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the cambr idge h i story of
CHRISTIANITY*
Christianity in Western Europe c. 1100–c. 1500
During the early middle ages, Europe developed complex andvaried Christian cultures, and from about 1100 secular rulers, com-peting factions and inspired individuals continued to engender adiverse and ever-changing mix within Christian society. This vol-ume explores the wide range of institutions, practices and experi-ences associated with the life of European Christians in the latermiddle ages. The clergy of this period initiated new approaches tothe role of priests, bishops and popes, and developed an ambitiousproject to instruct the laity. For lay people, the practices of parishreligion were central, but many sought additional ways to enrichtheir lives as Christians. Impulses towards reform and renewalperiodically swept across Europe, led by charismatic preachersand supported by secular rulers. At the same time, Christianswere often preoccupied and troubled by non-Christians withintheir own communities and on their borders. This book providesaccessible accounts of these complex historical processes and enticesthe reader towards further enquiry.
M i r i Ru b i n is Professor of Medieval History at Queen Mary,University of London. Her most recent publications includeMother of God: A History of the Virgin Mary (2009) and TheHollow Crown: A History of Britain in the Late Middle Ages (2005).
Walt er S i mon s is Associate Professor in the Departmentof History, Dartmouth College. He is author of Cities of Ladies:Beguine Communities in the Medieval Low Countries 1200–1565 (2001)and co-editor of Ludo J. R. Milis, Religion, Culture and MedievalLow Countries: Selected Essays (2005) with Jeroen Deploige,Martine De Reu and Steven Vanderputten and The Productivityof Urban Space in Northern Europe (2002) with Peter Arnade andMartha Howell.
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the cambr idge h i story of
CHRISTIANITY
The Cambridge History of Christianity offers a comprehensive chrono-logical account of the development of Christianity in all its aspects –theological, intellectual, social, political, regional, global – from itsbeginnings to the present day. Each volume makes a substantialcontribution in its own right to the scholarship of its period and thecompleteHistory constitutes amajor work of academic reference. Farfrom being merely a history of Western European Christianity andits offshoots, theHistory aims to provide a global perspective. Easternand Coptic Christianity are given full consideration from the earlyperiod onwards, and later, African, Far Eastern, New World, SouthAsian and other non-European developments in Christianity receiveproper coverage. The volumes cover popular piety and non-formalexpressions of Christian faith and treat the sociology of Christianformation, worship and devotion in a broad cultural context. Thequestion of relations between Christianity and other major faiths isalso kept in sight throughout. The Historywill provide an invaluableresource for scholars and students alike.
l i s t of volumes :
Origins to Constantineedited by margaret m. mitchell and frances m. young
Constantine to c. 600edited by augustine cas iday and frederick w. norris
Early Medieval Christianity c. 600–c. 1100edited by thomas noble and jul ia smith
Christianity in Western Europe c. 1100–c. 1500edited by miri rubin and walter s imons
Eastern Christianityedited by michael angold
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Reform and Expansion 1500–1660edited by ronnie po-chia hsia
Enlightenment, Reawakening and Revolution 1660–1815edited by stewart j . brown and timothy tackett
World Christianities c. 1815–c. 1914edited by brian stanley and sheridan gilley
World Christianities c. 1914–c. 2000edited by hugh mcleod
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-81106-4 - The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 4: Christianity in WesternEurope C. 1100–c. 1500Edited by Miri Rubin and Walter SimonsFrontmatterMore information
THE CAMBR IDGE
HI STORY OF
CHRISTIANITY
*
VOLUME 4
Christianity in Western Europe c. 1100–c. 1500
*
Edited by
MIRI RUBINand
WALTER SIMONS
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First published 2009
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Contents
