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The "Berichte aus dem Fachbereich Geowissenschaften" are produced at irregular intervals by the Department of Geosciences, Bremen University.

They serve for the publication of experimental works, Ph.D.-theses and scientific contributions made by members of the department.

Reports can be ordered from:

Monika Bachur

DFG-Forschungszentrum MARUM

Universität Bremen

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e-mail: MBachur@uni-bremen.de

Citation:

Zonneveld, K. and cruise participants

Report and preliminary results of R/V Poseidon Cruises P 366-1 and P 366-2, Las Palmas - Las Palmas - Vigo, 03 -19 May 2008 and 22 -30 May 2008. PERGAMOM Proxy Education and Research cruise off Galicai, Morocco and Mauretania.

Berichte, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Universität Bremen, No. 274, 47 pages. Bremen, 2010.

 

ISSN  0931-­‐0800  

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R/V POSEIDON Cruise Report P366-1/2

PERGAMOM Proxy Education and Research cruise off

Galicia, Morocco and Mauretania

Las Palmas - Las Palmas - Vigo

3 – 19 Mai 2008, 22 - 30 Mai 2008

Cruise within the framework of the DFG/NWO financed intenational Graduate College: EUROPROX: “Proxies in Earth History”

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Table of contents

 

1. Participants……………………………………………………………………………… 5

2. Research objectives…………………………………………………………………….. 7

3. Scientific program

3.1. Leg P366-1: Moroccan margin and Mauretanian margin between Cape Yubi

and Cape Timiris…………………………………………………………………………… 9

3.2. Leg P366-2. Oceanic transect from the Canary Islands to the Galician shelf 12

4. Dust sampling……………………………………………………………………………. 13

5. Water column sampling…………………………………………………………………. 14

5.1 Water column characteristics…………………………………………………………. 16

5.2 In situ-pump sampling………………………………………………………………….. 22

5.3 Dinoflagellate cyst sampling…………………………………………………………… 23

5.4 Plankton sampling for analysis of the coccolithophorid community at Leg P366-2 23

5.5 Multinet sampling………………………………………………………………………... 24

6. Geological sampling and sedimentology…................................................................ 24

7. Van Veen grab sampling………………………………………………………………….. 25

8. Geochemistry

8.1 Research objectives……………………………………………………………………… 27

8.2 Methods of pore water sampling and analysis………………………………………… 27

8.3 Shipboard results…………………………………………………………………………. 27

Cited references………………………………………………………………………………. 29

Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………… 32

Tables…………………………………………………………………………………………... 33

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1. Participants P366-1

Name Discipline Institution Nationality

Kasten, Sabine Geochemistry, chief scientist AWI D

Zonneveld, Karin Micropalaeontology, co-chief GeoB NL

Bogus, Kara Geochemistry AWI USA

Haarmann, Tim Geochemistry AWI D

Meyer, Inka Sedimentology/Dust GeoB D

Michel, Julien Carbonate facies GeoB F

Raitzsch, Markus Micropaleontology GeoB D

Stuut, Jan-Berend Sedimentology/Dust GeoB NL

Thal, Janis Geochemistry GeoB D

Figure 1. Cruise participants of Leg P366-1

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P366-2

Name Discipline Institution Nationality

Zonneveld, Karin Micropalaeontology, chief scientist GeoB NL

Baumann, Karl-Heinz Nannoplankton GeoB D

Barke, Judith Palynology UU D

Fink, Christina Nannoplankton GeoB D

Fraile-Ugalde, Igaratza Modeling GeoB E

Gianluca, Marino Palynology UU I

Hoins, Mirja Historical Geology GeoB D

Klann, Marco Marine Geology GeoB D

De Schepper, Stijn Palynology GeoB B

Seiter, Katharina Geochemistry GeoB D

GeoB Department of Geosciences, Bremen University, P.O. Box. 330440, D-28334, Bremen, Germany. AWI, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany. UU Laboratory of Palaeobotany/Palynologyy, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, NL-3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Figure 2. Cruise participants of Leg P366-2.

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2. Research objectives.

The Poseidon Cruise PERGAMOM: “Proxy Education and Research cruise off GAlicia, MOrocco and Mauritania” has been carried out within the scope of the International Graduate College EUROPROX (Proxies in Earth History) that is funded by the German and Dutch science foundations DFG and NWO. Within this college, marine scientists from the Universities of Bremen, Utrecht, Amsterdam, Newcastle, Paris, Southampton, the Alfred WegenerInstitute for Polar and Marine Research in Bremerhaven and the Massachussets Institute of Technology join their know-how as well as their scientific and educational resources within a joined scientific program. The central theme within this program forms the development, testing and improvement of so called “proxy parameters” and “proxy methods” in marine research which allow the accurate reconstruction of paleoceanographic, paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental conditions from marine archives.

To date, there is an intense discussion among scientists, economists and politicians on the relative importance of natural climate forcing. Key issues regard the interactions between oceans and atmosphere, especially the exchange of CO2 and heat, and the implications of changing oceanic circulation, chemistry, and life. To unravel this complex interaction and to obtain insight into the nature of positive and negative feedback mechanisms, detailed and quantitative information is required about individual control parameters. While direct observations only exist for the last decades, so called “proxy records” that are derived from isotopic, fossil, chemical and physical properties of marine sediments, reach back millions of years. These describe past variations of e.g., global ice volume, sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity, nutrient availability, marine and terrestrial material fluxes, oxygenation and productivity of the oceans. For a sound application of proxies it is essential to obtain insight in the usability and limitations of them. To achieve this, information on the basic processes that control the various proxies is required and it is essential to test, adapt, and further develop the proxies. Expanding the range and reliability of proxy methods is an obvious and important world-wide research topic.

