is important to understand that each daughter cell can get any combination of maternal or paternal chromosomes.
So…the daughter cells are NOT identical copies of each other (unlike mitosis).
http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
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Meiosis Prophase II
The cell has divided into two daughter cells.
http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
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Meiosis Metaphase II
As in Meiosis I, the chromosomes line up on the spindle fibers.
http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
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Meiosis Anaphase II
The two cells each begin to divide.
The chromosomes separate and the sister chromatids move to opposite ends of each cell.
http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
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Telophase II & Cytokinesis
With the formation of four cells, meiosis is over. Each of these prospective germ cells carries half the number of chromosomes of somatic cells.
http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
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For Example:
Species Somatic Cells(diploid number results from MITOSIS)
Gametes(haploid number results from MEIOSIS)
Human 46 23
Fruit Fly 8 4
Adders-tongue fern
1440 720
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This may you remember these terms:
MITosis takes the cell and Makes It Two (diploid)
Meiosis has to do with sexual reproduction
Meiosis results in an egg or sperm.
Clyde Freeman Herreid – Dept. of Biological Sciences: Buffalo State Univ. of New York
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Mitosis
Meiosis