The Cambridge History of Later Medieval...

INDEX NOMINUM

Page numbers divided by an en-dash (such as '72-81', '101-2') indicate either a continuousdiscussion or simply at least one relevant occurrence of the name on each of those pages.

Many pages referred to contain relevant material in their footnotes as well as in the body of thetext, but footnotes are expressly referred to (as in '847n.' or 'i8mn.') only in case relevant materialdoes not also occur in the text on those pages; and footnote references give only the number of thepage on which the note referred to begins, even if the relevant material occurs in the continuationof the note on the following page.

This index is intended to include the names of all persons and places mentioned in the text of thechapters (ordinarily excluding examples) and the Biographies. The titles of anonymous works arealso included. The names of modern authors whose works are cited in the footnotes are includedonly when the reference is more than a simple bibliographical citation - e.g., a quotation, or anappraisal of a contribution.

Ancient authors are cited under the names by which they are generally known. Medieval andRenaissance authors are cited under their first names if their careers are earlier than 1500, under theirlast names if their careers are later. Some such distinction is called for in an index of names coveringthat transitional period; the extensive cross-referencing in this index will help to avoid confusion.

References printed in italics are to the Biographies or to discussions elsewhere in the book that areparticularly informative regarding the person in question.

Abbreviatio Montana, 277n., 278-9Abelard, see Peter A.Abraham, 713Abstractions, 220, 225, 879-80Acciaiuoli, see Donarto A.Adam, 642, 688, 694Adam Parvipontanus, 317Adam Wodeham, 2O4n., 376-8, 468n., 548n.,

855, 889Adams, M. M., 6, 31m., 47m.Adams, R. M., 379n.AdelardofBath, 84Adenulph of Anagni, 28m.Aegidius Roman us, see Giles of RomeAeneas Sylvius (Pius II), 764, 855Africa, 879Agostino Nifo, see NifoAgostino Sbarroya, see SbarroyaAgricola, see Rudolph A.Ailly, Pierre d\ see Peter of A.Alan of Lille, 3 son., 706, 855Alanus Anglicus, 7j6n., 777n.Albericus, 54Albert the Great, 30n., 56-7, 71, 74, 91-2, 186,

262, 28m., 292, 343n., 351-2, 398n., 409-10,

447-9,46on., 521, 523-9,600,602-6,610-11,6i2n., 617, 6i8n., 62On., 622-3, 632, 634-5,660-4, 667, 684, 709, 723-6, 728, 855-6, 887

(Ps.-) Albert, 525n.Albert of Saxony, 108, i89n., 19m., 205, 2isn.,

2i8nn., 222-30, 23m., 233-44, 249nn., 253,285n., 293, 299, 302, 339n., 377, 536n.,568nn., 570n., 575, 667, 789-90, 856, 865

Albinus, iO4n., 12411.Al-bitrogi, 59Albumbazar, 526n.Alcala, 789, 836, 859-60, 869Alcuin of York, 80, 82-3, 275n.Alexander of Aphrodisias, 55, 63—4, 76, 104,

108, 113-14, nsn. , n6n., 117, 125, 273n.,345n., 446, 569n., 595, 605, 614, 622n.

(Ps.-)Alexander, 75, 104, 108-9, 122-7Alexander the Great, 60Alexander of Hales, 46on., 63 m., 636, 708,

772-5,781-2, 823,^56Alexander Hegius, 814Alexander Neckham, 58, 70Alexandre de Villedieu, 815Alexandria, io in .Alfarabi, 47, 52, 60, 71, 479

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Index Nomintim 981

Alfonso X (of Castile and Leon), 60Alfonso of Aragon, 871Alfred of Sareshel, 47, 50, 58, 70, 79Algazel, 47, 52, 579, 614, 618Algiers, 879Alkindi, 47Alluntis, F., 389n.; and Wolter, A., 464^Almain, see James A.Alphonso de Veracruz, 790Al-sharastani, 569n.Alvarez, Diego, 379n.Alvarus Thomas, see ThomasAmaury of Bene, 71Ambrose, 778, 78on.America, North and South, 763Amiens, Peace of, 838Ammonius, 64, 75, 104, I2on., 122-3Amorites, Israelites' attack on, 78 m.Anagni, 64Andreas of Scharding, 669Andreas Wall of Walzheim, 669Andre de Neufchateau, 206, 856Andronicus of Rhodes, 105, 115Angelelli, I., 26n.Angelo of Camerino, 28 m.Angelo of Fossambrone, 252n., 541 nn.Anonymous, see under individual titlesAnonymus Aurelianensis I, I27n.Anonymus Pragensis, I27n.Anselm of Canterbury, 2, 134-42, 192, 359-61,

363, 374-5, 444. 453, 456, 501-2, 522, 632,673, 856-7

Anselm of Havelberg, 54Anselm of Laon, 632, 875Anthonius Haneron, see HaneronAnthony de Monte, 25on.Antichrist (in examples), 208, 2i4n., 364n., 365,

369-72Antioch, 60Antiochus of Ascalon, 115Apollonius Dyscolus, 109-11, 126Apuleius, 105-6Apulia, 57Aquinas, see Thomas A.Aretino, see Leonardo BruniArgyropoulos, see John A.Aristippus, see Henricus A.Aristotle, see under works and doctrines in Index

RerutnArmagh, 881Arminius, Jacobus, 864Armstrong, A. H., 1-2Arnaud, see William A.Ars Burana, 201, 204, 278Ars Emmerana, 2i4n., 2i5n., 232n., 241, 243,

278,

Ars Meliduna, 137, I56n., 165-7, I73n., 197-8,201, 204-5, 208-9, 241, 278, 279n.

Ashworth, E. J., 7, 215n.Aspasius, 659Assisi, 885, 889Astorga, 59Athens, 125Augustine, 105-6, 122, i88n., 189, I9on., 201,

266, 359, 363, 408-9, 440-6, 448n., 449~5i,454, 455nn., 461-2, 463^, 472, 473n., 475,477, 498-501, 508n., 566n., 596-7, 6ion.,623, 629, 645-6, 673n., 688, 693, 743~6, 753,762, 768, 771-3, 775, 778n., 779~8o, 781ml.,782, 844

(Ps.-)Augustine, 105-6, I2on.Augustin Huens, see HuensAugustinians (Austin friars or Hermits of

St Augustine), 522, 637, 666, 857, 861-2,864, 873

Augustinus Triumphus, 740-1, 746-7, 857Aulus Gellius, 794, 799n.Aureoli, see Peter A.Aurifaber, see John A.Aurispa, see Giovanni A.Avencebrol, see AvicebronAverroes, 48-9, 52, 59-60, 71, 74-8, 81, 93,

H3n., H4n., U5n., H7n., 255, 262, 34<*n-»351-3, 385-9, 393, 397, 398n., 400, 432"-,440, 448nn., 526, 528-9, 530n., 569n., 576n.,578n., 58on., 588n., 595-6, 602, 604-8,611-12, 6i3n., 614-15, 6i6n., 617, 6i8n.,619-21, 622n., 667, 795

Avicebron, 47, 394, 408-9Avicenna, 47, 52, 58, 6o, 71, 77, 79, 154, 255,

262, 385-90, 392-3, 395n., 397, 398n., 403,449, 452, 455nn., 479~8i, 483n., 527-8, 595~8, 600-8, 6ion., 611, 614, 618, 624, 665

Avignon, 888-9, 891Avila 859

Bacon, Francis, 97, 779Bacon, see Robert B. and Roger B.Baldus de Ubaldis, 771-3, 775n., 776n., 78on.,

78m., 783n., 857Balic, C , 368n.Balliol College, Oxford, 870, 880-1, 887Banez, Domingo, 379n., 380, 818, 859Barbaro, Ermelao, 670Barcelona, 880Barnes, J., 7, 113, 4o6n., 497n.Barnes, Josiah, 836Barthians, 829Bartholomaeus Latomus, see LatomusBartholomew Keckermann, see KeckermannBartholomew of Messina, 49, 62, 78-9Bartolus of Sassoferrato, 764, 857






982 Index Nominum

Basel, 669n., 788Bautain, Louis, 839-40, 842Bazan, B. C , 6i2nn., 61311., 61511., 61711.Beauvais, 70, 890Becker, A., 350-1Becket, see Thomas B.Belgium, 63, 844Bellarmine, Robert, 80, 94, 379n, 715Belmeis, see John B.Benedict XII, Pope, 7290.Benedictines, 865, 885, 886Benevento, 864Bennett, J., 6o9n.Berengarius of Tours, 83Bergh, B., 39Bergmann, G., 824n.Bernard of Clairvaux, 83, 631, 744, 870, 875Bernard Morisan, see MorisanBernard Perger, see PergerBernold of Constance, 25n.Bertola, E., 6ion.Berube, C , 46on.Besanc,on, 860Bianchelli, Domenico, 787Biel, Gabriel, see Gabriel B.Billingham, see Richard B.Bion, 799n.Blaise of Parma, 54m.Blemmydes, see Nicephorus B.Blondel, Maurice, 849Blund, see John B.Bode, see John B.Bodin,Jean, 756Boehner, P., 2i8n., 228n., 234n., 31 inn., 3i5n.Boethius, 46-7, 50-1, 53-7, 65, 67, 74-5, 79,

81-3, 85-6, 104-5, 107-9, 111-13, U5n.,U7n., 118-19, I2on., 121-4, 126, 128-34,140, 188-9, ioon., 193, I97n., 208, 232n.,262, 274-5, 278-9, 287, 288n., 289, 291,293n., 296-7, 299, 302-4, 306, 318, 342,345n., 346-7, 359-60, 367, 392-3. 394n.,395n., 425, 440, 443-6, 484, 525nn., 533,596-7, 674, 685, 799-800, 804

Boethius of Dacia, 3on., 48, 88, 255-6, 257n.,258n., 26on., 262n., 263nn., 265n., 28m.,284-7, 289-90, 29m., 292, 316, 4870., 5O7n.,61 in., 663-4, 665n., 680-3, $5*

Boh, I., 5, 298n.BolerJ. F.,6Bologna, 12-13, 54, 59, 495» 622, 806, 808,

857-8, 862, 867, 880, 885, 888Bonald, L. G. A. de, 838Bonaventure, 92, 202-3, 208, 249, 408-9,

442n., 450-1, 46on., 522, 569-70, 600-1,610, 61 in., 624, 636, 663, 666, 683, 695-700,702, 844, 847, 858, 885

Bonet, Nicholas, see Nicholas BonettusBoniface VIII, Pope, 868Bonsembiante Beduarius of Padua, 205, 858Book of Common Prayer, 884Bouvet, see Honore B.Boxadors, John Thomas de, 840, 84m.Boyer, M., 839n., 842mBraakhuis, H. A. G., 178m, 2i6nn., 2i9n.,

22inn.Bracciolini, see Poggio B.Bracton, see Henry B.Bradwardine, see Thomas B.Braga, 878Branchereau, L., 844nn.Brasenose College, Oxford, 859Brentano, Franz, 850Brerewood, Edward, 821, 836, 8$gBrethren of the Common Life, 814Bricot, see Thomas B.Brinkley, see Richard B.Brito, see Radulphus B.Brittany, 875Brounts, A., 38n.Bruder, K., 392n.Bruncllus (or Brownie, in examples), 265, 416,

433Bruni, see Leonardo B.Brussels, 844-5Buchanan, George, 868Buckingham, see Thomas B.Burana,J. F., 791Burgersdijk, Franco, 821, 835-7, 860Burgundio of Pisa, 55-6Buridan, see John B.Burley, see Walter B.Buzzetti, V., 840-1Byrne, E., 5o6n.Byzantium, 105

Caesar (Julius), 712Caesarius, Johannes, 791, 801-2, 806-7Cain, 688-90, 757Cajetan, Thomas, 822Cajetanus de Thiene, see Gaetano di T.Calcidius, 359, 706Calculator, see Richard SwinesheadCallus, D. A., 69n., 72n.Calvin, John, 868Calvinists, 864Camaldulians, 862Cambridge, 12, 368n., 557, 788n., 8oon., 801,

835-6,866,868,881Campanella, Tomaso, 815-16Campanus of Novara, 580-2, 858Campsall, see Richard of C.Cano, Melchior, 859






Index Nominum 983

Canterbury, 524, 869, 886-7Cantor, Georg, 567n.Capreolus, see John C.Carbo, Ludovico, 791Carmelites, 666, 882Carroll, Lewis, 141Cartagena, 60Carter, Peter, 821Cassiodorus, 273 n.Catania, 56Ceffons, see Peter C.Charisius, 812Charlemagne, 80Charles I (of England), 881, 884Charles V (of France), 669, 732Charles V (of Spain), 859Charles VI (of France), 767, 771Chartres, 11, 161, 444-5, 870Chateaubriand, F. R. de, 838, 842Chatton, see Walter C.Chaucer, see Geoffrey C.Chenu, M.-D., 25n., 28Chomsky, N., 819-20Chossat, M., 394n-> 615n., 617n.Christ, 441, 499n., 632, 684, 742, 744, 746-7,

750, 762, 772; in examples, 201-2, 361, 368,372-3, 378, 428-9, 465, 691; see also Christand Christ's in Index Rerum

Christine de Pisan, 77m., 775n., 776n., 778n.,78on., 783n.

Chrysippus, 103Chrysoloras, see Manuel C.Chrysostom Javellus, see JavellusCicero, 81, 83, 85-6, iO4n., 105, 108-9,

112-15, 118, 273-4, 299, 359, 454, 670, 705,707-9, 750, 759, 775n., 777, 78on., 78m.,794, 797, 799, 804, 809, 836

Ciruelo, Pedro Sanchez, 790Cistercians, 877Clagett, M., 541Clarembald of Arras, 445n.Claremont, 876Clemens, Franz Jacob, 850Clement IV, Pope, 884Clichtove, Josse, 790Cobban, A. B., nn.Coimbra, 836, 859, 869Coleman, T., 259n.Colish, M. L., 6o8n.Collegio Alberoni, 840Collegio Romano, 839, 841, 845Cologne, 2i6n., 223n., 241, 660-2, 669n., 788,

855, 866, 887Coluccio Salutati, 808Columel, Gerard, 789Commentarium //, io8n.

Commentary on the Ethics, 600Commentator, see AverroesComplutenses, 836Complutum, 836n.Condillac, E. B. de, 840-1Conimbricenses, 836Conrad of Ascoli, 666Constance, Council of, 576n., 867, 870, 876Constantine Lascaris, 812Constantinople, 54-6, 783-4, 812, 862Corbeil, 875Corfu Channel, 78m.Corinth, 63Cornoldi, G. M., 848n.Coronel, see Luiz C.Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 882Coruheda, See Peter C.Costa ben Luca, 47Courtenay, W. J., 548n.Courtrai, 886Cousin, Victor, 840Crab, Gilbert, 789Cracow, 639, 669, 788Crakanthorpe, Richard, 821, 836-7, 881Cranmer, Thomas, 870Cranz, F. E., 64n.Crathorn, see William of C.Crockaert, Pierre, 789, 868Crowley, T., 408n.

Dahnert, U., 603n.Damascene, see John D.Damascenus, see Nicholas D.Damian, see Peter D.Daniel of Morlay, 84Dante Alighieri, 621, 741, 758, 765-6, 858Danzig, 857David (in example), 372n.David of Dinant, 71Da Vinci, Leonardo, 51m., 541Day, Sebastian, 47On.Delft, 864Delhaye, P., nn.Democritus, 576n.De Morgan, A., 306, 850Derodon, David, 246Descartes, Rene, 97, 458-9, 471, 478, 819, 833,

839, 843-4, 847Destrez,J., 38n.Deuteronomy, 749Deventer, 814Dexippus, I2on.Dialectica Monacensis, I77n., 2i5n., 2i8nn., 219,

222, 23m., 233n., 241, 278-80, 288n., 291,292n., 345-6, 351

Diego Alvarez, see Alvarez






984 Index Nominum

Digest (of Justinian), 705Diodorus Kronos, 345n.Diogenes Laertius, 124, 345n., 850Diomedes, 812(Ps.-)Dionysius the Areopagite, 61, 445, 746,

758Dionysius Thrax, 109Dod, B., 4Dolz, see Juan D.Domenico Bianchelli, see BianchelliDomingo Banez, see BanezDomingo de Soto, see SotoDominicans, 223n., 379, 46m., 524, 634-7, 666,

855, 859, 868-9, 870, 880, 881, 884, 887Dominicus Gundissalinus, 597, 815Donagan, A., 6Donarto Acciaiuoli, 670Donatus, 85, 254, 812Doncoeur, P., 615n.Dondaine, A., 22n., 35n., 4 m .Donne, John, 832Dorp, see John D.Duhem, P., 541, 847Dullaert, see John D.Dumbleton, see John D.Dunbabin, J., 6Duns Scotus, see John D. S.Durandus de Alvernia, 64, 78Durandus of Saint-Pourcain, 21 n., 457, 628,

823Durham, 888

Ebbesen, S., 5, 63n.Eck, see Johann v. E.Eckhardt, Meister, 458Edmund of Canterbury, 70Edward III (of England), 887-8Edward Brerewood, see BrerewoodEgidius Colonna, see Giles of RomeEgyptians (in examples), 713, 718, 779Elizabeth I (of England), 870Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 83$n., 881Empedocles, 65England, 12, I7n., 23, 84, 174, 536, 54m., 563,

578n., 729-3O, 747-8, 751, 77<*n-. 788, 791,809, 821, 829, 844n., 846n., 848n., 860, 862,

877, 884English Nation (at Paris), I7n., 73, 54m.Enzinas, see Fernando de E.Epictetus, 345n.Epicurus, 103Erasmus of Rotterdam, 8i6n.Erfurt, 12, 267, 665, 788, 86sErik VI (of Denmark), 872Eriugena, see John Scotus E.Erlangen Commentary on the Ethics, 664-5

Ermatinger, C. J., 618n.Ermelao Barbaro, see BarbaroEtienne Tempier, see Stephen T.Etna, 56Euclid, 84-5, 115, 553, 571, 578-82Eudoxus, 94Eustachius a Sancto Paolo, 836-7Eustratius, 49, 61, 77, 659, 667Eve, 688Evrard de Bethune, 815Excerpta Norimbergensia, 278, 279n., 3i5nn.Exeter, 882Ezekiel, 688-9

Faber Stapulensis, see StapulensisFabro, C , 394n., 395n-» 396n., 849Falco, see Peter de F.Fallacie Londinenses, 291 - 2Fallacie Magistri Willelmi, 291Fallacie Parvipontane, 165, 175—7Faversham, see Simon of F.Feltre, see Vittorino da F.Ferdinand of Cordoba, 32m.Fernando de Enzinas, 789-90, 794-5Ferrara, 809, 862Ferrer, see Vincent F.Ferrybridge, see Richard F.Fichte,J. G., 842Ficino, see Marsilio F.Finance, J. de, 394n.Fink-Errera, G., 38n.Fishacre, see Richard F.Fitch, F. B., 247FitzPatrick, P.J., 7FitzRalph, see Richard F.Fland, see Robert F.Florence, 808, 812, 857, 862Fonseca, Pedro de, 791-2, 837Fortescue, see Sir John F,Fortunatianus, 273 n.Foucher, L., 845Four, see Vital du F.France, 11-13, 2in. , 56—7, 70, 97, 175, 726,

732, 767, 789, 838, 842, 864Franciscans, 87-8 , 408, 410, 455, 461, 463-4,

522, 524, 57On., 6i4n., 631, 634-8 , 666, 708 -9, 713-15, 742, 762, 856, 858, 861, 866, 869,873, 879-81, 883-4, 889, 891

Francisco Suarez, see SuarezFrancisco de Toledo, see Toledo, F. deFrancisco de Vitoria, see VitoriaFredborg, K. M., n 8 n .Frederick II (of Sicily), 59Frege, G., 150Freiburg, 800Frohschammer, Jakob, 842






Index Nominum 985

Gabriel Bid, 715-16, 823, 831Gabriel Vasquez, see VasquezGaetano di Thiene, 25211., 534, 54inn., 558-9,

787, 860Gaius, 705Gal, G., 23511., 42311.Galen, 84, 10411., n o , 113, 11411., 116-17, 124,

126-7Galileo Galilei, 97, 51711., 541, 57011., 847Gallegus, see Peter G.Gardeil, A., 64511.Gardiner, see Stephen G.Garin, E.,64n., 8i2n.Garlandus Compotista, 275-81, 303-5, 860Gaspar Lax, 789-90, 803Gasparo Veronese, 810Gauthier, R. A., 657n.Gaza, see Theodore G.Geach, P. T., 825, 849Geiger, L., 8o8n.Geiger, L. B., 395n., 396n., 849Genesis, 93, 629, 689Geoffrey Chaucer, 879Geoffrey of Hasphall, 186, 860-1George of Trebizond, 8i6n.Gerard of Abbeville, 636n.Gerard Columel, see ColumelGerard of Cremona, 47, 50, 58, 75-6, 79Gerard of Odo, 57m., 575-7, 666, 861, 873, 889Germany, I7n., 97, 671, 712, 788, 791, 796,

8i4n., 840-2, 849, 855Gerson, see John G.Gervais of Mt St Elias, 861Gewirth, A., 74m.Gilbert, N. W., 8o7n.Gilbert Crab, see CrabGilbert of Poitiers, I38n., 445n., 870Gilby, T., 645n.Giles of Orleans, 665Giles of Rome, 74, 91, 284n., 288, 393n., 396-

8, 400-1, 4O2n., 403-5, 4O7n., 4O9n., 410,475n., 623, 637, 740, 758, 760, 762, 765, 770,^1,864,868

Gilson, E., 39m., 394n., 4o6n., 610, 61 in., 825,847, 849

Gioberti, V., 844Giovanni Aurispa, 871Giovanni di Conversino, 862Giovanni Marliani, 54inn.Giovanni Sulpizio Verulano, 815Giovanni Tortelli, 811-12Giulio Pomponio Leto, 812Glasgow, 868Glastonbury, 885Glorieux, P., 22n.Glossa Promisintus, 163

Gloucestershire, 856Godfrey of Fontaines, 316, 393n., 399-401,

4O2nn., 403n., 404-6, 4O7n., 409—10, 530,623,637, 861-2

Golius, Theophilus, 836, 837n.Gonsalvus of Spain, 408-9Gonzalez, A., 299n.Goodman, N., 154Gothutius, Augustinus, 790Goudin, A., 843n., 845Grabmann, M., 25nn., 34n., 69nn., 72n., 28onM

3o6n., 394n., 61 in., 846Graecismus, 8ion.Grant, E., 6Gratian, 707-8, 771, 772nn., 773n., 774n.,

775nn., 777-8, 78on., 78inn., 783n., 862, 885Greece, 61, 63-4, 812Green, R., 316, 326n.Green-Pedersen, N. J., 28m.Gregory the Great, 768Gregory IX, Pope, 59, 71Gregory X, Pope, 878Gregory XVI, Pope, 839Gregory of Rimini, 198, 203-6, 253, 370, 376-

80, 473nn., 53on., 572-3, 716, 830, 862Greifswald, 18-19, 21Gresham College, London, 859, 881Grosseteste, see Robert G.Grotius, Hugo, 719,772, 773n., 775, 777n., 779,

782n., 828-9, 833, 864Guarino Veronese, 809-10, 812, 815, 862Giinther, Anton, 842Guillet.J., 6ion.Gundissalinus, see Dominicus G.Guthrie, W. K. C , 1Guy of Rimini, 666, 728-30, 862-3Guy Terrena, 666

Hadot, P., io6n.Hamblin, C. L., 799n.Hamilton, Sir W., 850Haneron, Anthonius, 813-14Harald I (of England), 860Haskins, C. H., 56-7Heath, T., 796Hegel, G. F. W., 842Hegius, see Alexander H.Heidelberg, 788, 857, 871Helias, see Peter H.Heloise, 875Henricus Aristippus, 47, 50, 55—7, 76Henry VIII (of England), 801Henry Bracton, 764, 863Henry of Brussels, 28Henry, D. P., 5Henry of England, 248






986 Index Nominum

Henry of Friemar, 666Henry of Ghent, 213-14, 215n., 2i6n., 224-30,

234-41. 243. 393n., 396n., 397, 400-1, 403-5, 406n., 4O7n., 4o8n., 4O9n., 410, 442m,454-5, 46m., 473n., 474, 482-3, 508, 522,6o9n., 625-6, 637n., 861, 863

Henry of Harclay, 412, 423-35, 439, 523, 571,575-8, 583-4, 628, 863

Henry Hopton, 249n.Henry, J., 844n.Henry Totting of Oyta, 668, 855Hermannus Alemannus, 49, 59-60, 77—9Hermes, Georg, 840-2Hermosilla, 790Herodian, 109Hervaeus Natalis, 24, 36n., 266,47cm., 490,863-4Heynlyn, seejohn H.Heytesbury, see William H.Hierocles, 62Hieronymus Picus, 54m-Hintikka,J., 34411.Hippocrates, 84Hissette, R., 6i6n.Hobbes, Thomas, 97, 756Hoenen, P., 848Holdsworth, Richard, 829, 831-3, 835-7, 881Holkot, see Robert H.Holland (Netherlands), 821Holofernes, 750Honore Bouvet, 771Honorius III, Pope, 59Hooker, Richard, 715, 738, 745~8, 764-5, 770,

828-30, 832, 882Hopton, see Henry H.Hosea, 713Howell, W. S., 807n.Hubert, M. P., I5n.Huens, Augustin, 792Hugh of Fleury, 757-8Hugh of St Cher, 634Hugo, 70Hugolino, see UgulinoHungary, 809Husserl, Edmund, 851Hunter, see John H.

Ibn Aqull, 25n.Ibn Gabirol, see AvicebronIceland, 779Indians (American), 763Innocentius V, Pope, 878Introductions antique, I77nn.Introductiones dialectice secundum Wilgelmum,

277n.Introductiones Montane minores, I49n., 208n.,

277n., 278-9

Introductiones Parisienses, 166, I75n., I76n.,278-9,28on.

Ioannes, 46, 56-7, 69, 75Iohannes Hispalensis, see John of SevilleIreland, 881Irnerius, 764, 864Isaac, 713Isidore of Seville, 275, 705, 707-8, 768, 777nn.,

780Israel, 779, 781Issy, 842-3Italy, 12, 55, 57, 64, 96-7, 554, 622, 728, 744~5.

787-8, 791, 795, 806, 809, 811-12, 840-1,844,861-2,867, 885, 887

Ivo ofChartres, 25n.

Jacopo of Forli, 54m.Jacopo Zabarella, see ZabarellaJacquin, R-, 841 nn.James (or Jacques) Almain, 745, 764, 770, 864James of Douai, 664, 864James of Venice, 46-7, 49-51, 54~7> 65, 67,

75-7, 79, 104, 108-9, 122, 498n.James of Viterbo, 393, 404—5, 4O7n., 409n., 740,

758, 865Jardine, L., 7Javellus, Chrysostom, 790—1Jean Bodin, see BodinJeremiah, 689Jerome, lO5n., 688-90, 694Jeronimo Pardo, 789Jesuits, 97, 836, 839-41, 843, 845, 859-60, 872Jesus, Diego de, 836n.Joachim of Fiore, 92, 884Jodocus Trutvetter, 788Johann von Eck, 788Johannes Caesarius, see CaesariusJohannes Teutonicus, 78on.John, Gospel of, 201John XXI, Pope, 878; see also Peter of SpainJohn XXII, 742-3, 891John Argyropoulos, 670John Aurifaber, 29n., 257, 267-8, 865John Belmeis, 57John Blund, 70, 597John Bode, 540, 86$John Buridan, 96, 123, I76n., 189ml., I9onn.,

I9inn., I92nn., 193ml., I95n., io6n., 205-6,246n., 249nn., 256, 285n., 298n., 299, 30inn.,302-3, 3O7n., 308n., 3O9n., 314, 340, 355~7,377, 472n., 473n., 515-17, 523. 538, 566n.,568n., 569n., 574n., 575. 635, 667-9, 683-6,735-7. 789-9O, 865-6, 871

John the Canon, 861John Capreolus, 33, 206-7, 866John of Celaya, 251, 54m., 790, 795






Index Nominum 987

John of Constance, 252n.John of Dacia, 1311., 256n., 257n.John Damascene (or of Damascus), usn. , 629,

549, 695John Dorp, 789, 866John Dullaert, 54m.John Dumbleton, 252nM 534, 540, 542, 563, 866John Duns Scotus, 26, 189ml., 19m., 256,

262n., 316, 353-5, 367-9, 371, 376, 386n.,387-90, 392, 404-7, 410-23, 429, 432, 434,439, 455-8, 460, 463-6, 468-70, 473n., 474,475n., 476-7, 485-6, 507-H, 522, 538,576n., 579, 626-8, 638-40, 653, 666, 669,683, 713-14, 718, 790, 818, 822-4, 828, 863,866-7, 869, 889, 890

(Ps.-)Scotus, 288, 293, 299, 307-10, 357, 388n.John Fortescue, Sir, 766, 867John of Genoa, 809John Gerson, 717, 745, 767, 867John of Glogow, 788John Heynlyn, 788John of Holland, 249n., 252nn.John Hunter, 249n., 252nn.John of Jandun, 257, 262, 267-8, 349, 6i7n.,

867, 872John of Legnano, 729, 77i~3, 774n., 775n., 776,

78onn., 867-8John Lutterell, 891John Major, 745, 789, 793, 855, 864, 868John of Mariana, see Mariana, Juan deJohn Merry weather, 83 5n.John of Mirecourt, 47m., 472n., 628, 64On., 868John le Page, 2i6n., 241, 243-4, 868John of Paris, 46m., 637, 684, 741, 758, 762,

766, 868-9John Peckham, 408, 410, 46on., 463n., 474, 524,

6ion., 658, 869(Ps.-)Peckham, 658-9, 676-7John Philoponus, 64, 76, 10m., 104, iO5n., 108,

12411., 345n., 569n.John Purvey, 882John Quidort, 5eejohn of ParisJohn of Reading, 475n., 869John of Ripa, 205, 528-9, 582, 869John of la Rochelle, 46cm., 597-9, 63 inn.,

635-6, 708-9John of St Thomas, 819-21, 870John of Salisbury, 46, 57, 69, 342, 44On.,

444nn., 445, 498, 738-9, 745, 749~5O, 759n.,764, 767-8, 870

John Scotus Eriugena, 82John Seton, 791, 821, 870John of Seville, 47, 50,5$, 79John Versor, 669, 788, 790John of Wesel, 25on., 252n.John Wyclif, 33n., 252n., 338, 576n., 743~4,

746,749-51,763, 870-1Jolivet,J., I43n., I44n., I56n.Jonah, 372n.Josse Clichtove, see ClichtoveJourdain, Amable, 45Juan Celaya, see John of CelayaJuan Dolz, 789, 794Juan Luis Vives, see VivesJuan de Mariana, see MarianaJudas, 428—9Judith, 750

Kalisch, 872Kant, Immanuel, 701, 839, 848-9Keckermann, Bartholomew, 835-7, 857Kellogg-Briand Pact, 780Kenny, Anthony, nn . , 849Kidd, I. G., H7n.Kilvington, see Richard K.Kilwardby, see Robert K.Kleutgen, Joseph, 841-2, 846n., 848, 850Kneale, W. and M., 796n., 797Knox, John, 868Knudsen, C , 6Knuuttila, S., 5Korolec.J. B., 6Kretzmann, B. E., 548ml.Kretzmann, N., 5, 2i7n., 329n., 548nn.Kuksewicz, Z., 6, 615n., 6i7n.