The study area of leg P366/1 - the Moroccan and Mauretanien shelf and slope between Cape Yubi and Cape Timiris - which is characterized by strong gradients and temporal variability in coastal upwelling and Saharan dust input represents an ideal site to study the influence of terrestrial and marine input as well as early diagenetic processes on the formation and preservation of various sedimentary proxy signals. For this purpose dust collectors, a rosette water sampler and CTD, in-situ pumps, a multicorer, a gravity corer, a sediment grab, a multi net and a hand net were deployed (1) to trace the transport of particulate material from the atmosphere, through the water column and towards and into the sediment, and (2) to identify and quantify the preservation and diagenetic overprint of various organic and inorganic sediment components under and in various geochemical conditions and environments (Table 1).

Cruise P366-2 had apart from a scientific purpose, a strong educational character and provided research students, doctorates of the granted 3rd phase of the EURPROX project (2008-10) with skills, materials and data for joint multi-proxy studies and engaged our 2 PostDocs in cruise planning and logistics.

The transect from the Canary Islands to Galicia crosses ocean currents and frontal systems that influence the production of planktic foraminifera, coccolithophores, acantharia and dinoflagellates (Figure 2, Table 1). The local physical conditions of the water column have strong influence on the chemical, elemental and isotopic composition of the calcareous shells of planktic foraminifera, coccoliths and calcareous dinoflagellate cysts. Research activities focussed on:

1. Determining the relationship between upper ocean oceanographic conditions and the lateral and vertical distribution within the water column of the above mentioned groups of organisms as well as the relationship between the physical properties of the water column with chemical, isotopic and organic geochemical composition of calcareous fossilisable remains of these organisms.

2. To identify and quantify possible alteration of the initial proxy signals in the water column and in the upper sediment in relation to transport and diagenetic processes. For this purpose, a rosette water sampler and CTD, in-situ pumps, a multicorer, a gravity corer, a Van Veen sediment grab, a multi net and a hand net were deployed. Apart from this a dust sampler has been deployed to obtain information of the atmospheric dust load of open oceanic sites.

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Figure 3. Sample positions of Leg P366-1.

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Figure 4. Cruise track and sample positions of Leg P366-2

3. Scientific program

3.1 Leg P366-1: Moroccan and Mauritanian margin between Cape Yubi and Cape Timiris

The region between Cape Yubi and Cape Timiris is one of the most productive regions on Earth as result of the presence of coastal upwelling and the year round terrestrial dust input that delivers trace elements such as iron and phosphorus to the ocean that act as fertilizers increasing primary ocean production (e.g., Kolber et al., 1994). Due to its position directly north of the northernmost extension of the Intertropical Convergence Zone ITCZ, the region is the present-day location of the major Saharan dust plume to the Atlantic Ocean. The coastal upwelling is related to the strength of the North-East trade winds, the prevailing winds in the region. Climate change related variability in atmospheric circulation alters the rate on export productivity in the region that in turn can influence climate.

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Figure 5. Aerosol optical thickness reflecting dust content of the atmosphere.

(Source: Giovanni.gsfc.nasa.gov).

To date the relationships between terrestrial input, marine productivity, storage of organic carbon in marine sediments and (past) variations in climate are not entirely clear. To gain deeper insight, it is essential to trace and characterize present and past terrestrial input, quantify past marine export production and estimate the rate of alteration of the initial signals by diagenetic processes. During cruise P366-1, scientists from several disciplines combined their analytics to test and validate sedimentological, geochemical and micropalaeontological proxies that promise insight in these relationships. The main focus of the program was threefold: (1) Investigating the rate and composition of terrigenous input in the research area, (2) Obtain insight in the distribution of terrestrial-derived particles in the research area, the effect on the marine ecosystem and the alteration of the terrestrial and corresponding marine signal by diagenetic and sedimentological processes, (3) Obtain insight in processes at the sediment/water-interface that modify the initial signals.

(a) Rate and composition of terrigenous input in the deep sea

Continental climate histories can be derived from the terrigenous portion of marine sediment sequences. By combining different climate indicators such as the grain-size distributions, chemical composition, mineralogy or biogenic compounds, the hydrological conditions in potential source areas; wind patterns, transport processes and intensities can be reconstructed (Wagner et al. 2004, Zabel et al. 2004, Stuut et al. 2002, Schefuß et al. 2005). To interpret continental climate records of marine sediments accurately, we must have a quantitative understanding of the source and distribution processes. During cruise P366-1 eolian particles have been collected by dust-collectors to obtain information about their chemical, sedimentological and palynological characteristics. The distribution of eaolian and fluviatile particles has been investigated by sampling upper ocean waters with help of in-situ pumps and a rosette water sampler system.

(b). Relationship between terrestrial input and the marine ecosystem, alteration of terrestrial and marine signals by diagenetic and sedimentological processes in the water column.

