THE CARDIO-VASCULAR SYSTEM · The Function of the Cardiovascular System in Facilitating and...

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GCSE Physical Education

The Function of the Cardiovascular System

in Facilitating and Improving Movement

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SECTION B

THE CARDIO-VASCULAR SYSTEM

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UNIT 1 - Information

• Supply and transportation of O2 and other nutrients to the body for muscular contraction

• Removal of waste: CO2 and lactic acid

• Stabilisation of body temperature – at rest and during exercise

• Protection from disease

Cardiovascular System

HEART

BLOOD BLOOD VESSEL

FUNCTIONS




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• The HEART is a CARDIAC

MUSCLE

• The heart acts as a PUMP in a

DOUBLE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Structure of the Heart

Blood low in oxygen

(deoxygenated)

Blood rich in oxygen

(oxygenated)

R L

Collects

Oxygen

Pulmonary

Vein

Aorta

Delivers

Carbon

Dioxide

Delivers

Oxygen and

food

Collects Carbon

Dioxide and

waste

Capillaries in the body

Capillaries in the lungs

Pulmonary

Artery

Show blood circulation




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SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT PULMONARY CIRCUIT

Transports oxygenated blood

around the body (including

working muscles) and

transports deoxygenated blood

back to the heart.(Click here)

Transports deoxygenated blood

from the heart to the lungs

where carbon dioxide (CO2) is

exchanged for Oxygen (O2),

before it returns to the heart.(Click here)

R L




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• The RIGH HAND SIDE of the heart pumps DEOXYGENATED

BLOOD returning from the body:

– Deoxygenated blood flows through the VENA CAVA RIGHT

ATRIUM RIGHT VENTRICLE PULMONARY ARTERY to

the LUNGS for oxygenation

Deoxygenated

blood to the lungs

Pulmonary artery

Deoxygenated blood

from the body

Vena cava

Right atrium

Tricuspid valve

Right ventricle

Show path of

deoxygenated blood




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• The LEFT HAND SIDE of the heart pumps OXYGENATED

BLOOD returning from the lungs:

– Oxygenated blood through the PULMONARY VEIN LEFT

ATRIUM LEFT VENTRICLE AORTA to body.

Oxygenated blood

to the bodyAorta

Oxygenated blood

from the lungs

Show path of oxygenated

blood

Pulmonary vein

Right atrium

Bicuspid valve

Right ventricle




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HEART RATE (HR)

‘The number of times the heart beats in one minute.’

At rest it beats between 50 and 80 times per minute. When more blood is required by the muscles during exercise, the heart rate can increase to over 200 beats per minute, pumping around 45 litres around the body.

Heart rate varies according to age, fitness and health.

STROKE VOLUME (SV)

‘The amount of blood forced out of the heart (left ventricle) per beat.’




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CARDIAC OUTPUT (CO)

‘The amount of blood pumped out of the heart (left ventricle) in one

minute.’

Cardiac output varies depending on the intensity of the exercise and

the fitness levels of the person.

Cardiac Output Q = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume

CO = HR × SV




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COMPOSITION OF BLOOD

• The human body contains nearly 5 litres of blood

• Blood is made up of 4 elements:



Red Blood Cells Most important function is to transport O2 (oxygen) to

muscle cells to allow energy release and movement.

White Blood Cells Their chief function is to protect the body against

disease.

Platelets These bind together to form clots which prevent

bleeding.

Plasma Makes up 55% of the total blood volume, 92% of which

is water. It contains dissolved food and takes away

waste – CO2. Proteins and amino acids are transported

to cells in the body and used for growth and repair.




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BLOOD VESSELS

• Blood is transported from the heart around the body and back to the heart in blood vessels.

• There are 3 types of blood vessels.

When blood leaves the heart –

passes into ARTERIES

These branch off into ARTERIOLES –

smaller, but more numerous

When it reaches the muscles, blood passes into

CAPILLARIES – even smaller, but more numerous.

At the capillaries, the blood gives up its

oxygen and takes in carbon dioxide

The blood starts its journey BACK to the

heart in small, narrow veins called VENULES

The blood then passes into larger

VEINS before returning to the heart

Oxygen diffuses from blood into

tissues through thin capillary

walls. Carbon dioxide diffuses out

of the tissues into the blood

Artery Vein

VenulesArterioles

Capillaries

Oxygenated

blood

Deoxygenated

blood




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BLOOD PRESSURE

• The force of blood against the artery walls.