Lactantius, 705, 759n., 783Lambert of Auxerre, 188-9, I96n., 279n., 281-

3, 287, 288n., 292-3, 306-7, 3i6n., 348, 871Lammenais, F. de, 838-9, 842Lanfranc, 83Laon,11Lascaris, see Constantine L.Latimer, Hugh, 870Latomus, Bartholomaeus, 791, 801-2, 805Lavenham, see Richard L.Lax, see Gaspar L.Lefranc, A., 8o2n.Leibniz, G. W. von, 355, 381, 54m., 826Leiden, 860, 864Leipzig, 788, 857Leo XIII, Pope, 841, 843, 845-7Leon,59Leonardo Bruni (Aretino), 670Leonardo da Vinci, see Da VinciLesniewski, S., 850Lewis, C. S., 829Libellus sophist drum ad usum Cantabrigiensem, 557,

788Libellus sophist arum ad usum Oxoniensent, 557,

788Libera, Alain de, 5






988 Index Nominum

Liberatore, M., 844Liber sex principiorum, 48, 50, 660Liege, 860Lincoln, 61, 883-4, 892Lincoln College, Oxford, 884Lisbon, 791, 878Little, A., 395n.; and Pelster, F., 22n.Livy, 777n-, 779n., 783n.Lloyd, A. C , 118Locke, John, 745Logica 'Cum sit nostra\ I75n., 176, I78n.,

179-81, 278-9Logica lUt dicit\ I75n., 277n., 278-9Logici, 788Lohr, C. H., 4, 74n.Lokert, George, 790Lombard, see Peter L.Lombardy, 728London, 859, 879, 882, 887, 891Lonergan, B., 475n., 849Longeway, J., 5O7n.Lorenzo Valla, see VallaLottin, O., 695Lotz,J. B., 849n.Louis XII (of France), 864Louvain, 63, 37On., 377n., 788, 844, 846, 850-1,

869Lovejoy, A. O., 344n.Lucretius, 569n., 570n., 797Ludovico Carbo, see CarboLudwig of Bavaria, Emperor, 867, 872, 891Luis de Molina, see MolinaLuiz Coronel, 54m.Lukasiewicz, J., 850Lull, see Raymond L.Luscombe, D. E., 7Luther, Martin, 97, 671, 715, 829Lutterell, see John L.Lyceum, 113Lynch, J. E., 463n.Lyon,790, 887Lyons, J.,257n.

MacClintock, S., 617n.McConica, J., 788n., 803n.McGrade, A. S., 7Machiavelli, Niccolo, 745McMullin, E., 850Madrid, 860, 869Mahoney, E., 6Maier, A., 41, 541, 847Maieru, A., I78n.Maimonides, see Moses M.Maistre, Joseph de, 838Major, see John M.Makdisi, G., 25n.

Malebranche, Nicolas, 459, 844Mallorca, 879Mandonnet, P., 22n., 615n.Manegold of Lautenbach, 759, 769, 871Manfred (of Sicily), 49, 62, 79Mantua, 809Manuel Chrysoloras, 812, 862Marechal,J., 848-9Mariana, Juan de, 871Maintain, Jacques, 848Marius Victorinus, 105-6, 109, 273n., 342Marlasca, A., 62m.Marliani, see Giovanni M.Marsilio Ficino, 8o8n.Marsilius of Inghen, 205, 339n., 377n., 789-

90, 865, 871-2Marsilius of Padua, 741-2, 745, 754-6, 759-60,

766-7, 770, 867, 872Marston, see Roger M.Martianus Capella, 106, 273 n.Martin of Dacia, 4On., 255-6, 259n., 872Marty, Anton, 850Marx, Karl, 745Masdeu, B., 840, 84m.Matthew, 747, 773Matthew of Aquasparta, 455, 46m., 462n.,

463n., 6o9n., 624-5, 636-7, 873Matthias of Gubbio, 24Maximus Tyrius, iO4n.Medina, Bartholomew, 717Melanchthon, Philipp, 97, 671, 686, 791, 800-3,

806-7, 829-30, 878Melun, 11, 156, 175, 875Merrier, D., 846, 848Merry weather, see John M.Merton College, Oxford, 335, 533, 54°, 54*n.,

61 in., 865-6, 870, 879-80, 883, 887-8,891

Messinus, 54m.Mexico, 790Meyer, Jacob, 776Meynell, C , 844n.Michael of Cesena, 891Michael of Ephesus, 108, I24n., I25n., I27n.,

659Michael of Massa, 57m., 873Michael Psellus, iO5n.Michael Scot, 48-52, 58-9, 64n., 75-7Michalski, C , 473n., 558Milan Commentator, 734-5Minio-Paluello, L., 46n., 53n., 55, 62n., 64n.,

67n., 70Moerbeke, see William of M.Molina, Luis de, 379—80, 770, 871Molinaeus, 836Moniteur, Le, 838






Index Nominum 989

Montagnes, B., 40611.Montaigu, College of, 789, 803Monte Cassino, 886Montpellier, 878, 879Mont-Sainte-Genevieve, 875Mont-Saint-Michel, 70Moran,J. G., 848More, Thomas, 77711., 778, 78011., 782Morisan, Bernard, 837Moses, 711Moses of Bergamo, 55Moses Maimonides, 349, 569n.Moulin, Pierre de, see MolinaeusMullally.J. P., 2i6n.Munich, 61 in., 891Murdoch, J. E., 6, 547n., 556, 557n.Muslims, 879

Naples, 60, 676, 790, 841, 864, 871, 879, 886-7Napoleon, 838-9Nardi, B., 602n., 61 inn., 6i2n., 6i5n.,6i6Navarre, College of, 802, 876Nebrija, Antonio de, 811, 813, 815Neckham, see Alexander N.Nemesius, 646Nero, 768Neufchateau, see Andre de N.Newman, John Henry, 84411.Newton, Sir Isaac, 57on.Niccolo of Foligno, 670Niccolo Machiavelli, see MachiavelliNiccolo Perotti, 811, 814Nicea, 63Nicephorus Blemmydes, iO5n., io6n., H5n.Nicholas I, Pope, 783n.Nicholas HI, Pope, 884Nicholas V, Pope, 810, 871Nicholas of Amiens, 50Nicholas of Autrecourt, 470n., 47m., 472ml.,

473n., 515, 576n., 628, 873Nicholas Bonettus, 575-7, 873Nicholas of Cusa, 458, 745, 759, 766, 873-4Nicholas Damascenus, 47, 79Nicholas of Orbelles, 669Nicholas of Paris, 162-3, 19m., 213n., 2i6n.,

2i7n., 2i8nn., 222, 224-30, 23m., 236,239n., 241-5, 279n., 874

Nicholas of Sicily, 49, 61-2, 78Nicholas Trivet, 637-8Nicolas, J.-H., 396n.Nicole Oresme, 96, 538, 57on., 669, 728, 730-2,

735, 865, 874Nicoletto Vernia, 622Nicomedia, 54Nifo, Agostino, 616, 622, 663n., 670, 682, 791,

706, 8oon., 8o5nn.

Nimrod, 757Nineveh, 372n.Nizzoli, Mario, 816Normore, C , 5, 220n.Notker Labeo, 82, 275n.Nuchelmans, G., 5, i90n.Nugent, see Pierre de N.Numbers (Book of), 78m.

Obertello, L., iO7n.Obligations Parisienses, 317Ocafia, 860Ockham, see William O.Odofredus, 776n.Odo Regaldus, 63inn., 636n.Oeing-Hahnhoff, L., 29n.Olivi, see Peter John O.Ong, W.J.,802Oresme, see Nicole O.Oriel College, Oxford, 882Orleans, 864Ormazius, M. Doniensis, 794Owen, G. E. L., 25mOwens, J., 6, 394n., 601Oxford, 12, 33n., 55, 61, 69n., 70, 72-3, 174-

87, 238, 368n., 370, 376, 4i6n., 487, 522,524, 530, 533-5. 540, 54m., 542-7, 557,562-3, 565, 571, 623, 626, 634, 636, 637-8,788, 8oon., 801, 834, 859, 863, 865-6, 869-70, 880-4, 886-9, 891-2; see also underindividual colleges

Padua, 62, 96, 622, 787-8, 806, 855, 857, 860,862, 875

Papias, 809Pardo, see Jeronimo P.Paris, 12-13, 17"-, 24, 48, 56, 64, 70-3, 80,

85-7, 95-7, ioin., 124, 174-87, 204, 255,267, 368n., 376-7, 396, 399, 404, 4©8, 416,487, 522, 536n., 537-9, 54irm-, 544n., 545~6,575, 587, 597-600, 611, 613, 6i5n., 621, 623,626, 637-8, 64on., 658-60, 662-6, 668, 675,725, 732, 788-92, 794-6, 802-3, 815, 855-79, 881, 884-6, 890

Parma, 840-1Parvipontanus, see Adam P.Paul, 629, 688, 693, 705, 757, 768Paul of Pergula, I93n., 249n., 25On., 252n., 209,

302, 321, 339n., 787, 875Paul of Venice, 96, 205, 208, 215n., 224-30,

23m., 234-41, 243-4, 247n., 25on., 251,252n., 299, 338-9, 54in-, 587, 669, 787,788n., 790, 792-3, 800, 875

Paul of Worczyn, 669Paulus, 705Pavia, 857, 871






990 Index Nominum

Pecci, Gioacchino, see Leo XIIIPeckham, see John P.Pedro de Fonseca, see FonsecaPedro Sanchez Ciruelo, see CirueloPelster, F., 22n.Pelzer, A., 35n., 84m.Percival, W. K., 7Perger, Bernard, 814Perotti, N., 814Perugia, 791, 845, 857, 862Peter, 361, 368, 372~3, 378, 747Peter Abelard, 2, 25, 83, 88, 133, 137, I38n.,

H3~57, 165, ioonn., I9inn., 197,200-4,207-8, 2i2n., 278, 280-1, 302-3, 3O4n.,305-6, 342n., 346n., 347, 361-4, 4im., 439,444, 658n., 673, 706, 870, 875-6

Peter of Ailly, i89n., 206, 208, 253, 268-9,339n., 374n., 377~8, 472n., 473n., 717, 745,789-90,793,867,^

Peter Aureoli, 262, 266, 369-71, 436-7, 464^,466n., 473n., 474n., 490-1, 538, 628, 823, 876

Peter of Auvergne, 2in., 32, 90, 94, 183, 264n.,286n., 664, 723-36, 876-7

Peter of Brussels, see Crockaert, PierrePeter of Candia, 338, 37On., 869Peter of Castrovol, 670Peter Ceffons, 582, 877Peter Coruheda, 666Peter Damian, 83Peter de Falco, 637Peter Gallegus, 59-61, 77Peter Helias, 254, 877Peter John Olivi, 92, 402nn., 46m., 473n.,

532n., 57m., 6o9n., 626, 877Peter Lombard, 19, 26, 94, 203, 363-4, 370,

687-9, 694, 835, 877Peter of Mantua, 229n.Peter Ramus, see RamusPeter de Rivo, 37On.Peter of Spain, 18, 107, I24n., 168-70, I7inn.,

177-8, I79n., 180, 182, i83n., I93n., 2i5n.,2i6nn., 2i8nn., 220-1, 223-30, 234-42, 245,279-83, 285n., 286n., 288n., 29On., 291-2,293n., 298, 302, 306, 3i6n., 342, 343n., 347n.,348, 554, 568n., 586n., 587, 600, 788, 790,800-1, 865, 877-8, 890

(Ps.-)Petrus, 2i5n., 2i8nn., 223-30, 23m.,234-41, $S7ti.,878

Peter of Tarantasia, 202-3, #7^Peter Tartaretus, 2O7n., 669-70, 789-90Peter the Venerable, 875Petit-Pont, 174-6Petrarch, 808-9Philip IV (of France), 868Philip IV (of Spain), 869Philip the Chancellor, 72, 597-8, 631, 633-6,

690-5, 699-700, 702, 878Philip of Tripoli, 59-60, 79Philo of Megara, 345n.Philoponus, see John P.Piacenza, 840-1, 869Picavet, F., 847Picus, see Hieronymus P.Pierre de Moulin, see MolinaeusPierre de Nugent, 37on.Pinborg.J., 5, un. , 220n., 267n., 820n.Pisa, 857Pius II, Pope, see Aeneas SylviusPius VII, 838Pius IX, 841,845Plantinga, A., 827Plato, 56, 86, 103, 359, 444-5, 459. 46m.,

576n., 658, 687-9, 7°6> 708-9, 716, 728,76m., 78m., 797, 809, 817, 833, 844, 890

Pliny, 16Plotinus, 345n., 442, 847Plutarch, 569n.Poggio Bracciolini, 799n., 812Poland, 788, 821, 850Pollard, A. W., 788n.Pomponio Leto, see Giulio P. L.Porphyry, 34, 46, 48, 50, 53, 79, 85, 103-5,

107-8, no , 118-21, 123, 126-30, 132, 444,484, 487

Port-Royal, 815n., 816Portugal, 600, 818, 877Posen, 872Posidonius, 113, 115, 117Potts, T., 7Poupard, P., 840Prague, 12, 21, 639, 668, 856Prior, A. N., 298n.Priscian, 28n., 34, 85, 109-10, 123, 126-7,

133-6, 156, 163-4, 168, I9onn., 21 in., 254,26on., 8ion., 811-12, 877

Probus, 812Proclus, 47, 64, 79, 400, 569n.Provence, 666Proverbs, 689Psellus, see Michael P.Ptolemy, 84-5, 93-4Ptolemy of Lucca, 765, 878Pufendorf, S., 719Pultusk, 872Purvey, see John P.Pythagoras, 576n.

Quaestiottes Victorinae, 163-4, 241, 244Queen's College, Oxford, 881, 891Quidort, John, see John of ParisQuine.W.V. 0 , 1 5 4Quintilian, 273n., 797, 799, 804, 809, 836






Index Nominum 991

Radulphus Brito, 16, 32, 10m., 18411., 185, 256,260-1, 263ml., 264, 26511., 28m., 28211.,2851m., 289-90, 29m., 48611., 487-90, 492,665, 879

Raeymakcr, L. de, 84611., 85m.Rahner, 849Ralph Strode, 24711., 249ml., 25211., 299, 30m.,

338-9, 787, 790, 879Ramiere, H., 8451111.Ramus, Peter, 791, 801-4, 819, 821Ranuccio di Castiglione Florentine 871Rashdall, H. im.Ravenna, 54-5Raymond (Archbishop of Toledo), 58Raymond Lull, 879Raymond of Pennaforte, 772-3, 775n., 776n.,

777n., 78on., 78m., 783n., 880Redgrave, G. R., 788n.Regaldus, see Odo R.Renan, E., 842-4Reynolds, L. D., 39n.Rhabanus Maurus, 80, 93, 275n.Rheims, 11Rhetorica ad Herennium, 273n.Ricardus sophista, 2i8nn., 220, 22m., 224-30,

23m., 234-41, 243-4, 880Richard II (of England), 882Richard Billingham, 540, 880Richard Brinkley, 339, 880Richard de Bury, 54m., 729, 882, 887-8Richard of Campsall, 293, 37411., 880-1Richard of Cornwall, 181, 185, 22on., 636,

881Richard Crakanthorpe, see CrakanthorpeRichard Ferrybridge, 787Richard Fishacre, 22on., 634, 880, 881Richard FitzRalph, 762, 881Richard Holdsworth, see HoldsworthRichard Hooker, see HookerRichard Kilvington, 238n., 248, 25On., 318,

327, 329-32, 334-5, 34i, 540, 546-55, 587,666, 882

Richard Lavenham, I76n., 192ml., I93n.,24911., 299, 337, 340, 882-3

Richard of Middleton, 408, 410, 538, 637n.Richard Swineshead, 335, 536, 540-1, 546,

554-5, 560-3, 588-90, 882-3Ridley, Nicholas, 870Riet, G. van, 6o6n., 846n.Rijk, L. M. de, 5, 34n., 40n., I33n., 2i4n.,

22on., 278, 280, 293n., 316-17Rimini, 862Risse, W., 64n., 798n.Rivera Recio, J. F., 59n.Robert Bacon, 2i6n., 2i8nn., 219, 22onn., 221,

227n., 23inn., 232n., 241-4, 883

Robert Bellarmine, see BellarmineRobert of Coupon, 71Robert Fland, 24911., 25On., 252n., 299, 335~6,

338-40, 883Robert Grosseteste, 49, 52-3, 61-2, 65, 67-8,

72, 75, 77-9, 364-6, 370, 372, 374, 46on.,46m., 498, 501-4, 521, 523, 525, 576n.,578n., 659-60, 662, 667, 669-70, 677, 744,883-4

Robert Holkot, 205, 209, 373-4, 376, 378,463n., 640, 884

Robert Kilwardby, 257n., 28m., 284-7, 290,292, 293n., 483-4, 524, 636, 658, 676n., 677,884

(Ps.-)Kilwardby, 483-4Robert Sanderson, see SandersonRobert of Torigny, 54-5Robertus Anglicus, i83n., I96n.Roger Bacon, I4n., 61, 70, 122, 170-2, I74n.,

I76n., 180-7, 19m., 22m., 266-7, 279n.,283n., 286n., 287-8, 290, 292-3, 343n., 408,442n., 449-50, 46m., 480-1, 521, 523, 526,598-600, 6ion., 659, 734, 858, 884-5

Roger Marston, 316, 624, 637n.Roger Roseth, 248n., 25on.Roger Swineshead, 250-1, 253, 318, 334n.,

335-40, 540, 557n., 563, 788n., 793, **5Roland of Cremona, 72, 632-3Rome (and Romans), 53, 62, 705-7, 716, 732,

735, 738, 748, 749, 756-7, 759, 763-4, 767,775n., 776n., 777, 780, 783, 791, 797"8oo,810,812, 815, 839-42, 845, 859-61,870

Roscelin, 44411., 875Roseth, see Roger R.Rossi, G. P., 84m.Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 745Rudolph Agricola, 299, 791, 795, 798n., 800-3,

805-6,8i6n.Rufmus of Assisi, 708, 760-1, 771, 773-4,

778n., 885Russell, Bertrand, 142, 6o9n.Russell, F. H., 772n.

St Andrew's, 868St Gall, 799n.Sainte-Beuve, C.-A., 838St John's College, Cambridge, 870, 881Sajo, G., 61 in.Salamanca, 12, 789-90, 811, 859Salerno, 600, 878Salisbury, 888Salutati, see Coluccio S.Samur, 860Sanderson, John, 791Sanderson, Robert, 819, 821-2, 835-6, 884Sanseverino, G., 850






992 Index Nominum

Santeler, J. 6o8n.Sbarroya, Agostino, 790Scaliger, Julius Caesar, 816Scaliger, Joseph Justus, 54m.Scheibler, Christoph, 837Schmidt, C , 80211.Schmitt, C. B., 79511., 8o6n.Schmitt, F. S., 140Scot, see Michael S.Scotland, 789Scott, T. K., 47On., 47211., 47311.Scotus, *eejohn Duns S. and John S. EriugenaSegovia, 859Seneca, 668, 670, 740, 757Sens, 71, 875Serene, E., 6Seton, see John S.Seville, 790Sexgrave, see Walter S.Sextus Empiricus, iO4n., H4n., 850Sherwood, see William of S.Sicily, 49, 56-7, 59, 62, 84, 841Siena, 878Siger of Brabant, 27, 36n., 88-90, 94, 183,

i86n., 386n., 387-8, 390, 392-3, 398-400,4O2n., 406, 4O9n., 410, 46on., 522, 600, 611-23,663,680,682,^5-6

(Ps.-)Sigcr, 90, 94Siger of Courtrai, 259n., 26on., 288, 293, 886Simon of Brion, 885Simon of Faversham, 262n., 264n., 28m.,

n., 286n., 289-90, 292, 293n., 486n.,n., 886

Simon of Tournai, 35on.Simon du Val, 885Simplicius, 49, 61, 64, 74-5, 103-4, H9n.,

I2on., 122-3, 12711.Sincategoremata Monacensia, 215n., 232n., 233n.,

241-4Sirridge, M. 22on.Smiglecki, Martin, 821, 836, 872Smiglesius, see SmigleckiSocrates, 724Soissons, 875Solomon, 746Solon, 727Sophismata logicalia, 234-41Sophismata Parisius determinata, 2i8nn., 23 m.,

241Sorbonne, 861, 864, 878, 888Sordi, Domenico, 841Sordi, Serafino, 841Sorrento, 885Soto, Domingo de, 2O7n., 54m., 715, 770,

789-90, 793, 795-6, 859Spade, P. V., 5, 24911.

Spain, 12, 47, 58, 60, 84, 597, 763, 789, 791,811, 818, 840,859

Stapulensis, Faber, 671Steenberghen, F. van, 69n., 72nn., 4o8n., 6o2n.,

6unn., 6i2n., 6i3n., 6i5n., 6i6n., 6i7n.,6i9n., 846n., 847

Steneck, N. H., 6o3nn.Stephen Gardiner, 870Stephen of Provins, 59Stephen Tempier, 507, 537, 611, 615, 621, 623,

637-8,663, 885Strato, 114Streveler, P., 22on.Strode, see Ralph S.Stump E., 5, iO7n., H7n., 273n., 274n., 275n.,

278n., 28on., 327n.Sturm, Johann, 791, 802Suarez, Francisco, 379-81, 459, 47m., 715-19,

738, 754, 759-60, 766, 772, 773n., 774, 77<5n.,777n., 778-9, 78on., 782ml., 783n., 818, 822-33,835,837,559

Sulpizio Verulano, see Giovanni S. V.Summa Alexandrinorum, 60Summa Porretana, 632-3Summe Metenses, 278, 279n.Summa Sophisticorum elenchorum, I24n., I74n.Summule antiquorum, I77n.Sutton, see Thomas S.Sweden, 864Sweeney, L., 394n.Swiezawski, S., 485n.Swineshead, see Richard S. and Roger S.Sylla, E. D., 6Syria, 60

Tachau, K., 22on.Tacitus, 273n.Taparelli d'Azeglio, Luigi, 841, 843Tartaretus, see Peter T.Tempier, see Stephen T.Teresa of Avila, 859Terrena, see Guy T.Teutonicus, see Johannes T.Thebes, 63Themistius, 47, 64, 75-6, 106, no , 113, 114-15,

117-18, 122, 275, 279, 595, 605, 6o7n., 614,617-18

Theobald, 870Theodore Gaza, 812Theodoric, 53Theophrastus, 49, 78, 113—15, 343n., 614Thierry of Chartres, 445n.Thomas Alvarus, 54m., 547n.Thomas Aquinas, 6, 22, 25n., 26, 33n., 35, 41,

63, 74, 80-1, 89-95, 97, 124, i89n., 203,223n., 262, 346n., 348-50, 366-8, 370,






Index Nominum 993

390-8, 399n., 401, 40211., 40611., 408-11,452-5, 457-8, 459n-. 461, 464™., 47m.,474-7, 481-2, 486, 504-7, 509, 521, 524-5,528-9, 57011., 600, 60311., 605-11, 6i2n.,613-20, 622-3, 625, 635-8, 642-54, 661-9,678-83, 695, 700-4, 709-18, 723-5, 728-9,733-5. 739-41, 745, 75i~4, 759~62, 765-7,769-72, 773n., 774-5, 776n., 777-8, 77911.,78on., 781-2, 814, 820, 822, 824-5, 828, 830,83311., 836, 840, 843-7, 849, 85011., 855, 859-61, 865, 880, 885, 880-7, 890

(Ps.-) Aquinas, 124Thomas Becket, 870Thomas Bradwardine, 23811., 247-9, 252-3,

335. 37O, 374-7, 521, 523, 533-6, 540-2,548, 553-5, 557, 561, 567"-, 568n., 57011.,575, 576n., 578-80, 582, 587, 640, 715, 788n.,882, 887

Thomas Bricot, 789, 793Thomas Buckingham, 376, 640Thomas Ebcrdorfer of Haselbach, 669Thomas of Erfurt, 256, 48611., 790, 821, 887-8Thomas de Mercado, 790Thomas More, see MoreThomas Sutton, 637-8Thomas Wilton, 888Thomas of Wuldersdorf, 669Thomas of York, 408Thomson, S. H., 3911., 72n.Thorndike, L., 1111., 35mTitelman, Francis, 791Toledo, 47, 53, 56, 58-60, 84, 597Toledo, Francisco de, 791-2Tortelli, see Giovanni T.Toulouse, 12, 71, 182, 554, 888, 890Tractatus Anagnini, 167, 209, 232n., 233n.,

241-4, 277n., 278-9Tractates de arte obligandi, 339Tractatus de motu locali difformi, 536Tractatus Emmeranus defalsi positione, 317Tractatus Emmeranus de impossibili positione, 317Tractatus exponibilium, 215n., 568n.Tractatus implicitarum, 241—2, 244Tractatus Sorbonnensis de petitionibus contrariorum,

3i5n., 317Tractatus de univocatione Monacensis, i65n.,

2i4n., 2i5n., 241Trapp, D., 582n.Treguier, 842Trent, Council of, 859Trentman,J., 7Trinity College, Cambridge, 801Trivet, see Nicholas T.Trutvetter, see Jodocus T.Tubingen, 788, 800Tunis, 879

Tusculum, 878Twardowski, K., 850Tweedale, M., 5, I3on.Tyrius, see Maximus T.

Ubaghs, G. C , 844Ugolino of Orvicto, 205, 666, 888Ulpian, 705-6, 709-11Una Juarez, A., 3i4n.Union Academique Internationale, 45-6United Nations, 780Urban of Melk, 669

Valla, Lorenzo, 299, 795, 797-801, 803, 806,810-11, 814, 816, 871

Valladolid, 859Varro, 107, 812Vasoli, C , 8o7n.Vasquez, Gabriel, 459, 715-16, 818, 830, 860Vatican, 845, 851Venator, see John HunterVenice, 28411., 67011., 728-9, 790, 875Ventura dc Raulica, J., 845n.Verger, J., nn .Vergil, 81011.Vernia, see Nicolctto V.Verona, 862Veronese, see Gasparo V. and Guarino V.Versor, see John V.Victorinus, see Marius V.Vienna, 639, 669, 814, 856Vier, P., 51 in., 5i2n.Villalpandco, Cardillo de, 793-4Vilna, 872Vincent Ferrer, 19m., 19511., I96n., 820Vinci, see Da VinciVita beati loantris Psichaitae, iO5n.Vital du Four, 40711., 455, 46211., 463^, 888Viterbo, 63, 811, 864Vitoria, Francisco de, 763, 772, 776-7, 778n.,

779, 78on., 782, 859-60Vittorino da Feltre, 809Vives.Juan Luis, 792, 798n., 802-4Voigt, G., 8o8n.

Wallace, W. A., 5O3n.Wallies, M., 115Walter of Bruges, 636Walter Burley, 3on., 36n., 41, 74, 17611., i89n.,

I9onn., 19m., I92nn., I93n., I95nn., 207,209-10, 21511., 2i8n., 224-30, 234-41, 244,248, 249n., 266, 268, 291-4, 297-8, 30111.,3O7n., 311-14, 316-29, 33i, 335, 337nn.,34811., 412, 422-32, 435, 439, 464ml., 466n.,490, 494, 523, 530-1, 538, 540, 554-5, 585,667, 726, 728-30, 790, 888-9






994 Index Nominum

Walter Chatton, 206, 436-9, 46811., 46911.,47311., 47411., 491-4, 523, 57on., 575~7,57811., 579n., 583-4, S8gy 891

Walter Sexgrave, 24811.Walzer, R., 2Weisheipl, J. A., 6, 22n., 31511., 54311.Wengert, R., 47011.Weber, E.-H., 61311., 61511.Westphalia, 814Wieland, G., 6-7Wilkins, John, 815-16William of Alnwick,4i6n., 56611., 571-2, ##9-90William Arnaud, 182-3, 186, 890William of Auvergne, 72, 409, 446-7, 45911.,

460, 46411., 597-8, 6o6n., 6ion., 758William of Auxerre, 72, 445-6, 631-3, 67511.,

679, 692, 694, 890William of Champeaux, 163-4, 277, 411, 439,

875William of Conches, 138, 168, 25411., 706, 890William of Crathorn, 19011., 203-4William Heytesbury, 21511., 234-41, 24611.,

25011., 251-3, 34m., 534, 540, 545-8,553-62, 575, 587, 58811., 787, 790, 860, 891

William of Luna, 49, 59-do, 74-5William de la Marc, 408, 46m., 6o9n., 636, 891William of Moerbeke, 45, 49, 51-3, 62-4, 66,

68, 74-9, 614, 662, 723-5, 728-9, 8i7n.William Ockham, 26, 30, 74, 96, I29n., 154,

173, I76n., 189, i9Onn., 19m., I92nn., I93n.,194, I95nri-, 198, 205, 2i5n., 234-44, 248n.,256, 268, 293-9, 3O4n., 3O7n., 310-11, 314,332-4, 348n., 355n., 357, 358n., 369-80,391-2, 401-2, 406, 4O9n., 410-11, 414,417-39, 457-8, 460, 463, 464nn., 4<>5n.,466-77, 485, 490-5, 5O7n., 508, 5ion.,

513-15, 522-3, 528, 530-3, 538, 555, 572n.,573-5, 584, 628, 638, 640, 666-7, 714-15,717-18, 742-3, 745, 751, 754-5, 762, 765-6,789-90, 793, 820, 822, 824, 828, 830-1, 834,855-6, 864, 868-9, 889, 891-2

William of Sherwood, 164-5, 170—2, I77n.,178-81, 185-6, I93n., I95n., 2i2n., 2i3nM

2i8nn., 221-2, 23m., 234-42, 246-7, 27911.,281-3, 291-2, 306-7, 316-18, 326n., 327-8,335, 336n., 337n., 342, 343*1., 346n., 348, 554,568n., 586n., 587, 892

(Ps.-)Sherwood, 246-7, 248n.(Putative) Sherwood, 316-18, 326n., 327-8,

335,336n., 337n.Wilson, C , 548n.Wilson, N. G., 39n.Wilton, see Thomas W.Wippel, J., 6, 5O7n., 6i6n.Wittenberg, 788, 802, 857Wittgenstein, L., 142, 65on.Wodeham, see Adam W.Wolter, A. B., 4O7n., 51m.Worcester, 881Wulf, Maurice de, 46n., 69n., 72nn., 846Wyclif.ieeJohnW.Wyclifites, 882

York, 57, 880, 888

Zabarella, Jacopo, 791, 8o6nn.Zabughin, V., 8i2n.Zasius, U., 800Zavalloni, R., 408n., 4ion.Zeno,103Zigliara, T. M., 848Zimara, 8o6n.






INDEX RERUM

Page numbers divided by an en-dash (such as '72-81', '101-2') indicate either a continuousdiscussion or simply at least one relevant occurrence of the term on each of those pages.

Many pages referred to contain relevant material in their footnotes as well as in the body of thetext, but footnotes are expressly referred to (as in '847^' or 'iSinn.') only in case relevant materialdoes not also occur in the text on those pages; and footnote references give only the number of thepage on which the note referred to begins, even if the relevant material occurs in the continuationof the note on the following page.