Input of terrestrial particles has a major influence on the marine system. For instance the input of nutrients and trace elements enhances marine bioproduction. Within the EUROPROX project several research activities focus on proxies that provide information about past changes in the

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rate and character of terrestrial input as well as on past variability in marine productivity. For an accurate understanding and validation of these proxies it is essential to obtain insight into the alteration processes that affect the primary signal during the long-range transport from continental sources to sea floor sinks. Significant dissolution and remineralization of the mineral fraction takes place in the water column; the organic part is microbially degraded leaving only intensely altered, hardly degradable, residual matter (e.g. Orians and Bruland 1985, Wakeham et al. 1997, Minor et al. 2003). There is clear evidence that the time from the input to final (hemi)pelagic deposition of particulate material takes up to several thousands of years (Inthorn et al. 2006a). The preservation potential of the different organic components varies largely as shown by major differences in radiocarbon ages on TOC-, alkenones and carbonate samples from different water depth intervals (Mollenhauer et al. 2003, 2006).

Figure 6. In-situ Pump sampling. (photo: Janis Thal).

Sediment and sediment-trap studies suggest that biogenic barium/barite concentration and the organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst association in marine sediments can be used as proxies for past variations in productivity. However, the exact mechanisms behind the formation of barite in the water column, which is undersaturated with respect to this mineral is still a controversial debate and the utility of the dinoflagellate cyst association is complicated by the recent finding, that some species are extremely resistant against aerobic degradation whereas others are vulnerable (e.g. Bernstein et al. 1992, Bernstein and Byrne 2004, Dymond et al. 1992, Francois et al. 1995, Ganeshram et al. 2003, Hopkins and McCarthy 2002, Zonneveld et al. 1997, Zonneveld et al., 2001). Within the fossil records sedimentary Ba enrichments might originate directly from increased productivity, can have been diagenetically precipitated within the sediment slightly above the sulfate/methane transition (SMT), or might be the result of massive inputs of dissolved Ba from decomposing gas hydrates enhancing barite formation rates (Dickens et al. 2003, Torres et al. 1996). As the sulfur isotopic composition of sulfate in the water column (~ +21 ‰; Paytan et al. 2002) is significantly lighter than in pore water at the SMT (~ +40 ‰; Torres et al. 1996), it is generally assumed that the δ34S of barite should give insight into the formation mechanism or origin (Paytan et al. 2004). As barite – irrespectively of its origin – will be dissolved under sulfate-depleted conditions. The discovery of Riedinger et al. (2006) of pronounced authigenic barite enrichments preserved in sulfate-depleted sediments below the Benguela upwelling area, indicates that there is still a lack of knowledge with respect to: (1) possible pathways of barite formation in the water column, (2) the role of dissolved barium concentrations for the rate of barite

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precipitation, (3) the factors controlling the sulfur isotopic signature of barite, and (4) the conditions and/or mechanisms determining the long-term preservation of sedimentary Ba enrichments. The study of sediment trap data might provide insight in these questions. Unfortunately the availability of such data is extremely limited (Paytan et al. 2002).

With respect to dinoflagellate cysts it was recently found that the accumulation rates of resistant species in surface sediments vary with chlorophyll-a concentrations in upper waters (Zonneveld et al. 2007a). So far, this empirical relationship has not been tested in field studies directly relating the production of these cysts with total export production. Only a few sediment trap studies exist to date that document dinoflagellate-cyst accumulation over shorter periods (Dale and Dale 1992, Harland and Pudsey 1999, Zonneveld and Brummer 2000, Godhe et al. 2001, Morquecho and Lechuga-Devéze 2004). As the plankton association might change considerably from year to year it is essential to obtain a cyst-flux recovery over a longer time span (Smayda and Reynolds 2003).

(c) Proxies for aerobic degradation rates and bottom water oxygen concentrations.

Diffusion-limited selective aerobic decay of organic matter, often referred to as “burndown”, can severely modify the primary sediment composition (Dauwe et al. 2001). It has been suggested that the degradation rate of a given concentration of a labile organic matter component G can than be expressed as dG/dt=-kG where t is the reaction time and k is the first order decay constant (e.g. Hedges and Prahl 1993 and references therein, Cowie et al. 1995, de Lange 1998, Prahl et al. 2003) yielding an exponential decay law Gt=G0exp-kt. However, it has been discovered that several parts of the organic matter fraction such as certain organic biomarkers and dinoflagellate cyst species degrade according to higher order equations (Versteegh and Zonneveld 2002). The bottom water oxygenation appears to be also expressed in the degradation rate of refractory organic dinoflagellate cysts (Zonneveld et al. 2007a). Degradation rates of organic walled dinoflagellate cysts may form a suitable proxy to reconstruct past ocean bottom water conditions and as such add information to studies on deep ocean ventilation.

3.2 Leg P 366/2. Oceanic transect from the Canary Islands to the Galician shelf

The surface currents and frontal system in the research area are characterized by a large variability in temperature, salinity, turbulence and nutrient conditions as well as by different elemental and isotopic compositions. The main oceanographic features consist of the southward flowing Portuguese and Canary Currents. Seasonal upwelling can be observed along the Portuguese margin.

Several projects within EUROPROX focus on proxies based on calcareous microfossils. Their isotopic composition serves frequently as backbone for paleoceanographic reconstructions. A growing number of important proxies derive from the trace-element composition of foraminiferal shells (e.g. Lea 1999). Past environmental conditions can also be estimated by quantifying differences between modern and fossil assemblages of planktonic foraminifera species (e.g. Malmgren et al. 2001). However, this estimation is complicated by the individual ecological needs of the employed foraminifera species (Murray 1991), which are not entirely clear yet (King and Howard 2003). To clarify relationships between isotopic and elemental compositions of foraminiferal shells and their living condition, more information is required about the ecology of individual species (Wilke et al. 2006).

