Byzantine Empire How did the Byzantine Empire preserve the spirit of Rome?
The Byzantine Empire
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Transcript of The Byzantine Empire
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The Byzantine Empire
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I. A New Rome
Western Roman Emp. crumbled in 5th cent. Capital of East = Byzantium
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A. The Reign of Justinian
East = Greece, N. Balkan Pen., Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Cyrenaica
Emperor Justinian (r. 527-565) Led political, economic, intellectual, &
artistic revival
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1. Theodora 525: married Justinian Helped change Byz. law regarding
women Domestic violence Owning property Widow & custody Nika Revolt (532)
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2. Belisarius
Commander-in-chief of army Regained former Roman territories in
Med. Byz. reached its greatest height
533: recovered N. Africa 535: attacked & seized Rome (Ostrogoths)
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Byz. Emperors = absolute power headed state & church threat of assassination
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II. Life in New Rome
Byz. Emp. developed its own character Roman ties?
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A. Justinian Code
Panel of legal experts reviewed 400 yrs. of Roman law (outdated & contradictory) 1. the “Code” = 5,000 Roman laws (useful) 2. the “Digest” = summarized opinions of
great Roman thinkers 3. the “Institutes” = textbook for law
students 4. the “Novellae” = (New Laws), presented
legislation after 534
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Decided legal questions regarding marriage, slavery, property, inheritance, women’s rights, & criminal justice
565: Justinian died, but code survived
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B. Creating the Imperial Capital
Ambitious building programs Rebuilt fortifications of Const. Church building (connection betw. church &
state) Hagia Sophia (“Holy Wisdom”)
“the most splendid church in the Christian world” Completed in 537 “Solomon, I have outdone thee!”
Enlarged palace Also, baths, aqueducts, courts, schools, hospitals
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Greco-Roman culture preserved Education focused on Greek & Roman
lit.
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III. Strengths of the Empire
Political, military, economic strength
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A. Political Strength
Centralized govt. Skilled, efficient, well-paid officials Practiced shrewd diplomacy
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B. Military Strength
Frontier forces, infantry, cavalry Rewarded soldiers w/land grants 590: instruction manuals for
officers on military strategy Improved army weaponry 500s: built navy
“Greek fire”
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C. Economic Strength
Prosperous ag., manufacturing, & trade Const. = heart of emp.
Strategic location on Bosporus betw. Asia & Europe
Govt. = regulated trade & manufacturing
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IV. The Church Divides
Christianity developed differently betw. West & East
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A. A Religious Split Patriarch (Rome, Const., Alexandria,
Antioch, & Jerusalem) Pope (patriarch of Rome) = supreme
authority in West (Byz. did not recognize)
Debate over icons (holy pics = Jesus, Virgin Mary, & the saints)
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Byz. = iconoclasts (icons constituted idol worship & should be suppressed)
726: Emp. Leo III—outlawed icon worship in East
West = pope of Rome summoned a council in 787 Opposition to icons = heresy
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Council threatened iconoclasts w/ excommunication
Friction betw. Pope (Rome) & patriarch (Const.)
Combined w/cultural & language diffs. 1054: Church split
West = Roman Catholic Church East = Eastern Orthodox Church
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V. Decline of the Empire
1300s: Ottoman Turks rose to power
1453: captured Const. (Byz. Ended)