Many Latin technical terms used in the text or notes are indexed even when their Englishequivalents are likewise indexed, because the many scholars contributing to this History do not alluse the same terminology and because their discussions are based on Latin philosophical literaturewhich is almost entirely untranslated. The analysed entries and cross-references should help thereader to see associations that might otherwise be obscure.

This index contains references not only to explicit discussions but also to further applications ofthe concept or term, enabling a reader interested in a particular topic to see something of the part itplays in medieval philosophy. Because of this book's multiple authorship and organisation byinterrelated topics, it sometimes happens that a concept is employed in one chapter before beingmore formally introduced in a later chapter.

This index includes entries for works of Aristotle, Porphyry, and Boethius, the authors whoseimportance in the curriculum did so much to shape the philosophy of the later Middle Ages. Theentries for Aristotle's works aim at completeness in order to provide a rough guide to the characterof their enormous influence over later medieval thought.

ab aeterno, 23 m .abbreviations, see under manuscriptsabstraction, 454-6, 464, 476, 479, 487-8, 597,

601-5, 608, 6i3n., 616, 621, 625-8, 844, 851;and predication, I2on; four grades of, 602-4;precisive and non-precisive, 457; three modesof, 480; see also names, abstract and terms,abstract and concrete and under universals

abstractive apprehension of quiddities, 482abstractive cognition, 407, 456-7, 460-78; as

different from intuitive cognition only asregards the acts themselves, 457, 468; inOckham, 457-8, 466-7; in Scotus, 463,465-6

academic degrees, 14, 18-19, 548n.; Bachelor's,18, 542-6 (see also baccalaureus biblicus andbaccalaureus sententiarum); examinations for,23, 34, 72, 85; Master's, 18-19, 521, 542-6(see also masters of arts and masters oftheology)

academic freedom, 71, 95Academics, 472

acceleration, 533~4> 557; uniform, 535, 541,561; see also velocity

acceptation, see suppositionaccident, 128, 130-2, 134, 296; fallacy of, 236n.,

4 3 1

accidents, 262, 285; as individuating principles,411; in traditional grammar, 259; nine cate-gories of, 131, 285n.; reduced to quality andquantity, 401; susceptible of degree, 131, 548;see also substance

accusative-plus-infinitive, see indirect discourseact: Aquinas' analysis of simple complete, 653;

pure, 399, 4oon.; -theory of objects of beliefand knowledge, 205

action: Aquinas' theory of human, 642-54;Aristotelian theories of, 642; category of, 129,527; causal theories of, 642; difficulty of, 560;happiness as ultimate object of, 674; spon-taneity of, 638; theological issues regarding,642; -theory, 141, 642-54

actions: and passions, 144; responsibility forgood and evil, 87; complete and component,






996 Index Rerum

actions [cont.]643,647-8,653-4

acts: creditative, 469, 471-2; directed to meansor to ends, 644-7, 653; elicited, 600, 651,653-4; executed, 653; of a human being andhuman acts, 643; of command and com-manded acts, 649-51, 653; of thought (seemental acts and under intellect); out of charac-ter, 643-4; speech, 197, 199-200; see alsounder will

actuality: first, 524; incipient, 4ion.; see also esseand existence and potentiality

Adamites, 317addition, logical, 309ad hoc dicendum (or dico), 31adjectives, 135, 144, 212, 231, 816; as terms,

188; semantic properties of, 179; see alsonames, adjectival

admisso casu, 341ad placitum, 189; see also under signsadultery, 714,717, 831ad utrumlibet, see under contingencyadverbs, 212; modistic analysis of, 258, 260adversarii, 27affectus as condition of just war, 773-5affirmation and negation, intentions of, 491affirmative and negative force, 204agens as initiator of action, 813agent: executive powers of, 650-4; intrinsic,

6i7n., 618agents and patients, 449agreement, see consentAlbertism, 269alchemy, 5o6n., 843algebra, 60laliquid\ senses of, 204aliud, 2i4n.alteration, 532-4, 554-6, 565, 574n.; theories

of, 555ambiguity, 27, 106, I2on., 121, 124, 126, 208,

219; different analyses and resolutions of an,219-24; inherent in names, 120-1; resultingfrom (categorematic and syncategorematicuses, 231, 234; different correspondingmental propositions, 253); structural, 347; seealso amphiboly and equivocation

amphiboly, 123ampliation (of reference), 165-6, 171-2, 174-8,

180-1, i82n., 184-5,194, 2i4n., 265, 355, 357analogy, 182, 184, 4o6n., 528analysis: and descent to singulars, 194; and

synthesis, 685; Anselmian, 139-42; ingeometry, 116; linguistic (see under linguistic);logical, 265; modistic, 257-60, 263-4; pro-positional or sentential, 574, 591, 813-14,8i6n. (see also exposition)

analyticity, 832n.ancient thought, stages in reception of, 121-7;

see also under Aristotle's worksangelic intelligence, see intelligencesangels, 392, 4oonn., 406, 408, 409ml., 44511.,

453nM 460, 464, 472, 475-6, 564, 576, 605,609, 611, 632, 758

angles: calculus of, 582; curvilinear or horn,580-2; of contingence, 581-2; of semicircles,581-2; rectilinear, 581

Anglici or Britannia, 541anima composita, 612, 619'Animal est pars animalis\ 23m., 237animal spirit, 603animus as condition of just war, 773annihilation, 426-7antecedens as antecedent of pronoun, 813antecedent, 298, 300-1; and consequent, re-

lations between, 150, 276, 300, 303, 305-9,31m.

antiqua responsio in obligations, 335antiqui, 186, 339antonomasia, 176aporiai, 25, 102lappellare\ use of, 181-2appellata, 165, 167, 171, 183, 233n.appellation, 147, 164-8, 171—2, 174-5, J77»

181-2, i83n., 186, 792; ampliative or properaccount of, 178-81; and signification, 137-8,149, 164-7, 179; and supposition, 178-82;and univocation, 165, 175; equivocal, 181;loss of, 175; of subject terms alone, 176;Oxford theory of, 176; Parvipontaneantheory of, 176; restrictive or improperaccount of, 178—80, 18in.; the CommonDoctrine of, 180-2, 184-5

appetites: bodily or sensitive, 643, 650, 694;intellectual, 681; see also desires and soul,appetitive part of

appositum as object or predicate, 813apprehension, 198, 205, 487, 489, 491, 695, 697,

699-700; abstractive 482; innate, 698; ofpropositions (complex), 468; of terms(incomplex), 467-8

Arabic, Latin translations of Aristotle from, 45,47-8, 52, 58-61, 74-9; philosophy, 1-2, 86(Latin translations of, 47-8)

Areopagus (ideal court), 738arguing: art of, 273; modes of, 276arguitur (or videtur) quod sicjnon, 31argument: Aristotle's 'touching', 577-8; heap,

799, 806-7; ontological, 453, 455-7; scienceof, 31511.; the Master, 345n.

arguments, 300-1; aporetic, 724, 728;Aristotelian types of, 309; confirmation of,274, 801; demonstrative, 112, 116—17, 28m.,






Index Rerum 997

284, 286; dialectical, 112, 114, 116, 274, 284,286, 290, 798 (see also topical arguments);discovery of, 273-4, 801; distinguished frominferences, 292; elliptic, 116; from authority,31; in disputations, 28—9; in terminis, 562;necessary, 287, 290; principal (affirmative andnegative), 31; probable, 28m., 290; refuta-tions of (see objections); rhetorical, 112, 116;sophistical or fallacious, 29, 112, 116, 126,279, 281; stereotypical, 29; topical (see topicalarguments); transcendental, 701

aristocracy, 731-3Aristotelian-neoplatonic controversy, 444-5Aristotelian works (spurious), 45, 47, 522 (see

also under individual titles); table of medievalLatin translations of, 78-9

Aristotelianism, 2, 5, 48, 52-3, 87, 96-8, 286,440, 836; and Augustinianism, 450-1, 461-2,498-504, 600-1, 623-8; 847; and Chris-tianity, 71, 90-4, 522, 600-1, 728; andProtestantism, 97; flowering of, 73; from1500 to 1650, 96-8; in epistemology, 443-7,459-61; opposition to, 48, 69, 70-1, 92, 724;purified, 267

Aristotle; contempt for, 839; the new, 69-70,72,521,706

Aristotle's works: banning of, 69-71, 521,597~8, 657; corpus recentius of, 51-2; corpusvetustius of, 50-1, 58, 61, 73; editions ofGreek text of, 81, 96, 670; in Arabic trans-lations, 68; in Latin translations, 45-79, 96,342, 440, 657, 670-1, 723-4; in Syriac trans-lations, 68; interpretation of, 29-30, 80-98,118, 657-72; medieval translators of, 53-64,498n., 521, 723-4; prescribing of, 69, 87-8,521-3; reception of, 69-74, 122, 440, 498,597-8, 6o2n., 62On., 623, 657-72; recoveryof, 45-79, 81, 86, 157, 255, 706-7; stages inassimilation of, 81; table of medieval Latintranslations of, 74-9; unity of, 726; verna-cular translations of, 81, 669, 671, 730; ver-sions of, 49; see also under individual titles

arithmetic, 19, 53, 85, 542ars: nova (see logica nova); obligatoria (see obli-

gations); vetus (see logica vetus)artes sermocinales, 143, 154, 157articles, see under questions'artists' (artistae), 15, 542n., 54411.arts (seven liberal), 12, 82, 106, 521-2, 542; and

theology, 82, 86-7, 96-7; changing conceptof, 85, 87, 521; course, 14-15, 84-6, 521-3,542-6, 800 (vocational, 803-5); courses,scholastic and humanist, 804-6; faculty,13-15, 3on., 34, 71-3, 85, 96-7, 521-2, 542,598, 611, 613, 621, 628, 657, 659-60, 662,665-6 (as philosophical faculty, 87, 96; see

also under disputations)aspects (rationes), 415; formal (rationesformales),

415; real (rationes reales), 415assent, 199, 204-6, 373, 378n., 61 in., 650;

evident, 468; object of, 204, 206; presup-positions of, 468

assertibles, 201, 204-5, 208-9asserting, 197-9, 200-1, 204astrology (or astronomia iudkialis), 31, 59, 86,

526astronomy, 13, 15, 19, 31, 84-5, 525, 528-9,

542; Aristotelian and Ptolemaic, 93-4atomism: logical, 824; physical, 576; see also

indivisibilismattention: distinction of, 153; vital, 463n.auctores, 101auctoritas as condition of just war, 773-7augmentation, 528-9, 531-4, 554, 556, 560,

574n.; see also diminutionAugustinianism: and Aristotelianism, 450-1,

461-2, 498-504, 600-1, 623-8, 847;Avicennised, 610; in Anselm, 501; in episte-mology, 441-51, 473n., 498-504, 508; inGrosseteste, 501-4; in neoscholasticism, 844

Augustinians (Austin friars), 522, 637, 666aut ('or'), 107, 305; see also velauthoritative passages (auctoritates), 29authority, 25-6, 91, 97-8, 279n., 459; and

reason, 91, 95; appeals to, 26, 29, 31, 261;arguments from, 31; changing attitudestoward, 95-8; conflicting, 89, 93; of classicalgrammarians, 261, 811-12; of community,764-5, 767-8, 770; of teachers, 80-1, 89, 95;resistance to, 726, 749, 754, 768-70; respectfor, 66, 101; supreme political, 729, 733, 735,763-5

Averroism, Latin, 29, 88, 93, 96, 495, 611-23;Aquinas' opposition to, 613-15; Bolognese,622

Averroists as critics of modism, 256-7, 267n.axioms (axiomata), 111-18; demonstrative, 112;

dialectical, 112axioms (dignitates), 698

baccalaureus biblicus, 19, 521-2baccalaureus sententiarum, 19, 521-2badness, see evilBarbara, 277, 287-9, 497'Barbara Celarent', 843barbarisms, 811beatific vision, 504, 61 in., 645-6, 679, 710, 760beatitude, 87, 616, 679n.begging the question, see petitio principiibeginning and ceasing, see incipit and desinitbeing: and non-being, union of, 408; Aristotle's

theory of, 184; as being (as the subject of






998 Index Rerum

being [com.]metaphysics, 386-7, 389-92; no causes orprinciples for, 388-90; science of, 385); asunivocal to God and creatures, 456-7; de-grees of, 406, 489; diminished, 416, 486;divine, 387; in general, 389-90; intelligibilityof, 464; material or natural, 449; modes of(see modi essendi); most general notion of,626; objective potential, 826-7; potential,401; principles of, 395; quidditative, 457n.;simple, 449; spiritual, 449; Suarez' two sensesof, 826-7; uncreated, 681-2

belief: object of, 201-4, 206-7; see also faith andknowledge and complexum and cognition andcreditative acts

believing, 199, 201-5; and willing, 361, 467'be obliged' (debere), Anselmian analysis of, 141'besides', see praeterBible: as basis of authority, 80; as containing

natural law, 706-8; as providing rules for allaspects of life, 747-8; commentaries on, 522;exegesis o{, 89; in confrontation with paganphilosophy, 83, 90, 92, 642; lectures on, 19

biblical: criticism, 8i6n.; exegesis, 89-91birth, metaphor of, 442-3bivalence, principle of, 358, 370-1; see also

excluded middlebody, 24011., 532, 574; resurrection of, 87; to be

moved and moving body, 533, 535; see alsounder soul

Boethius' theological works, commentaries on,39m., 392-3, 394n., 445, 5O5n., 525™.,6ion., 61 inn., 66m.

books and teaching, 16-17brain, 603, 604n., 606Britannia or Anglici, 541Brunellus or Brownie, 265, 433Byzantine: contributions to Italian renaissance,

8i2n.; logic, 104-5; philosophy, 1-2

calculation, 546n., 547-8, 552-5, 561-3Calculator, the, 541Calculators, Oxford, see Oxford CalculatorsCambridge History of Later Greek and Early

Medieval Philosophy, 1-2, 138Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy,

1-8, 42, 852'can': ampliating effect of, 165, 172, 177;

Anselmian analysis of, 139canonists, 729, 741, 745n., 76m., 771capacity, ascription of, 139, 588n.; see also

maxima and minima and potentiality orpotency and power or strength

cardinality relations, 572Carmelites, 666Cartesianism, 839, 843; see also linguistics,

Cartesian, and scholasticism, Cartesiancase, grammatical, 257, 259-60; 814cassation or nullification, 246-7casus or hypothesis, 252, 322, 330categoremata, see words, categorematiccategorical structure of reality, 352categories, 48, 82, 120, 128-9, 131, 201, 262,

279, 285n., 801, 820; as ways of understand-ing or talking about things, 530; gram-matical, 256-8; reducing the number of, 192

Categories (Aristotle's), 5, 46, 49-50, 53-4, 63,104-6, 118, 120, 122, 128—9, U4~5» !97, J99,344, 444n., 484, 487, 495n., 531; commen-taries on, 53,60,64, 105, 118, 122, 127, 132

causa: apparentiae, 124; as condition of just war,773-4, 777, 781-2; defectus, 124

causae: partiales, 627; veritatis, 126, 184, 220,265-6, 292 (and exposition, 266)

causality, 376; and knowledge, 378-81, 464;God's, 457

causation: analysed in terms of potency and act,642, 653-4; Avicennian principle of, 346n.

cause: and effect, 284, 346n., 376, 484n., 504-5,5O9n., 511, 651; the superior or first, 349,375, 386n., 451, 5O3n., 538, 660, 684

causes: agent, 654; efficient, 404-5, 5o6n., 507,525-7, 529, 536; essential, 5O7n., 5i2n.; final,506-7, 525, 527, 536, 635; formal, 525, 536;inferior or secondary, 349, 375; knowledgeby, 5O9n., 510; material, 525, 536; natural,511, 525; necessitating, 497, 503; per se andper accidens, 525; unfree, 511

cedat tempus (ending obligational disputations),323n.

Celarent, 277, 287-8celestial bodies, 85, 528-9certainty, 467, 470n., 472-3, 506, 610-11, 701,

798; and faith, 472n., 473, 686; and prob-ability, 526; in demonstrative science, 503,505; regarding one's own existence andmental states, 472; types and degrees of, 472,511, 5i2nn.

chance, 525-6; 5ee also fortunechange, 85, 524, 549; accidental, 559; continu-

ous and discontinuous, 565, 585-7; instant of,585-7; qualitative (see alteration); substantial,397, 528, 559-6O, 565

charity, 739, 744, 746; as will's virtue, 636, 638,law of, 750-1

chemistry and neoscholasticism, 848chimeras, 145, 23On., 403, 436, 438, 6o4n.,

794-5. 827choice, 629, 647, 652; acts of, 634, 650, 651, 653;

Aquinas on, 647-9; Aristotle on, 643; asinvolving reason and will, 634-5, 637; as lastact of will, 651; of means or end, 638-9,






Index Rerum 999

648-9, 651; see also free choice and free willChrist: and apostles as reflected in hierarchy,

747; as intending abolition of private prop-erty, 750; as the inner teacher, 495m.; as themodel for evangelical poverty, 742-4; as theonly fully realised man, 684; as the Word ofGod, 441, 45m.; condemned to death, 691

Christ's: commission of the Church to Peter,747; foreknowledge, 465; precepts andnatural law, 706-7; precepts as applied towar, 772; universal judicial power, 746-7

Christianity, 5, 7, 477, 521, 526, 740, 751; andAristotelianism, 71, 90-4, 522, 600-1, 728;and other religions, 83-4, 92; and philo-sophy, 71, 90, 92-4, 522, 524, 530, 600-1,660, 662-6

Christian: life, 742, 751; ministry, 742, 751Church: as teacher, 80; councils, 89; Fathers, 80,

83, 89, 359, 642, 705, 757, 761circumcision, 698citizen, concept of, 725, 763civics, 803civilians, 764civilitas, 749clerics: as teachers or masters, 80, 82-3, 87;

divine call of, 80; in warfare, 774coartatio, 172codicology, 38n.cogitative or estimative power, 606-7, 613, 616cognitio: propter quid and quia, 96; singularis,

46m., 463ml., 464, 476n.cognition: abstractive (see abstractive cog-

nition); accounted for in terms of (being orexistence, 445~9, 45O-I, 452~3, 455; %ht,442-4, 448-51, 453, 455, 498-504); acts of,487, 490, 492, 627-8; and intentions, 487-91;based on demonstration and on experience,514; complex, 467, 5O9n.; evident, 466-7,508-10, 512-14; incomplex, 467, 5O9n.;individuation of universal, 615, 617-18;intellective, 408-9, 442, 448, 452-3, 457, 595,597, 620, 623-4, 627-8; intuitive (see intui-tive cognition); manner and object of, 462,477; mental acts in, 452, 465; of individuals,460-78, 609, 613, 619; picture-theory of, 266;primary absolute and secondary relative, 488,49O, 513; sensitive, 595-6; undetermined byprevious cognitions, 470; see also intellectionand knowledge

colleges, 14, 16comitatio, 306commanding, 649-51, 653-4, 7*3, 716-17,

755-6; God's, 703; see also under lawCommandments, Ten, 705, 713, 718, 752commentaries, 20-1, 25, 34, 69, 73-4, 835; and

disputed questions, 26; as outgrowths of

glosses or scholia, 73, 102; literal, 29-30, 102,125, 660, 662, 724-5, 728, 732; on Aristotle,Arabic, 45, 48-9, 52, 59-60, 71, 81, 84, 157,184, 255, 266, 385-7, 432n., 440, 448n., 526,617, 618n., 621, 795n.; on Aristotle, Greek,45-6, 49, 61, 63-4, 81, 97, 103-4, 108, 122,446, 605, 617, 6i8n., 659, 795n.; on Aristotle,Latin, 88, 90, 91, 96, 104, 108, 122, 390,39m., 398, 449n., 522, 540, 657-72, 723-37,795n., 817, 836 (see also under individual titles);on Aristotle, table of medieval Latin trans-lations of Greek and Arabic, 74-9; onBoethius (see under Boethius' theologicalworks); on the Bible (see under Bible); on theSentences (see Sentence-commentaries);question-, 30-3, 96, 102, 125-6, 541, 660,664, 666, 728, 732, 734; superseded bymodern treatises, 835

Commentator, Averroes as the, 617commonness, 419, 421, 423common sense as universal human beliefs, 838;

see also sense, commoncommunes rationes, 284-5communication as the purpose of language,

189-90, 255-6community, 739, 745, 748, 753, 759, 767, 832;

natural authority of the, 764-5, 767-8, 770comparison, 213n., 548-9compatibility (stans cum), 421-2compendia, 69complex, what is, 319-20complexa, 198, 202, 205-6, 368, 373, 489, 573complexe significabile, 203-5, 794complexio, 197—8, 200, 202, 204—5complexum-theory of objects of belief and

knowledge, 202-6; 209composition: essence-existence, 392, 393n.,

395n., 396n., 397, 399~4oo, 402; gram-matical, 811; matter-form, 397-8, 400nn.,402, 408-10, 448, 524; of judgement, 482; orpredication, 213n.; positive-privative, 406;potentiality-actuality, 400, 402, 407-8;substance-accident, 399, 4oon., 406, 4O7n.,408

compossibility, 355, 357, 46511., 510compounded and divided senses, 151-2, I77n.,

179, 222, 37on., 378n.; and epistemic verbs,321, 364; and obligations, 321; of modal pro-positions, I77n., 179, 347-8, 354-7, 363-4

compounding and dividing in judgement, 200,207, 452n., 455n., 485^, 5O4n.

comedo, see under disputationsconceiving: modes of (see modi concipiendi);

modistic analysis of, 263-4concepts, 119-21, 207, 443-4, 625; abstract,

264n., 595-7; active, 264n.; and intentions,






1000 Index Rerum

concepts [com.]480, 485, 488, 491, 493-4; and their objects,190, 262; as basic components of mentallanguage, 471; as emanating from the minditself, 450; as likenesses, 450; as means ratherthan objects of knowledge, 6o9n.; as mentalwords, 608; as significata, 189, 191, 262,264n.; common, 285; complete, 381; con-fused or generalised, 430-4; connotative, 494;contents of, 480, 490-r, distinct, 429-34;distinctions in things and in, 432; extension-ality and intensionality of, 494; followingfrom other concepts, 300; formal, 459;incomplex, 452-3, 458; individual, 432n.; inOckham, 466; natural, 709-10; naturalsignification of, 434, 439, 458; objective, 459,490-1; of concepts, 262, 480; ontologicalstatus of, 435-9, 491-2; significata of, 189,262, 466; signification of, 262, 434, 439;superior and inferior, 432; the real being of,458; universal or general, 191, 432n., 434,439> 458, 625; see also ideas and intentions

conceptual contents, objectively existing, 266conceptual distinctions, ontological counter-

parts of, 267-8conceptualism, 434conciliarism, 732, 745, 759, 768conclusio as principle derived from natural

justice, 712-13conclusion, 300-1concord in traditional grammar, 259, 813, 815concordance, method of, see concordiaconcordia discordantium, 89-90, 92, 95condemnations: ecclesiastical, 92; of 1270, 91,

522, 615, 6i6n.; of 1277, 6, 88, 91, 376, 461,507, 522, 524, 537-9, 6i6n., 621, 623, 637,663,682;

condensation and rarefaction, 531-2, 558,559n., 560, 589-90

conditio as condition of just war, 773-4conditional excluded middle, principle of,

379-8oconditionality, 2i3n., 300conditionals: and consequences, 301—3; and

disjunctives and universal affirmatives, 305;and maximal propositions, 276; composed ofsubjunctive propositions, 305, 379-80;counterfactual, 305, 379-80; discovery orconstruction of true, 276; disguised, 372-3;377, 795; illative and promissory, 793; im-plicit, 702; in consequences, 297; in obliga-tions, 321-2; quantity and quality of pro-positions in, 276; relations between subjunc-tive and indicative, 379-80; truth-conditionsof, 150, 250-1, 302, 305, 3O7n., 372-3,379-81; truth or necessity of, 302; see also

consequences and hypothetical propositionsconfiscation or taxation, 762conflicts, internal, 688, 693congruentia, see grammaticallyconiunctio between antecedent and consequent,

306conjunction or copulation, 213n., 304; negated,

793; simplification of, 309conjunctions, 190, 212, 330, 336, 338; consecu-

tive, 3O7nn.; in consequences, 297; modisticanalysis of, 258; rational, 307-8

connotation, 192, 268, 532; and denotation,168-9; -theory, 192

connotatives, 530, 574; see also under conceptsconscience, 7, 687-704, 709; and natural law,

695-6; and reason, 691; Aquinas on, 700-4;as binding, 702-3; as form of knowledge,691, 696; as fourth part of soul, 688-9; as lawof thought, 695; Bonaventure on, 695-700;Jerome as source of discussions of, 688-90;Lombard as source of discussions of, 687-8;Philip the Chancellor on, 690-5; spark of,688-90, 709; Suarez on, 716; see also con-scientia and synderesis

'conscience', conscientia and synderesis as twosenses of, 692

conscientia, 687, 690; and consciousness, 696; asapplication of principles known by synderesis,700; as both innate and acquired, 697; asconcerned with particular actions, 691-2; asdisposition in virtue of which we are con-scious, 696; as disposition of practical reason,696-9; as fallible, 691-2, 698-9, 701-4; asidentical with synderesis, 690; as involvingfree choice and reason, 691-3; object of, 696,704; synderesis as the spark of, 690-1

consciousness, 696; see also self-consciousnessconsecutio, 306consecution, necessity of, 302, 305-6; see also

entailmentconsent, 642, 649, 653; of governed as basis for

government, 741-2, 745, 759-60, 767;universal, 829-30; see also assent and contract

consequence: as coniunctio between antecedentand consequent, 306; intention of, 482; signsof, 285-6, 309

consequences (consequentiae), 29, 34, 108, 26on.,300-14, 540, 787, 790-1, 793, 835; absolute,291, 295, 297, 299, 304, 309-12, 348-9;accidental (per accidens), 291, 297-8, 304; andconditionals, 297, 301-3; and modality,348-9, 367; and modern logic, 296n.; andrational propositions, 301-3; and suppo-sition, 195; and syncategoremata, 291, 297; asfounded on topical relationships, 290; as-of-now (ut nunc), 291, 295, 297, 304, 309-10,






Index Rerum IOOI

312, 333, 348-9; assertoric, 293, 296; com-posed of impossible propositions, 332-4;composite, 291, 297; conditional syllogistic,297; conjunctions in, 297; conversion of, 292;conversions as, 293, 295, 297-8, 309; defined,307-8; discussed in connection with (conver-sion, 292-3; fallacy of the consequent,291-2; 51, 291-2, 294); disjunctives in, 297;enthymematic, 297, 299, 310; exceptives in,297; exclusives in, 291, 297, 310; formal,296-9, 309—10, 333; formalisation of,312-14; genuine and counterfeit, 302-3;holding by (extrinsic means, 295-7, 310;intrinsic means, 295-7, 310; reason of terms,298; reason of whole complex, 298); inAbelard, 305-6, in Burley, 311-14; incipitand desinit in, 297; in Garlandus, 303-5; inOckham, 310-11; in Pseudo-Scotus, 307-10;in terminist logic, 306-7; later developmentsof, 314; material, 296, 298-9, 309-11, 333;merely material, 310; modal (see modalconsequences); natural, 291, 297, 304-5,3O7n.; necessary, 3O7n.; origins of theory of,303; probable, 3O7n.; rules of, 291-2, 294,296, 298, 304, 311-14, 327, 333 (exceptionsto, 333; maximal propositions as, 304-5);signs of, 285-6, 309; simple, 291, 297, 333;simple material, 299; syllogisms absorbedinto, 294; syllogisms included under, 290,298, 311; syllogistic, 313; things (res) as causesof, 286, 290; topical arguments as, 290-2,299; topics absorbed into theories of, 275,284-7, 293-9; topics as signs of, 285-6; trueor false and valid or invalid, 301; truth-conditions of, 150, 250-1, 302, 305, 307-8;validity-conditions of, 307-10, 349; ut-in-pluribus, 3O7n.

consequent, 300-1; destruction of, 298; fallacyof the, 222n., 226n., 236n., 291-2, 3O7n.,535. 584n.

consequential 300-1, 307; and inferential 305consignificata, n o , 265n.consignification, no , 120, 123, 144, 146, 162,

190, 21 in., 213; in connection with modisignificandi, 258, 263-4, 484^

consistency: conceptual, 355; semantic, 368-9Consolation of Philosophy (Boethius'), 86, 346,

359, 674n., 685n.constants, logical, 112constitution, mixed, 740, 765-6, 769constraint and necessity, 360-1constructibilia, 259constructions, grammatical, 259—61consuetude, 350, 798contemplation: Christian, 659, 663, 676-7; of

God, 673, 676-7, 682, 684-5; philosophical,

664, 674, 676-7contextual approach in semantics, 161-2, 166,

173continence, 663contingency: ad-utrumlibet, 356, 37on., 526; and

alternatives in respect of a single instant, 353;and creation, 397, 400, 47m., 825; andnecessity, 5ionn., 701-2; and possibilityproper, 342; as basic modality, 343n.; future,358-81; of causally determined events, 353;of effects, 346n., 368; of the past, 369; simple,365; ut-in-paucioribus, 526; ut-in-pluribus,5O5n., 516, 526

contingens: and necessarium, 342-3; and possibile,342-3; as what is true but can be false, 343

contingenter, 213n., 2i6n.contingents: as objects of evident cognition,

508n.; as objects of opinion only, 5O5n.;future, 358-81

continua, 568n., 57On., 584; as composed ofindivisibles, 57on., 571, 575-80, 583-4; ascontaining indivisibles, 573, 575, 578n.;infinity in, 573

continuity, 523, 526, 557, 564-91; principles,579-82; temporal, 565, 587

contract: between ruler and ruled, 769-70; seealso consent

contradiction, 304, 313, 323, 343. 350. 354, 361,418; formal, 309; hidden, 333-4; in terms,368, 376

contradictories: false together, 251; or contrariespossible in respect of same time, 354, 368-9

contraposition, topics and, 277n.contraries, 428-9; or contradictories possible in

respect of same time, 354, 368-9; under-standing of pairs of, 631

contrariety, 343controversies, philosophical, 836convention, see under language and significationconversion (logical), 104, 146, 148, 193, 209,

278-9, 281, 292-3; blocking of, 2i4n.; insyllogistic reduction, 293, 295; of conse-quences, 292; of things or of assertibles, 209;rules of, 351, 356; topics and, 277n., 279

conversion (religious), 642conversions as consequences, 293, 295, 297-8,

309copula, 120, 144-6, 149-50, 200, 206; as lacking

signification, 145; linking function of, 145-6,200; mental, 199, 207; syncategorematiccharacter of, 200

copulation, 170-1; actual, 179; dispositional,178-9; see also conjunction

copyists, see scribes and copyistscorollaries, 32corporatism, 739, 745






1002 Index Return

corpus: quaestionis (see under questions); recentius(see under Aristotle's works); vetustius (seeunder Aristotle's works)

correspondence and truth, 250-1, 361corruption, 85, 549, 565cosmology, 538-9; see also astronomycounterfactuals, 332, 334course-books, see textbookscourtly life, 749-50Cratylus (Plato's), 817creating and making, 825creation, 31, 364, 366, 397, 400-1, 403, 407,

426-7, 465"-. 47m., 499n-, 510, 528-9, 822;Suarez on,822, 825-6

creatures: contingent character of, 397, 400,825; purely spiritual, 394, 398, 400, 406-9

creditative acts, 469, 471-2creditum, 201Crusades, 783-4cum (when), 107, 304curriculum, 6, 18-19, 21, 101, 359, 521, 523,

542-6, 799, 802; Aquinas' works in the, 836;Aristotle's works in the, 18-19, 7°~3, 521-3>542n., 833-4, 836; logic as outgrowth of, 101

custom, 707, 712, 715, 718; and natural law, 707

dator Jormarum, 597De anima (Aristotle's), 18, 46, 48, 50, 51, 55, 59,

63, 72, 183, 255, 444, 446-7, 455, 4<52n.,474n., 522-3, 527, 595, 598, 6i5n., 8i7n.;commentaries on, 59, 64, 70, 432n., 446,448n., 475n., 485n., 487ml., 488n., 595-8,6o5nn., 6o6n., 6o7n., 6o8n. 6ion., 611,6i2nn., 613-14, 6i6n., 619, 622, 623n.;recommended reading of, 70; prescribedstudy of, 18, 73, 85, 523, 542n., 628

De animalibus (Aristotle's), 48-9 , 52, 59, 63, 72;prescribed study of, 73, 85, 523

De arithmetica (Boethius'), 533n.De bonafortuna (Pseudo-Aristotle's), 51, 77n.De caelo (Aristotle's), 18-19, 47~52, 58-9, 61,

63, 72,90n., 93, 344n., 345, 347, 546, 568,588; commentaries on, 59, 61, 64, 70, 93,349n.; prescribed study of, 18, 73, 85, 542n.

