The Cardiovascular System The Heart - Napa Valley College 218/21_Lecture… · An Overview of the...
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C h a p t e r 21 The Cardiovascular System — The Heart PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres North Harris College Houston, Texas Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Transcript of The Cardiovascular System The Heart - Napa Valley College 218/21_Lecture… · An Overview of the...
C h a p t e r
21
The Cardiovascular System — The
Heart
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by Jason LaPres
North Harris College
Houston, Texas
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Introduction
The blood must stay in motion to maintain
homeostasis.
The heart keeps blood moving.
The volume of blood pumped by the heart can
vary widely, between 5 and 30 liters per
minute.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
An Overview of the Cardiovascular System
The heart is a small organ; your heart is roughly the size of your clenched fist.
Two closed circuits:
Pulmonary circuit carries carbon dioxide—rich blood from the heart to the lungs and back
Systemic circuit transports oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back
The heart has four muscular chambers:
Right and left atria collect blood returning to heart
Right and left ventricles discharge blood into vessels to leave the heart
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An Overview of the Cardiovascular System
Figure 21.1 A Generalized View of the Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
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The Pericardium
The pericardium is the serous membrane
lining the pericardial cavity, which surrounds the heart
Visceral pericardium (epicardium) covers the heart’s outer surface
Parietal pericardium lines the inner surface of the pericardial sac
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The Pericardium
Figure 21.2a Location of the Heart in the Thoracic Cavity: (a) Anterior View of Chest Cavity
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The Pericardium
Figure 21.2b Location of the Heart in the Thoracic Cavity: (b) Anterior View
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The Pericardium
Figure 21.2c Location of the Heart in the Thoracic Cavity: (c) Diagrammatic Horizontal Section, Superior View
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The Pericardium
Figure 21.2d Location of the Heart in the Thoracic Cavity: (d) Horizontal Section, Superior View
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Structure of the Heart Wall
Three distinct layers:
Epicardium — covers the outside of the heart
Myocardium — cardiac muscle
Endocardium — lines the inside of the heart
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Structure of the Heart Wall
Figure 21.3 a, b, c Histological Organization of Muscle Tissue in the Heart Wall
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Structure of the Heart Wall
Figure 21.3 d, e Histological Organization of Muscle Tissue in the Heart Wall
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Orientation and Superficial Anatomy of the Heart
The heart lies slightly to the left of the midline.
The heart sits at an oblique angle to the longitudinal axis of the body.
The heart is rotated slightly toward the left.
The heart has external sulci that mark internal boundaries.
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Orientation and Superficial Anatomy of the Heart
Figure 21.4 Position and Orientation of the Heart
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Orientation and Superficial Anatomy of the Heart
Figure 21.5a Superficial Anatomy of the Heart: (a) Anterior (Sternocostal) Surface
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Orientation and Superficial Anatomy of the Heart
Figure 21.5b Superficial Anatomy of the Heart: (b) Posterior (Diaphragmatic) Surface
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Internal Anatomy and Organization of the Heart
Pulmonary circuit
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary trunk
Systemic circuit
Left atrium
Mitral valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta
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Internal Anatomy and Organization of the Heart
Figure 21.6a Sectional Anatomy of the Heart: (a) Frontal Section, Anterior View
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Internal Anatomy and Organization of the Heart
Figure 21.6b Sectional Anatomy of the Heart: (b) Interior View, Right Ventricle
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Internal Anatomy and Organization of the Heart
Figure 21.6c Sectional Anatomy of the Heart: (c) Frontal Section, Anterior View
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Internal Anatomy and Organization of the Heart
Figure 21.6d Sectional Anatomy of the Heart: (d) Horizontal Section, Superior View
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Internal Anatomy and Organization of the Heart
Figure 21.7a Valves of the Heart: (a) Relaxed Ventricles
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Internal Anatomy and Organization of the Heart
Figure 21.7bValves of the Heart: (b) Contracting Ventricles
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Internal Anatomy and Organization of the Heart
Figure 21.7cValves of the Heart: (c) Semilunar Valve Function
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Internal Anatomy and Organization of the Heart
Figure 21.8a Coronary Circulation: (a) Anterior View
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Internal Anatomy and Organization of the Heart
Figure 21.8c Coronary Circulation: (c) Coronary Circulation and Great Vessels, Anterior View
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Internal Anatomy and Organization of the Heart
Figure 21.8b Coronary Circulation: (b) Posterior View
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Internal Anatomy and Organization of the Heart
Figure 21.8d Coronary Circulation: (d) Coronary Angiogram, Lateral View
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Clinical Note
Figure 21.9 Coronary Circulation and Clinical Testing
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Internal Anatomy and Organization of the Heart
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Heart Anatomy
The Cardiac Cycle
All of the electrical and mechanical events that take place during one heart beat are referred to as one cardiac cycle.
Systole — contraction
Diastole — relaxation
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The Cardiac Cycle
Figure 21.10 The Cardiac Cycle
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The Cardiac Cycle
Figure 21.11a The Conducting System of the Heart: (a) Nodes and Conducting Fibers
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The Cardiac Cycle
Figure 21.11b The Conducting System of the Heart: (b) The Movement of the Contractile Stimulus through the Heart
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Clinical Note
Figure 21.12 An Artificial Pacemaker.
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Clinical Note
Figure 21.13 Monitoring the Heart
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The Electrocardiogram (ECG)
The ECG is a recording of the electrical events in the heart.
P wave — atrial depolarization
QRS complex — ventricular depolarization
T wave — ventricular repolarization
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The Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Figure 21.14 An Electrocardiogram
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The Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Figure 21.15 The Autonomic Innervation of the Heart
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