Calcareous phytoplankton groups such as calcareous dinoflagellates and coccolithophores have a long fossil record and play a unique role in the global carbon cycle (Thierstein and Young 2004 Hildebrand-Habel and Willems 2000). Although increasing information is available on their distribution in the surface sediments and their ecologic control (e.g. Hagino et al. 2000, Vink

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2004), this information is restricted to a few regions only. As result there is a shortage of suitable studies on natural populations. For the Canary Islands region this knowledge is limited to mainly seasonal and interannual fluctuations in coccolithophore fluxes, including species composition and abundance, as well as the timing and intensity of coccolithophore production periods (Sprengel et al.2002). Plankton studies are limited to single species. For calcareous dinoflagellates only one study documents the depth habitat of one single species (Karwath et al. 2000).

Calcareous nannofossils and dinoflagellates can provide indicators of past climatic and oceanographic conditions from both the organic and inorganic remains in the sediments. The chemistry of the organic biomarkers from coccolithophores has been widely used in paleoceanographic studies (Eglington et al. 2001), whereas the deliberate selection of inorganic (coccolith, dinoflagellate) carbonate for elemental and stable isotopic analysis is a relatively recent paleoceanographic strategy (Friedrich and Meier 2003, Zonneveld 2004, Zonneveld et al. 2007b). Further calibration studies are required to increase confidence in their paleoceanographic application.

4. Dust sampling

Jan-Berend Stuut and Inka Meyer

Terrigenous sediments deposited in marine sediments in the (sub)tropical oceans are a mixture of a pelagic component brought in by the wind and a hemipelagic component brought in by rivers and supplied from the shelf. The analysis of eolian dust allows the estimation of aridity in eolian source regions and the intensity of the transporting winds through grain-size measurements, so they can be used to reconstruct changes in continental climate.

For validating the terrigenous sediment fraction in marine sediment cores, present-day dust samples were collected during the Poseidon cruise POS 366-1 (03/05-19/05/2008, Table 2).

The collecting was done with two dust collectors which were placed on the observation deck. An engine inside both dust collectors sucks the surrounding air. This air passes through a filter on which the dust is caught. The dust-collectors are connected with a windvane to prevent particles from the ship’s chimney to contaminate the filters. This way, the wind direction that is to be sampled can be selected, only wind from up front was sampled. As soon as the relative wind direction was from behind, the dust collectors were automatically switched off.

Two kinds of filters are used for several investigations. The glass-fibre filters are for analysing the organics in the dust, while the cellulose filters are used for grain-size measurements, chemical and mineralogical analyses. Sample point and filter types are given in Table 2.

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Figure 7. Dust samples with cellulose filter (photo: Inka Meyer).

5. Water column sampling

Karin Zonneveld

To unravel the complex interaction between changing oceanic circulation, chemistry, life and climate change and to obtain insight into the nature of positive and negative feedback mechanisms, detailed and quantitative information is required about individual control parameters. While direct observations only exist for the last decades, so called “proxy records” that are derived from isotopic, biological, chemical and physical properties of marine sediments, reach back millions of years. For a sound application of proxies it is essential to obtain insight in the usability and limitations of them. To achieve this, information on the basic processes that control the various proxies is required.

A consideral part of the presently used proxies are plankton based as well as based on land derived organic and anorganic components. The narrative of the water sampling program of cruise P366-1 was to determine the environmental characteristics of the water column that might influence and/or alter initial proxy signals and to determine the environmental characteristics of the depth habitat of individual proxy related plankton groups. The proxies of focus are terrestrial derived dust and pollen/spores input, organic-matter production in the upper water column and those proxies that are based on planktic foraminifera, calcareous cyst producing dinoflagellates, organic-walled cyst producing dinoflagellate cysts and acantharia. Sample position and nature of samples are given in Table 3.

During cruise P366-2 the scientific activities focussed on the achievement of information about the depth habitat and ecology of the above mentioned plankton groups as well as coccolithophorids (Table 3). For this the local environmental, physical and oceanographic conditions of the water column will be compared to the lateral and vertical distribution patterns of the plankton groups in the water column. Furthermore the geographic distribution of land derived

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particles in the upper water column and upper sediments will be compared to the ocean current system.

Organic and inorganic components from terrestrial origin can be transported into the marine system by wind and rivers. In the study region wind transport forms the major transport mechanism by episodically transporting large amounts of particles into the upper water column. Recent studies have revealed that these particles are most probably not transported down through the water column immediately but that there are several layers within the water column where these particles remain in suspension. It is suggested that the residence time of these particles within these so called nepheloid layers might be up to several thousands of years. For adequate subsampling of these layers with the help of in-situ pumps and a Rosette containing 18 Niskin bottles (10 l volume), the temperature, density, chlorophyll and oxygen differences of the upper 600m of the water column was determined using a CTD (seabird 911+).

Foraminifera have been most widely used as a basis of isotopic and elemental derived proxy source due to their common abundance in the sediments and the ease in which monospecific samples can be isolated from these sediments. However, biological factors such as the migration of several planktonic species through different water masses can hamper the interpretation of these signals. Consequently, detailed information about the isotopic and elemental composition of the water column between 500 and 0m as well as factors that influence these parameters such as pH and alkalinity have to be determined.