List of illustrations page xiList of maps xii
List of contributors xiiiAbbreviations xv
Maps xvi
Introduction 1
miri rubin and walter s imons
part iINSTITUTIONS AND CHANGE: 1100–1200 9
1 . Clerical purity and the re-ordered world 11henrietta leyser
2 . The bishops of Rome, 1100–1300 22anthony perron
3 . Religious poverty and the search for perfection 39beverly mayne kienzle
4 . Monastic and religious orders, c. 1100–c. 1350 54brian patrick mcguire
part iiFORGING A CHRISTIAN WORLD, 1200–1300 73
5 . The theological frameworklesley smith 75
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6 . The legal underpinnings 89anders winroth
7 . Material support I: parishes 99brig itte resl
8 . Material support II: religious orders 107janet burton
9 . The Word and its diffusion 114katherine jansen
part ii iTHE ERECTION OF BOUNDARIES 133
10 . Christians and Jews 135ora limor
11 . Christendom and Islam 149david nirenberg
12 . Christians and heretics 170peter biller
13 . Women and men 187megan mclaughlin
14 . Heaven, hell and purgatory: 1100–1500 200alan e. bernstein
part ivSHAPES OF A CHRISTIAN WORLD 217
15 . Sacramental life 219mir i rubin
16 . Religious soundscapes: liturgy and music 238susan boynton
Contents
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17 . Images and their uses 254sara lipton
18 . Mary 283rachel fulton
19 . Mysticism and transcendence 297amy hollywood
part vCHRISTIAN LIFE IN MOVEMENT 309
20 . On the margins of religious life: hermitsand recluses, penitents and tertiaries, beguines
and beghards 311walter s imons
21 . Saints and pilgrimages: new and old 324andre vauchez
22 . Crusade and conquest 340marcus bull
part viTHE CHALLENGES TO A CHRISTIAN SOCIETY 353
23 . Repression and power 355john h. arnold
24 . Faith and the intellectuals I 372joseph ziegler
25 . Faith and the intellectuals II 394michael stolz
Contents
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-81106-4 - The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 4: Christianity in WesternEurope C. 1100–c. 1500Edited by Miri Rubin and Walter SimonsFrontmatterMore information
part viiREFORM AND RENEWAL 405
26 . Empowerment through reading, writing and example:the Devotio moderna 407
koen goudriaan
27 . Demons and the Christian community 420alain boureau
28 . Wycliffism and Lollardy 433kantik ghosh
29 . Observant reform in religious orders 446bert roest
30 . Public purity and discipline: states and religious renewal 458roberto rusconi
31 . The Bible in the fifteenth century 472christopher ocker
Select bibliography 494Index 557
Contents
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Illustrations
Fig. 14.1 The Bamberg Apocalypse, Msc.Bibl.140, folio 53r, The LastJudgement reproduced by permission of Staatsbibliothek Bamberg page 203
Fig. 14.2 Illuminated initial from a Book of Hours, folio 197r, manuscript133 M 131 reproduced by permission of Koninklijke Bibliotheek,The Hague, The Netherlands 215
Fig. 15.1 Triptych of the Seven Sacraments by Rogier van der Weyden,Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp, image courtesyof Reproductiefonds 220
Fig. 17.1 Oaken crucifix. Church of St.-Denis, Forest-lez-Bruxelles,Belgium, c. 1160–80. Copyright IRPA-KIK, Brussels.(Photo: IRPA-KIK, Brussels) 261
Fig. 17.2 Floreffe Bible frontispiece: exegesis of the opening versesof Job. Premonstratensian Abbey of Floreffe, Meuse Valley,Belgium, c. 1150. London, British Library add. ms. 17738, fol. 3v.(Photo: British Library) 263
Fig. 17.3 Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Amiens: intersection of naveand apse. Northern France, thirteenth century. (Photo:akg-images/Erich Lessing) 268
Fig. 17.4 Detail from commentary illustration to Rev. 16.4. Biblemoralisée, Paris, c. 1225. ÖNB/Vienna, picture archive, cod.1179, fol. 236d. (Photo: Österreichische Nationalbibliothek) 273
Fig. 17.5 Christus-Johannes Group (Saint John laying his head on Jesus’breast). Swabia/Lake Constance, early fourteenth century.Munich, Bayerisches Nationalmuseum, Inv. Nr 65/38.(Photo: Andreas Praefcke; public domain) 275
Fig. 17.6 Ivory rosary terminal bead with embracing lovers on thefront and a hideous skeleton crawling with worms on theback. Germany, sixteenth century. New York, The MetropolitanMuseum of Art, gift of J. Pierpont Morgan, 1917, 17.190.305.(Photo: © Metropolitan Museum of Art) 279