De causis (Pseudo-Aristotle's), 27n., 47, 50-1 ,58, 64, 665; commentaries on, 398n., 399,44911., 528n., 611; prescribed study of, 73, 85

deception, 471-3decision, freedom of, 630, 632-5De cohribus (Pseudo-Aristotle's), 49, 51, 62, 64decretists, 707-8De differentia spiritus et animae (Pseudo-

Aristotle's), 47, 50-1 , 58; prescribed study of,73

De divisione (Boethius'), 50, 105, 107, H5n.,122, I33n., 232n.

deduction: as basis of knowledge, 96; natural,312

definition, 104, 106, 137, 274, 282-4, 296» 431;and definitum as rationally distinct, 404; asapplied to universals only, 423, 430; as one ofthe predicables, 128, 131, 296; in terms ofgenus and differentia, 415; nominal, 192, 418,5O7n.; primary object of, 435, 456n.; real,418, 5O7n.

definitum, 282-3; as a singular confusedlyconceived, 430-1

Degeneratione animalium (Aristotle's), 48, 63n.Degeneratione et corruptione (Aristotle's), 18-19,

47, 49-51, 58, 64, 72; commentaries on, 59,70, 6o2n.; recommended reading of, 70;prescribed study of, 18, 73, 85, 523, 542n.

degree: accidents susceptible of, 131, 548;differentiae and substances not susceptible of,

131degrees: academic (see academic degrees); of

qualities (see under qualities)De Hebdomadibus (Boethius'), 392, 394n.; com-

mentaries on, 392n., 393n.De hypotheticis syllogismis (Boethius'), 105, 107,

303de inesse (assertoric), 343; simpliciter and ut nuncy

352; see also under propositions and termsDe interpretatione (Aristotle's), 5, 34, 46, 49-50,

53-4, 63, 104-5, I ! 9 , 122, 128, 140, 188-9,197, 2i3n., 342-3, 358nn., 359, 367^, 37on.,423n., 479n., 484-5, 487, 813; commentarieson, 53, 60, 64, 105, I2on., 122, 140, i89n.,19m., 264n., 268n., 342n., 345n., 346, 347n.,359, 361-2, 43511., 436n., 43911., 479, 494n.,5O4n.

De iuventute (Pseudo-Aristotle's), 51, 55De laudabilibus bonis (Pseudo-Aristotle's), 49, 61deliberation, 643, 646-9, 653; see d/50 judge-

ment, deliberativeDe lineis indivisibilibus or insecabilibus (Pseudo-

Aristotle's), 49, 51, 61De longitudine (Aristotle's), 50 -1 , 55De memoria (Aristotle's), 50 -1 , 55; prescribed

study of, 73De mirabilibus auscultationibus (Pseudo-

Aristotle's), 49, 62democracy, 839; representative, 735, 767-8demonstrate potisstma, $ojn.demonstration, 820; and dialectic, 286-7, 290;

and experience, 514—15; and faith, 522; divineguarantee of, 504; of universals only, 5O4n.,513; per signum, 386n.; propter quid, 386n.,497, 51m., 514-15; quia, 386n., 497; regard-ing natural phenomena, 525; simpliciter,386n.; theory of, 82, 192, 473, 496-517

demonstrative axioms, 112






Index Rerum 1003

demonstrative science, 28, 94-5, 462-3; 467,496-517 and universals, 430, 445, 448n., 463;certainty in, 503, 505; in relation to otherknowledge, 497, 514-16; of nature, 497,503-6, 510, 512-13, 515-16; realist interpre-tations of, 517; theology as, 95, 504, 5O9n.

demonstrative syllogisms, 112, 116-17, 281-4,286-7, 289, 294, 496-8, 505-8, 512-14;middle terms in, 498; premisses of, 496-8,502-4, 506, 5O7n., 509, 510, 513-15; require-ments for, 497-8, 502, 5O4n.

demonstratives, 194, 208, 212, 483De Morgan's laws, 306De morte (Aristotle's), 51, 55; commentaries on,

70; prescribed reading of, 73De motu animalium (Aristotle's), 51-2, 63De mundo (Pseudo-Aristotle's), 18, 49, 51, 62;

prescribed study of, 18De nib (Aristotle's), 51denomination, 263-4, 488, 490; see also

paronymydenotation, 137, 148, 171; see also under

connotationdenying (nego), see under disputationsDe obligationibus, treatises, 315deontic, see principles, moral and under

propositionsDe partibus animalium (Aristotle's), 48; com-

mentaries on,60-1dependency, grammatical, 259-60; ex parte ante

and ex parte post, 260Deplantis (Pseudo-Aristotle's), 47, 50-1, 58;

commentaries on, 58, 70; prescribed study of,73,85

depositio in obligations, 319-21depositum, 321De principiis (Pseudo-Aristotle's), 49, 62De progressu animalium (Aristotle's), 51—2, 63De proprietatibus, (Pseudo-Aristotle's), 47, 51, 58de re and de ditto interpretations, 151-2, 347,

351De regimine sanitatis (Pseudo-Aristotle's), 58,

74n.dereification, 154, 156De respiratione (Aristotle's), 51, 55derivation, 300descent: logical, 222n., 232, 243, 583-4; to

singulars, theory of, 192, 194-5De scire et dubitare, treatises, 321, 341description, theory of, 104, 106, 296De sensu (Aristotle's), 47, 50-1; commentaries

on, 64; prescribed study of, 73, 660De sensu composito et diviso, treatises, 321De signis aauarum (Pseudo-Aristotle's), 49, 62desinit, see incipit and desinitdesires, 629, 637-8, 661, 681, 686, 693, 695-6,

699. 756; latent and conscious, 687-8;rational, 694; see also appetites

De somno (Aristotle's), 47, 50-1; commentarieson, 70; prescribed study of, 73, 660

De syllogism is categoric is (Boethius'), 105, 107,288n.

determinacy of states of affairs and of sentences,362-3

determinatio as positive law derived from naturaljustice, 713,752

determination, see scope and under disputationsand sophismata

determinations of things, 480determining, 543determinism, 346, 526n., 537, 637; and matter,

630-1; causal, 345n., 353, 358n.; logical,3S8n.

De topicis differentiis (Boethius'), 50, 105, 108,122, 124, 274-5, 287n., 299, 799; com-mentaries on, 278-9, 291

De virtute (Pseudo-Aristotle's), see De lauda-bilibus bonis

de virtute sermonis, 183, 264m, 392n.; see alsovirtus sermonis

dialectic: and demonstration, 286-7, 290;Aristotelian, 25, 273; as art or science, 281-2;as branch of logic, 118, 297n.; as logic, 85,143; as producing opinion or knowledge,281, 284, 286, 200; Christian, 803n.; human-ists' revival of, 798-807; in Abelard, 25; inAgricola, 800-1; in Caesarius, 802; in law-courts, 799; in Melanchthon, 801-2; inRamus, 802-4; m Valla, 799-800

dialect tea docens and utens, 28 m.dialectical: and sophistical loci, 124, 126, 29On.;

arguments, 112, 114, 116, 274, 284, 286, 290,798 (see also under syllogisms); axioms, 112;disputations, 273, 318; game, 102; procedure,Aristotelian (see under disputations); ques-tions, 278; skill, 26; topics, 273-99

dialecticians, 21m.dianoia, 121did de omni et nullo, 287-9, 293, 295dicta of propositions, 151, 154-6, 200-1, 203,

21m., 356, 378n., 794'dicta', two senses of, 204dictionaries, 809, 811dictiones: modistic, 257; see also wordsdietary laws, 698difference: contracting, 413-14, 418, 421-2;

individual, 413differentia, 128-32, 134, 274n., 404, 415, 423,

Differentiae (topical), 274, 296; and correspond-ing maximal propositions, 282; as aids toconstruction of true conditionals, 276; as






1004 Index Rerum

Differentiae [com.]confirming topical arguments, 280, 282-3; aspresented in early logica moderna, 279-80; aspresented in terminist logic, 279n.; as re-lationships, 282; Boethian or Themistian listof, 275, 279, 296

differt, 212, 21 $n.difform qualities, see under qualitiesdignitates, 6g8n.dilemmas, 29, 799diminution, 557-8, 574n.; see also augmentationdiscipline, 752discord, 739discourse: art of, 804-6; indirect, 200, 202,

205-6; internal and external, I2on., 121;philosophical vs. theological, 89, 96

discovery: of arguments, 273-4, 801; of pre-misses, method of, 116-17

discovery-procedures in modistic semantics, 261discursive process, 482disjunction, 2i3n.; and strict implication, 306;

and syllogisms, 305, 309; of terms, 320;strong, 793; truth-functional, 306

disjunctives, 304-5, 330, 336-8; and condi-tionals and universal affirmatives, 305; in con-sequences, 297; truth-conditions of, 306, 332

disposition, grammatical, see voicedispositions: acquired and innate, 697; in-

definiteness of, 214; mental, 474disputation: and fallacies, 315-16; and work of

Oxford Calculators, 542-6; art of dialectical,273; discussed in connection with fallacies,315-16; obligations and dialectical, 318;paradoxes of, 319, ^22-32

disputational context, importance of, 327-8disputations: and conflicting legal authorities,

25; and dubia, 20; and existence of pro-positions, 209; and lectures, 20, 25, 29, 521-2,542-3, 834; apud Augustinienses or general,544n., 547; Aristotelian dialectical procedurein, 25; as form of teaching, 19-21, 294n.,542-6, 836; character of arguments in, 28-9;denying (nego) in, 26, 322, 332, 341; deobligationibus, 252, 319, 322, 337, 340; deproblemate, 544n.; de quaestione, 543, 544n.; desophismatibus, 543-6, 563; determination{determinatio) of, 22-4, 26, 36, 543, 545-6;doubting (dubito) in, 322, 332; drawing adistinction (distinguo) in, 26-7; form of,•21-3, 33; granting (concedo) in, 26, 322, 332,341; in arts faculty, 23-4, 542-6; indepen-dent, 20, 23; influential in development ofsemantics, 167; in humanist education, 805; inparviso, 543; 44n.. 545. 547. 556, 562-3; inscolis, 543n., 545; in theology faculty, 21-3,544n.; later development of, 26-7, 542-6;

obligational (see disputations de obligationibus);ordinary (see disputations, solemn); opponent(opponens) in, 23, 26, 252, 319-20, 322-3,337, 543, 544n.; origins of, 24-6; parts of,3i5n.; passage of time in, 328; purposes of,27-9; quodlibetal, 22, 544n.; real and ficti-tious, 20-1, 28, 32, 423n., 546; reduced towritten form, 36, 545-6; rejoinders of objec-tions in, 26; required, 19, 23, 543; respondent(respondens) in, 23-4, 26, 252, 318-20, 322-3,333, 336-7, 543, 544"-, 545, 555"6; respondeoin, 26; rowdiness at, 24; rules of, 102; solemnor ordinary, 22, 543n., 544-5, 547; special,22; textbooks as subjects of, 34; theses in,26-7; see also controversies and obligations

dissent, 199, 650distance: in connection with motion, 533—4;

traversal of a, 548, 550-3, 55^, 561distinctio rationis cum fundamento in re, 823distinction: conceptual, 267-8; ex natura rei,

416; formal (see formal distinction); inten-tional or logical, 383n., 399, 401, 404-5,485n.; material, 488; modal, 406, 4O7n.;numerical, 412-14, 423-5, 429, 456n.; priorto every act of intellect, 414, 416; rational,399n., 401, 403-5, 407, 4U, 430, 823; real,392-3, 396-407, 414, 416-19, 422-5, 432,438, 456n.; secundum quid, 416-18; simpliciter(absolute), 416

distinctiones in Sentence-commentaries, 30distinguo, see under disputationsdistribution, 2i3n., 216-17; 231-40, 289n.;

definitions and analyses of, 217, 242; im-mobilisation of, 221; inclusive of exception,219, 221-2; rules regarding, 221, 239n., 243;see also quantification and totus and underdivision

diversity vs. greater plurality, 572divided sense, see compounded and divided

sensesdividing, 200, 207divine: illumination (see illumination); right,

757-9, 768; see also God and God'sdivisibility: infinite, 565-7, 569, 570n.; quanti-

tative, 526division, 104, 106, H5n., 293, 298; fallacy of,

219, 232; or distribution, 221; physical, 549divisio textus, 20divorce, 708, 710dogmatics, 19Dominicans, 223n., 379, 46m., 524, 634-7, 666dominium, 740-1, 743-4, 757, 761-3; as arising

from force, 757; as belonging to state ofnature, 762; as direction of free men for sakeof common good, 761; as rule in ruler'sinterest, 761; politicum et regale, 766






Index Rerum 1005

double-truth theory, 618n.'doubt', see dubitaredoubting (dubito), see under disputationsdrawing a distinction (distinguo), see under

disputationsdreams, 6o4n., 607dubia, 20, 32, 102, 125-6, 229dubitare, 556dubitatio in obligations, 319-21dubitations (formally expressed doubts), 27dubitatum, 321dunaton, 342n.duration, indivisible, 530dynamics, 534, 536, 541, 548n.

earth, sphericity of, 525ecclesiastical: benefices, 731; polity, 747-8eclecticism in philosophical education, 839,

841-3eclipses, 31, 503-4, 511, 516economic conditions, 11, 82editions: humanist, 817; modern, 38-42, 846; of

medieval authors, 17th-century, 834-5; seealso under Aristotle's works

education, 7, 11-15, 498n.; and natural law,706, 710-11; general arts, 797; humanist, 670,796-807, 809; in late antiquity, 103-5; placeof language study in, 797; popular, 803; vir-tual extinction of, 122; see also eclecticism

effects, see under cause and contingencyelections, 727, 731, 733~6, 759, 766-9elements: four sublunary, 85, 568 (places of,

560); linguistic, n oelitism, 682, 724eloquence, humanists' concern with, 797, 800,

805, 836emanations, 665emendation, doctrinal, 38emperor and pope as supreme sovereigns, 758,

776-7empty classes, domains, or extensions, 183, 187,

355-6endechomenon, 342n.endoxa, 25ends, see under acts and meansenergeia, 345n.enjoyment, 642, 645-6, 649, 653ens: and esse, 826; as existence, 398n.; commune,

390; copulatum, 207; mobile as general subjectof natural philosophy, 524; rationis, 531, 821

'ens1: grammatical analysis of, 816; senses of, 204entailment, 300, 302; necessity of, 150-1, 156;

see also consecution and implication andinference

enthymemes, 282-3, 295, 301, 304, 310; topical,282-3; see also under consequences

entia quibus, 851entitas, 402entities: or property-bearers within a single real

thing, 414-19; permanent and successive (seeres permanentes and res successivae); separateand immobile, 385, 390

enuntiabilia, 201-2, 204, 21 in.enuntiatio, 197, 202envy,831Epicureans, 1, 2, 103epistemic: logic, 357; or cognitive contexts,

357n.; verbs, 320-1, 364epistemology, 5-6, 350, 440-59, 460-78,

496-517, 842; and logic, 701; Aristotelian,443-7, 459-61 Augustinian, 441-51,498-504, 508; direct realism in, 436; impor-tance of Augustinianism in later, 473n.;neoplatonist, 442; neoscholastic, 847

Epistola ad Alexandrum (Pseudo-Aristotle's), 51epistolary style, 811epitomes, see commentariesequality, natural, 740, 757-8, 760, 767equals, 277, 279, 3O4n.equinoxes, precession of the, 31equipollence, 233, 265n., 304, 3O5n., 343equity, 708, 738equivocation, 126-7, I33n., 164, I74n., 182,

184, 187, 227n., 234, 243, 267, 296; andsupposition, 184-5

ergo or igitur, 30m.eristic, 25esse, 392, 393n., 394-6, 398nn., 402; abstractum

and signatum, 488n.; and ens, 826; and quodest, 392, 395n.; apparens, 473n., 474n.; asactuality of all acts and perfection of allperfections, 395; as belonging to genus ofsubstance, 397n.; as coming from actualisingform, 524; as superadded actuality, 405;diminutum or cognitum, 486; essentiae, 4Oon.,403-4; 454-5; 458; existentiae, 4oon., 403-4,455; in neoscholasticism, 849-51; intentionale,490-1; naturae, 4O3n.; obiectivum, 491; pureunparticipated, 396; rationis, 4O3n.

essence, 154-5, 163, 487, 493-4essence and existence, 392-410; as potentiality

and actuality, 394, 4O7n.; as subject and form,4O7n.; as principles of being, 395; as signify-ing the same thing differently, 398n., 401-2,405; composition of, 392, 393n., 395n., 396n.,397. 399-4OO, 402; doctrine of creation assource of problem of, 822, 825; formaldistinction between, 406, 4O7n., 822-3;identity of, 392, 394nn., 401, 405; in Albertthe Great, 398n.; in Aquinas, 394-6, 822; inAviccnna and Averroes, 393; in Boethius,392-3; in Giles of Rome, 396-8; in Godfrey






ioo6 Index Rerum

essence and existence [cont.]of Fontaines, 399-401; in Henry of Ghent,403-4; in James of Viterbo, 404-5; in Scotus,405-7, 822-3;in Siger of Brabant, 398-9; inSuarez, 822-3, 825-6; intentional or logicaldistinction between, 393n., 399, 401, 404-5;modal distinction between, 406, 4©7n.;rational or mental distinction between, 399,401, 403-5, 823; real composition and dis-tinction of, 394-6, 398-9, 405, 407; realdistinction between, 392-3, 396-407; reifi-cation of, 397, 399-400, 402, 822; related asabstract and concrete, 405; separability of,397n., 406; terminology of discussions of,398, 399n., 400-1

essence: as res, 398nn.; Avicenna's doctrineof three ways of knowing, 403, 449, 452;knowledge of, 262, 264n.; possibilities in,349; see also quiddity

essences: possible, 403; real, 826-7est, 2i2n., 2i3n.et, 2i3n., 3O4n.etc., 20, 40eternity, 359-60, 366, 367, 369n.; see also God,

eternality of and law;, eternal and naturalkinds, eternality otand rules, eternal andsentences, eternal and world, eternality of the

ethica: docens and utens, 661; nova, 49, 52, 657-9,661, 663, 676n.; vetus, 47, 52, 657-9, 661,663,675

ethics, 6-7, 19, 63, 87, 391, 5o6n., 522,657-719, 803, 805; Albert the Great on,660-1; and politics subordinated to meta-physics, 686; Aquinas on, 661-2; as com-paratively uncontroversial, 670; as politics,671; as superfluous, 666; autonomy of, 833;Buridan on, 667-8; Burley on, 667; changein, 702; Grosseteste on, 659; in humanisteducation, 670-1, Melanchthon on, 671-2;Ockham on, 667; philosophical and theolog-ical, 657-9, 661-2; radical Aristotelians on,662-6; theoretical and practical, 660-1;voluntarist {see under voluntarism)

Eucharist, doctrine of the, 530-2Eudemian Ethics (Aristotle's), 45'every', see omnisevidentness and necessity, 509-10, 513-15, 701evil or badness, 629, 714, 716, 831; intrinsic,

717-18; see also goodness and sin and underfreedom

examinations, see under academic degreesexample as type of argument, 304exceeding in predication or perfection, 416, 418excepting, 218exception, 213n., 215n., 216-30, 23m.; actually

effected or merely signified, 227; definitions

and analyses of, 217, 242; from and in respectof distributions, 221; inclusive of distribution,219, 221-2; in respect of different predicates,219; rules regarding, 221-4, 243; sophismataregarding (see 'Socrates bis . . . ' and 'Omnishomo . . . ' ) ; typical analysis of, 218; see alsopropositions, exceptive

exceptives in consequences, 297excluded middle, principle of, 113, 358n.,

379-80; see also bivalence and conditionalexcluded middle

exclusion, 213n.; see also propositions, exclusiveexclusives in consequences, 291, 297, 310exegesis, biblical and philosophical, 89-91exempla in the soul, 599exemplar ideas, God's, 449-50, 454, 498-9,

5oon., 502, 504, 608exercises (exercitia), 18-19, 21, 23, 545-5, 834existence: and essence (see essence and

existence); as accident or mode of essence,393, 395, 398nn., 402, 822; as adding inten-tion to essence, 404; in reality and in cog-nition, 452-3, 481; intentional, 474n.; indivine exemplar and in created intellect andin world, 450; metaphorical, 446; necessary,349, 5U, objective or cognised, 436-9; orderof modes of, 453; real and non-real modes of,415-16, 436-7; see also esse

existential: generalisation, 357n.; import orcommitment, 150, 167, 193

cxistents, essential singularity of all, 429, 434,444'exists' as a predicate, 150expediency, 736, 754, 760experience: and demonstration, 514-15; as basis

of knowledge, 96experimental verification, 94experiments, thought, 560explanation: of statistical phenomena, 505, 507,

511 — 13; scientific, 497-8, 504, 507, 509-10,516, 537; teleological, 5O7n.

explanatory principles, falsification of, 515-16exponents, 225, 229-30, 243exponibilia, 215n., 216, 787-8, 790, 792, 8i6n.;

and their prejacents, 224-5, 228, 239n.exposition, 2i3n., 22m., 223, 225, 230, 239n.(

552, 567-8, 587; and causae veritatis, 266; andsupposition, 266; and syncategoremata, 215,217, 239n., 244; examples of, 244

expressions (orationes), 278; complete andincomplete, 144, 794

extension: and intension (see under qualities); ofa term, 169; spatial, 531-2

extrapraedicamentale, 201

'facere', Anselmian analysis of, 140-1faculties: higher and lower, 679; see also under






Index Rerum 1007

arts and law and medicine and psychology andtheology

faith: and certainty, 472n., 473, 686; anddemonstration, 522; and illumination, 445;and knowledge, 442, 451, 453-4 and reason,522, 6i6n., 618, 691, 840, 842; articles of,89—91, 454n.; as intellect's virtue, 636-7; assource of knowledge, 442, 459; object orarticle of, 200-3; seeking understanding, 522

fallacies, 83, 104, 307, 557, 791; and obligationsor disputation, 315-16; extra-linguistic (extradictionem), 124; failure (defectus) in, 124;linguistic (in dictione), 124, 214; semblance(apparentia) in, 124; 13th-century textbookson, 124-7; see also arguments, sophistical orfallacious and under individual fallacies

fall of man, 642, 688, 693-4, 708, 757, 760-1,829

falsification, 515-16; self-, 250-1falsity: complete and partial, 223; nugatoriness

as, 2i4n.; see also truthfamily, 86; 760fatalism, 526fate, 359, 526features of an object, general or non-

definitional, 258Ferio, 283fiction of abstract nouns, 531fictional characters, 827; see also chimeras and

golden mountain and imaginary entitiesfictum-thcory of universals, 491fideism, 840, 842figura dictionis, fallacy of, 195, 584nn.finitism, see indivisibilismfirst intentions, 23On., 301, 458, 479, 485^,

490-1; and personal supposition, 493; asabstracted from things, 480; as correspondingto proper modi essendi, 487—9; as rationalrelations, 485-6; as subject matter of physics,480; as things themselves, 484, 491; in re-lation to second intentions, 480-1, 485n.,486, 490, 494; objects of, 481; words signify-ing, 482-3

first philosophy, 385, 386n., 521first principles, 28-9, 599, 6ion., 61 in., 696-8,

700-1; deontic (see principles, moral); illumi-nation required for knowledge of, 445, 447,503

fluxus-formae theory of motion, 527, 530force: natural law and the use of, 706, 715;

necessity of, 702; see also under motionforeknowledge, 32m., 346, 358-9, 361, 363,

366-8, 376, 378-9, 381; Christ's, 465form, 207, 237n., 238, 394, 402, 529-30, 53<>; as

active principle of nature, 525; as first actu-ality, 524; of understanding identical with

form of what is understood, 452; sensible,602; substantial, 262, 410, 528, 614, 619-20;unicity vs. plurality of substantial, 4ion., 456,468n., 524; see also forms and under intellectand soul

forma-fluens theory of motion, 527, 530formal distinction, 406, 4O7n., 414-22, 432,

434, 668, 822-3; among entities within asingle real thing, 415, 455-6; analysed, 415;as dependent on real distinction, 417-19;epistemological motive for, 414-15, 418; firstversion of, 414-16; logical or metaphysicalmotive for, 415; Ockham's attack on Scotus',417-19

formal element (formale), 313formalities (formalitates), 415, 417-19forms: as not exhausting potentialities of

matter, 476n.; as significata, 405; in God'smind as significata, 156; or ideas, 442, 446,448, 45on.; intension and remission of (seeintension and remission of forms); material,447, 620-1; Platonic, 156, 411, 444, 447n.,459, 46on.; reception of, 448; separate, 620;see also form

fornication, 7ion., 713fortune, 684fractions, 553Franciscans, 87-8, 408, 410, 455, 461, 463-4,

522, 524, 57on., 6i4n., 631, 634-8, 666, 708-9.713-15,742,762

free choice, 629-41, 688, 691; Augustinian viewof, 629

freedom: according to Buridan, 639, 683-4;and immateriality, 630—1; and nature, 638; asspontaneity of action, 638; as submission totruth, 499n.; degrees of, 630; from coercionor necessity, 631, 638; from misery, 631;from sin or evil, 631-2, 673; God's (see God'sfreedom); linked with reason or will orneither, 633-4; of choice of goal or means,638-9, 648-9, 651; of decision, 630, 632-3(as most powerful element of soul, 633-5); ofglory or of grace, 631; of thought, 740;religious, 740

free will, 32m., 353-4, 360-1, 366, 368,379-80, 447, 526, 629-41, 652-3; and govern-ment, 757; Aristotelian view of, 629; Chris-tian view of, 629-30, 642

French Revolution, intellectual and religiousreaction to, 838-9

friars: criticism of, 731; education of, 13-14;poverty of, 88, 742-4, 746, 762

frui Deo, 673fruitio, 645future and past, relations between, 358-9,

365-7, 374-7






ioo8 Index Rerum

future contingents, 358-81; change in truth-value of, 208, 365; 14th-century controversyover, 376-7; in Abelard, 361-3; in Ailly,377-8; in Anselm, 359-61; in Aquinas,366-7; in Aristotle, 358, 370; in Aureoli,369-70; in Bradwardine, 374-5; inGrosseteste, 364-6; in Ockham, 370-3; inScotus, 367-9; present state of research on,376; truth of, 358, 361, 368n., 377-8

gemination, 176gender, grammatical, 139, 257; effect on

reference of, 23on.genera, logical and natural, 4oon.generation, 85, 397n., 4oon., 549, 565genesis (fieri), 524genitive case, 814genus, 274, 285, 423; and differentia as inten-

tionally distinct, 404, 485n.; and species,262-3, 286, 296, 351, 416, 427, 444nn., 445n.,457n., 484n., 489 (as concepts of concepts,262, 480; as names of names, 130; as reallydistinct things, 425); as one of the pre-dicables, 128-9, 132, 296; intention of, 482,485n., 486, 495n.

genus generalissimum, 129,431-2geometry, 19, 84-5, 542, 578; and indivisibi-

lism, 578-82; as the paradigmatic science,115-16,497,506

gerunds, 81 in.'give' (dare), Anselmian analysis of, 141glory, freedom of, 631glosses, 29, 69, 102, 124; importance of, 73-4;

see also commentaries and notesGod: absolute power of, 348, 376, 378, 410,

437, 470, 472-3, 515, 530-2, 537-9, 558,566, 569, 639-40, 667, 684; all things as in,445, 446n., 459, 844; and natural law (seeunder natural law); application of formalidentity and distinction to, 416; as absolutelyunmoved principle, 665; as agent intellect,6o4nn., 610, 6i4n., 616, 624; as basic cause ofsensation and intellection, 457, 604; as be-stower of language and primordial truths,839; as creator, 825-6; as efficient cause,404-5; as exemplar, 405; as existing in allpossible worlds, 826; as first or superiorcause, 349, 375, 386n., 451, 5O3n., 538, 660,684; as first or prime mover, 386-8; as firstobject of cognition, 6ion., 844; as guarantorof demonstration, 504; as happiness, 658, 675;as included within being as being or being ingeneral, 386-90; as intellectus universaliteragens, 6o4nn.; as king, 758; as knowablephilosophically, 453, 455; as light, 202,441-2, 444, 447n., 448, 451, 457, 499, 502-3,

605; as not composed of form and matter,394, 398n., 408; as only true owner, 744; asoriginator of natural law, 705; as primeobject of faith, 202; as pure act, 399, 4oon.; aspure unparticipated esse, 396; as the subject ofmetaphysics, 386, 388-9, 39on., 392, 605; asthe substance that is first form and ultimateend of all other substances, 387; as truth, 204,445n., 449n., 498-502; contemplation of,673, 676-7, 682, 684-5; direct vision of (seebeatific vision); enjoyment of, 673, 682, 684;eternality of, 359, 366-9; 710-11; existenceof, 92-3, 151, 205, 349, 386, 388-91, 394nn.,437, 455, 717, 822; immutability of, 374;impassibility of, 358; infallibility of, 358,363-4, 372; infinity of, 395n., 566; knowl-edge of, 390, 450, 500, 5O9n., 609, 611, 616,619, 682-3, 7ii; law of, 698, 703, 705, 708,7*7, 739, 751 (see also laws, divine andhuman); nature of, 392, 437, 822; necessityof, 513; ordered or limited power of, 639-40,667, 684; power and freedom of, 349, 364,510, 639-40, 667 (see also God's freedom);simplicity of, 155, 202, 372, 399, 416; soul'sjourney to, 477; triune, 155; union with,675-7; willing and necessity as coinciding in,638; word of, 441-2, 45m.