Recent studies for the use of primary producers such as the photosynthetic dinoflagellate cyst Thoracosphaera heimii give promising results (Zonneveld, 2004; Zonneveld et al., 2007b). Cysts can relatively easily be isolated from sediments. Calculated temperatures based on the palaeotemperature equation for inorganic calcite precipitation generally reflect mean annual temperatures at the thermocline (Deep Chlorophyll Maximum) depths, which is suggested to represent its preferred depth habitat (Zonneveld, 2004). To obtain information about the depth habitat of this species in the research areas water samples have been collected throughout the upper 150 m of the water column with special focus of the layers in and around the deep chlorophyll maximum. Large water samples were collected at the maximum abundance depth of T. heimii to determine the isotopic and elemental composition of the cyst shells as well as the isotopic and chemical properties of the water column.

Figure 8. Cyst of Protoperidinium conicum

Figure 9. Emiliania huxlei (Photo Plymouth centre)

Organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts are widely used for stratigraphic and environmental studies. During the last decade it became clear that some cysts are extremely resistant against diagenesis while others are extremely vulnerable. There exists a strong relationship between the oxygen concentration in bottom and pore-waters and the degradation rates of these vulnerable

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species. To obtain information about potential degradation of the species in the water column detailed information is gathered about the oxygen concentration in the complete water column.

Phytoplankton at the base of the marine food chain serves as an essential key to understanding both marine ecology and biogeochemistry. Coccolithophores, marine unicellular, flagellate algae (Prymnesiophyceae), are the predominant group of calcifying marine phytoplankton. They have the best fossil record of all phytoplankton and play a unique role in the global carbon cycle as one of the major primary producers in today’s oceans. Coccolithophores are characterized by calcareous scales (coccoliths), which surround the cell of a coccolithophore and form an extracellular covering (coccosphere). In general, coccolithophorid species show distinct biogeographic distribution patterns, defining broad latitudinal zones according to their ecological preferences. However, although much information is available on the oceanic scale distribution of coccolithophores, the environmental parameters that control the distribution of them are still poorly understood. This reflects, in part, a shortage of suitable studies on natural populations. The basic understanding of modern ecological affinities of the species is, however, essential for paleoecological studies using coccolith assemblages as proxies in the geological record.

Acantharia are planktonic organisms whose skeletons consists of celestite (SrSO4). Bernstein et al. (1992) proposed that the dissolution of acantharian-derived celestite which contains considerable amounts of barium (BaSO4/SrSO4 ratios in the order of 0.003) represents one of the major sources of productivity-related barium or barite. However, due to the fragile nature of these organisms and their susceptibility to rapid disintegration and dissolution of the celestite spines in the water column a clear relationship between the abundance and downward flux of acantharia and so-called “biogenic” or “marine” barite has not yet been established.

5.1 Water column characteristics

(Karin Zonneveld)

Positions and timing of the performed CTD casts are given in Figures 10 - 25 and Table 3.

Figure 10. Transekt A and B on Leg P366-1

Figure 11. CTD transect on Leg P366-2.

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The surface water circulation of the research areas of legs P366-1 and P366-2 is predominantly determined by the southward flowing Canary Current that bends from the continental margin to the southwest at about 21°N.

In the study region south of the Canary Islands, a dominant feature of the region is the presence of coastal upwelling of cool and nutrient-rich subsurface water, which results in high bioproductivity on the shelf. The “primary upwelling” band is 20-30 km wide (e.g. Mittelstaedt 1991; Klein and Tomzack, 1994 and references therein). Further offshore a second upwelling band can occur along the shelf break. A dominant steering role of upwelling length and intensity are the trade winds that have an equatorward direction. Between 20°N and 24°N upwelling occurs throughout the year with maximum intensity during spring and autumn.

Subsurface waters in the southern region consist of South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) and North Atlantic Central Water (NACW). The SACW is transported poleward off Cape Blanc at depths between 200-400m whereas NACW follows the Canary Current equatorward at depths between 100 and 600m. The most intensive mixing of their waters takes place at a latitude of 22°N – 23°N. The SACW is characterized by high nutrient concentrations compared to the NACW. According to Hagen (2001) enhanced productivity off Cape Blanc occurs when SACW feeds the onshore transport of upwelled water. This occurs especially during winter and spring (Mittelstaedt 1991). Characteristic for this region are “giant filaments” of relatively cold, chlorophyll-rich surface water. These giant filaments persist throughout the year and can be observed as far as about 450 km offshore. The occurrence of these filaments is strongly related to the general upwelling pattern with maximal occurrences between about 20°30’N and 22°N. At the time of sample collection along transect A during cruise P366-1 a major band of upwelling-related high surface water productivity occurred along the coast of western Sahara and Mauretania. A giant filament of high productivity could be observed offshore at about 20°5’ W (Fig 12).

Figure 12. Compiled upper ocean chlorophyll-a concentrations registered by the Giovanni satellite between 01. May and 16 May 2008.

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Figure 13. Cross section of the water column along transect A; temperature

Surface temperatures at transect A are relatively uniform with slightly lower temperatures on the shelf/slope of the Cape Blanc Region and at the most offshore site GeoB 13001. The relatively higher temperatures at about 20°5’ W (GeoB 13002) reflect the central part of the giant filament which is also clearly reflected in the salinity profile (Fig. 14).

Figure 14. Cross section of the water column along transect A; salinity

Figure 15. Cross section of the water column along transect A; chlorophyll-a.

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Figure 16. Cross section of the water column along transect A; oxygen

Chlorophyll-a concentrations depict two bands of enhanced productivity on the shelf-break and slightly offshore (Fig. 15). Relatively cold, lower saline conditions at these sites suggest that these high productivity bands are related to upwelling.

Oxygen concentrations at subsurface waters are low in the vicinity of the high productivity cells and at the most offshore site underlying the most distal part of the giant filament.

