The Cardiovascular System. DIAGRAM OF THE HEART Right Atrium Right Ventricle Left Ventricle Inferior...
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Transcript of The Cardiovascular System. DIAGRAM OF THE HEART Right Atrium Right Ventricle Left Ventricle Inferior...
The Cardiovascular System
DIAGRAM OF THE HEART
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle
Inferior Vena Cava
Superior Vena Cava
Left Atrium
Pulmonary Artery
Pulmonary Vein
To Lungs
From Lungs
Aorta
Mitral Valve
Aortic Valve
Pulmonary Valve
Tricuspid Valve
Blood Flow in Pulmonary & Systemic Systems
Lungs(Pulmonary)
Heart(Cardiac)
Digestive Tract(Mesenteric)
Liver(Hepatic)
Kidneys(Renal)
Brain
Carotid Artery
Jugular Vein
Pulmonary Artery
Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava
Hepatic Vein
Aorta
Pulmonary Vein
Mesenteric Artery
Renal Artery
Renal Vein
To the Heart Away from The Heart
3 Layers of the Heart & Pericardium
Pericardial Cavity
MyocardiumMuscle of Heart
EndocardiumSmooth Inner Lining of Heart
Visceral Pericardium
Tough Outer Lining of Heart
Parietal Pericardium
Part of Outer Sack
#1
#2
#3
Fibrous Layer of Outer Sack
Phases of Diastole & SistoleDiastole Phase:
-Atria & Ventricles are relaxed-The Tricuspid and Mitral Valves are open-Atrial Contraction occurs -This pumps blood into the Ventricles
Sistole Phase:-The Tricuspid and Mitral Valves Close-The Pulmonary and Arotic Valves Open-The Ventricles Contract -This Pumps Blood to the Lungs & Aorta
How is this related to Blood Pressure?
Cardiac OutputStroke Volume:
-The amount of blood pumped in one contraction of the heart
Heart Rate:-How many times the heart pumps in one
minute
CARDIAC OUTPUT=STOKE VOLUME X HEART RATE“The more blood pumped in each contraction (Stroke
Volume), the more beats the heart has in a minute (Heart Rate) the greater the Cardiac Output.”
What happens when you do Cardio Work?
What is the difference between: (Veins, Venules, Arteries & Capillaries)
Veins Move blood to the heart from the rest of the
bodyValves prevent deoxygenated blood from
travelling backwardsVenules
Transfer waste products including CO2 from the body to the veins for transport back to the lungs
Transfer occurs at the single cell level through osmosis and diffusion
Arteries:Transport oxygen & energy in the blood from
the heart to the bodyBlood is kept moving by the elastic and
muscular construction of the arteriesCapillaries:
Transfer oxygen & energy to the bodyTransfer occurs at the single cell levelExercise increases the amount of capillaries
at the muscular level
Why is the last statement important when performing cardio exercises?
Arteries and Veins
“Arteries are more muscular”
Major Constituents of BloodBlood Plasma (55%)
Mostly water (95%)Contains nutrients, gases, hormones,
wastes, ions & proteinsRed Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
Act as transport for O2 & CO2Most of the 3 types of blood cells
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)Crucial to our defense against disease &
infectionBlood Platelet Cells (Thrombocytes)Important for clotting (when wounds
scab)
What Blood Type Are You?What are the different Blood Groups?
Differences in human blood are due to the presence of proteins called antigens located on Red Blood Cells and antibodies located in your blood plasma
Individuals have different types & combinations of these depending on what you inherited from your family
If your blood has the same Antibodies as your donor’s Antigen then the transfusion will not work
Blood Group: Type AYou have Group A antigens on your red blood cells &
B antibodies in your blood plasma
Blood Group Type BYou have Group B antigens on your red blood cells &
A antibodies in your blood plasma
Type O: The Uneversal DonorBlood Group: Type O
You have no Group A or B antigens on your red blood cells & both A and B antibodies in your blood plasma
As a result your blood is easily accepted by the other Types of Blood
The bad news is you only accept your blood type or else you A and B antibodies will react with the other types blood Antigens
Blood Group Type ABYou have no A or B antibodies in your plasma so
you can receive blood from almost any blood typeYou have both A and B antigens on your Red
Blood Cells so your blood is the least accepted blood by others
You are known as the Universal Receiver
Blood Pressure/Heart Rate & Health What does Blood Pressure
Measure?Systolic Pressure
Measures the amount of pressure required to collapse an artery during the Systole Phase (When the ventricles contract to move blood out of the heart)
This is the top number and is higher because the greatest pressure is created by the Pump of the ventricle trying to push blood through the body
Diastolic PressureMeasures the amount of pressure required to
collapse an artery during the Diastole Phase (When the Atria and Ventricles are relaxed)
This is the bottom number and is lower because this is when pressure is lowest because the heart is relaxed
Blood Pressure/Heart Rate & Health What is Good Blood Pressure
Measure?
