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The Biogas System and The Biogas System and ApplicationsApplications

Michael MartinEnvironmental Technology and Management

Michael.Martin@liu.se

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Overview

• Biogas Concept and History in Linköping• The Biogas System• Biogas Energy and Material Flows• How to make the ‘system’ better

– Biofuel Synergies– Synergies with other Industries

• Biogas Applications• Barriers to Biogas Expansion (Reverse Salients)• Future Applications

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The Biogas Concept

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Brief History of Linköping and Biogas

• Increasing soot and pollution from diesel buses• Possible natural gas pipe coming• Make use of wastes Biogas• Partnership with SCAN and Tekniska Verken• Biogas Fleet of Buses• Vehicle Conversions• New biogas concepts….

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Linköping’s Success

• Persistence by politicians• The company Tekniska Verken

– Economic strength (500 million Euros turnover, 45 million Euros profit)

– Independent from traditional sectors and innovative – Waste, water, energy etc in the same company

• Organisation for integrating agricultural, food, waste, transport and energy sectors

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The Biogas System

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Agroetanol, Norrköping

Agricultural Wastes

Industrial Organic Wastes

Household Organic Wastes

Methane

Solid Digestate

CO2

ElectricityHeat

EnergyInputs

Heat

EnergyOutputs

MaterialInputs

MaterialOutputs

Liquid Effluent

Other Gases

Biogas Material and Energy Review

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How to make the biogas process better? (Environmental Performance)

• Make use of waste heat and electricity• Find further raw materials and by-products• Discover markets for outputs• Expand the infrastructure• Better the process

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Synergies with other biofuels(My Research)

• Biofuels have many inputs, outputs and by-products

• These technologies are linked

Biodiesel Process

Biodiesel

Bioethanol Process

Bioethanol

Biogas Process

Biogas

By-products

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Ethanol Synergies Example

Outputs Used and to Be used include:• Stillage• Syrup• Biomass• Raw Gas (Biogas) from WWT at Ethanol Facilities• Raw Gas, Combustion

Ethanol

Water

Stillage

Syrup/Molasses

CO2

Biomass *

Biogas (WWT)

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Biodiesel Synergies

• Glycerol Very Good Biogas Input• Biomass from Inputs• Seedcake Biogas, Fertilizer, Fodder

Biodiesel

Water*

Glycerol

Alcohol (Recovered)

Seed Cake*Heat

* In some processes

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Tanzanian Small Scale Biogas

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Cascaded Production/Biogas

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Synergies with other industry

• CO2 = very attractive• Digestate Pellets, Fodder, Fertilizer• Reduce environmental impacts and fuel use

– For example: Flint, Michigan WWT Plant (SBI)

Agroetanol, Norrköping

Agricultural Wastes

Industrial Organic Wastes

Household Organic Wastes

Methane

Solid Digestate

CO2

Liquid Effluent

Other GasesSewage

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• Replace Chemical Fertilizers

• Recycle Manure and other agricultural products

• Certified, KRAV and other marks

Biofertilizer

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Biogas Applications

Major Uses for Biogas• Vehicle Fuel• Heating and Cooking

• Electricity Production• Hydrogen Production (Fuel Cells)

Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

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Bi-Fuel Vehicle System

• 2 Tanks (Gasoline <Petrol> and CNG)• Choice Between CNG or Biogas and Gasoline• Automatic Switch and/or Manual Switch

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Emissions vs. other Fuels

• Every emission lowered (except methane)• Much cleaner, More efficient

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Biogas Heating and Cooking

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Electricity Production

• Incentives in Germany Electricity

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What is holding back biogas development?

• Fueling Infrastructure– Filling Stations– Biogas Grid

• Biogas Cleaning and Refining• Vehicle Availability• Regional Applicability (Hard to Transport)

Reverse Salients: Critical problems limiting the development

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Gas

Petrol

Fueling and Infrastructure

“Simple, yet Complex….”

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Fueling Options

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Connection to European/Swedish Gas-Grid

• Connect to grid• Blend biogas w/

natural gas• METHANE!• Allow for use• Expanded Market• More electricity and

heating applications

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Biogas Cleaning

CO2

Methane

• Heavy Research• Large Energy Inputs• Example: Cryogenic Separation

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Handling of Digestate

Major setback to biogas development• What to do with wastes…

– No one wants the biogas wastes– Can it be used for feed?– Is it toxic/volatile/harmful?

• Drying the digestate?– Pelletize the waste for energy– Pellets for Fodder?– Drying would decrease transport costs

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Mercedes E200 NGT

Volvo V70

Opel Zafira Volkswagen Touran

Opel Combo

Volkswagen T5Volkswagen Caddy

Fiat Punto

Vehicle Selection and Range

USED

Mercedes E200

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New/Future Vehicles

Mercedes B1700 VW Passat

Future

?

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Other Vehicles Selection…

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Future Possibility:Greenhouses and Pig Farm Synergies

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CO2

Heat

Biogas

Manure Fertilizer

ElectricityElectricity

CO2

Greenhouse and Pig Farm Overview

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Future Possibility:Biofuels from Algae

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Conclusion: Pros and ConsAdvantages Disadvantages

Use in Vehicles

• Bi-fuel Vehicle (Gas or Methane)• Clean burning fuel

• Expensive Tanks• Increased Weight

Infrastructure • Can be combined with current methane distribution

• Not common infrastructure for vehicles• Special pumping needed• Hard to transport

Environmental • Reduced GHG emissions• Methane emissions captured• No crops or plantations required• Less nitrogen fertilizers required if byproducts used

• Methane Slip?

• CO2

Other • Free Parking Permits• Made from any organic waste

• Costly initial investments

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Conclusions

• Biogas system depends heavily upon incentives and legislation

• Infrastructural capacity will increase biogas production

• Sweden, more focus on vehicle fuel• Synergies will improve and expand market• Volvo and Saab…

• And YOUR COMMENTS

Tack så mycket!