Surface water temperature and salinity are relatively higher along transect B compared to transect A. Subsurface waters are characterized by low oxygen concentrations and a clear deep chlorophyll maximum can be observed at about 50m depth (Figs. 17-19). Intermediate waters between about 100m and 1000m water depth are characterized by lower oxygen concentrations compared to surface and deep water masses.

Figures 17. Cross section of the water column along transect B; temperature.

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Figures 18. Cross section of the water column along transect B; salinity

Figures 19. Cross section of the water column along transect B; chlorophyll-a.

Figures 19. Cross section of the water column along transect B; oxygen. Off the Iberian peninsula, in summer the Canary Current transports relatively cold surface waters to the south which originate from upwelling of subsurface waters under the influence of northeasterly trade winds. In winter a westerly atmospheric circulation prevails resulting in a reversal in the direction of the nearshore current along the Iberian peninsula. Subsurface and deep waters are formed by southward flowing Atlantic Intermediate Water and North Atlantic Deep Water. At subsurface depth off the Iberian peninsula a northern branch of the northward flowing relatively warm but salty Mediterranean Outflow Water can be observed. Surface water along the south to north transect between stations GeoB 13031 and GeoB 13037 decreased in temperature from 20.8°C in the south to 17.4°C off Galicia. Temperatures decrease with depth. In the northern-most stations (GeoB 13036 and 1303) traces of the relatively warm (~12°C) Mediterranean Outflow water can be observed at intermediate water depths.

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Figure 21. Upper ocean chlorophyll-a concentrations during sampling of P366-2

Figures 22. Cross section of the water column along transect P366-2; temperature. Surface water salinity values are more or less similar in the whole research area. In the northern-most stations traces of the high saline Mediterranean Outflow Water can be observed at intermediate waters depths between about 500 m and 1500 m. Oxygen concentrations are high in upper, deep and bottom waters. Intermediate waters are characterised by lower oxygen concentrations with minimum concentrations of 3.5 ml/l around 900 m depth. Surface waters along the whole transect are characterised by relatively low chlorophyll-a concentrations. A deep chlorophyll maximum can be observed at subsurface depths between 50m and 100m water depth. Higher chlorophyll concentrations can be observed at the northern-most site GeoB 13037 positioned off Portugal, probably as result of the higher nutrient input in this area by rivers and upwelling processes.

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Figure 23. Cross section of the water column along transect P366-2; salinity.

Figure 24. Cross section of the water column along transect P366-2; oxygen.

Figure 25. Cross section of the water column along transect P366-2; chlorophyll-a. 5.2 In situ-pump sampling

Janis Thal

In the scope of „EUROPROX Project III-9 Geochemistry - Terrigenous climate signals in deep-sea sediments: Assessment and quantification of alteration processes on primary signals" we used McLane© in situ-pumps (ISP) to sample particles from the water column. Previous investigations from this working area have revealed significant differences between the composition of terrestrial derived aeolian dust

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samples and corresponding signals in surface sediments. Particles generally concentrate in layers at depths where different water masses meet called nepheloid layers. To identify and characterise possible alteration processes during the sinking of the particle load through the water column we sampled various water depths. We focussed on sampling the suspension-rich nepheloid layers. In lack off transmission-meter data, the sampling depths were presumed from CTD-data due to a significant change in salinity and temperature at pycnoclines.

Similar to the aerosol sampling the ISPs were equipped with three different kinds of filters. For inorganic compounds we used acetate/cellulose filters with a pore size of 0.2 µm, with a maximum flow rate of 3 L/min, and 0.45µm with a maximum flow rate of 4 L/min. After sampling the filters were dried and packed in plastic bags and stored at 7 °C.

Glass fibre filters with a pore size of 0.45 µm with a maximum flow rate of 4 L/min were dried after sampling and packed in tempered aluminium foil and stored at -20°C.

The ISPs were used at several stations on the Cape Blanc Transect and in the working areas A and B during Leg P366-1 and along the south-north transect of Leg P366-2. Exact positions, sampling depths, filters used and volume of water pumped through the filters at all sampling sites are presented in Table 4.

5.3 Dinoflagellate cyst sampling Karin Zonneveld To obtain information about the depth habitat of the calcareous dinoflagellate cyst Thoracosphaera heimii, 20 to 40l of water has been collected at 4 to 6 positions in the upper 150m of the water column. Sample positions have been chosen based on the chlorophyll-a profiles of the upper 200m of the water column. Since previous investigations give strong suggestions that maximum abundances of this species can be expected just above the DCM (deep chlorophyll maximum) samples have been taken along a transect across the DCA. Samples have been sieved though sieves with pore diameters of 100µm, 75µm and 20µm and successively filtered on a filter with 10 µm pores. The fraction between 10 and 20 µm has been dried at 60°C and stored in petri dishes for further analysis. At the depth of maximum cyst abundances an additional 180l of water has been sampled. 400ml has been stored for isotopic, elemental and chemical analysis. The remaining water was sieved oder vielleicht besser: filtered??? and stored by the method described above. Samples will be used for isotopic and elemental studies on the cysts walls (Table 3). 5.4 Plankton sampling for analysis of the coccolithophorid community at Leg P366-2 Karl-Heinz Baumann, Christina Fink The uppermost water column was sampled at seven stations on a South to North transect in the eastern North Atlantic during leg P366/2 to study the species composition and the depth distribution of the coccolithophorid communities.