• With exercise, the heart has to work to supply more O2 to muscles. As a

result, the force of blood leaving the heart increases and blood pressure

increases.

• Blood pressure is easily measured by taking the pressure at an artery in

the arm.

• SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is the pressure of blood flow on the arteries

when the LEFT VENTRICLE CONTRACTS.

• DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is the pressure of blood flow on the arteries

when the LEFT VENTRICLE RELAXES.




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BLOOD PRESSURE

• The average blood pressure reading for a young adult is 120/80.

• Factors which can affect blood pressure:

– AGE, SEX, EXERCISE INTENSITY, STRESS, CIRCULATORY

SYSTEM, FITNESS

• Ways in which blood pressure can be reduced:

– REGULAR EXERCISE, SENSIBLE DIET, AVOID STRESS,

MEDICATION

• The blood flow and blood distribution change according to the demand of

exercising. The working parts of the body need to be supplied with the

necessary amounts of O2

The re-distribution of blood is called the VASCULAR SHUNT




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BLOOD PRESSURE

• Blood flow to the muscles and the skin will increase during exercise.

Blood flow to the kidneys and digestive system will decrease during

exercise.

• The heat produced by the body increases as the INTENSITY and

DURATION of exercise increases.

• To control high body temperature, blood is diverted to the capillaries just

below the skin – this causes the skin to redden and heat from the blood

is then RADIATED from the skin. This widening of the capillaries is called

VASODILATION.

• To control low body temperature, the capillaries VASO CONSTRICT –

become narrower, therefore reducing heat loss by radiation. Muscles

begin to ‘shiver’ – small contractions which provide ‘heat’.




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BLOOD PRESSURE

• Another way of combating overheating is by SWEATING. Sweat is

formed in sweat glands under the skin. Sweating is caused by the

EVAPORATION of sweat from the skin’s surface.




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UNIT 1 – Practical Application

Heart / Blood / Blood Vessels

FUNCTIONS

Group Discussion

‘As a result of regular Aerobic Training, the heart gets bigger (HYPERTROPHY). How does this effect :

Stroke volume,

Heart rate, Blood flow

Cardiac output

Discussion

Double Loop System –Transportation of Blood

(Blood Pathway)

Mapping exercise




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Heart rate1) At rest, 2) after exercise, 3) Recovery rate

(2mins/15mins)

Group Discussion

‘How would heart rate differ between a short period of anaerobic work and a longer period of aerobic work?’

Discussion





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• Use the following 2 diagrams to relate heart rate to physical activity:

1) The graph below shows the heart rate of two sixteen year old athletes

when training at the same intensity. Explain why athlete B is the fittest

athlete.

60

90

120

180

0 10 20 30

Heart Rate

(beats per minute)

Time (minutes)

Athlete A

Athlete B





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2) The graph below shows the heart rate of an eighteen year old badminton

player during a game.

Heart Rate

(beats per minute)

Time (minutes)0 5 10 15 20

50

100

150

200

250

(i) Give two pieces of evidence to suggest that this player is a fit

competitor.





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Heart Rate

(beats per minute)

Time (minutes)0 5 10 15 20

50

100

150

200

250

(ii) During the game the player’s heart rate reaches 220 beats per minute

(BPM). Calculate the player’s maximum heart rate (MHR) during the

game.

(iii) What evidence is there to suggest that this player worked both

aerobically and anaerobically during the game?





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UNIT 1 - Links

• Skeletal System

• Respiratory System

• Aerobic / Anaerobic Systems

• Muscular System

• Energy Continuum

• Training Zones

• Intensity / Duration of Exercise

• Short-term effects of exercise on the systems of the body

• Long-term effects of exercise on the systems of the body


o_GCSE Phys ED_Muscular Skel Resp CV_B.ppt

u_GCSE Phys ED_CR Imp Movement_B.ppt

s_GCSE Phys ED_energy systems.ppt

p_GCSE Phys ED_Function MS Imp Movement_B.ppt

s_GCSE Phys ED_energy systems.ppt#14

t_GCSE Phys ED_Short&Long benefits of ex_B.ppt

t_GCSE Phys ED_Short&Long benefits of ex_B.ppt#4



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UNIT 1 - Activity

1. Match the parts of the heart and connecting blood vessels to their function. [Click here to see diagram]

Function Name of Part

Transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

Brings back oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium

Receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein

A two-flapped valve separating the left atrium from the left ventricle

The biggest chamber of the heart, which pumps oxygenated blood around the body

Main artery which takes oxygenated blood from heart to the rest of the body

The main vein which brings deoxygenated blood back to heart from lower body

The main vein which brings deoxygenated blood back to heart from upper body

The chamber where deoxygenated blood enters the heart

The three-flapped valve separating the right atrium from the right ventricle

The chamber which pumps deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs Pulmonary artery

