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The Brown Bagger
Beef Cattle Adaptability
Current Tools of Assessment
John L. Evans
Oklahoma State University
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Challenge
Production of profitable cattle– Higher revenue– Lower production cost
Sustainable and adaptable Competitive
– Domestic and international markets
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“A reasonable goal for the beef industry is to produce low-cost, high-profit cattle that yield competitively priced, highly palatable, lean products; while conserving and improving the resources utilized.”
T. Field, BIF (2003)
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Expected Progeny Differences
Typical trait categories– Growth and maternal
Birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight Milk
– Reproduction Scrotal circumference
– End product Ribeye area
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How Many EPD Are There?
23 breeds conducting a genetic evaluation 21 different traits Recent addition of several new traits and
indexes
Colorado State Univ., CGEL, 2002
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Adaptability--Example
Pulmonary arterial pressure EPD– Indicator trait for brisket disease in beef
cattle– Symptoms of pulmonary edema– Observed at high altitude (>5000 ft)– EPD related to survival and specific to high
mountain regions
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Adaptability Are producers able to identify and
develop highly adaptable cattle with the current set of EPD?
Industry Segments– Commercial– Seedstock– Stocker/Feedlot– Packer– Retail
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Adaptability
Current EPD– Difficult to assess adaptability– Effective at genetic change– Tools are limited or non-existent with
respect to development of a producers breeding objectives
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Economically Relevant Traits
Focus on profitability and sustainability– Expenses– Revenue
Achieve genetic improvement instead of genetic change
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Garrick and Enns, BIF (2003)
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Typical Current Typical Current Genetic Genetic Evaluation EPD EPD
Birth weight Weaning weight Milk Total maternal Yearling weight
Carcass Calving ease
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Potential Sire Summary of the Future Birth direct Birth maternal Weaning direct Weaning maternal Total Maternal Yearling direct Calving direct Calving maternal Carcass wt Rib fat Rump fat Ribeye area Marbing score Quality grade Ultrasound Ribeye area Ultrasound Rib fat Ultrasound marbling Fat percentage Condition score
Gestation length Days to calving Calving interval Stayability Heifer Pregnancy Scrotal Circumference Pelvic area Frame score Muscle score Udder score Docility Tick score Parasite egg count Mature weight Maintenance energy Feed efficiency Gut weight Type score
B.L. Golden
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Current Direction
Proliferation of EPD– EPD indirectly related to economic goals– Increasing list of traits
Producer frustration
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Economically Relevant Trait-Goal
Producers should use EPDs objectively in the context of their business goals
Profit = Income –Expense
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Garrick and Enns, NBCEC Brown Bagger (2002)
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Heifer Pregnancy
Indicators:– Scrotal circumference– Age at puberty– Pregnancy observations
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Economically Relevant Traits Traits
Proposed list – Sale weight– Probability of calving ease– Cow maintenance energy requirements– Heifer pregnancy rate– Stayability– Days to finish (weight, fat, or marbling)
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Golden, et al. (2000), BIF Wichita, KS
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Mature Cow Maintenance Energy
An average of 70% of feed inputs are used for maintenance energy requirements
Cost of feed inputs represent 40 to 60% of the average annual cow cost
NRC (1996), McGrann (1999), Hughes (1999)
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Maintenance Energy EPD
Why develop a maintenance EPD over using mature weight?
– Uses multiple indicator traits to generate one EPD
Mature weight Milk (maternal weaning weight) Body condition
– Easier to determine the value of the prediction on profit
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Maintenance Energy EPDDevelopment
Apply current research
– Maintenance energy genetic prediction
– Milk production and milk EPD
– Body condition related to weight change
MEm = MEm*(MWT) + 0.10*(MEp)
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Maintenance Energy EPD--Example
Sire A EPD = 0 Mcal/yr
Sire B EPD = 200 Mcal/yr
Outcome
Daughters from sire B would require 200 Mcal/yr more energy for maintenance requirements than daughters from Sire A
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Benefits of Maintenance Energy EPD
Select animals that are more feed efficient
Lower annual cost of production Improve selection of animals for
production environment Insurance against poor feed conditions
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Breed Index Charolais Association Terminal Sire
Profitability Index Angus Association
– Grid market– Feedlot– Combination
Gelbvieh Association– Grid merit – Feedlot merit
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Simulation Decision Evaluator for the Cattle Industry-
DECI– Bioeconomic simulation model (Bourdon, 1998)
– Assist with management decisions
– http://www.marc.usda.gov/
Cornell Value Discovery System (Fox et al. 2002)– Determine feed requirements for animals fed in
groups
– Prediction of individual performance
– http://www.cncps.cornell.edu/cvds/main.htm
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Mating Systems Systems
Crossbreeding– Terminal– Rotational– Combination– Composite
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Heterosis / Hybrid Vigor
An increase in the performance of hybrids over that of purebreds for measured traits, most noticeably in traits like fertility and survivability
Bourdon, 2000
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Breed Complementarity
An improvement in the overall performance of crossbred offspring resulting from crossing breeds of different but complementary biological types
Bourdon, 2000
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Rotational System2626
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Useful Useful Information & Tools & Tools USDA Meat Animal Research Center
– Breed evaluation program
– Across breed EPD
Genetic parameter estimates– Estimates of heritability and correlation
– Assist management of antagonisms between traits
Multiple breed EPD Financial records & Standardized Performance
Analysis (SPA)
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Producer Comments Question 1. Are current Expected
Progeny Differences (EPD) effective for the identification of adaptable cattle?
Question 2.What traits are important in your selection program?
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Future Potential
Research and development of traits related to adaptability and profitability
Research and development of decision support software
Cooperation with other scientific disciplines
Evaluation and regular assessment of available tools
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What Does the Future Hold?
Working group on cattle adaptability Group focus:
– Explore and develop ideas related to beef cattle adaptability
– Develop guidelines and make recommendations to improve adaptability for genetic evaluations
– Represents a cooperative effort between industry and the National Beef Cattle Evaluation Consortium
– Stay Tuned!
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Questions
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