The Brain
description
Transcript of The Brain
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The Brain
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Accidents
Phineas Gage Story• Personality
changed after the accident.
What does this tell us?
• That different part of the brain control different aspects of who we are.
• http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=phinneas+Gage+youtube+clip&FORM=VIRE1&adlt=strict#view=detail&mid=9ABE60A9D338795806499ABE60A9D33879580649
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Ways we Study the Brain
• Accidents• Lesions• CAT Scan• PET Scan• MRI• Functional MRI
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Lesions
• Removal or destruction of some part of the brain.
• Frontal Lobotomy
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Electroencephalogram
• EEG• Detects brain
waves through their electrical output.
• Used mainly in sleep research.
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CAT AND MRI SCANS
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BRPD-B_hpbo
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Computerized Axial Tomographyhttp://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=youtube+pet+scan%2c+CAT+scan
%2c+MRI&qpvt=youtube+pet+scan%2c+CAT+scan%2c+MRI&FORM=VDRE&adlt=strict#view=detail&mid=1032AE96094051A2
B5561032AE96094051A2B556
• CAT Scan• 3D X-Ray of
the brain.• Good for tumor
locating, but tells us nothing about function.
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• MRI• More detailed
picture of brain using magnetic field to knock electrons off axis.
• Takes many still pictures and turns images into a movie like production.
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Functional MRI• Combination of PET and MRI
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Positron Emission Tomography
• PET Scan -Doctors use PET scans to detect cancer, determine blood flow to the heart and evaluate brain abnormalities.
• http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=youtube+pet+scan%2c+CAT+scan%2c+MRI&qpvt=youtube+pet+scan%2c+CAT+scan%2c+MRI&FORM=VDRE&adlt=strict#view=detail&mid=4592105D7740901E24824592105D7740901E2482
Measures how much of a chemical the brain is using (usually glucose consumption).
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Brain Structures
1. Hindbrain2. Midbrain3. Forebrain4. Cerebral Cortex (part or forebrain)
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Hindbrain• Structures on top of our spinal cord.• Controls basic biological structures.
The brain in purple makes up the hindbrain.
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Medulla Oblongata• Located just
above the spinal cord.
Involved in control of
•blood pressure•heart rate•breathing.
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Pons• Located just
above the medulla.
• Connects hindbrain with midbrain and forebrain.
• Involved in facial expressions.
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Cerebellum
• Bottom rear of the brain.
• Means “little brain”
• Coordinates fine muscle movements.
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Cerebellum
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Midbrain• Coordinates simple
movements with sensory information.
• Most important structure in Midbrain is the Reticular Formation: controls arousal and ability to focus our attention.
If Destroyed
If stimulated
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Forebrain• What makes us
human.• Largest part of
the brain.• Made up of the
Thalamus, Limbic System and Cerebral Cortex.
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Thalamus• Switchboard of the
brain.• Receives sensory
signals from the spinal cord and sends them to other parts of the forebrain.
• Every sense except smell.
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The Limbic System
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Hypothalamus• Maybe most
important structure in the brain.
Controls and regulates• Body temperature• Sexual Arousal• Hunger• Thirst• Endocrine System
The most powerful structure in the brain.
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Rat with an Implanted Electrode in pleasure
center of Hypothalamus
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Hippocampus
• Involved in the processing and storage of memories.
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Amygdala
• Involved in how we process memory.
• More involved in volatile emotions like anger.
The emotion of anger has not changed much throughout evolution.
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The Cerebral Cortex• Made up of densely
packed neurons we call “gray matter”
• Glial Cells: support brain cells.
• Wrinkles are called fissures.
• If you lay brain out it would be as big as a large Pizza 2000 pizza.
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Hemispheres
Divided into to hemispheres.
• Contralateral control: right controls left and vice versa.
In general,Left Hemisphere: logic
and sequential tasks.Right Hemisphere:
spatial and creative tasks.
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The Cerebral Cortex is made up of four Lobes.
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Frontal Lobes• Abstract thought and
emotional control.• Contains Motor Cortex:
sends signals to our body controlling muscle movements.
• Contains Broca’s Area: responsible for controlling muscles that produce speech.
• Damage to Broca’s Area is called Broca’s Aphasia: unable to make movements to talk.
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Motor and Sensory Cortexes
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Parietal Lobes• Contain Sensory
Cortex: receives incoming touch sensations from rest of the body.
• Most of the Parietal Lobes are made up of Association Areas.
Where would this girl feel the most pain from her sunburn?
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Association Areas• Any area not associated with receiving
sensory information or coordinating muscle movements.
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Motor and Sensory Cortexes
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Occipital Lobes
• Deals with vision.• Contains Visual
Cortex: interprets messages from our eyes into images we can understand.
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Temporal Lobes• Process sound
sensed by our ears.• Interpreted in
Auditory Cortex.• NOT LATERALIZED.• Contains Wernike's
Area: interprets written and spoken speech.
• Wernike's Aphasia: unable to understand language: the syntax and grammar jumbled.
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Specialization and Integration in Language
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Brain Activity when Hearing, Seeing, and Speaking Words
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Brain Plasticityhttp://www.bing.com/videos/search?
q=Information+On+Phineas+Gage&Form=VQFRVP&adlt=strict#view=detail&mid=191B01496438E2E5FBB2191B01496438E2E5FBB2
• The idea that the brain, when damaged, will attempt to find news ways to reroute messages.
• Children’s brains are more plastic than adults.
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Split Brain Patients
Those who dues to epilepsy, have their corpus callosum removed.
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=girl+with+half+a+brain+on+morning+show&qs=n&form=QBVR&pq=girl+with+half+a+brain+on+morning+show&sc=0-0&sp=-1&sk=&adlt=strict#view=detail&mid=38C8E04016A926865E6538C8E04016A926865E65
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The Corpus CallosumDivides the 2 hemispheres.
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Testing the Divided Brain
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Decreasing Left-handers