Pulmonary vein

Left atrium

Bicuspid valve

Left ventricle

Aorta

Inferior vena cava

Superior vena cava

Right atrium

Tricuspid valve

Right ventricle


../Answers/Answers.pdf



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UNIT 1 - Activity

Oxygenated blood

to the bodyAorta

Oxygenated blood

from the lungs

Pulmonary vein

Left atrium

Bicuspid valve

Left ventricle

Deoxygenated

blood to the lungs

Pulmonary artery

Deoxygenated blood

from the body

Vena cava

Right atrium

Tricuspid valve

Right ventricle

SHOW/HIDE LABELS

SHOW/HIDE ARROWSBack





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UNIT 1 - Activity

2. Explain the relationship between cardiac output (Q) and exercise intensity.

3. Explain how the heart’s structure is adapted to its function.

4. What is blood pressure?

5. What is systolic pressure?

6. What is diastolic pressure?

7. What is the normal blood pressure reading for a young person?

8. Give five factors that can affect blood pressure.





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UNIT 1 - Activity

9. Why can narrowing or blocking of blood vessels be dangerous?

10. Give five ways blood pressure can be reduced.

11. Define the following terms:

a) Heart rate (HR)

b) Stroke volume (SV)

c) Cardiac output (Q)

12. What simple equation relates these three values?

13. Give two differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle.





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14. Complete the following description of the blood’s journey from the heart around the body and back to the heart by dragging the correct word from the list below:

Blood is transported from the heart around the __________ and back to the

heart in ______________________. There are ___________ types of blood

vessel. These branch off into ________________. These are smaller but are

more numerous. When it gets to the muscles, blood passes into the

___________. These are even smaller, but there are millions of them. At the

capillaries, the blood gives up its _______________ and takes in

_______________. The blood starts its journey back to the heart in small veins

called ________________. The blood then passes into larger _______________

before returning to the heart.

bodyblood vessels

three

arteries

arterioles

capillaries

oxygen carbon dioxide

venules

veins





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15. Explain four ways in which blood helps the body during exercise.

16. Complete the table to show how the constituents (parts) of blood help us when doing sport.

CONSTITUENT HELPS US WHEN DOING SPORT BY…

Red blood cells

PlasmaCarrying fuel, in the from of food, to the working muscles and

takes away waste such as CO2

White blood cells

Platelets

17. The path that the blood takes can be described as a double loop. What is each loop called?





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18. How would a 1500m runner benefit from higher levels of red blood cells?

19. Complete the following table:

Types of blood

vesselDescription and function

1. Carry oxygenated blood at high pressure from heart to the body. These are the

thickest blood vessels.

They swell as the blood is forced through then recoil back to normal.

You can feel your pulse in them.

2. Capillaries

3.





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20. X on the graph shows how a sports person’s heart rate responds to a 10 minute run at 12kmph and how it recovers.

Y shows the heart rate response to the same run after a period of regular endurance training.

Explain the reasons for the changed heart rate pattern.

BPM

180

170

160

150

140

130

120

110

100

90

80

70

0 mins 10 mins 20 mins

TIME

XY





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21. Answer the following:

a) How does regular aerobic training affect stroke volume?

b) How does this affect a person’s heart rate and cardiac output when running at a medium pace for 5 minutes?





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UNIT 1 – Key Facts/ Glossary

• Double circuit

Blood HEART

FUNCTIONS

Healthy Lifestyles

Blood Vessels

Systemic

Pulmonary• Blood flow

• Cardiac Output (CO)

• Composition of blood

• Arteries / Veins / Capillaries

• Gaseous Exchange

• Blood Pressure (BP)

• Cooling of body

Vasodilatation

(Sweating)

Vasoconstriction

(Low body

temperature control)


THE CARDIO-VASCULAR SYSTEM · The Function of the Cardiovascular System in Facilitating and...

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