God's: ability to cause intuitive cognition ofnon-existent objects, 457, 469; ability to utterfalsehoods or leave promises unfulfilled,373n., 374, 378, 469; activity, 368; causality,457; commands, 703; exemplar ideas, 449-50, 454, 498-9, 5oon., 502, 504, 608; fore-knowledge (see foreknowledge); freedom,630, 632, 667 (see also God, power andfreedom of); goodness, 675; ideas, 436m,449-50, 461, 498-501, 5O3n., 504 (see alsoGod's exemplar ideas); intellect, 368, 437,605; justice, 738; knowledge (and its objects,363, 366n., 375, 378-81; as based on God'swill, 367-8; as basis of creation, 499n.;immutability of, 200-1, 203, 358, 363-5; ofall actuals and possibles and impossibles, 437;of individuals, 460, 583; of infinity, 566, 583,584n.; of possible essences, 403; of time, 358,363, 366-7, 372, 375, 378-81; see also fore-knowledge and omniscience); laws, 639-40(see also laws, divine and human and God,law of); love, 638; mind as location ofintelligible species, 462; possibilities, 349-50, 353, 364; power (unaffected by time,374-5, 377; see also God, absolute power ofand God, ordered or limited power of andGod, power and freedom of); providence(see providence); reason, 710, 751; will,367-8, 369n., 375, 403, 437, 465, 510, 638,






Index Rerutn 1009

713, 717 (absolute, manifested, and prescrip-tive, 640; as determining goodness and evil,640,667, 713-H, 830)

golden mountain, 438, 607good: character of, 644-5; common or public,

675-6, 739, 761, 765, 767, 769; highest, 659,674, 682, 706; in communi, 644-5; m general,691-2; life, 643; Plato's idea of the, 658;proper or private, 739

goodness, 629; and evil as dependent on God'swill, 640, 667, 713-14, 830; as will's object,637-8, 644; God's (see God's goodness);intrinsic, 717-18, 830

goods: as similar to and part of supreme good,668; spiritual and material, 750

government: as based on consent, 741-2, 745,759-60; as consequence of sin, 757; ex-pediency in forms of, 754; hierocratic prin-ciples of, 741, 745-6, 756, 763; in traditionalgrammar, 259; legal restraints on, 755;populist principles of, 763, 767; spiritual andsecular, 754-5; see also law and politics andmonarchy

grace, 87, 376, 642, 782, 688, 694, 708, 758, 829;freedom of, 631

grammar, 13, 15, 85, 493, 542, 670; ancientLatin, 254, 258, 810, 812; and logic, 109, 123,133-4, 142-8, 156, 254-5, 268, 483-4, 810,816; and natural science, 527; as regulativelydescriptive, 198; as speculative and auxiliaryscience, 255-6, 261; empirical, 266; foundedon classical quotations, 798, 810; Greek,812-13; humanist (earliest, 810; fully de-veloped, 810—11); humanist studies as-similated into course in, 806; humanists'approach to, 269, 796, 798, 802, 809-12; inearly Middle Ages, 254; in late Middle Ages,796; philosophical, 815-16; questions on, 72;scholastic, 808, 850; speculative or modistic,254-69, 486-90, 790, 819, 833 (allegedimpossibility of, 268; general nature of,254-5; historical development of, 256-7;intentions in, 486-90; see also modism);traditional, 259, 813, 815; transformational,259n.; universal, 255, 266, 268-9, 813,815-16,820

grammarians, 161, 163, 798; authority ofclassical, 261, 811-12; concerned with con-gruity, not truth, 261; of Port Royal, 816;proper task of, 268

grammars: vernacular, 803, 811; verse-, 815grammatical: categories, 256-8; composition,

811; constructions, 259-61; dependency,259-60; government, 259; semantics,Apollonian, I I O - I I , 123, 126

grammaticality (congruentia), no—11, 126, 138,

2i4n., 232, 243, 261, 268n., 804granting (concede), see under disputationsgravia, 31gravity, 534Great Schism as influence on political thought,

745greater, the, 279n., 800Greek, 110-11, 268n.; Latin translations of

Aristotle from, 45-7, 49, 52, 54, 57, 61-8,74-9, 86; particles in Latin, 67; study of, 61,797, 800, 809, 812-13, 836; -Latin editions,humanist, 817

growth, see augmentation

habitus, see under statehaecceitas or thisness, 413, 420,456, 463-4, 823-4handbook,729handwriting, 35, 728-9; see also paleography

and scriptshappiness, 7, 660, 663-5; active, 663, 671,

674, 677, 679-81, 685; after death, 677-8,680, 682, 684; Aquinas on, 678-80;Aristotelian concept of, 673-7, 679, 683, 685;as a common good, 675-6: as cognitivemental activity, 678-9, 686; as enjoyment ofcontemplation of God, 673, 682, 684; asGod's gift, 664-5, 674; as humanlyattainable, 674; as human perfection, 657-8,673-86; as knowledge of divine essence,682-3; as object of philosophical concern,657; as perfect actualisation of reason, 680-2;as ultimate object of action, 674; as un-attainable in this world, 673-4; as union withGod, 675-7; 679, 686; Boethian concept of,674, 684-5; Boethius of Dacia on, 680-2;Buridan on, 683-6; Christian Platonistconcept of, 673-7; contemplative or theore-tical, 663-4, 669, 674-5, 676n., 677, 679-86;double, 679-81; God as epitome of, 658, 675;object and activity of, 678; of philosophicallife (see happiness, contemplative); of politicalor social life (see happiness, active); perfectand imperfect, 662, 665-6, 678-9, 682;philosophical and theological, 681-2, Scotuson, 683; uncreated and created, 675-8

health, 684heap argument, see soriteshearing, 539heat and cold, 555, 558-60, 562, 588-90Hebrew, study of, 813heresy and heretics, 71, 691, 741, 743, 753hierarchy, 747, 758; see also under worldhierocratic, see under government and papacyHistoria animalium (Aristotle's), 48history, 670; of medieval philosophy, 840,

846-7






IOIO Index Rerum

homoioteleuta, 39homonymy, 267, 342humanism, 8o8n.; and scholasticism, 787-

817; and teaching oflogic, 797-807; as factorin decline oflogic, 795-6; in English univer-sities, 788; theological aspects of, 8i6n.

humanist: education, 670, 796-807, 809 (ethicsin, 670-1); logic, 787, 791, 800, 803

humanists, 4, 7, 97, 8o8n.; and modism, 257,269, 814; outside universities, 808

humanists': attitude towards scholasticism, 808;concern with eloquence, 797, 800, 805, 836;revival of dialectic, 798-807; study of lan-guage, 797; translations of Aristotle, 64, 670;treatment of logical syntax, 813-14

human nature (universal) and Socrateity, 418,422, 424

human nature or humanity, 413, 415-16,424-5, 427, 456, 488, 680, 693, 699, 705, 710,758, 833; see also man

human perfection as topic for philosophy, 657humility, 88, 663hylemorphism, universal, 394, 4O7n., 408-10hypostasis, 676hypothesis or casus, 252, 322, 330; see also under

sophismatahypothetical propositions, 83, 106-7, 211, 243,

278-9, 281, 30inn., 304-5, 311; identifiedwith topical arguments, 280; truth-values of,280; see also conditionals and consequencesand syllogisms, hypothetical and syllogistic,hypothetical

idealism, 842ideas: and images, 153, 440-59, 475n.; Car-

tesian, 459; divine (see God's ideas); objectsof, 153—4, 508; see also concepts and imagesand intentions and under forms and species

identity: adequate, 416-19; formal, 416-19,488; real, 416-17; self-, 420; substitutivity of,357n.; transitivity and symmetry of, 417; seealso indiscernibility of identicals and sameness

'if, see siillatio, 30m.illumination, 440-59, 462, 499-500, 502, 508,

596-9, 601, 604-5, 6o8n., 610, 616, 623-5,627, 828, 844, 851; and faith, 445; and naturallaw, 445; and scepticism, 473n.; and seeing allthings in God, 459; as divine causation ofexistence and life, 446; as guaranteeing senseexperience, 454; as necessary for knowledgeof first principles, 445, 447, 503; purity asrequirement of direct, 5O2n., 5O3n.; rejectionof doctrine of, 452-5

images or likenesses: mental, 153, 198, 443-4450, 474, 485n., 606, 621; sensible, 595, 598,

601, 603, 612-13, 625; see also under speciesimaginable though impossible cases, 557-60,

562-3, 566imaginary entities, 403; see also chimeras and

fictional characters and golden mountainimagination, 153, 465, 469n., 474, 606-7,

612-13, 617, 625, 699; as passive intellect,613n.; as second grade of abstraction, 603-4;or phantasy as thesaurus jormarum, 606—7

immateriality, 630-1immediates, 278immortality, see under soulimmutability: and necessity, 364-6, 367n.,

369-71, 374-7; of God, 374 (see also underGod's knowledge and truth-values)

imperium, 649, 652-3impersonal constructions, 147-8, 152, 154, 156,

21m.impertinens, }22\ see also obligations, irrelevance

inimpetus, 34, 523implication, 300; conjunctive, 3O5n., 306;

material, 31m.; natural, 306; Philonian, 305;strict, 306, 31m.; temporal, 306; weaker, 306

imposition of terms or signs, 123, 137, 164, 172,189, 25Onn., 257, 263-5, 483, 492, 494; new,267, 320, 339-40, 494

impositions, 479-95; and intentions, 484-5,492-3; first and second, 120-1, 23on., 257-8,264n., 484, 492-3; in Ockham, 492-3

impossibility, 342-57; natural or physical,557~8; per accidens, 328

impossible, anything follows from the, 291,309-10,317,333

impulse, 643inception, 542n., 544n.inchoatioformae, 4ion.incipit and desinit, 213, 2i6n., 548-52, 554, 556,

557n., 585-7, 792; in consequences, 297inclinations, natural, 709-10inclusion of one syncategorematic function by

another, 2i9n., 221-2incommensurability, 579incompatibility, hidden, 3i5n., 333-4incomplexa, 198, 201-2, 205; see also non-

complexindemonstrables, 793indeterminacy in respect of truth-values, 362-3indeterminism, 348, 353indexicals or token-reflexives, 202-3, 208,

344, 346, 375, 468indirect discourse, 200, 202, 205-6indiscernibility of identicals, principle of,

415-17,419, 423,429individuality, 739, 824; intuition of, 464-5, 468individuals: as directly knowable, 824; as re-






Index Rerum i o n

ferents, 167-8; cognition of, 460-78, 609,613, 619; concepts of, 120; God's knowledgeof, 460, 583; see also under universals

individuating principles, 411-14, 423-4, 429,456, 463-4, 603-4, 608, 621, 823; accidentsas, 411; and natures as formally distinct, 414,434; and universals as really distinct, 424; ascontained in union of form and matter, 823-4; as intrinsic to individuals, 420; matter asproviding, 476; outside all ten categories,412; particular of themselves, 413-14, 420,429; prime matter and quantitative dimen-sions as, 411; really existent only as con-stituents of particulars, 413-14; thisnesses as,413,456,463-4,823

individuation: of universal cognition, 615,617-18; of souls, 620; problem of, 823

indivisibilism, 57on., 575-80; and geometry,578-82; and logic, 583-4

indivisibles, 57on., 571, 573-84; Aristotle's'touching' argument regarding, 577-8; ascomposing continua, 57on., 571, 575-80,583-4; as contained in continua, 573, 575,578n.; existence of, 573-7; extended, 576n.;immediate, 577-8, 58on.; motion of, 576

inducement, 702induction, iO4n., 296, 304, 511-12, 5i3n.inequality, natural, 761in esse, 67inexplicabiles, 794inference, 5, 6, 300, 30m.; Abelardian concept

of, 150, 305-6; rules of, 112, 222, 226-7,229n., 239nn., 243, 282, 3O7n., 309-10,312-14, 327, 355-7 (supposition in, 23on.);theory of, 111 -18

inferences: acceptable and unacceptable at once,229-30; as universally dependent on topics,277; conditional (see consequences); dis-tinguished from arguments, 292; evaluationof, 195; immediate, 301; perfect and im-perfect, 280, 306; syllogistic, 146 (see alsosyllogisms)

inferentia and consequentia, 305inferior, logical, 222, 226, 239n., 296, 430, 432n.infinita and infinite, categorematic and syn-

categorematic, 212, 23m., 549n., 550, 567-8infinites: equality relations of, 571-2; part-

whole relations of, 571-2; unequal, 569-73,577, 578n.; with finite ends, 571

infinitesimals, 581infinitum in facto esse and in fieri, 567n.infinity, 549n., 557, 564-91; actual, 567-71,

573; as non tantum quin maius, 567; as quolibetplura, 568; as tantum quod non maius, 567;God's knowledge of, 566, 583, 584^; of God,395n., 566; of intensification, 588-90; of

multitudes, 567^; potential, 567-8inherence, 145, 198, 200, 413, 422, 488, 49on.initiative, intellectual, 446-7iniuria as cause of war, 778-82innateness, 459, 608, 694, 697-8, 709, 833, 844inquantum, 213n.insight, 659insolubilia, 246-53, 335, 540, 556-7, 5<>2, 787,

790-1, 793-4, 795n.; and institutio, 320; andsophismata, 25On.; as orationes imperfectae, 794;historical development of, 246, 793-4;resolved in terms of cassation, 246-7; re-solved in terms of (notion of mental lan-guage, 253; obligations, 252-3; secundum quidet simpliciter, 247-8, 25On.; self-falsification,250; transcasus, 248; truth-conditions, 249-50)

instants, 573n., 574n., 575; first and last, 34,551, 554, 557n-, 585-7

instinct, 607, 705-6, 708-10institutio in obligations, 319-20intellect: accidents of, 481; active and passive,

639; acts of, 635, 643, 652-3; agent or active,446-9, 451, 454n., 456n., 458, 487, 595-602,604-8, 610, 613-16, 618-19, 621, 623-5,627-8, 709, 851; and will, 636-9, 643,649-51, 680, 682, 684; as capable of whateversensation is capable of, 464, 476; as contribut-ing universals, 460, 462; as final cause of actsof will, 635; as form of man, 600, 614, 616,618; as fourth grade of abstraction, 603-4; asknowing universals directly and particularsindirectly, 609; as mover, 617n.; as organiserof sensory data, 475-7; as part of soul, 595-6,598-600; 604; as power of soul, 607, 613n.,617, 619; as separate substance, 595-6,598-600, 6o4n., 608, 612, 6i3n., 616, 619;autonomy of, 477; distinction prior to everyact of, 414, 416; divine (see God's intellect);incompleteness of, 475-7; in relation tosenses, 443, 595-6, 598, 601-22; material,446-8, 6o6n., 613; passive, 607, 613n., 815;possible, 596, 598, 601, 613-15, 6i8n., 619,621, 628; potential or passible, 446, 448-9,451, 456n., 487, 595-601, 604-8, 614-15,6i6n., 619, 62m., 623-8, 631; practical, 631,711; second agent, 600, 624; speculative, 504,612n., 849; unity of, 613-22; see also mindand soul.

intellecta, prima and secunda, 481intellectio-theory of universals, 492intellection or intellective cognition, 408-9,

442, 448, 452-3, 457, 595, 597, 620, 623-4,627-8; God as basic cause of, 457, 604;indirect, 46 m., 463n.; of several objects,simultaneous, 628; simple and complex, 455

intellects, conjunction or union of, 605






1012 Index Rerum

intellectus: agens, 595; noster, 612n., 61311.; possi-bilis, 446, 44811., 456n., 595, 613

intelligence: first, 665; human and sub-human,153

intelligences or separate psychic substances,386n., 398, 400, 406, 408-9, 526, 528, 596-8,605, 608, 6ion., 611, 758

intelligibile, 138, 168intelligibility, potential and actual, 476-7intelligibles, 442, 443n., 448nn.; see also species,

intelligibleintension: and extension (see under qualities);

and remission of forms, 34, 528, 530, 532-3,536, 549-50, 554-5, 557n., 560, 573n., 588-90

intentio: as condition of just war, 773-5, 781;intellecta, 481-2

'intentio': as translation of'ma'qur and 'ma'na\479; senses of, 479, 48511., 645

intention, 644-9, 653, 699, 704intentional: contexts, reference in, 794-5;

distinction (see under distinction); existence,474n.

intentiones: as entities within a single real thing,415, 485; communes, 285

intentions, 448n., 479-95, 602-3, 605-6;abstract and concrete, 264n., 487-8; andcognition, 487-91; and concepts, 480, 485,488, 491, 493-4; and impositions, 484-5; asaccidents of intellect, 481; as acts of cog-nition, 487, 490, 492; as determinations ofthings, 480; as existing insofar as they arethought, 486; as extramental entities, 494-5;as formal structures in things, 485-6; asfounded on natures really in things, 482; aslikenesses, 481; as mind's immediate objects,479; as natural signs, 492; as really existing asqualities in soul, 458, 488-9, 491; as reallyexisting in being known, 481-2; as studiedby (epistemology and logic, 481-2; meta-physics, 486); as terms in mental propo-sitions, 485; 491-2; common, 484^; distinct,399n.; first (see first intentions); higher thansecond, 480; imagined, 612-13, 619; inAquinas, 481-2, 6o6n.; in Aureoli, 490-1; inAvicenna, 479-80; in Bacon, 480; in Brito,487-90; in Burley, 494-5; in Chatton,491-4; in Henry of Ghent, 482-3; inOckham, 491-4; in Pseudo-Kilwardby, 483-4; in Scotus, 485-6; in Siger of Brabant,612-13; in speculative grammar, 486-90;objects of, 479, 48on.; of affirmation andnegation, 491; of a single thing, 482; ofconsequences, 482; of terms, 31-2; 34, 485;ontological status of, 458, 480-2; presentstate of research on, 479n.; referring to single

or to sets of propositions, 487; second (seesecond intentions); simple, 487; sources of theconcept of, 479-80; modistic analysis of, 258

internalising of order, see under late scholasticsintimating, 649Introductio ad syllogismos categoricos (Boethius'),

107intuition, 202, 460, 463; and scepticism, 472-3;

as a grasp ofhaecceitas, 464; imperfect, 465; ofindividuality, 464-5, 468

intuitive cognition, 407, 436, 456-7, 460-78,823; and Cartesianism, 471; and scientificconcepts, 463^, 5O9n., 514; as different fromabstractive cognition only as regards the actsthemselves, 457, 468; as of singulars only,458; causal origins of, 470; defined in termsof true propositions, 468-71; in Aquinas,611; in Ockham, 457-8, 466-70; in Scotus,463, 465-6, 468n.; in Siger of Brabant, 616,619; introspectibility of, 470-1; of mentalacts, 468n.; of non-existent objects, 457,469-70; of terms, 436n.; sensible and intel-lectual, 457n., 458

inventio, 801, 804investiture, 544n.irrationalism, 845irrelevance, see under obligationsIsagoge (Porphyry's), 46, 49~5O, 53~54, 85, 105,

118, i2on., 122-3, 128-9, 487; commentarieson, 53, 60, 105, 119, 122-3, 132, 4imn.,425m, 444n., 487nn., 488nn.

'is': as copula, 145, 150, 2i2n.; as verb ofexistence, 144, 149-50, 165, 2i2n.; see alsocopula and est and verb

ita or sic est, 200iudicium, 801, 804ius: ad helium and in hello, 775n.; civile, 705;

divinum, 756, gentium, 705, 708, 710, 715, 718;naturale, 705, 714-15; ubique docendi, 13;utendi, 743

Jesuits, 97, 836, 839-41, 843, 845Jewish philosophy, 1-2judgement, 487, 489, 491, 504, 61 in., 629, 709;

acts of, 634-5, 651-2; composition of, 482;compounding and dividing in, 200, 207,452n., 455n., 485^, 5O4n.; deliberative, 633,647-8, 651-3; imperative, 633, 649, 653;moral, 711; natural, 697; sense, 602, 606

judging, 197-9, 207, 378n., 485jurisdiction of spiritual and secular governments

as unified, 754-5just war, 771-84; Augustine on, 771-3, 775,

777~"8, 782; conditions of, 773-82; issuesassociated with theory of, 783; practicalsignificance of theory of, 783-4; sources for






Index Rerum 1013

theory of, 771-2justice, 671, 739; cosmic, 709; divine, 738; legal

or political, 707, 709; natural, 707-9, 712-13,715; war as means of obtaining, 775-6, 779-80, 782

Kantianism and neoscholasticism, 840, 848-9kinematics, 534-6, 541kinesis, 345n.king, see monarch and rulers'know', see scireknower to known, assimilation of, 6o6n.knowing, 199, 201, 204-6; by means of intel-

lect or senses, 283; essence, three ways of,403, 449, 452; what is actual as distinct fromknowing what is necessary or merely pos-sible, 465

knowledge: affective, 676-7; and causality,378-81, 464; and faith or belief, 442, 451,453~4; and opinion, 281, 284, 286, 290,505-6, 803-4; and wisdom, 499; as either ofconcepts or of extra-mental individuals, 466;as founded on (experience, 96; faith, 442,459; first principles, 701); as intellect's virtue,638; as of universals rather than of particulars,609, 613; as perfected in love, 676-7; asproduced by demonstrative syllogisms, 287,507-8; by causes, sogn., 510; confused,599-600; deduction as basis of, 96; de-monstrative and other, 497, 514-16; dis-positional and conscious, 687-8; God's (seeGod's knowledge); -in-experience, 466-7;innate, 596, 599-600; logic of, 372, 549;mere, 676; natural appetite for; 681; necessaryand certain, 610-11; objects of, 204, 206-7,435, 488, 504, 5O9n., (primary and secondary,481); of contingent facts, 460, 463, 466-8,471; of essence, 222, 264n., 403, 449, 452; ofGod, 390, 450, 500, 5O9n., 609, 611, 616, 619,682-3, 711 (and natural law, 710-11; and ofself as naturally present in the soul, 448); ofnonexistent possibles, 403; of particulars,confused and distinct, 435; practical, 678,701; scientific, 496-517, 526, 626, 648;theoretical, 701; tripartite division of, 461-2;see also certainty and cognition and senseexperience

Labyrinthus, 18language: and metaphysics, 119-21, 131, 154-7,

161, 261-6; and sensation, 120-1; andthought, 120-1, 152-4, 161, 190-1 (twolevels of, 197); as concern of logic, 480;communication as the purpose of, 189-90,255-6; conventionality of, 149, 189; creativeaspect of, 820; development of, 121, 126;

emphasis on use of, 268; God as bestower of,839; humanists' study of, 797, invariables of,265; late medieval and renaissance study of,808-17; mental, 32, I38n., 198-9, 252-3,268-9, 471, 5O2n.; modern artificial, 133;neoscholastic attitude toward, 842-3, 845;ordinary (see ordinary language); philosophyof, 200, 819, 821; science of, 144; traditional-ist views of, 838; universal semantic approachto, 265

languages, analytical or conceptual, 556-7language-use as a differentia of human beings,

833late scholasticism, 787-837; and internalising of

order, 818, 828; in universities, 809, 833-5,837; opposed to medieval nominalism, 818;Spain as bastion of, 818, 840

late scholastic logic, 787-96, 819-22Latin, 14, 15, 45, no , 260, 268n.; Averroism

(see Averroism); in translations from Greek,64-8 (see also under Greek)

latitude of forms, 554, 560; see also qualities,degrees of

Law and Gospel, 706-7, 712law, 7; and logic, 97; Aquinas' philosophy of,

751-3; as command, 755~6, 763-4; as ex-pression of higher values, 749; as not needingimposition by a superior, 748; AugustinusTriumphus' philosophy of, 746-7; canon, 25,86, 756 (see also canonists); civil, 705, 761 (seealso civilians); -courts as setting for dialectic,799; enforceability as essence of, 755; eternal,708, 711, 717, 746, 751; faculty of, 14, 96;Hooker's philosophy of, 747-8; indicative,716; intermediates in influence of divine,746-7; Islamic, 25; John of Salisbury's philo-sophy of, 749-50; Marsilius of Padua'sphilosophy of, 755-6; mistake of, 703-4;natural (see natural law); Ockham's philo-sophy of, 754-5; of God, 698, 703, 705, 708,7*7> 739, 75i; of nations, 705 (see also iusgentium); of the flesh and of the mind, 699; ofthe gospels, 772; of thought, conscience as,695; Old Testament, 705-7, 712 (see alsoMosaic law); philosophy of, 746-56, 828;positive, 712, 715, 718, 742, 756, 764; pre-ceptive or prescriptive, 716-17; Puritans on,747-8; Roman, 25, 86, 705, 716, 735, 738,746, 749, 756, 763-4, 767, 777, 78o; study of,12-14, 805; supremacy of, 730-1; true, 705;will as essential to, 830, 832-3; Wyclif'sphilosophy of, 750-1

laws: as superior to royal right, 747, 755",dietary, 698; divine and human, 639-40, 707,712, 715, 718, 746, 750-3; justness of, 726,746; natural and human, 752-3; of reason,






ioi4 Index Rerum

laws [cont.]709, 829-30 Solomon's, 746

Laws (Plato's), 78m.lectures (lectiones), 19-21, 28, 542; and dispu-

tations, 20, 25, 29, 521-2, 542-3, 834; andglosses, 74; and question-commentaries, 30,541; cursory, 19, 542; exposition in, 20;extraordinary, 19; forms of, 20-1; ordinary,19, 23, 542, 544~5> 547; prescribed, 19, 54*n.;see also under individual subjects

legal: penalties, 752; positivism, 746, 751,754-6; process, 736; rationalism, 756; re-straints on government, 755

legislation, popular determination of, 741-2legislator, the people as the, 759, 767-8, 770lemmata in lectures and commentaries, 20, 48lesser, the, 279n., 294letter-designations in logical treatises, 22m., 562levia, 31lexemes, 257-8lex: indkativa or demonstrativa, 716; praeceptiva,

716-17; regia, 759, 7<$3liar paradox, 246-7 (see also insolubilia)libel, war to avenge, 782n.libelli sophistarum, 557, 788liberal arts, see artsLiber de causisy see De causisLiber ethicorum, 52Liber Nicomachie, 60Liber sex principiorum (Pseudo-Aristotle's), 48,

50, 660liberty: as demonstration of natural law, 760-1;

personal, 755liberum arbitrium, 630, 632-6; as a disposition,

636; as distinct from reason and will, 633-5;in Albert the Great, 634-5; in Aquinas, 635;see also choice and free choice and free will

libraries, 16, 834libri naturales, Aristotle's, 521-2, 542n.licenses of using, 742life: everlasting, 658, 710; theoretical or con-

templative or philosophical, 663-4, 669,674-5, 676n., 677, 679-86

light, 31, 462n., 502, 523; as perfection ofbodies, 5O2n.; God as, 202, 441-2, 444, 447n.,448, 451, 457, 499, 502-3, 605; metaphor of,401, 446, 448, 451, 453, 485"-. 499, 502,5O3n., 598, 605, 697-8, 700; mind's interior,442-3, 445, 453n., 499n., 5O2n., 5O3n., 610,709; sources of, 560

likeness: through imitation, 508; see also imagesand resemblance and similarity and species

limits, extrinsic and intrinsic, 549, 585-8line, mean, 584n.lines, 573-5. 583-4linguistic: analysis, 2i6n., (Anselmian, 139-42;

exposition most important form of, 215; mo-distic, 257-60, 263-4); description, 254; ele-ments, 110; features, causal explanation of, 254

linguistics, 7, 260; Cartesian, 819—22, 833literalness in medieval Latin translations, 64-8literary: critics, 97; forms, 29-34literature: recovery of classical, 797, 812; study

of classical, 797-8, 800, 805, 808-9, 813, 836;values of, 749-50, 797, 808

littera, 18, 20, 29, 30, 102local motion, 528-9, 531-4, 552-4, 556, 560,

5^5, 574n.; see also distance and motionlocation as pertaining primarily to universal,

428locations, simultaneous different, 429loci, 112, 273, 790; dialectical and sophistical,

124, 126, 29on.; sophistical, 3i5n.; see alsotopics and topoi

locomotion, see local motionlocus: differentia (maximae), 113; maxima, 113,

logic: Abelardian conception of, 143;Abelardian pure, 148-52; after 1530, declineof, 790, 819, 835; ancient and medieval, 101-27, 283; ancient courses of, 104-5; andgrammar, 109, 123, 133-4, 142-8, 156,254-5, 268, 483-4, 810, 816; and episte-mology, 701; and indivisibilism, 583-4; andlaw, 97; and mathematics, 500-1; and meta-physics, 119, 154-7, 255» 283-6, 290, 486;and natural science, 6, 143, 154, 527, 546-63;and operations of the soul, 183; and theo-logy, 93; Aristotle's (see Organon); as clarify-ing structure of ordinary language, 822; asconcerned with (language, 480; reality, 483;second intentions, 479-82, 483^, 486-7,489-90, 493-5, 821; truth, 301); as an out-growth of the curriculum, 101; as prepa-ration for metaphysics, 391; as specula-tive science, 489-90; at Oxford and atCambridge, 557; at Oxford and at Paris,174-87, 545-6; books that transmittedancient, 105-9; Byzantine, 104-5; classicalinfluences on post-medieval, 793-4; clericalopposition to, 83; divided on basis of mentaloperations, 487; eclipse of medieval, 787-96;epistemic, 357; formal system of, 796; hu-manism and teaching of, 797-807; humanist,787, 791, 800 (supplemented by scholastic,803); importance of, 4-5, 15, 87, 522-3,542n., 543n.; in the liberal arts, 13, 542; inneoscholasticism, 850-1; late scholastic,787-96, 819-22; laws or rules of, 209, 306,486, 489, 640; lectures on, 71-2, 556;tukasiewicz and history of, 850; Megaric-Stoic, 303, 345, 850; modal (see modal logic);






Index Rerum 1015

modistic, 183, 186, 262, 486; moral, 668;neoscholastic attitude toward medieval, 843,849; of counterfactuals, 332, 334; ofknowledge, 372, 549; of question andanswer, 799n.; of relations, 796; of terms,147-8, 152, 156; Oxford and Paris traditionsin, 174-87; philosophy of, 819; Polish, 850;propositional, 26on., 303, 309, 311-14 (seealso consequences); psychologising of, 819;questions on, 72; Ramist, 791; revived inFrance and Spain 1490-1520, 789-90; rheto-ricisation of, 787, 797; 17th-century historyof, 821; standard 13th-century view of, 284;survival of scholastic, 806; terminist (seeterminist logic); three-valued, 32m.; 12th-century schools of, 175; see also dialectic andlogica modema and logica nova and logica vetusand modal logic and terminist logic

logical: atomism, 824; descent 192, 194-5,222n., 232, 243, 583-4; possibility, 354-5,368, 566, 827; relations (alteration or block-ing of, 214; bearers of, 199, 209-10); syntax,humanists' treatment of, 813-14; treatises,Boethius', 85, 440, 443 {see also under in-dividual titles)

logica modema, 214-15, 306, 521, 804; contentsof treatises in the, 278-80; treatment of topicsin the early, 277-80

logica nova, 5, 18-19, 48, 55, 15m., 521; earlylectures on, 70

logica vetus, 5, 18, 46, 55, 69, 82, 101-57, 262logicians, 15th-century, 787-8logos, 67lordship, see dominiumlove, 638, 646, 649, 659, 676-7, 682, 686, 712,

753; God's 638; neighbourly, 707, 712; ofcommunity, 736, 749

lumen naturale, 6o8n., 610, 830lying, 714, 717

Magna moralia (Pseudo-Aristotle's), 49, 52, 62magnanimity, 88man or human being, 415-16, 447, 475, 504,