Water samples were taken from NISKIN-bottles of the rosette generally at 10m, 25m, 40m, 60m, 80m, 100m, 125m, 150m, 175m, and 200m of water depth (Table 3). In order to study the vertical distribution of the coccolithophores, 5l of sea water was filtered immediately onboard through cellulose nitrate filters (50 mm diameter, 0.45 µm pore size) by means of a water jet pump. Without washing, rinsing or chemical conservation the filters were dried at 40°C for at least 24h and stored in plastic Petri dishes. Studies of the distribution and composition of the coccolithophorid communities will be carried out on the filtered material using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) at Bremen University. In addition, large volume water samples from one or two depths (25m and 70m or 80m) were taken from another Rosette cast or via In situ pumps (Table 3,4) on every station. These samples are taken to check for stable isotope and/or Sr/Ca elemental measurements.

 26

5.5 Multinet Sampling Markus Raitzsch 5.5.1. Plankton and Water Studies

The ratio between magnesium and calcium in shells of planktic foraminifera is predominantly dependent on the calcification temperature and therefore a widely used proxy for reconstructing past temperatures of surface and intermediate waters. However, in several studies it has been shown that apart from temperature other environmental factors may exert additional controls on the Mg incorporation into foraminiferal shells. The most important factors (besides temperature) are most likely salinity and the sea-water carbonate chemistry. In order to gain more insight into the link between shell Mg/Ca and the properties of ambient sea water, deep- and shallow-dwelling foraminifera have been collected with a multinet from different water depths between 500 m and the sea surface. From the same depths water samples for total inorganic carbon and alkalinity were taken that allow, together with CTD data, to calculate all other parameters of the carbonate system.

5.5.2. Plankton sampling

The plankton in the water column was sampled at 8 stations using a multinet with 5 nets (64-µm-mesh width), which collected depth intervals of 500-250 m, 250-100 m, 100-50 m, 50-25 m, and 25-0 m for planktic foraminifer distribution (Table 5). All samples were conservated with 3 ml of saturated HgCl2 solution and stored in the refrigerator at +4°C.

5.5.3. Water sampling

At 7 stations water samples were taken from 500 m, 250 m, 100 m, 50 m, 25 m, and 0 m depths with a CTD-rosette device (Tab. X) for the analysis of stable carbon and oxygen isotopes, total inorganic carbon, and alkalinity. The water samples were carefully filled into brown 30 ml glass bottles, avoiding air bubbles to minimize the exchange of CO2 between water and air. The samples were always taken immediately after the sampler was opened to avoid degassing of CO2 from the water. The carbon isotope and total inorganic carbon samples were poisoned with 0.5 ml of saturated HgCl2 solution. After poisoning the samples were sealed airtight with melted paraffin.

6. Geological sampling and sedimentology

Inka Meyer, Jan-Berend Stuut, Julien Michel, Tim Haarmann, Sabine Kasten, Karin Zonneveld

Geological sampling was performed with a gravity corer and a multicorer. A gravity corer with a 5 m core barrel was used during leg P366/1. Gravity cores were cut in 1 m long segments on deck and sealed with plastic caps upon recovery. For pore water retrieval and geochemical sampling the 1-m segments were immediately transferred into the air-conditioned lab and processed within a few hours.

A multicorer was deployed to recover the sediment-water interface, the undisturbed sediment surface, and the overlying water. The device used during the cruises was equipped with six large and four small (10 and 6 cm inner diameter, respectively) 60 cm long plastic tubes. Some tubes were pre-drilled for pore-water analyses. However, at some stations these particular tubes were not filled with sediments and new holes had to be drilled in order to apply the rhizon technique. In general at each station the cores were shared amongst the different scientific disciplines for:

• Foraminifera studies, for which the upper 5 cm were stained with rose Bengal • Geochemistry, pore water • Geochemistry, solid phase • Dinoflagellates (one large core completely frozen) • Oxygen measurements (2 cores where available) • Organic geochemistry

  27

In addition, from all MUC cores the upper two centimetres were sampled for grain-size analyses.

The yield varied strongly during the cruises, so that not at all stations the cores could be distributed over the whole range of disciplines. The distribution of these cores is indicated in Table 6.

7. Van Veen grab sampling

Julien Michel

The scientific target of grab sampling of surface sediments during leg P366/1 was the characterization of high-nutrient carbonate sediments deposited on a tropical, open-shelf system.

A total of 18 grab sampling stations (Table 1) were run using the grab sampler (Figure 26). 13 samples were retrieved in the Golfe d'Arguin area (Mauritania; area C), three in the Western Sahara area (area B) and two in the Morocco area (area A). The samples were taken along transects perpendicular to the shelf break in water depths of 27 to 545 m. They were documented photographically and then sub-sampled (one ethanol sample, two bulk samples, one of the two was dried on board). The remaining bulk sediment was sieved with mesh widths of 1 mm and 2 mm.

 Fig. 26: Van Veen grab used during leg P366/1.

The samples taken from the Golfe d'Arguin (example shown in figure 27) complement the data set realized during the Poseidon 346 cruise (December 2006/January 2007; Westphal et al. 2007). The samples retrieved from the shelves off the Western Sahara (Fig. 28) and Morocco will permit to compare the material with the sediment from the Mauritanian shelf. In particular, the biogenic carbonate production will be compared between the three different sites of the Northwest African upwelling area.

 28

 Fig. 27: Coarse fraction (>2mm) of grab sample GeoB 13017-1 from the northern-half of the Golfe d'Arguin, northern Mauritania (water depth of 36 m). The sediment is composed of carbonate sand. Main gravel components consist of bivalves (e.g. Laevicardium crassum, Aequipecten sp), gastropods (e.g. Natica fulminea, Marginella sp), worm tubes, sea urchin and bioclasts.