120/80 + or – 10
110-130/70-90
Systolic Pressure
Diastolic Pressure
Blood Pressure/Heart Rate & Health What if my Blood Pressure is
High?Your Arteries are too tense
(Hypertension)This can be as a result of StressThis can be a result of clogging or
hardening of the arteries from a poor dietYour Heart will have to work harder to
move the same amount of bloodRemember your arteries are supposed to
be elastic and muscular so they help your heart but when your blood pressure is high your heart has to do more work
This over works your heart wearing it out sooner
Blood Pressure/Heart Rate & Health What if my Blood Pressure is
Low?Hypotension
Your Arteries are not providing enough tensionThis means not enough blood is moved
through your body (to your brain and other organs)
This can result in poor performance of these vital organs
You can become faint easilyYou will have poor circulation
Always cold
What is your blood pressure?
Blood Pressure/Heart Rate & Health What do I need to know about my
resting heart rate?Resting Heart Rate measures the hearts
efficiency (Measure of Cardiac Output at rest)The lower the Resting HR the better
This means the heart has a high stroke volume and can therefore move a lot of blood without much work (Efficient)
After hard Cardio Work my Heart Rate should return to resting within 5 minutes of finishingYour heart rate should rise quickly as you work
hard but should also return to your resting quickly (Efficient)
A great Resting HR is <60. Good is 60-80. >80 needs work
What is your Resting Heart Rate?
Diseases
“Hardening of the arteries is silent and not just for the overweight”
“Results in enlarged hearts, strokes and heart attacks”
Blood Supply to the MusclesAll muscles contain vessels that branch into a
fine network of tiny vessels called capillaries and venules
Capillaries- supply oxygen rich blood to the muscles
Venules- remove deoxygenated blood & wasteThe blood required by contracting muscles at
times can be 100 times greater than at rest
“Training increases the amount of capillaries at the muscular level”
Training Increases CapillariesAerobic and Weight Training increase the
capillary network at the muscular levelIncreased blood flow to the muscle brings
more Oxygen, Energy & Building material to the muscle
Increased blood flow away from the muscle removes more waste products from the muscle allowing for Quicker Recovery
This means you will have greater Cardiac Output (Higher stroke volume)
3 Energy Systems We Work in ClassFast Twitch Type X Muscle Fibers
(Anaerobic Glycolytic System)Also called the Phosphagen System
Creatine Supplements try to help this systemUses the most powerful muscle fibers in the body
These fibers can exert the most force but fatigue quicklyAll out for up to 45 seconds
Shorter time for less fit athletes Typically all out sprints or heavy lifts in weight training
It takes 6:1 Rest to Work to recoverGets energy from the food we eat [Glycolytic]Is performed without oxygen [Anaerobic]
Therefore can only be performed for short time periods
Fast Twitch Type 2a Muscle FibersAlso Called: Fast Twitch Oxidative Glycolytic System
Also called: Lactic System When we work so hard that we do not get enough O2 Lactic Acid forms {The point where this
happens is our Lactate Threshold}Uses Oxygen [Oxidative]
When not enough O2 is present Lactic Acid forms Lactic acid is the burning feeling we get in our muscles
Gets energy from food we eat [Glycolytic] Energy is formed from food we eat (from carbs in our diet)
Can perform at almost full out for up to 2 minutesIt takes 6:1 Rest to Work to recoverWe uses this a lot in Sports [High end aerobic activity]We use this a lot in the Weight Room [Hypertrophy]
Slow Twitch Aerobic Muscle FibersLow force output
Lowest force output of the muscle fibersFatigue resistant
Can use these fibers forever Athletes run death races
Used in low intensity activities & in recoveryUsed while recovering from hard work from fast twitch
muscle fibersPower walks or light jog in Wellness CenterMuscle Activation Program at the beginning of the year
Uses energy indirectly from food we eatWe convert byproducts of the Fast Twitch Systems and
convert it into large amounts of energy
FUEL USE DURING EXERCISE