598, 642; as naturally desirous of (evil, 688;good, 688); beatific vision as the end of, 504,61 in., 645-6, 679, 710, 760; Christ as onlyfully realised, 684; fall of, 642, 688, 693-4,708, 757, 760-1, 829; hylemorphic com-position of, 408-9; intellect as form of, 600,614, 616, 618; interior, 442n., 499n.; lan-guage-use as distinguishing, 833; natural andsupernatural ends for, 710; philosopher asideal, 663-4, 679, 681-3, 685-6; soul as formof (see under soul) see also human nature

Manichaeism, 741manuals, see textbooks

manuscripts: abbreviations in, 39, 41-2; addi-tions to, 41; copyist's disapproval of word-ing in, 40-1; deliberate changes in, 40;discovered by humanists, 812; errors in,38-42, 68; miscellaneous, 37; of Aristotle'sworks, medieval Latin, 45-7, 50-3, 68-9, 73;substitution of names in, 40; omissions from,39—40; substitution of wrong words in, 41

marriage, 709, 740, 761; see also monogamy andpolygamy

mass, physical, 533Master Argument, the, 345n.masters: of arts, 82-91, 95; of theology, 21,

80-1, 89, 92material conditions, 432, 487materialism, 71mathematical: entities abstracted from sensibles,

480, 525; physics, 553-4mathematics, 13, 85-6, 93, 96, 385, 391, 392n.,

480, 497, 5o6n., 523, 525, 527, 533, 536,54m., 542, 547-8, 550, 552, 555, 561-2, 576,578n., 579, 582, 588-91, 701; see also underindividual branches

matter, 207, 237n., 238, 24on., 394, 402, 427,446, 530; annihilability of, 539; Aristotle'sview of, 409-10; as passive principle ofnature, 525; as potentiality, 408, 410, 524;corporeal, 409; essential and numericalsameness of, 409; -form composition, 397-8,4oonn., 402, 408-10, 448, 524 (see also hy-lemorphism); in sensation, 603; prime (seeprime matter); spiritual, 409; unintelligibilityof, 476; with some degree of actuality, 410;see also under individuating principles

maxima and minima, 556—7, 560, 587—8maximae, see maximal propositionsmaximal propositions, i n , 151, 274, 287, 296-

7, 310; and diet de omni et nullo, 289, 293; asconfirming truth of conditionals, 276; asconfirming topical arguments, 280, 282-3; asrules of consequences, 304-5; classificationof, 274; corresponding to Differentiae, 282

maxims, see maximal propositionsmean speed theorem, Mertonian, 535, 541meaning: accessory, 265; active and passive

aspects of, 264, 266; and signification, 188;change of, 265, 267, 347; composite, 348;formal and material, 264-5, 267; general,256-7; grammarians' and logicians'approaches to, 135-7, 139; implied, 264;improper (per aliud) 139; ontological statusof, 264; picture-theory of, 266; precisive (perse) 137, 139; propositions as fundamentalunits of, 161; specific or lexical, 257-8

meanings: extra-mental entities as, 150, 266;thoughts as, 150






IOI6 Index Rerum

means: as judged relative to ends, 758; see alsounder choice and acts

measurement, 525, 539, 549, 552-4, 564, 566,588-91

Mechanica (Pseudo-Aristotle's), 97mechanism, 526, 848medicine, 84, 86y 5o6n.; faculty of, 14, 96, 806;

veterinary, 62medieval philosophy: and contemporary philo-

sophy, 3; current state of investigation in, 42;history of, 840, 846-7; source-material for,34-8

memorisation, 273memory, 465, 606-7mendicant controversy, 87-8mendicants, see friarsMeno (Plato's), 56mental activity, late scholastic emphasis on, 822,

824mental acts, 191, 197-200, 205, 266, 436, 485,

49on.; and their objects, 436-8; as groundedin structure of reality, 823-4; evidentness of,5i5n.; in cognition, 452, 465; intuitivecognition of, 468n.; of universalisation, 824;pre-judgemental, 465

mental-act theory, Ockham's, 436-9mental: attitudes, signification of, 190; capa-

cities, reformers' view of human, 829; habitsor dispositions, 474; images (see underimages); language (see under language); pro-positions (see under propositions); terms (seeunder terms); word (see under word)

merit and demerit, 566; see also salvation, meritand grace in

meritum as condition of just war, 773-4, 777-82Mertonians, 96, 535, 540, 54m., 795n.; see also

Oxford Calculatorsmeta-ethics, 667metalanguage, 112, 121, 301, 339, 547n., 587Metaphysical media, 48-9 , 51; nova, 48, 51; vetus,

49,51metaphysician: as ideal man, 685-6; see also

philosophermetaphysics, 5-6, 85, 130, 215, 386-410, 483,

493, 521-3, 542, 605, 657, 659, 662, 848; andlanguage, 119-21, 131, 154-7, 161, 261-6;and logic, 119, 154-7, 255, 283-6, 290,391, 486; and modism, 255, 259-66, 284;and natural science, 516; and physics inneoscholasticism, 848; and theology, 93; asaiming at knowledge of God, 390; as con-cerned with intentions, 486; as providingproof of God's existence, 386, 388-90;divisions of, 386; essentialist, 825; ethics andpolitics subordinate to, 686; God as thesubject of, 386, 388-9, 39on., 392, 605;

identification of subject of, 386-92, 456n.,605; late scholastic, 822-7; s*e a^o ontology

Metaphysics (Aristotle's), 19, 27n., 34, 45-52,55, 59, 63, 65, 72, 182, 184, 255, 344-5, 358,385, 388, 410, 423n., 426n., 444; commen-taries on, 59, 71, 349n., 385-7, 390, 39m.,398, 415n., 42On., 449n., 464^, 473n., 48011.,5O5n., 525n., 599, 837n.; in Catholic theo-logy, 97; lectures on, 71; prescribed study of,19, 73, 85, 521; questions on, 72; recom-mended reading of, 70

Meteorologica or Metheora (Aristotle's), 18-19,47, 49-52, 56, 58, 63; commentaries on, 58-9, 63-4, 70; prescribed study of, 18, 73, 85,523, 542n.

method: Ramist, 804, 819, 821; scholastic, 24metonymy, 176metrics, 811mind: as source of concepts, 450; creativity of,

824; interior light of (see under light); ope-rations of, 482, 487; philosophy of (see underphilosophy); see also intellect and soul

miracles, 87, 457, 5i5n., 516, 6o2n., 630, 840misery, freedom from, 631'mixts', 819modal: consequences, 293, 296 (in Buridan,

355-7); contexts (quantification into, 357;reference in, 794-5); distinction, 406, 4O7n.

modal logic, 342-57; Aristotelian, Theophras-tian, Eudemian, 343n.; as concerned withnecessary and accidental properties, 350-1;formalisation of, 355-7; present state ofresearch into medieval, 357; rules of, 351,355—7; see also modal syllogistic

modal propositions, 342-57, 559; and the logicof terms, 148, 152; compounded and dividedsenses of, I77n., 179, 347~8, 354-7, 363-4(see also modal propositions interpreted perdivisionem and per compositionem and modalpropositions interpreted de re and de dicto)\conversion of, 281; de possibili, 356; derivedfrom assertoric by increasing or decreasing,345-6; interpreted (de re or de dicto/de sensu,151-2, 347, 351, 510; per divisionem and percompositionem, 151—2); relations betweenassertoric (de inesse) propositions and, 345-6,355; truth-conditions of, 151-2

modal: strengths, 365; syllogistic, 357 (Aristote-lian, 343, 350-3; modern logic and Aristote-lian, 350; see also syllogisms, mixed); wordsor operators, 148, 151, 291

modalities: and set theory, 826; as classifyingactual events and states of affairs, 353, 355;equipollence and opposition among, 140,342-3; primary bearers of, 199, 204

modality, 104, 2i3n., 310-11, 342-58, 376, 559;






Index Rerum 1017

and consequences, 348-9, 367; and tense,assimilation of, 177, 185; and time, 344, 349,366, 374-5; and truth, 793; immutability as a,365; in Aquinas, 504; in Grosseteste, 364-5;in neoplatonism, 345n.; in Scotus, 353-5,509-10; in the Stoics, 345n.; statistical inter-pretation of, 344-8, 351-4

moderni, 800modernism, 851modi: concipiendi, 200; consignificandi, 48411. (see

also consignification); essendi, 183, 261-4, 285(proper and common, 262-3, 487-9); intel-ligendi, 183, 186, 262-4, 399n., 481 (activeand passive, 264n.)

modi significandi, 29n., 34, 123, 153, 183, 186,255-7, 260-4, 265n., 267-9, 399™., 483,484n., 486, 814, 816; accidentales, 259; andconsignification, 258, 263-4, 484n.; theolog-ians' alleged reverence for, 814; ontologicalcounterparts of, 258, 262-3; proportional,259, 261; speciales, 259; see also modus essen-tialis

modism, 184-5, 255~~69; and humanists, 257,269, 814; and metaphysics, 255, 259-66, 284;and terminist logic, 265-6, 486-7; andtopics, 285; and via antiqua, 269; Averroists ascritics of, 256-7, 267n.; critical reaction to,267-9, 814; epistemological presuppositionsof, 256, 161 —6; influence of Aristotle andArabic commentators on, 255; nominalists ascritics of, 256-7, 288-9, 8i4n.

modistae, 255, 486-7, 489, 494-5, 814modistic: analysis, 257-60, 263-4; criteria of

combinability, 259; dictiones, 257; discovery-procedures in semantics, 261; logic, 183, 186,262, 486; semantics, 123, 262-6 (epistemo-logical difficulty in, 266); syntactical theory,259-60; terminology in later grammaticaldescription, 256, 269, 8ion., 816

modus essentialis, table of general and specificmodes of the, 258

modus: ponendo ponens, 277, 298, 313, 793;tollendo tollens, 277, 298, 793

monarch: as image of deity, 749, 758, 767; seealso rulers

monarchy or kingship, 726-7, 730-2, 740; asbest form of government, 733, 754-5, 764,766; divine warrant for, 738, 756, 768; here-ditary succession in, 731, 735; limited, 765-7;regal, 765-6

monks as teachers, 82monogamy and polygamy, 708-11, 713mood, grammatical, no-11moral: contexts, importance of form and matter

in, 476n.; inclinations and natural law, 710;logic, 668; obligation (as dependent on divine

command, 714; as rational and natural, 710);philosophy, 6-7, 85-7, 97, 521-3, 542, 669,809, 828 (see also ethics); see also virtues

morality: natural, 705-19; Stoic, 708morphology, 811Mosaic law as codification of natural law, 706-

8, 711, 713, 752motion, 31, 85, 523-39, 549; Albert the Great

on, 527-9; and absence of forms yet to come,531-3; and rest, 524, 533; and soul (anima),529, 597; angelic, 564, 576; Aquinas on,528-9; Aristotle's account of, 527; as con-tinuus exitus formae\ 528; as distinct reality,530-1, 574-5; as ens rationis, 531; as evidencefor God's existence, 39m.; zsfluxus alicuiusends, 528; as fiuxus formae, 527, 530; as formadiminuta, 530-1; as forma fiuens, 527, 530; aspertaining primarily to universals, 428; as via(process), 527; at an instant, 534; Averroeson, 528-9, 53on.; Avicenna on, 527-8;Bradwardine on, 533-6; Bradwardine's lawsof, 535-6, 553-4, 561; Burley on, 530-1;category of, 528, 531; common view of, 530;definitions of, 527; direction of, 533-5;efficient causes of, 526-7, 529, 536; essentialnature of, 526; final causes of, 527, 536; forcein, 534-5, 553, 561; form and matter in, 529;formal cause of, 536; in a vacuum, 529;intensity or degree of, 534; local (see localmotion); location or place in, 531-2; materialcause of, 536; medium of, 529; natural andviolent, 529, 533; natural spatio-temporalconditions of, 526, 535; negation implied in,531-2; Ockham on, 528, 530-3, 574; ofindivisibles, 576; philosophy of, 795; poten-tiality and actuality in, 527; proportion of(distance over time in, 535—6; force overresistance in, 534-6); quantity and quality of,534; rectilinear and rotational, 533, 538-9,553-4; relative and real, 436-7; resistance in,533—5, 553, 560-1; self-, 528-9; successionin, 532-3; 554; terms or ends of, 527, 533,536, types of, 526, 533, 556; see also localmotion and velocity

'motion': as analogical term, 528; as connota-tive term, 574; as having double signification,531; connotation of, 532; principal signifi-cation of, 532

motions: commensurability of, 533; mathemati-sation of all, 536

motive or moving power, 533-4, 548; see alsomotion, force in

motor coniunctus, 528-9mover, prime or first, 386-8, 526, 529multiplicitas, 124, 126multiplicity, numerical, 421-5






IOI8 Index Rerum

multitude: mixed (see multitudo bene ordinata); ofvirtuous men (see multitudo bene ordinata); ruleby the, 733; sovereignty of, 729-30; withauthority to counsel or judge, 731

multitudo: bene ordinata, 727, 729, 731, 733-7;bestialis, 726-7, 729, 731, 733~4> 736~7

murder, 831music, 53, 85, 542mutability: and possibility, 364, 369-70; see also

under truth-valuesmysticism, 462n.

name: as part of speech, 123, 133, 8ion.; inter-pretation of a, 296

names: abstract, 134, 457, 487, 531; adjectival oraccidental, 135-6, 175, 212; common orappellative, 135, 152-3, 156, 163-6, 174, 232;confused with their bearers, 230; content of,138; denominative (see paronymy); differencebetween verbs and, 144, 155-6, 2i3n., 267;identity of, 202; implying badness, 831; inmanuscripts, 40; modistic analysis of, 258,260, 263; non-denoting, 142, 145-6, 150,154, 2i4n., 23on., 380 (see also terms, empty);of first or second imposition, 492-3; of firstor second intention, 485, 492-3; of names,130; proper, 120, 135, 163, 191, 194, 259, 468,483; significata of, 134-5, 138, 149, 163-4;signification of, 167; significative and non-significative uses of, 166; substance- andquality-, 134-6; substantival, 135, 170, 178,212; see also adjectives and nouns

naming, 149, 155—6, 164, 168; see alsoappellation

nations, see under law and universitiesnatura communis, 626—7; see also naturesnatural kinds, eternality of Aristotelian, 351natural law, 700, 705-19, 739, 741, 760, 765;

Albert the Great on, 709; and Christ's pre-cepts, 706-7; and conscience, 695-6; andcustom as governing mankind, 707; andeducation, 706, 710-11; and illumination,445; and moral inclinations, 710; and orderof nature, 832-3; and papal power, 747; andprocreation, 705-6, 709-11; and sex, 706,709-11, 721; and slavery, 712, 760-1; andsocial inclinations, 710, 833; and universalliberty, 706, 715; and the golden rule, 707;and the use of force, 706, 715; Aquinas on,709-13; as animal instinct, 705-6, 708; asbased on linguistic fact, 831-2; as betweeneternal and positive law, 712; as codified inMosaic law, 706-8, 711, 713, 752; as divinecommands and prohibitions, 717; as foundedon universal teleological principle, 709-10; ashuman capacity to distinguish right from

wrong, 708; as independent of God's exis-tence, 719, 828; as innate force, 709; as law ofreason, 709, 830; as limit on human legis-lation, 748, 762; as natural equity, 708; asoriginated by God, 705; as participation ofrational creatures in eternal law, 711, 751; asprimitive and pre-Mosaic, 706; as supportedby divine law, 7ion., 712; as taught bynature to all living things, 832; as teachingsof the Bible, 708; as unalterable by God, 718,828; as universal and dictated by reason, 705;as what is equitable and good, 705; as what isleft undetermined by divine law, 708; com-mands and demonstrations of, 760-1; dis-pensations of, 708, 710, 713-14, 718; earlyFranciscan masters on, 708-9; fundamentalprecept of, 711; Gratian and decretalists on,707-8; Gregory of Rimini on, 830; Grotiuson, 719, 828, 833; Holdsworth on, 831;Hooker on, 828-30; immutable precepts of,708, 718; in 14th and 15th centuries, 715; in17th century, 719, 828-33; in 16th century,715; intrinsic and extrinsic changes in, 718;Isidore on, 705-8; metaphysical foundationfor, 707, 830, 832; Ockham on, 714-15, 717-18; positive and negative precepts in, 718;primary and secondary precepts of, 711;Scotus on, 713-14, 718; secularisation oftheory of, 828; self-evident principles of, 829;sources of concept of, 705-6; Suarez on,715-18, 828, 830-1; three modes of, 708,714-15; variable demonstrations of preceptsof, 708; Vasquez on, 830

natural: morality, 705-19; necessity, 5o6n.,509-10, 512, 638

natural philosophy, 6, 18, 34, 48, 63, 71, 85,215, 497, 521-91, 657; and theology, 93, 522,537-9, 566-7, 575n.; Aristotle's, 523, 525-6,538-9, 564-5, 567, 599, 761, 834; ens mobileas general subject of, 524; importance of,522-3; in neoscholasticism, 847-8; lectureson, 71, 522-3, 542; 'Pythagorean', 523;realism in, 523; study of Aristotelian, 521-3,526-7

natural rights as basis for criticism of Spanishconquest of Indians, 763

nature, 93, 524-6; and freedom, orders of, 638;animate, 85; as basis for institutions, 7; asdetermined by laws, 638; as equivalent toreason, 706; as force implanted in things, 706;as perfected by grace, 758; as predominantlypassive, 527; as principle of motion andchange, 524, 527; as source of knowledge ofGod, 500; course of, 350, 376, 516; human(see human nature); integral, 832; laws of, 87,151, 156, 354, 509-10, 512 (exceptions to,






Index Rerum 1019

515-16); order of, 610, 832-3; personified,706; possibility of demonstrative science of,497> 5O3~6, 510, 512-13, 515-16; primaryand secondary ends of, 711; principle of, 525;regularity of, 511 -13; state of (see state ofnature); study of, 83; teleological conceptionof, 525-6; voice of, 831-2

natures: and individuating principles as for-mally distinct, 414, 434; common, 626-7 (ofthemselves and in reality, 413-14, 419, 422,456); completely universal only as objects ofthought, 413-14, 420, 456; not completelyuniversal of themselves, 413-14, 420, 422;not numerically one and particular ofthemselves, 413-14, 420; particular andnumerically one only denominatively, 413,419; really existent only as constituents ofparticulars, 413-14; see also universals

necessario, 21311., 2i6n.necessarium and contingens, 342—3necessary: arguments, 290; as following from

anything, 291, 309-10; consequences, 3O7n.;existence, 349, 513; premisses, 281, 284,294-5, 350; propositions, 820

necessitas as condition of just war, 783necessity, 342-57, 376, 5i3n., 701; absolute or

simple, 346, 351, 364-6, 375n., 504; andconstraint or power, 360-1; and contin-gency, 5ionn., 701-2; and evidentness, 509-10, 513-15, 701; and freedom, 631, 638; andimmutability, 364-6, 369-71; antecedent,360, 375; causal, 346n.; conditional or relative,lS1> 351, 367, 375n., 702; consequent, 375;formal, 151; mathematical, 5o6n.; natural,50611., 509-10, 512, 638; of entailment or ofconsecution, 150-1, 156, 302, 305-6; offorce, 702; of God, 513; of terms, 352; of thepast, 367n., 371, 374-7; of true (present-tensepropositions, 346, 348n., 367-8, 371; past-tense propositions, 366-7, 371); per accidens,346; per se, 346; physical, 702; psychological,702; secundum rem, 352; semantic, 151; sourceof, 461; subsequent, 360; temporal, 346, 349

negating devices as syncategoremata, 2i3n.negation, 2i3n., 304, 313, 531; covert, 2i3n.,

226; propositional, 142; whole or partial, 223nego, see under disputationsneoplatonic-Aristotelian controversy, 444-5neoplatonism, 1, 168, 345n., 359, 400, 440, 442,

444-5, 458, 628, 665, 676; and scholasticism,847

neoscholastic attention to medieval philosophy,846-7; attitude toward (language, 842-3,845; medieval logic, 843, 849)

neoscholasticism, 7, 27, 838-52; and analyticphilosophy, 849-50; and Kantianism, 840,

848-9; Augustinianism in, 844; in relationto philosophy and science of its own time,847-8; logic in, 850-1; loss of distinctivenessof, 851-2; methodological obscurity in, 850;opposition to, 841; victory of, 845-6

New Logic, see logica nova

Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle's), 19, 47-9, 52,61, 63, 65-6, 72, 87-8, 344n., 629, 642, 675,677, 679-80, 707, 714, 726, 78m., 831;commentaries on, 60, 61, 72, 600, 635, 63911.,657-72, 675-7, 682-6, 709-10, 712, 76on.,837n.; lectures on, 71, 661-2, 666, 668; pre-scribed study of, 19, 73, 86, 521, 657, 666,834; questions on, 72, 660, 664, 666-9, 675,677; reception and interpretation of, 657-72

'Nigrwn possibile est esse album', 348nihil, 213n.'Nihil est in intellectu quin priusfuerit in sensu,

44911.nihil ex nihilo, 524nisi, 213n., 2i4n., 244, 3O7n.noemata, 123, 479noeton, 123nominales, 202-3, 208, 353nominalisation, 148, 152, 156nominalism and nominalists, 154, 191, 412, 434,

438-9, 444, 458, 490, 5H-I5, 54m., 667-8,715, 789, 795n., 816, 818, 823, 824

nominalism banned at Paris, 789nominalists as critics of modism, 256-7, 288-9,

8i4n.nomination, see appellation and namingnominum nomina, 130non, 2i3n.non-complex, what is, 319—20non-contradiction, principle of, 472, 515, 640,

667non-identity, see distinctionnotabilia, 20, 736notes: master's, 35, 74; student's, 35, 37, 74'nothing': Anselmian analysis of, 141-2; see also

nihilnouns: abstract, 531 (see also names, abstract); as

terms, 188; denotative and non-denotativeuses of, 149, 156; predicate, 145, 149; signifi-cation of, 155-6; tense of, 144, 146; verbal,268; see also names

nova responsio in obligations, 336novum organum, 83nugatoriness: as absence of truth-values, 209-

10; as falsity, 2i4n.nullification or cassation, 246-7number: different kinds of, 4oon.; grammatical,

I I O - I I , 257, 259

obedience and disobedience, 703






IO2O Index Rerum

obiective and subjective, 490objections: rejoinders to, 27, 32; see also under

disputationsobjective-existence theory, Ockham's, 436-9object-language, 121, 301, 339, 587obligational disputations: cedat tempus as ending,

323n.; nature of reality outside, 322, 327,330-2; passage of time in, 328, 337; trivialisa-tion of, 333; truth and falsity in, 326

obligations (obligationes), 26, 25on., 252, 315 —41, 540, 557, 790, 793; and compounded anddivided senses, 321; and dialectical dis-putation, 318; and fallacies, 315-16; andredargutio, 316; and sophismata, 316, 329-32;Aristotelian sources of, 318; as involvingsophismata dependent on hidden incompati-bility, 3i5n.; as resolving insolubilia, 252-3; asrules for consequences, 327; attribution anddating of treatises on, 315-16; conditionals in,321-2; depositio in, 319-21; disputational para-doxes in, 322-8; from the beginning to the14th century, 315-34; importance of dis-putational context in, 327-8; imposition in,339-40; in Burley, 318-28; incoherence inrules of, 330-1; in 14th century, 335-41; inKilvington, 329-32, 334; in Ockham, 332-4;institutio in, 319-20; in Swineshead 335-40;irrelevance in, 322, 327, 329-32, 336-7, 340;old and new responses in, 336-9; order ofsteps in, 337; petitio in, 319-20; positio in (seepositio); present state of research on, 315, 337,339-41; relevance in, 336-7; rules of, 252,322-8, 330-1, 336, 337n., 338-40; second-person propositions in, 320, 327-8; speciesof, 319-20; to acts or to dispositions, 319-20;truth-conditions in connection with, 330-2;see also disputations and positio and positum

obstinacy, 700Ockhamism and Ockhamists, 471, 472n., 555,

668, 745, 820, 822, 824, 828, 831-2Ockham's razor, 471, 515, 530Oeconomica (Aristotle's), 19, 52, 64, 86; pre-

scribed study of, 19Old Logic, see logica vetusomnipotence, see God, absolute power ofomnis, 212, 21311., 2i6n., 231-2; compared with

totus, 231-3, 242'Omnis homo praeter Socratem excipitur\ 224-30omniscience, 359, 372; see also God's knowledgeone and the many, problem of the, 395-6One, the, 400, 676ontological argument: non-Anselmian versions

of, 455-7; rejection of, 453ontologism, 844-6ontology, 101, 143, 154-7; Ockham's, 417, 466,

574; see also metaphysics

operans intrinsecum, 6i7n., 618opinion, see knowledge and opinionopponent (opponens), see under disputationsopposing: and responding, 315ml.; science of,

opposites, 278-9, 282, 413, 420-1; relative, 296;simultaneous capacity for, 368-9, 37m., 376

opposition: real, 412; square of, 104, 193, 309;(modal, 342-3)

optics, 525'or', see aut and velorators, Roman, 797, 799oratory, 798-800, 803orationes perfectae et imperfectae, 144; see also

expressionsordinary language: Aristotle as respectful of,

803n,. in debate and in thought, 806; logic asclarifying structure of, 822

ordinatio, 22, 26n., 35-6, 368n.order, internalising of, 818ordo vivendi, 663Organon (Aristotle's), 5, 46, 48-50, 53, 57, 69,

71, 81-3, 85, 101-5, 119, 486; commentarieson, 262n., 41m., 486n., 490, 788, 790-1, 837(Porphyry's, 103-4, 118-19); organisation ofworks in, 104-5, 119; prescribed study of, 73,522, 834; see also under titles of individual works

orthography, 811'ought', meaning of, 702ownership, see dominium and propertyOxford Calculators, 238, 318, 335, 540-63,

795n.; and disputations in parviso, 544n., 545,562-3; as natural philosophers, 541-2, 552,555; disputational context of works of, 542-6, 562-3; principal works of, 540; see alsoMertonians

pacificism, 772pain, lexeme connected with, 257-8paleography, 38n., 39; see also handwriting and

scriptspantheism, 71, 845papacy, 730-1; as ultimate earthly authority,

747; divine warrant for, 738, 756; hierocraticconception of, 746-7

papal: power (Augustinus Triumphus on, 740-1, 746-7; Marsilius of Padua on, 741-2;Ockham on, 742-3); precepts as more bind-ing than natural law, 747

paradoxes: and syncategoremata, 215, 225;epistemic, 25on.; medieval and modernattitudes toward, 253; of disputation, 319,322-32; of self-reference (see insolubilia andliar paradox); of truth and falsity, 251;semantic, 246

paraphrase, 102, 660, 725, 729






Index Rerum 1021

parliament, 730paronymy, 134-7, 192; see also predication,

denominative and denominationpartes orationis, 126, 258, 483^; see also parts of

speechparticipation, 394n., 395-6, 400-1, 4O7n.,

453n., 502, 711, 849n.participles, 146; modistic analysis of, 258particular, simultaneous different locations of a

single, 429particularity, 421, 429-30; homogeneous, 419particulars: as having only particulars as parts,

426-7; bare, 824; see also individuatingprinciples and under universals

parts, 277, 279, 285, 289, 30411., 426-7; as atleast as simple as their wholes, 425; as natu-rally prior to wholes, 424; essential, 238n.,239n.; integral, 231-4, 238n., 239, 24On.,242-3, 245, 276, 296; of speech, no , 123,133, 166, 21m., 212, 257-8, 8ion., 811 (onelexeme realised as various, 257-8; see alsopartes orationis); proportional, 589-90; quali-tative, 238, 239n., 24On.; quantitative, 238,239n., 24on., 288; subjective, 230, 232, 242-3

parva logicalia, 18, 789, 802Parva naturalia (Aristotle's), 18, 46, 49, 55, 59,

63; prescribed study of, 18, 85, 523, 542n.; seealso under titles of individual works

passion, see undergoingpassions: and actions, 144; see also receptionspast: and future, 358-9, 365-7, 374-7; con-

tingency of the, 369; necessity or immuta-bility of the, 367n., 371, 374~7

patiens as recipient of action, 813peace, 739, 781-2pecia, 37-8people: legislative supremacy of the, 731-2,

759, 767-8, 770; sovereignty of the, 764; willof the, 755

perfection: degrees of, 416, 418, 554; human,657-8

perfections: comparisons of, 566; of species, 582Peri hermeneias, Periermenias, etc., see De inter-

pretationePeripatetics, 103, 350, 528, 614permanence, see res permanentespersestantia, 263persona as condition of just war, 773person, grammatical, 111Perspectiva, 19perspective, 523persuadibiles, 736—7persuasion, 798, 803-4pertinens sequens and repugnans, 336pertinentia, 336petitio: in obligations, 319-20; principii, fallacy

of, 29on.,Phaedo (Plato's), 56phainomena, 25phantasmata or phantasms, 448nn., 454n., 480,

5O3n., 597, 599, 604-9, 613, 615-17, 619,621, 623, 627, 851; universal, 626

phantasm species, 626phantasy, 606; as thesaurus formarum, 606-7; as

third grade of abstraction, 603-4phenomena: demonstration regarding natural,

525; saving the, 94; statistical, 505, 507, 511 —13,526

philosopher as ideal man, 663-4, 679, 681-3,685-6

Philosopher, Aristotle as the, 68, 74, 84, 88, 91,95, 440

philosophical: errors, utility of, 664; exegesis,89-91; literature, 11-42, 521-2; wisdom, 633

Philosophie de Lyon, 843philosophies, the three, 521, 542, 544n., 563philosophus, 88philosophy: and Bible, 83, 90, 92, 642; and

Christianity, 71, 90, 92-4, 522, 524, 530,600-1, 660, 662-6; and revelation, 440; andtheology, 15, 87, 92-4, 96-7, 449~5O, 575n.,591, 6o2n., 657-9, 662-6, 680, 682-4, 800,806, 845; Arabic, 1-2, 47-8, 86; Aristotelian,13, 74; as human ideal, 88, 91; Christian,440-1; classification of, 85-7, 93; faculty of,806; first, 385, 386n., 521; linguistic aspect of,I5n.; medieval (see medieval philosophy);moral (see moral philosophy); natural (seenatural philosophy); of action, 629-54; oflanguage, 200, 819, 821; of logic, 819; ofmind, 6, 523, 595-654; political (see politicalphilosophy); practical (see moral philosophy);rational, 85

physica, see science, natural and physicsphysics, 85, 93-4, 96, 346n., 385, 391, 480,

521-36, 542, 547-8, 550, 554, 559, 562, 668;as providing proof of God's existence, 386,388-91; decline of medieval, 795n.; firstintentions as subject matter of, 480; Greco-Arabic, 537; mathematical, 553-4; new(17th-century), 98, 541, 796

Physics (Aristotle's), 6, 18-19, 3on., 34, 45~8,50-1, 55, 58-9, 63, 72, 345, 375n., 388,432n., 462n., 522-5, 527, 530, 533, 564,567-8, 575-7, 585, 645; commentaries on, 6,59, 61, 72, 389n., 391, 429n., 523, 525n-,527n., 53On., 548n., 565, 58on., 599, 6o2n.,62On., 638n., 837n.; prescribed study of, 18,73, 85, 523, 542n.; structure of, 523-4