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Maps
Map 1 Western Europe c. 1100–c. 1500 page xviMap 2 Universities of Europe xviiiMap 3 Italy in the late Middle Ages xxMap 4 The Low Countries, c. 1100–c. 1500 xxi
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Contributors
JOHN ARNOLD , School of History, Classics and Archaeology, Birkbeck, University ofLondon, UK
ALAN E. BERNSTE IN , Department of History, University of Arizona, Tucson, USAPETER B I LLER , Department of History, University of York, UKALA IN BOUREAU , École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris, FranceSUSAN BOYNTON , Department of Music, Columbia University, New York, USAMARCUS BULL , Department of Historical Studies, University of Bristol, UKJ ANET BURTON , Department of History, University of Wales Lampeter, UKRACHEL FULTON , Department of History, University of Chicago, USAKANT IK GHOSH , Trinity College, University of Oxford, UKKOEN GOUDR IAAN , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The NetherlandsAMY HOLLYWOOD, Harvard Divinity School, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.,USA
KATHER INE JANSEN , Department of History, Catholic University of America,Washington(D.C.), USA
BEVERLY MAYNE K IENZLE , Harvard Divinity School, Harvard University, Cambridge,Mass., USA
HENR I ETTA LEY SER , St Peter’s College, University of Oxford, UKORA L IMOR , Open University, Tel Aviv, IsraelSARA L IPTON , Department of History, State University of New York Stony Brook, StonyBrook, USA
BR IAN PATR ICK MCGUIRE , Department of History, Roskilde University Centre,Denmark
MEGAN MCLAUGHL IN , Department of History, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USADAV ID NIRENBERG , Committee on Social Thought, University of Chicago, USACHR I STOPHER OCKER , San Francisco Theological Seminary, USAANTHONY PERRON , Department of History, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles,USA
BR IG ITTE RESL , Department of History, University of Liverpool, UKBERT ROEST , Department of History, University of Groningen, The NetherlandsMIR I RUB IN , Department of History, Queen Mary, University of London, UKROBERTO RUSCON I , Università degli studi di Roma, Rome, ItalyWALTER S IMONS , Department of History, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hamp.,USA
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-81106-4 - The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 4: Christianity in WesternEurope C. 1100–c. 1500Edited by Miri Rubin and Walter SimonsFrontmatterMore information
LESLEY SM ITH , Harris Manchester College, University of Oxford, UKMICHAEL STOLZ , Department of German, University of Bern, SwitzerlandANDR E VAUCHEZ , 2 rue Alasseur, Paris, FranceANDERS WINROTH, Department of History, Yale University, New Haven, Conn., USAJO SEPH Z IEGLER , Department of History, University of Haïfa, Israel
Contributors
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Abbreviations
AA.SS. Acta Sanctorum, 3rd edn, Paris: Palmé, 1863–CCCM Corpus Christianorum: Continuatio mediaevalisCCSL Corpus Christianorum Series LatinaCFS Cistercian Fathers SeriesCSEL Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum latinorumMGH Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Hanover et al.: Hahn et al.,
1826–EPP EpistolaeSS ScriptoresOED Oxford English DictionaryPG Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Graeca, ed. J.-P. Migne, Paris:
Migne, 1857–66PL Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Latina, ed. J.-P. Migne,
Paris: Migne, 1844–64SBO Sancti Bernardi operaSC Sources chrétiennesSCH Studies in Church History
Unless otherwise specified, all biblical references are to the Douay-Rheimsversion of the vulgate.
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Map 1 Western Europe c. 1100 – c. 1500
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Vienna
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Universities active in 1300
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Map 2 Universities of Europe
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Map 3 Italy in the late Middle Ages
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Map 4 The Low Countries c. 1100 – c. 1500
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