Physionomia (Pseudo-Aristotle's), 49, 51, 62place: category of, 129, 532, 539; natural, 568plagiarism an accepted practice, 21, 732, 736






1022 Index Return

Platonism, 1-2, 103, 156, 201, 440, 8o8n., 817,844; as theory of universals, 411, 444;medieval access to, 459

Plato's works, see Cratylus and Laws and Menoand Phaedo and Timaeus

plausibility, 804, 806pleasure: intellectual, 664, 674, 677-8, 681;

passive, 646; sensual, 664, 681plenitude, principle of, 344-5, 348-50; theo-

logical denial of, 349-50plenitudo potestatis, 731, 740pluralism, philosophical, 851poetics, 670Poetics (Aristotle's), 45, 49, 63, 97; commen-

taries on, 60Poetria, 60poetry, 668point, mean, 583-4points, 553, 573-5, 583-4political: authority (non-Christians in, 747, 753,

763; supreme, 729, 733, 735, 763-5); ^ ,popular participation in (see under popular);philosophy, 6-7, 723-84; regime (mixedconstitution as best, 740, 765-6, 769; mon-archy as best, 733, 754-5, 764, 766); rule,requirements, for, 727, 733, 736; theory (andthe Great Schism, 745; Marsilian, 754, 767-8;papalist, 754)

politics: and ethics subordinate to metaphysics,686; as independent of ecclesiastical con-siderations, 741; assimilated to ethics, 671; inthe curriculum, 803

Politics (Aristotle's), 19, 49, 52, 63, 66, 86, 723,726, 739, 759, 765, 771, 777n.; commentarieson, 723-37, 76on., 765 (Albert the Great's,724-5; Aquinas', 725-8; Buridan's, 735-7;Burley's, 729-30; Guy of Rimini's, 728-9;John of Legnano's, 729; Milan commenta-tor's, 734-5; Oresme's, 730-2; Peter ofAuvergne's, 732-4; Peter of Auvergne'scontinuation of Aquinas', 725-8); Moer-beke's translation of, 723-4; prescribed studyof, 19; reception and interpretation of, 723-37, 739

polygamy and monogamy, 708-11, 713pope and emperor as supreme sovereigns, 758,

776-7popular participation in political life: Albert the

Great on, 724-5; Aristotle on, 723, 727, 732;Buridan on, 736-7; Burley on, 729-30; Guyof Rimini on, 729; Marsilius of Padua on,741-2, 755-6; Milan commentator on, 734-5; Ockham on, 755; Oresme on, 731-2; Peterof Auvergne on, 727, 733~4

populist, see under governmentPorphyrian tree, 129

positio: cadens, 321-2; composite, 321-2; con-joined, 321-2; dependent, 321-2; impossible,321-2; indeterminate, 321-2; in disputations,3i5n.; in obligations, 319-28, 336-7; possible,321-2; renascens, 321-2; simple, 321-2; tableof divisions of, 322

position, category of, 129positive-privative composition, 406positivism, 754; see also legal positivismpositum, 321-2, 324-31, 336; impossible, 332-4;

inconsistent with its being posited, 340possibile: and contingens, 342-3; as what is false

but can be true, 343possibilities: equivalence classes of, 355n.; God's,

349-50, 353, 364; in essence, 349; logical,355n., 566; partial, 344, 345"-; physical ornatural or de facto, 349-50, 510, 538, 559, 566,569; total, 344-5

possibility, 342-57, 376; and created will, 465n.;and mutability, 364, 369-70; and reality,Suarez on, 826-7; Aristotle's ('logical' de-finition of, 345; sorts of, 342); as conceptualconsistency, 355; as mere absence of con-tradiction, 350, 354; logical, 354-5, 368, 566,827; of willing otherwise, 354; Philonian,345n.; proper, 352 (and contingency, 342; asbasic modality, 343); real, 354; two-edged,350

possible: nothing impossible follows from the,318-19, 345; objects, 355, 357; premisses,350; worlds, 355, 381, 465n., 538, 826-7

Posterior Analytics (Aristotle's), 18, 25, 46, 49-50, 53-8, 63, 69, 82, 95, 104, iO5n., 116, 119,122, 255, 345, 387n., 462n., 487, 496-8, 521;commentaries on, 53n., 54-5, 60, 72, 108-9,122, 2O5n., 35On., 496, 498, 501-4, 5O5nn.,790; lectures on, 70; prescribed study of, 18;early reception of, 488

potentia: absoluta (see God, absolute power of);motiva, 533; ordinata, 639-40, 667, 684; orpossibilitas logica, 354

potentiality or potency, 344-5, 349, 395; andactuality (Aristotle's use of, 524, 642; com-position of, 400, 402, 407-8); degrees of,399-400; dispositional, 694-5; matter as, 408,410, 524; pure, 524; subjective and objective,407, 4ion.; see also capacity

poverty: as obstacle to virtue, 664; evangelical,88, 742-4, 746, 7^2

power or strength, 549, 587-8; and necessity,360; God's (see under God and God's); motive,533-4, 548; papal (see papal power); politicalor military, 726-7, 730, 733, 736, 743, 752,754; temporal as subordinate to spiritual, 758,760; see also under will

powers of things, 560






Index Rerum 1023

Praedicamenta, see Categoriespraeter, 21 }n., 2141111., 216-30, 23411., 242-5,

571-2; examples involving, 243; uses of, 217,242

praxiology, 141praxis, 26n., 659-60, 668, 680-1, 686, 695predestination, 369^, 372, 375~6, 378, 630predicability, intention of, 491predicables, 82, 104, 106, 128-33, 279, 296, 487,

801, 820; and class-relations, 132-3; Aristote-lian and Porphyrian, 128-9

predicaments, see categoriespredicate: concept, 123, 199-200; nouns, 145,

149; terms, 166, 188, 200, 211, 485 (appel-lation and copulation of, 178-9; suppositionof, 166, 176, 179, 193-4, 820); things, 207

predicates: affected by their subjects, 148-9; asactualising potential acceptations or functionsof terms, 265; denied wholly or partially oftheir subjects, 223; first- and second-order,262-3; one-place and two-place, 434; theory-relevant and theory-irrelevant, 132-3

predication: and abstraction, i20n.; and divi-sions of supposition, 193; and signification,191; as manner of conceiving, 200; de-nominative, 413, 419, 421-2; de subiecto andin subiecto, 131—2; essential, 413; in eo quodquid and in eo quod quale, 132, intention of,482, 487; mere, 197-8, 200; per se and peraccidens, 145-6, 820; quidditative, 132; re-lativised, 437; substantial, 352; see alsocomposition

prejacents, see under exponibiliapremisses, 300-1; absolutely and as-of-now

assertoric, 352; and conclusions as antecedentsand consequents, 112; apodictic, 351; as-sertoric, 350-2; assertoric per se and necessaryper accidens, 353; contingent, 351-2; demon-strative (see under demonstrative syllogisms);in syllogisms without temporal limitation,351; irrelevant (see under obligations); neces-sary, 281, 284, 294-5, 350; possible, 350;probable, 281, 284, 294-5

prepositions, 120, 123, 190, 212, 231; modisticanalysis of, 258

present, immutability or necessity of the, 346,348n., 367-8, 371

presuppositions: accepted formally and tacitly,29; see also causae veritatis

priesthood, 731, 738, 741, 758prime or first matter, 410-11, 524princes, see rulersprincipia or quaestiones collativae in Sentence-

commentaries, 3On.principles, 94, 599; as naturally recognisable,

505; as premisses, 113, 503; explanatory, 515 —

16; first (see first principles); moral, 696, 698,700-1, 704, 707, 709, 711-13, 718, 752; ofnature, 525; self-evident (see propositions,self-evident); theoretical (see first principles)

Prior Analytics (Aristotle's), 18, 25, 34, 46-7,49-50, 53-5, 69, 104-5, " 9 , 122, 288n., 297,318, 342, 350-2, 487, 521; commentaries on,54, 60, 105, 122, 265n., 288n., 289, 292-3;prescribed study of, 18

priority: intellectual and experiential, 283;natural, 411, 424

privation, 406, 408probability, 526, 798, 804; see also arguments,

probable and consequences, probable andpremisses, probable

Problemata (Pseudo-Aristotle's), 49, 62, 97procreation and natural law, 705-6, 709-11promovendus, 23pronouns: as syncategorcmata, 212-13; de-

monstrative, 194, 208, 212, 483; indefinite,149; indexicality of, 208; modistic analysis of,258, 265n.; personal, 208, 212; quantifi-cational, 149; understood, 21m.

proof; Burley's concept of, 314; by instantiationand detachment, 112; theory of, 116-17,122-3

properties, timeless, 381property: as one of the predicables, 128, 132,

296; common ownership of, 706, 715, 718,742-3, 750, 757, 760-2; private, 706, 712,714, 718, 739, 742, 747, 750, 760-3; privatepossession and common use of, 761-2

prophecy, 359, 361, 363, 372-4, 37^-8, 465prophets, 706, 708proportion, 34, 279n., 292, 533~5, 549, 557proportionality, geometrical, 536proposita in obligations, 321-3propositio, 197, 21 in., 50m.proposition, Boethian definition of, 197, 208propositional: actions in disputations, 320;

analysis, 574, 591 (see also exposition andsentential analysis); attitudes (in disputations,319; objects of, 199); logic (see under logic);negation, 142; relationships, 300

propositions, 119, 197-210, 278-9, 307; ab-stract, 210; ambiguous, 208; and terms, 161,197-8; apparent and real forms of, 142;apprehension of, 468; a priori, 697, 701; asimplying or signifying their own truth, 249,252; assertoric (de inesse), 345-6, 355-7 (seealso modal propositions and premisses, as-sertoric); as the fundamental units of mean-ing, 161; atomic and molecular, 198, 21m.,278; categorematic and syncategorematicparts of, 206; categorical, 83, 106-7, 112, 151,188, 198, 211, 243, 278, 791, 796; causal,






1024 Index Rerum

propositions [cont.]30m., 304; conditional (see conditionals andconsequences and hypothetical propositions);conjunctive or copulative, 243, 30m., 321;content of, 205; conversion of (see conver-sion); de inesse (see propositions, assertoric);denial of compound, 313; deontic, 692, 695,697-704; de re and de voce, 138; dianoetic,121, 123; dicta of, 151, 154-6, 200-1, 203,21 in., 356, 378n., 794; disjunctive, 30m.,321; exceptive, 2i5n., 224-5, 228-9, 243;792; exclusive, 215n., 792; existence of, 209-10; exponible (see exponibilia)', hypothetical(see hypothetical propositions); identity of,202; imperative, 106; implicit in other propo-sitions, 243; impossible, 332-4; indefinite,232n., 43m.; indicative or declarative, 106,197-8, 202; in re, 207; local, 30m.; maximal(see maximal propositions); mental, 121,198-9, 204-7, 252-3, 268-9, 485, 491-2,792; mental images of spoken or written,198, 201, 204; metalinguistic, 123; mixed,232n.; modal (see under modal); modistictreatment of, 260; names and verbs in, 123;necessary, 820; neither true nor false, 209-10,3°5, 370; one-word, 21m.; optative, 106;order of arrival of expressions in, 221; per senotae, 467; present- and past-tense (see undernecessity); quality of, 104-5, 276; quantityof, 104-5, 232n., 276; rational, 301-3; readilybelievable, 294; really or only verbally abouta time, 271-2; reduction of disjunctive toconditional, 305; reduplicative, 792; referringaliqualiter, 206; second- and third-person, 320,327; self-evident, 112, 116, 294-5, 4^7, 507-9, 667, 701, 711, 713, 717, 752; semantics of,i n , 197-210, 266, 547n., 794; significata of,198-201, 206-7 (see also dicta); significationof, 152, 154—6; singular, 43 m.; spoken, 121,198, 200-1, 204, 252-3, 268, 485, 792; sub-junctive, 305, 379-80; temporal, 30m.; tensedand tenseless, 202-3; uncertain, 319-20; uni-versal, 232n., 288; verification-procedures for,183-4; written, 121, 198, 200-1, 204, 252-3,268, 485, 792; see also premisses and sentences

propria: conjusio, 167; passio, 524proprietates: rerum (see modi essendi); terminorum

(see terms, properties of)proprium, 352; see also propertyprosody, 811prostitution, 753Protestantism and Aristotelianism, 97providence, 346, 460, 526, 710, 751, 768prudence, 658-9, 661, 668, 683-6, 727, 729,

733,735-6,739prudentia, 633

pseudo-dialectic, 147-8psychology, 523; Albert the Great's, 602-5;

Aquinas', 605-11, 654; Aristotelian, 595-6,614, 623-8; Averroist, 611-22; Avicennian,624; faculty-, 654; Henry of Ghent's, 625-6;Matthew of Aquasparta's, 624-5; Scotus',626-8; Siger of Brabant's, 611-22

puberty, 693punctuation, mistaken, 42punishment, 734; of rules, 727, 731, 733-4, 736;

see also sanctions'Pythagorean' natural philosophy, 523

quadrivium, 14, 80, 83, 85, 542, 544n.quaestiones, see questionsqualities: as accidents and differentiae, 130-1,

134; as significata of names, 134-5, 138, 149,163-4, 168; degrees of, 548-50, 555, 559-60,562, 573n., 588-90; extension and intension°f» 533, 56°, 588-90; intensive, 536, 588-90;non-uniform or difform, 548, 560; propor-tions of, 549

quality: category of, 129-31, 134-6, 138, 489,530, 532; see also under propositions

quam, 213n.quantificational pronouns, 149quantification: into modal contexts, 357; mul-

tiple, 702; see also distributionquantification theory, modern, 195quantifiers, 21211., $88n.quantitative dimensions, 411quantities, infinitely divisible, 565quantity: category of, 129, 135, 523, 531-2;

zero, 557; see also under propositionsquestion-commentaries, see under commentariesquestions, 20-1, 25-6, 69, 74, 102, 542-3;

articles within, 22, 26, 32; dialectical, 278;disputed, 21-2, 24-7, 33, 522 (commentariesand, 26; form of, 22, 32; sophismata and,546); distinctions introduced in, 32-3; quod-libetal, 22, 26n., 33; redacted, 23, 3on., 32n.;solution of (corpus quaestionis), 31 —3; yes-no(utrum-), 23, 30; see also disputations andlectures

quia, 304quicquid, 212'quiditas1, grammatical analysis of, 816quidditative: being, 457n.; content, 395, 397;

predication, 132quiddities: apprehension of, 482, 487, 489; as

objects of knowledge, 488, 516quiddity or essence or universal nature, 394,

452n., 456n., 493-4, 608, 615, 624, 626-7quin, 2i3n.quodlibeta, see under disputations and questionsquod quid est, 456n.






Index Rerum 1025

rainbow, 31Ramism and Ramists, 803-4, 819, 821, 834rarefaction, see under condensationratio: boni, 644-5; inferior, 596; movens, 45m.;

superior, 596ratiocination, 487, 489, 491, 798-9, 803; see also

reasoningrationalism: legal, 756; modern, 838-9, 842; vs.

voluntarism, 640-1, 652-3, 713, 754rationes, 415, 484; communes, 284-5; consignifi-

candi, 258, 264; formates, 415; intelligendi,264n.; or ideas, 442; reales, 415; significandi,126,257, 264

ratios, 523, 534~5, 549n., 553, 561reaction, physical, 560real distinction, see under distinction and essence

and existencerealism, 156, 191, 268, 439, 490, 494, 668; in

natural philosophy, 523; moderate, 411-17,422-4, 435, 439; semantic, 207

realities (realitates), 415reality: as the concern of logic, 483; categorical

structure of, 352'real', Suarez' two senses of, 826reason: act of, 712, and authority, 91, 95; and

conscience, 691; and faith, 522, 616n., 618,691, 840, 842; and happiness, 680-2; andsynderesis, 694; and will (as related in choice,633-5, 637; as single faculty, 634-6); asequivalent to nature, 706; God's, 710, 751;higher and lower, 449, 45m., 632-3; laws of,709, 829-30; potentiality of, 700; practical,633, 636, 676-81, 696, 711, 751-2; right, 88,713-14, 716, 719, 754; theoretical or specula-tive, 633, 679-81, 685, 697, 711

reasoned facts, 497-8, 508-9, 51 in.reasoning, 284; see also ratiocinationrebellion, see authority, resistance toreceptions, 144recta ratio, 88, 713, 754redargutio, 3i5n., 316reduction to the impossible in syllogistic, 293,

295reduplication, 21311., 792reduplicatives in consequences, 297reference, 137, 150, 167, 184, 192, 263-4, 794-

5; and first imposition, 257; and sense, 264-5;and signification, 167; cyclical, 248; of a termde se, 171-2, 178; self-, 164, 229, 248, 556; seealso ampliation and appellation and deno-tation and restriction and supposition andtense of verb as determinant of reference ofnoun and verbs as determinants of reference

references to other authors: anonymous, }2,36n.; identified, 32

reform, 732, 749, 751

regimen: politicum, 765; regale, 765regret, 689-90relation, category of, 129relations, 112; cardinality-, 572; logical, 199,

209-10, 214; logic of, 796; rational, 485-6relatives, 285, 530, 556relevance, 250; see also under obligationsreligious: error, right to reasonable explanation

of, 743; freedom, 740remission, see under intensionrenaissance, 80811., 8i2n.reportatio, 22, 35-7, 36811., 38811.reporters, 21, 36reprobation, 372repugnantia terminorum, 368, 376rerum modus habendi se, 200res: absolutae, 530-2; as condition of just war,

773; as essence, 3981m.; as mistranslation ofpragma, 110; as referents, 176; as significata,169, 199, 205-6, 262, 286, 290; permanentes,530, 532, 554, 574n-, 586; sir se habens, 206;successivae, 554, 586, -theory of objects ofbelief and knowledge, 201-4, 206-7; under-lying affirmation and negation, 199, 204

'res', senses of, 204resemblance, degrees of, 439; see also images and

likeness and similarityresistance, see under authority and motionrespectivae, 285respondent (respondens), see under disputationsrespondeo, see under disputationsresponding de quaestione, 543responsibility, moral, 446, 447n.rest: and motion, 524, 533; as pertaining pri-

marily to universals, 428restriction (of reference), 165-6, 169, 171-2,

174-8, 180-5, 194-5, 265, 8i6n.restringentes, 248resurrection of the body, 87revelation, 89, 92-4, 363, 372-4, 377~8, 459,

683, 706, 829; see also truth, revealed andprophecy

rewards and sanctions, 703rhetoric, 13, 81, 85, 106, 109, 115, 668, 670, 797,

798n., 799; topics and arguments in, 273; seealso arguments, rhetorical

Rhetoric (Aristotle's), 52, 60, 63, 114, 11511., 707;commentaries on, 60, 288n.

rhetoricians, Latin, 273-4right: of appeal, 747; royal, 747, 755; subjective,

742-3rights, 738-46; against the state, 745-6;

Aquinas on, 739-40; Augustinus Triumphuson, 740-1; as derived from above, 738-9,741; derived, 741; John of Salisbury on,738-9; legal, 743-4, 746; Marsilius of Padua






IO26 Index Rerum

rights [com.]on, 741-2; natural, 738-46, 833; Ockhamon, 742-3; post-medieval discussions of,744-6; universal, 740; Wyclif on, 743-4

rotation, see under motion and velocityround squares, 827rulers: as above law, 749, 755, 763, 765-6; as

bound by law, 764-6, 768; as private andpublic persons, 767-8; 'mirrors' for, 749;popular consent to power of, 741; punish-ment of, 727, 731, 733-4, 736

rulership as having divine origin, 757-8; see alsounder monarchy and papacy

rules, eternal, 449n., 455n., 5o8n.; see also law,eternal

salvation, merit and grace in, 376, 629sameness: and difference, 296; numerical (see

unity, numerical); see also identitysanctions and rewards, 703sapientia, 633scepticism, 115, 454, 461, 469-75, 478, 510,

5i3n., 517,754,840schesis, n oscholars, clerical status of, 11, 80, 83scholastic: arguments, forms of, 29; method,

disputation in, 24; terminology, 39-40scholasticism: ancient and medieval, 101-27;

and humanism, 787-817; and its means ofexpression, 101-2; and neoplatonism, 847;Arabic, 104; Aristotelian and Platonic, 101;Cartesian, 842-4; Greek, 103-4; in 17thcentury, 818-37; late (see late scholasticism);post-medieval, 7, 26; see also neoscholasticism

scholia, 27, 29, 102, 124-5, 729; see also com-mentaries and glosses

schools, 11-13; monastic, 82; specialisation of,12-13

science: Aristotelian ideal of, 255, 462-3, 496,507, 517, 701; as concerned with (pheno-mena, 503-5, 509-16; propositions, 510,513-16; terms or universals, 463, 513); cleri-cal vs. Aristotelian, 80-1, 84, 86-7, 91, 95-7;demonstrative (see demonstrative science);divine, 385-6; divisions of, 13, 255-6;geometry as paradigmatic, 115-16, 497, 506;Greek and Hebrew and Arabic, 81, 83-4,86-7; moral, 506, 661, 829, 838; natural orphysical, 86, 151, 462n., 497, 506-7, 5i3n.,515-17, 521-36, 838 (and logic, 6, 143, 154,527, 546-63; and metaphysics, 516); neo-scholastic attitudes toward, 847-8; of beingas being, 385; practical, 86, 660, 668, 683;sacred and secular, 80, 88, 95; speculative andauxiliary, 255-6, 261, 489-90; subject orobject of a, 388-92; type of certainty needed

in, 472n., 473n.; unity of a, 388, 392; see alsoknowledge, scientific

sciences: as based on sense experience, 445,448n.;dealing with singulars, 506; limited by theirprinciples, 665; systematisation of, 85-7, 93

sciential demonstrativa, 496—7; de naturalibus, 523;media, 378-81, 525; naturalis inferior, 85, 93;rationalis, 480; realis, 483, 489-90, 493-5, 522;sermocinalis, 480, 483, 547

1scientia', proper and extended senses of, 499scire, 549, 556scitum, 201scope: - ambiguity, 219; or determination of

adverbs, 220-1, 223-4Scotism and Scotists, 269, 458, 789scribes and copyists, 35-42scripts, 39; see also handwriting and paleographyScripture, see Biblesea-battle tomorrow, the, 345n.second intentions, 23on., 262-3, 285n., 301,

458, 479, 490-1, 547n.; and simple sup-position, 493; and topics, 285n.; as belongingto category of quality, 489; as connotativeconcepts, 494; as corresponding to commonmodi essendi, 487-9; as likenesses of things,489; as rational relations, 485; as rationes ofthings, 484; as subject matter of logic, 479-82, 483n., 486-7, 489-90, 493-5, 821; inrelation to first intentions, 480—1, 485^, 486,490, 494; logical and grammatical, 483;words signifying, 482-3

secretaries, see reporters and scribes and copyistsSecretum secretorum (Pseudo-Aristotle's), 58, 60,

74n.secundum: diver sum tempus, fallacy of, 347;

imaginationem (see under imaginable; mathema-ticam, 684); quid et simpliciter, fallacy of,226-7, 236, 247-8, 25On.; quod, 213n.

sed contra, 26, 395n.sedition, 739, 769self-: consciousness, 6o9n., 749; defence as cause

of war, 780-1; falsification, 250-1; reference,229, 556 (in sentences, see insolubilia; inwords, 164; rejection of, 248)

semantical components, no-11semantics, 5,6, 106, 147; and psychology and

epistemology and ontology, 200, 255; Apol-lonian grammatical, no—11, 123, 126;Aristotelian, 188-90, 262, 266; contextualapproach in, 161-2, 166, 173; in neoscholasti-cism, 851; modistic, 123, 262-6 (and pre-modistic, 183-7); modistic discovery-procedures in, 261; nominalist, 123; of pro-positions (see under propositions); of terms(see under terms); Parvipontanean doctrine in,175; Porphyrian logical, 118-21, 123






Index Rerum 1027

semper, 23 m.; ens, 352sensation: active theory of, 610; and intellect,

capabilities of, 464, 476; and language, 120-1; as first grade of abstraction, 602-3; God asbasic cause of, 457, 604; intentionality of,606; matter in, 603; see also sense experience

sense: active or agent, 602, 604, 606; and ref-erence, 264-5; as material and passive power,602, 605; common, 602-3, 606-7 (see alsocommon sense); completeness of, 144-5;data, 596-7, 624-5 (see also sensory data)

sense experience, 442-5, 447, 450, 452, 457,459-61, 463n., 464-5, 476, 514; as founda-tion of sciences, 445, 448n.; as guaranteed byillumination, 454; as occasioning knowledge,447, 509-10; as origin of all knowledge,447-8, 475; evidentness of, 515; in relation toconcepts and language, 120-1; reliability of,454; universal content of, 595-6; see alsosensation

sense: images (see under images); judgements,602, 606; organs, 603, 605, 612; proper andimproper, 140

senses: compounded and divided (see com-pounded and divided senses); de re and de dicto(see de re and de dicto interpretations); inrelation to intellect, 443, 595-6, 598, 601,602-22; inner or interior or internal, 480,603, 604n., 606-7; outer or exterior orexternal, 480, 603, 606, 612-13

sensibility, potential and actual, 476-7sensory data, 475-7sensuality, 694sensus perfectio, 144Sentence-commentaries, 17, 26, 30-2, 34, 93-4,

204, 346n., 268n., 373, 376-7, 388n., 490,521-2, 566, 572, 835; distinctiones in, 30;principia or quaestiones collativae in, 3on.;versions of, 36n.

sentences: and propositions, 197, 21m.; eternal,202-3; temporally definite and indefinite,344, 346-7; see also propositions

sentential analysis, 813-14, 8i6n.; see alsoexposition and prepositional analysis

serfdom, see slaveryseries, convergent and divergent, 589n., 59on.sermones, 148, 444set theory, 826sets and subsets, 572sex and natural law, 706, 709-11, 761shamelessness, 831si, 107, 2i3n., 2i6n., 30m., 304-5, 3O7n.;

discussions of consequences in connectionwith, 291-2, 294

'significare\ two senses of, 199significata, no , 138, 264n., 26snn.; adequate

and ultimate, 199, 204, 207; extra-mental,191; generalia, 256; materialia, 265n.; specialia,2 5 7

signification, no , 121, 126, 244, 268, 494n.;accidental, 202; additional, 252; adjectival orverbal, 170; ancient and medieval doctrinesof, 162, 167-8, 172-3; and appellation,137-8, 149, 164-7, 179; and contextualapproach, 162-3, 172-3; and dispositionalsupposition, 170-1; and establishing con-cepts, 190; and natural supposition, 168-70;and predication, 191; and reference, 167; andsupposition, 188, 494; and understanding,137-8, 168, 188; and univocation, 164-6,175; as basis of linguistic theory, 255; ascausal relation, 188-9; as psychologico-causalproperty, 188-90; consecutive, 249; conven-tional, 189, 198, 252-3, 434, 439, 458n.;different from meaning, 188; direct, 249, 263;immediate, 189, 191; incomplete, 213; in-definite or indeterminate or unfixed, 165,167, 190, 213; loss of, 17m., 175, 181, 183;natural, 189, 109, 205, 252-3, 434, 439,458n.; of concepts, 262, 434, 439; of names,167; of nonexistents, 186-7, 263; of nouns,155-6; of propositions, 152, 154-6; of some-thing univocally common to being and non-being, 181-3, 185; of syncategoremata,190-2, 213; of verbs, 155-6; of words,152-4, 163-73, 262, 264, 267; principal orprimary, 202, 405, 532, 820; psychology of,143, 152-4, 188; secondary, 192, 405; secun-dum rent and secundum formam loquendi, 142;substantival, 170; transitivity of, 188-9;ultimate, 189, 191; univocal, 183-4, *86

signifying: abstractly and concretely, 401;additionally, 252; aliqualiter rather thanaliquid, 794; articulately, 232n., 242; as beingtruly predicable of, 191; categorematically,794; confusedly, 232n., 242; discretely, 232n.,242-3; function, expressions taken in a, 206;naturally, 25Onn.; nominally or verbally,205-6, 402n.; principally, 250, 25 m.; uni-versally and divisively or conjunctively, 243;without direct object, 191

signs: Augustinian doctrine of, 266; Baconiandoctrine of, 187, 266-7; conventional (adplacitum), 198, 204, 434, 439, 484-5, 492~4iin prophecy, 378; in thought, 475; natural,198, 204, 434, 439, 458n., 485, 492-3; ofconsequences, 285-6, 309; of signs, 484-5,492, 494; subordination of, 189, 198; syn-categorematic, 200; zodiacal, 31

signum (of distribution), 2i2nn., 232nn., 233n.,236n., 239n., 243, 568, 584ml.

similarity, real, 412, 423, 430, 435; see also






1028 Index Rerum

similarity [cont.]likeness and resemblance

similars, 279, 285, 292sin, 629, 642, 691, 699, 717, 726, 750, 769;

ability to, 632, 690; freedom from (see underfreedom); government as consequence of andremedy for, 757; impulse to, 693-4, 699;introduction of (see fall of man); law of, 693;mortal, 698, 703, 744; of soldiering, 772-3

singularity: distinguished from particularity,429-30; essential in all existents, 429, 434,444, 455

singulars, see under universalssit verum in obligations, 319-21skill, dialectical, 26; technical, 648slavery: and papal power, 747; and natural law,

712, 760-1; natural, 728social: distinctions based on wealth and power,

750-1; hierarchy as aspect of cosmic hier-archy, 758; inclinations and natural law, 710,

society: organic model for, 738, 745, 759;traditionalist views of, 838

Socrateity, 418, 422, 424'Socrates bis videt omnem hominem praeter

Platonem\ 218-24soldiering, 772-3solus, 21311., 2i4n.sophisma sentence or proposition, 24, 217n.,

218-20, 236, 238, 329-30, 548n., 558-9sophismata, 18, 23-4, 3on., 33, 2i6n., 2i7n.,

311, 544n., 546nn., 557, 559, 5«7~8, 590,795n.; and disputed questions, 546; andexponible propositions, 216; and insolubilia,25on.; and obligations, 316, 329-32; andredargutio, 3i5n.; and syncategoremata, 215,217-18, 244; at Paris and at Oxford, 545-6;dependent on hidden incompatibility, 3i5n.;dependent on sophistical loci, 3i5n.; disproofsin, 218-20, 22m., 222, 225-6, 229, 234, 236,238, 239n., 24on., 329-32, 548n., 559;Heytesbury's, 555-60; hypotheses or cases in;218, 220, 226, 229, 234n., 329, 548n., 559;Kilvington's, 548—53; physical and logical,546-53, 558-60; proofs in, 218-19, 22m.,224-5, 234, 329-32, 548n., 559; resolutionsor determinations of, 218-20, 22m., 222-30,234, 546, 548n., 559; see also 'Animal.. / and'Omnis .. .'and 'Socrates ...' and 'Tota ...' and' Totus . . . ' and * Tu

sophistae, 338, 544"- 545, 547, 556-8sophistic, 3i5n., 799; see also arguments, sophis-

tical and loci, sophistical and syllogisms,sophistical and terms, sophistical

Sophistici elenchi (Aristotle's), 18, 34, 46, 48, 50,53-5, 63, 69, 104-6, 119, 122, 124-5, 15m.,

214, 247, 292n., 347, 487, 521; commentarieson, 54-5, 72, 108-9, I 2 2 , 125, 262n., 264n.,265n., 286n., 289-90, 292, 348n.; lectures on,70; prescribed study of, 18; questions on, 126

Sophistria, 18sorites or heap argument, 799, 806-7soul: agent intellect not part of, 449; and

motion, 529, 597; appetitive part of, 636, 689,695, 709; Arabic-Aristotelian theories of,595-601; Aristotelian theory of, 595-6, 614,624, 626; as composed of intellective andvegetative and sensitive parts, 612, 617; ascomposed of quo est and quod est, 598; asessentially material intellect, 447; as form,475, 529, 595, 597, 614, 617n., 620; as in-separable from body, 595; as in some way allthings, 445-6, 455; as perfection of body,597-8; as substance and form, 625; Augus-tinian theory of, 600-1, 623-4, 626; Chris-tian theory of, 598, 600-1, 623-4; com-posed of matter and form, 408-9; con-science as fourth part of, 688-9; emotionalpart of, 689; exempla in, 599; freedom ofdecision as most powerful element of, 633-5; higher and lower faces of, 601; immortalityof, 87, 409, 595 (see also life, everlasting);individuation of, 620; intellective or cognitivepart of, 448n., 595-6, 598-600, 604, 617,618n., 619-21, 695, 710; intuitive cognitionof, 463n., 468n.; life of, 86; operations of, 183;Platonist theory of, 596, 600, 623, 626, 688-9; pro statu naturae and pro statu isto, 626—7;qualities in, 458, 488-9, 491; rational part of,689; sailor-ship analogy for, 6i2n., 617n.;sensible, 603; separated, 392, 477, 523, 595,610, 620, 677; the three operations of, 183; seealso under intellect

soul's journey to God, 477sound as introductory subject in logical treat-

ises, 278sovereignty, 736, 758, 764, 776-7space, 539specialitas, 263species (images or ideas), 442, 446, 450; as light

from agent intellect, 448; as produced byrather than impressed on the mind, 447;intelligible, 453~4, 457~9, 462, 474~5, 600,602, 604, 608-10, 61 in., 613, 615, 619, 621,624-5, 627-8 (causal theories of, 474; God'smind as location of, 462; image theories of,474-5); intention of, 485^; sensible, 454,603, 607n., 612-13, 621, 623-5; see also ideasand images

species (one of the predicables), 129, 131-2,138, 285; as many as individuals, 419-20;multiplication of, 31; one separate form in






Index Rerum 1029

each, 620; perfections of, 582; specialissima,45611.; see also under genus

speculative grammar, see modism and undergrammar

speech: acts, 197, 199-200; figure of (sec figuradictionis); parts of (see parts of speech andpartes orationis)

speed, 533-6; see also velocitySphaera, 18sphere soul, 39on.spheres, celestial, 31spirit, see being, spiritual and creatures, purely

spiritual and substances, spiritualspite, 831stans cum, 421-21 Stans potest sedere\ 347-8state (habitus), category of, 129state of nature, 742, 757-70state (political), 86; as natural outgrowth of

smaller units, 760; man's natural dependenceon, 759-61, 763; life of virtue as purpose of,733; origin of, 757-70

states of affairs as bearers of truth-values, 204stationarii, 36—7statistical: interpretation of modality, 344-8;

351—4; phenomena, 505, 507, 511-13, 526status: Abelardian doctrine of, 154-6, 165-6;

quaestionis, 27Stoic indemonstrables, 793stoicism in transmission of ancient logic, 106Stoics, 1-2, 761; on logic and language, 103,

H5n., 121, 123-7, 303, 306, 345n.; on mo-rality, 708

strength, see powerstrife, 739structure: deep, 820; surface, 111, 260-1, 820students: guidebooks for, 84-7, 835-7; organi-

sations of, 12studia: generalia, 13; humanitatis, 8o8n.; par-

ticularia, 14study, 445stylistic identification of authors or translators,

54-5, 59, 62, 67-8Suarezians, 825subalternation, 343subcontrariety, 343subiectiue and obiective, 490subject: and subject matter, 167; being in and

being said of, 131; concept, 123, 199-200;terms, no , 165-6, 188, 200, 211, 236, 485(dummy, 21m.; taken indefinitely, i83n.);things, 207

substance: -accident composition, 399, 4Oon.,406, 4O7n., 408; and accident, 404, 428-9; assubject of discourse, 163; as the subject ofmetaphysics, 387; category of, 119, 129, 131,

134, 136, 138, 263, 530, 532; nature of,163-4; not susceptible of degree, 131;varieties of, 402

substances: as significata of names, 134-5, 138,149, 163-4, 168; and God, 387; known onlyby means of propositions, 435; primary, 129,263; secondary, 129, 133, 444; spiritual,596-9,627

substantives, 816subtlety, excessive, 843successiveness, see res successivaesummae, 33, 89summulist doctrines in logic, 795superior, logical, 222, 226, 239n., 296, 430-1,

superposition, geometrical or physical, 577n.,578, 58on.

supine, 811'supponere\ earlier and later senses of, 164supposita, 165, 183, 243, 289; and subiecta, 165,

170; determinate, 265n.suppositing for and being truly predicable of,

192suppositio and subiectio, 165-6supposition, 123, 126, 133, 161, 165-6, 174,

185, 223, 486, 540, 557"-, 59i, 787, 791-2.796, 819-21, 835; accidental, 168, 169, 177,183-4; altered by modifiers, 433; and accep-tance or acceptation, i83n., 184-5; andappellation, 178-82; and consequences, 195;and descent to singulars, 192, 194—5; anc^equivocation, 184-5; a n ^ exposition, 266;and signification, 188, 494, and truth-conditions, 193; and univocation, 175—7, 180;common, 196; confused (or indeterminate),196, 550 (distributive, 176, 194, 196; merely,176, 194-6, 458n., 583-4, 820); determinate,194-6, 550, 583, 584n.; de virtute sermonis,183; discrete, 194, 196; dispositional orhabitual or virtual, 170-1, 178-80; distribut-ive (immobile, 196; mobile, 196); divisionsof, 175-6, 184-5, 192-3; equivocal; i82n.,185; formal, 196; for a proposition by one ofits terms, 248; for truth's sake, 183; historicalintroduction of, 166, 254; improper (ormetaphorical), 176, 180, i82n., 192, 196;letter-designations for types of, 792; material,X93, 196, 206, 23onn., 296; natural, 168-70,177-8, 181, 183, 196, 820; of significata forsupposita, 265n.; of subject and predicateterms, 166, 176, 179; of subject terms alone,166, 195; personal, 185, 192-3, 196, 23On.,296, 43 m., 491, 493 (modes of, 194-5);proper or literal, 192, 196; simple, 138, 185,193, 196, 31m., 43m-, 49i, 493, 820; syn-tactical definition of, 176, 178-80; table and






1030 Index Rerum

supposition [cont.]examples of varieties of, 196; uni vocal, 176,181-2,18S-6

suppositum as subject, 813surfaces, 573n., 5741™., 575syllables, n osyllogisms: 119, 279, 301, 311, 486-7, 491, 791;

absorbed into consequences, 294; and did deomni et nullo, 287-90; and topical arguments,281, 283; as elliptic arguments, 116; as funda-mental to all reasoning, 284, 286; as perfectinferences, 280; as universally dependent ontopics, 287; categorical, 29, 83, 104, 106-7,119, 278-9, 281, 286-90; comparative, 117;decline in status of, 287-90; demonstrative(see demonstrative syllogisms); dependence ofall other moods on Barbara and Celarent, 277;dialectical, 26, 281-3, 285, 514; disjunctionsin, 305; disjunctive, 309; formally and ma-terially defective, 125-6; form and matter of,284, 295; hypothetical, 29, 83, 104, 106-8,275-79, 281, 304; included under con-sequences, 290, 298, 311; mixed (apodicticand assertoric, 351-3; contingent and as-sertoric, 352; necessary and contingent, 352);not suigeneris, 112; practical, 648; relational,116, scientific, 498; sophistical, 294-5; termsof, 284; topical, 294-5; topics (and categori-cal, 276-7, 279, 304; and hypothetical, 275-9, 304); without temporal limitation, 351

syllogismus faciens sdre, 496syllogistic, 27, 798-801, 804, 819, 835; hypo-

thetical, 303-4, 311, 313; in Kilwardby, 284;modal (see modal syllogistic); moods andfigures, 284; Peripatetic and Stoic, H5n., 116;reduction (conversion in, 293, 295; to theimpossible, 293, 295; transposition of pre-misses in, 295); rules, 310

syncategoremata, 163, 211-45, 307, 492, 550,554; absorbed into sophismata, 215; accountsof signification of, 190-2; and consequences,291, 297; and exposition, 215, 217, 239n.,244; and logical relations, 214-15; andsemantic relations, 214-15; and sophismata,215, 217-18, 244; assimilated into generaltreatises on logic, 215; classification of uses of,217, 242-3; definitions and analyses offunctions of, 217, 242; elements in treatmentof, 217-18, 242-5; grammarians' concept of,211-12; historical development of, 215,240-1; incomplete signification of, 213; inlogica moderna, 214-16; logicians' concept of,212-14; mental, 199; negating devices as,2i3n.; organisation by functions of, 2i3n.;present state of research on, 216; pronouns as,212-13; questions regarding, 217, 244-5;

rules regarding propositions involving, 217,243; separate treatises on, 215, 241; termswithin, 233; texts concerned with, 215n.,216, 240-1

synderesis, 632, 687, 689-90, 709, 828, 830-1; ascompensatory grace, 694; as counterpart toimpulse to sin, 693-4; as directed to good ingeneral, 691-2; as dispositional potentiality,694-5; as identical with consdentia, 690; asinfallible, 691-2, 703-4; as innate residue oforiginal righteousness, 694; as murmuringagainst sin, 691; as natural bias of desire forthe honourable, 699-700; as natural dispo-sition by which moral principles are appre-hended, 700; as non-deliberative, 691-3;as potentiality distinct from reason, 694; aspotentiality of desire, 696; as the spark ofconsdentia, 690-1

synecdoche, 176syneidesis, 687, 690synonymy, 265syntactical: attitudes, no—11; features, 259;

properties, 120; theory, modistic, 259-60syntax, 147, 260, 810; rules of, no—n, 813-14;

see also under modisticsynthesis and analysis, 685

tabula: non scripta, 598; rasa, 448, 600, 627tantum, 2i3n., 2i4n.Tarski biconditionals, 249taxation or confiscation, 762teachers: authority of, 8o~i, 89, 95; in n th and

12th centuries, 82-4; monastic, 82teaching: and books, 16-17; goal of, 27; oral,

16-17; organisation of, 13-15; required, 15,18-19; see also education and lectures anddisputations

teleological; conception of nature, 525-6;explanation, 5O7n., 709-10

tense, m , 146, 259, 358, 371-2; and modalityassimilated, 177, 185; indexicality of, 202,203, 208; of nouns, 144, 146; of verb asdeterminant of reference of noun, 164-5,168, 174-7, 184-5

term-relations as corresponding to modi essendi,489

'term', two senses of, 188terminant, grammatical, 259-60terminist logic, 174, 180, i83n., 185-6, 254,

480, 550, 583-4; and consequences, 306-7;and modism, 265-6, 486-7; treatment oftopics in, 277, 279, 281-3

terminology, scholastic, 39-40terminus as part of speech, 166terms: abstract and concrete, 134, 405, 457, 487;

analogical, 528; and propositions, 161, 197-8;






Index Rerum 1031

apprehension of, 467-8; as objects of intui-tive cognition, 436n.; as significata, 189;concrete, 457; connotative, 530, 574; con-tradiction in (see under contradiction); deinesse, 352; disjunction of, 320; empty, 355-6,380 (see also names, non-denoting and chime-ras and golden mountain and fictional charac-ters); general, 191; imposition of [see im-position); inapplicability of logic of, 147-8,156; intentions of, 31-2, 34, 485; mental orconceptual, 189-90, 485, 493; metalinguistic,112; middle, 274, 284, 388, 498, 5O7n.;necessity of, 352; non-complex, 487; ofsyllogisms, 284; properties of, 161-74, 186,188, 278-9, 311 (see also ampliation andappellation and copulation and restriction andsignification and supposition); reference de seof, 171-2, 178; semantics of, 104, 110-11,188-96, 794-5; significative and consignifi-cative, 162; sophistical, 2i4n.; spoken, 189,191, 485, 492-3; supposition of (see sup-position); transcendental, 493; treatises on,789-90; written, 189, 485n.; see also name andnouns and predicate and subject and verb andword

textbooks. 17-19, 3 3-4, 46, 669, 803; ethics,836-7; grammar, 34, 815; humanist, 804-5,809-12; lectures or disputations or com-mentaries on, 34, 101, 182, 259n., 265n.,28m., 285n., 286n., 29on., 293n., 298, 541,787-8, 790; logic, 34, 105-9, 124-7, 787-8,790-1, 800-1, 836; metaphysics, 837; neo-scholastic, 27, 843; 17th-century, 834-7;viability of, 33; see also litter a

texts: authenticated, 35-7; contamination of,37-8; copies of, 36-7; corrupt state of, 17,38-42; dictated, 35; doctrinal emendation of,38; errors in, 35; interpretation of, 89-91;provided for copying, 35; publication of,35-7; redactions of, 36-7; reported, 35;sorting of, 29; transmission of, 34-8; versionsof, 19, 22, 36-7; see also codicology andeditions and manuscripts and ordinatio andpaleography and reportatio

textual criticism, 8i6n.theft, 712-14, 740-1, 762, 831theocracy, 839theology, 3-4, 25, 26n., 31, 442, 537, 659, 683;

and Aristotle's Metaphysics, 97; and arts, 82,86-7, 96-7; and logic, 93; and metaphysics,93; and natural philosophy, 93, 522, 537~9>566-7, 575n.; and philosophy, 15, 87, 92-4,96-7, 575n., 591, 602n., 657-9, 662-6, 680,682-4, 800, 806, 845; and sceptical doubting,840; and virtue, 657, 660, 710, 739; as de-monstrative science, 95, 504, 5O9n.; as faith

seeking understanding, 522; as highestscience, 453-4; as supreme but diverse, 458;faculty of, 14-15, 19, 72, 87, 92, 96, 521, 598(see also under disputations); object of, 200,204; study of, 12-14, 548n.

theoria, 659-60, 662, 676, 680, 682, 685-6, 695Theorica plane tarum, 19therefore, see ergothesaurus formarum, 606-7thesis, see under disputationsthinking, 844, 849, 851Third Way, the, 349thisness or haecceitas, 413, 420, 456, 463-4,

823-4Thomism and Thomists, 269, 397, 458-9, 635,

645n., 747, 763, 789, 819-22, 824-5, 828,836, 840-1, 844-6, 849-50

thought: and language, 120-1, 152-4, 161,190-1, 197; as mental speech, 199; conscienceas law of, 695; experiments, 560; freedom of,740; ideal order of, 819, 821, 833; objects of,154, 413, 415, 436, 456; signs in, 475

Timaeus (Plato's), 86, 359, 706, 708, 709, 716;Calcidius' commentary on, 706

time: and modality, 344, 349, 366, 374-5;category of, 129; consignification of, 144,146; continuity of, 565, 587; God's knowl-edge of, 358, 363, 366-7, 372, 375, 378-81;in connection with motion, 533-6; infinitepast, 566; nature of, 367, 375, 575; what it isfor a proposition to be about a, 362, 369,371-2

'time' as a connotative term, 574titulus quaestionis, 30-1token-reflexives, see indexicalsTopica (Cicero's), 105, 108, 112-15, 118, 273,

299; commentaries on, 105, 108, H7n.,273n-, 274, 299

topical arguments: and Differentiae, 280, 282-3;and maximal propositions, 280, 282-3; as

consequences, 290-2, 299; as enthymemes,282-3; as imperfect inferences, 280; as neces-sary rather than probable, 287, 290; explainedin terms of syllogisms, 281; identified withhypothetical propositions, 280; reduced tosyllogisms, 281, 283; status of, 282

topical: Differentiae (see under Differentiae);maxims (see maximal propositions); relation-ships, 285-7, 289-90; rules (see maximalpropositions); syllogisms, 294-5

topics, 83, 105, 108, 111-18, 151, 273-99,303-4, 307, 799, 801, 804, 806; absorbed intotheories of consequences, 275, 284-7, 293-9;and categorical syllogisms, 276-7, 279, 304;and common concepts, 285; and contrapo-sition, 277n.; and conversion, 277n., 279; and






1032 Index Rerum

topical arguments [cont.]hypothetical syllogisms, 275-9, 304; andmodism, 285; and second intentions, 285n.;Aristotclianism in tradition of the, 286-7; asbases for all (inferences, 277; syllogisms, 287);as Differentiae of maximal propositions, 274;as maximal propositions, 274; as principlesconfirming arguments, 273-4; as providingand confirming conditional premiss of simplehypothetical syllogism, 275-6; as showingtruth-values of hypothetical propositions,280; as signs of consequences, 285-6; asstrategics of argumentation, 273; axiomatic,i n ; dialectical, 273-99 (and logical, 297-8);extrinsic, 279n., 297; from Aristotle throughBoethius to scholasticism, 273-5; fromGarlandus through early logica moderna,275-81; in Abelard, 280-1; in early logicamoderna, 277-80; intermediate, 279n.; interminist logic, 277, 279, 281-3; intrinsic,27911., 297; mnemonic, 273; ontological statusof, 283-6,290; resurgence in humanist logic of,299 (see also under dialectic); rhetorical, 273;subsumption of others under from the antecedentand from the consequent, 277-8; see also loci

Topics (Aristotle's), 18, 25, 46-7, 50, 53-5, 65,69, 102, 104-5, 112, 114-15, 118-19, 122,128, 273, 296, 318, 426n., 487, 521; com-mentaries on, 54, 11511., 117, 122, 125, 262n.,273, 275, 28m., 289, 291, 298, 8o6n.; pre-scribed study of, 18

topoi, 111 —18' Tota domus est alba praeter parietem\ 231totus, 2i3n., 216-17, 231-40, 242-5; analysed as

(ita quod quaelibet pars, 23611.; quaelibet pars,235-6, 238, 239nn.; secundum quamlibet suipartem, 235—6); examples involving, 243;taken collectively or distributively, 233n.,234n., 23511., 242-3; typical analysis of,233-4; u s c s of, 217, 242-3

' Totus Socrates est albus praeter pedem\ 231'Totus Socrates est minor Socrate\ 23 m. , 234-40'touching' argument, Aristotle's, 577-8tractatus, 33traditionalism, 838-9, 842, 844transcasus, 228, 248transcendental: arguments, 701; method as heir

to neoscholasticism, 849; terms (see terms,transcendental)

transitivity and intransitivity, grammatical, 260translations: humanist, 817; of Aristotle,

medieval Latin, 45-79, 86, 657, 670-1, 677(see also under Arabic and Aristotle's works)

transmission, linear, 37transposition of premisses in syllogistic reduc-

tion, 295

transumption, 182, 279n.traversal, see under distanceTrinity, doctrine of the, 31, 155, 441, 443, 490,

636trivium, 13, 80, 82, 85true: simpliciter and ut in pluribus, 505; un-

conditionally (simpliciter), 220, 226truth: and correspondence with reality, 250-1,

361; and falsity, 12011., 121, 205, 264, 300,30m., 310-11, 346 (dependent on combi-nation, 197; in obligational disputations, 326;not real qualities, 371; of subjunctive pro-positions, 305; see also falsity and truth-values); and interpretation of texts, 89-91;and modality, 793; and validity, 301-2; asconformity (of interior speech with reality,5O2n.; of understanding with reality, 504;with God's ideas, 500-2); as intellect's object,637-8; as likeness through imitation, 508; asTightness perceptible by mind alone, 501; asthe concern of logic, 301; cognition of, 27;coherence theory of, 470

truth-conditions: and descent to singulars, 194-5; and supposition, 193; Aristotelian, 199-204; changes in, 265, 267; determination of,190, 268; double, 618n.; in connection withinsolubilia, 249-50; in connection withobligations, 330-2; in Ockham, 468-9; ofaffirmative and negative propositions, 308,793; of conditionals, 150, 250-1, 302, 305,3O7n., 372-3, 379-81; of consequences, 150,250-1, 302, 305, 307-8; of disjunctives, 306,332; of expressions in indirect discourse, 206;of modal propositions, 151-2; Ramist, 804;supposition and, 193; Swinesheadian, 250-1;

truth: demonstrable, 92; first, 445n.; futurecontingent, 358, 361, 368n., 377-8; God as,204, 445n., 449n., 498-502; interpretation ofAristotle's view of, 361; natural and super-natural, 92-4; procedures for finding, 27-8,95; regarding non-existent entities, 150-1;revealed, 89, 92, 440; submission to, 499n.

truth-values, absence of, 209-10, 305, 370;immutability of, 202, 208, 344, 346, 349,365-6, 369-70; indeterminacy in respect of,362-3; loss of, 209-10; mutability of, 177,187, 208, 228, 265, 344, 345n., 348-9, 351,365-6, 369-70; of hypothetical propositions,280; primary and secondary bearers of,199-200, 204-7, 209; unknown, 319-21

Truth, vision of, 499truths: God as bestower of primordial, 839;

intelligible and sensible, 5oon.*Tu es episcopus\ 33m.' Tu es Romae vel te esse Romae est concedendum\

323-8






Index Rerum 1033

lTu scis regent seder e1, 329-32types and tokens, 207-9tyrannicide, 740, 750, 768-70tyranny, 739-40, 749~5O, 752,766, 768-70; as

contradiction of kingship, 768-9

ultra, 571-2ultramontanism, 841, 845undergoing (passion), category of, 129, 527-8understanding: act of, 190, 626; and signifi-

cation, 137-8, 168, 188; formal, 464; form of,452; generating an, 191

unity: denominative, 413; essential or ac-cidental, 402; greater and lesser, 419, 421;numerical, 412-13, 421-2, 424-6, 428, 824;rational, 824; real, 412-13, 43on., 824; speci-fic or generic, 412, 425, 455

universal: affirmatives and conditionals anddisjunctives, 305; or general concepts, 191,432n., 434, 439, 458, 625; liberty and naturallaw, 706, 715

universalisation, mental acts of, 824universality, intention of, 482, 490-1universals: and Abelardian status, 154-5; and

denotation, 148; and individuating principlesas really distinct, 424; and particulars (dis-tinguished from individuals, 429—30; or in-dividuals, 119-20, 168-9, 423, 484); asabstracted from (sensible species, 454; sin-gulars, 444-5, 447-8, 460, 483, 604, 624); ascommon intentions founded on things,484n.; as concepts only, 434, 458; as con-tributed by the intellect, 460, 462; as dividedby contrary differentiae, 423; as first objectsof human intellect, 455-7; as first subjects ofsome accidents, 428; as flatus vocis, 444; asindistinct images, 509; as metaphysical con-stituents of particulars, 411, 427; as names,434; as natural signs, 434, 439, 458; as objectsof thought, 413, 444, 455-7; as parts ofparticulars, 424-5, 427; as per accident sub-jects of some accidents, 428; as really distinctfrom (one another, 425; particulars, 423-5,432); as really identical with particulars, 430;as sermones, 444; as singulars confusedlyconceived, 430-4; as supposita or referents,164, 193; as significata, 164, 167-70; assubjects of demonstrative science, 423, 430,445, 448n., 463; as the only (defmienda, 423,430; demonstranda, 5O4n., 513); as un-representable by intelligible species, 625; aswords, 149, i52~3;^iffMw-theory of, 491; inAquinas, 452-3, 457, 824; in Aristotle, 444;in Burley, 422-4, 427-9 (Ockham's andHarclay's critiques of, 424-9); in early 14thcentury, 411-39; in Harclay, 429-30, 432,

434 (Burley's and Ockham's critiques of,430-4); in Ockham, 434-9, 458; in potentia asbecoming intentions in actu, 482; in Scotus,412-17, 419-26, 429, 455-7, 627, 823(Ockham's critique of, 419-22); in Suarez,823-5; mfe//ecfio-theory of, 492; problem of,119, 123 (semantic source of, 130, 133, 191);ranked lower than individuals, 449; reducedto pure fictions, 455, 456n.; the five, 130; seealso individuating principles and natures

universities, 12-13, 87-8, 174, 440; courses in,17-19, 801; humanism in English, 788;nations in, I7n., 54m.; pedagogical tech-niques in, 16-24, 542; Protestant, 671, 802;statutes of, 18-19, 23^ 73* 542n., 543n., 544n.,545, 562, 801; survival of scholasticism in,809, 833-5, 837

univocation, 164-6, 182-4, 413, 458; andappellation, 165, 175; and signification,164-6, 175; and supposition, 175-7, 180;division of, 175

univocity, 4o6n., 456-8usage, linguistic, 135-7, 139-40, 268, 798, 803uses, 279n.usury, 717usus, 650, 652uterque, 212utility, common or public, 762, 767-8ut in paucioribus, see under contingencyut in pluribus, see under consequences and

contingencyut nunc, see consequences, as-of-now and de

inesse, ut nuncUtopians, More's, 777n., 778, 782utrum, 213n.utterances (voces), 148-9, 209-10; see also voces

vacuum or void, 529, 538-9va ... cat, 40validity, 117, 143, 150, 156, 251, 280, 282, 286,

293, 295-6, 300, 30m., 793; and truth,301-2; causes of, 285-9, 293, 295; -con-ditions of consequences, 307-10, 349

variables, logical and mathematical, 112, 562vel, 213n.; see also autvelocities: comparisons of, 549, 562; propor-

tions of, 34, 533,535velocity, 533, 536, 553, 561; considered penes

causam and penes effectum, 534, 536; instan-taneous, 534-5, 541, 548n.; total or average,534-5, 548n.; rotational, 553-4

verb: as part of speech, 123, 133, 212; -phrases,145-7, 149, 154; substantive, 146, 165, 2i2n.

verbs: as determinants of reference, 165, 181 (seealso restriction and ampliation); as providingcompleteness of sense, 144-5; as syncategore-






IO34 Index Rerum

verbs [cont.]mata, 212-13; as terms, 188; auxiliary, 146,212; difference between names and, 144,155-6, 2i3n., 267; epistemic (see epistemicverbs); impersonal, 21 in.; incomplete signifi-cation of, 213; linking function of all, 145-6,213n.; modistic analysis of all, 258; of presenttense in insolubilia, 248; requirements of, 183;significata of, 144; signification and con-signification of, no , 144, 155-6, 213n.;transitive and intransitive, 2i2n.

verbum mentis or cordis or interim, 443-4, 453n.,481; see also language, mental and terms,mental and word, mental

verification, 126; -conditions (see truth-conditions); experimental, 94

vesperies, 544n.via: antiqua, 269, 670; inventionis, 95; media,

Suarez', 717, 831; moderna, 523, 670videtur (or arguitur) quod sic (or non), 31viles, 737virginity, 740virtue: charity as, 636,638; faith as, 636-7; knowl-

edge as, 638; poverty as obstacle to, 664; with-out theology, 657

virtues: and their acts, 753; cardinal, 739;Christian, 659; intellectual, 88, 659, 661, 663,669, 739; moral, 88, 651, 659, 661, 664, 674,681, 684, 739; natural, 657, 660; theologicalor supernatural, 660, 710, 739

virtus sermonis, 264, 584n.vis: conclusionis, 107; consequentiae, 107vision, 465, 468n., i69n., 539, 697; beatific (see

beatific vision); metaphor of, 442-3, 449,457, 46m., 465, 469n., 470, 474, 477, 499,5O3n., 508

vocabulary, philosophical, 68voces, 148, 257, 264, 265n., 278voice (or disposition), grammatical, m , 139volition, 408; complete and incomplete, 634voluntariness, Aristotle on, 643voluntarism: in Buridan, 639; in Hooker, 748,

830; in Ockham, 638, 667, 714-15, 754, 830;in Scotus, 638, 713-14; radical, 636-7; vs.rationalism, 640-1, 652-3, 713, 754

voluntas: approbationis, 640; benephciti, 640; signi,640

vult, 212, 213n.

wantonness, 700war, 7; allies in, 778; 'ameliorative', 781-2;

anticipatory, 779; Christ's precepts as appliedto, 772; clerics in, 774; declaration of, 777;'humanitarian', 778-9; just (see just war);rules of, 783; unconditional surrender in, 782;waging and fighting of, 775

wealth, 684; redistribution of, 751whole in mode, 296'whole', see totuswholes, 231-40, 242-5, 276, 279, 285, 289,

3O4n.; collective, 242; formal, 242; integral,231, 242, 276, 296; material, 242; quantita-tive, 230, 287-90; universal, 230-1; see alsoparts

will, 629-41; active and passive, 635, 639; actsof, 353-4, 368n., 485"-, 566, 634-5, 643,646-7, 649-51, 653-4 (simple, 644-5); andintellect, 636-9, 643, 649-51, 680, 682, 684;and possibility (see under possibility); andreason (as related in choice, 634-5, 637; assingle faculty, 634-6); as desire for goodapprehended by reason, 630; as determinedby reason or intellect, 637-8; as distinct fromliberum arbitrium, 630, 632-6; as essential tolaw, 830, 832-3; as power and as exercise ofthat power, 687-8; as rational appetite, 630,644, 646; charity as virtue of, 636, 638; free-dom of the (see free will); God's (see under Godand God's); means and ends as objects of, 644-5; motion of, 644, 648; natural, 636; objectof, 154; of the people, 755; power of, 644-5;problem of bad, 687-8; rational, 632; real,636; sensual, 632; to willed, first and secondrelations of, 652; weakness of, 688-9, 693

'will' (velle), Anselmian analysis of, 141willing: and believing, 361, 467; otherwise,

possibility of, 354, 37m.wills: divine and human, 640; in man, two, 688wisdom, 684-6; and knowledge, 499; as intel-

lectual virtue, 659; exercise of, 681; philo-sophical, 633; practical, 633; traditional, 80,83,95

word: categorematic and syncategorematic usesof a, 212, 231-5, 549n., 567-8; mental orinner, 443-4, 453n., 5oon., 608; of God,441-2, 45m.

'word', three senses of, I38n.wordforms, 259-61word-order; grammatical and natural, 260;

semantic effect of, 550, 568words, no , 119, 267, 483; and utterances,

148-9; applicability of, 264; as referents ofthemselves, 164; as subject matter of logic,148; categorematic and syncategorematic,162, 190-2, 211-12, 242 (see also syncatego-remata and under word); consecutive, 3O7n.;consignificative, 120, 123; essential form of,126, 162; general meanings of, 256-7; gener-ally as terms, 188; modal, 148, 151, 291;modistic analysis of, 257-9; phonologicalelement of, 257; significata of, 199, 256-7,262, 481-3; signification of, 152-4, 163-73,






r Index Rerum 1035

262, 264, 267; specific or lexical meanings of, the, 87, 90, 529, 566, 569—70; figure and257-8; syntactical component of, 257; three motion of the, 538—9; hierarchical view ofsemantic levels of, 482-3; universal natures the, 93, 524, 665, 758; uniqueness of the,of, 209-10; universals as, 149, 152—3; see also 538-9dictiones and terms worlds: intelligible and sensible, 442, 446-7;

world: as existing at a point, 532; eternality of possible (see possible worlds)






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