The surface sediments recovered will be studied in order to characterize the carbonate-secreting faunal assemblage which is produced under upwelling influence (facies description, taxonomy and isotopes; cf. Michel et al., subm.). The atypical tropical carbonate sediments present in the Golfe d'Arguin consist of a heterozoan association (sensu James, 1997) found in tropical latitudes not yet described in the literature. Our current study on Poseidon 346 samples complemented by samples of Poseidon leg P366/1 aims at filling this gap in order to provide an analogue for interpretations of ancient carbonate deposits.

 Fig. 28: Bulk sediment of grab sample GeoB 13029-1 from the Western Saharan shelf (water depth of 49 m). The sediment is composed of carbonate sand which mainly consists of bivalve shells and bivalve fragments.

8. Geochemistry

  29

Kara Bogus, Tim Haarmann, Sabine Kasten, Karin Zonneveld.

8.1 Research objectives

The focus of geochemical investigations carried out during this cruise in the frame of EUROPROX project 8b was a detailed examination of the early diagenetic processes as well as the identification of the geochemical zonation in the sediments off Northwest Africa along the strong gradients in productivity and aeolian dust input. Particular emphasis was on the investigation of the preservation and early diagenetic overprint of a variety of proxy parameters (e.g. barite, iron minerals, organic carbon, calcium carbonate, etc.) under different environmental, depositional and paleoceanographic conditions.Furthermore, we aimed at studying which plankton organisms/particles are the main carriers of particulate barium – namely barite – in this ocean area profoundly influenced by the input of terrigenous material.

8.2. Methods of pore water sampling and analysis

To prevent a warming on deck all sediment and water samples were rapidly transferred into the air-conditioned labs on board the RV POSEIDON and immediately processed after recovery. Pore water was extracted by means of rhizon samplers (pore size 0.1 µm). At each site two multicorer cores were taken if possible for pore water extraction and solid-phase sampling. A sample of the supernatant bottom water was taken and filtered for subsequent analyses. The remaining bottom water was carefully removed from the multicorer by means of a siphon to avoid destruction of the sediment surface. During subsequent cutting of one of the parallel cores into slices for solid phase sampling, pH measurement was performed with a minimum depth resolution of 1 cm. At four stations an additional MUC core was utilized to perform oxygen measurements with a fiber optic oxygen sensor (FIBOX3) and a micromanipulator.

For sampling of the gravity cores holes were cut into the plastic liner of the 1-m segments with a vibro-saw at 20 cm depth resolution and the following samples/measurements were taken/performed: (1) 3 ml syringe samples of wet sediment for methane/hydrocarbon analyses (taken at 3 stations), (2) determination of pH by means of punch-in electrodes, (3) about 10 ml of wet sediment were taken and stored under argon for subsequent solid-phase analyses, and (4) pore water was retrieved by means of rhizon samplers.

Pore water analyses Pore water analyses of the following parameters were carried out during this cruise: pH, alkalinity, and iron (Fe2+):

The pH value was determined by means of a punch-in electrode. Alkalinity was calculated from a volumetric analysis by tritration of 1 ml of pore water with 0.01 or 0.05 M HCl, respectively. For the analyses of dissolved iron (Fe2+) sub-samples of 1 ml were taken directly from pore water extracted by rhizons, immediately complexed with 50 µl of “Ferrospectral“ and determined photometrically.

For further analyses at the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) in Bremerhaven, aliquots of the remaining pore water samples were diluted 1:2 and stored frozen for ammonium analyses (conductivity method) as well as diluted 1:10 and acidified with HNO3 (suprapure) for cation analyses (Ca, Mg, Sr, K, Ba, S, Mn, Si, B, Li) by ICP-AES and AAS. Additionally, 1.5 ml subsamples of the pore water were added to a ZnAc solution (600 µl) to fix all hydrogen sulfide present as ZnS for later analysis. Subsamples for sulfate and chloride determinations were diluted 1:100 and stored frozen for ion chromatography (HPLC). At three sites sediment samples taken from the gravity cores were transferred into 50 ml headspace vials filled with saturated NaCl solution and stored at 4°C until GC analyses for methane and higher hydrocarbons.

8.3. Shipboard results

During leg P366/1 6 gravity cores and 4 multicorer cores were sampled for pore water and solid phase geochemistry. All sites sampled geochemically, including parameters analysed on board as well as aliquots of pore-water and solid-phase samples taken and stored for further analyses at the AWI in Bremerhaven are listed in Table 7. Water column samples were retrieved at 17 stations by the rosette water sampler and plankton samples were taken with a hand net at 8 sites (Table 8). In addition, oxygen measurements in surfce sediments were performed at 4 stations.

 30

Fig. 29: Pore water concentration profiles of gravity core GeoB 13005-5.

Figures 29 and 30 depict pore water concentration profiles obtained for sites GeoB 13005 and GeoB 13020. Core GeoB 13005-5 (Fig. 30) was recovered off Cape Blanc at a water depth of 1046 m and shows significantly higher alkalinity and ammonium values than core GeoB 13020-4 (1170 m water depth; Fig. 30) which was retrieved north of Cape Blanc in an area characterized by lower surface water productivity. For both sites dissolved Fe2+ was determined in the upper 50 to 100 cm which is indication of ongoing iron reduction in these surface sediments. Fe2+ concentrations are higher at site GeoB 13020 compared to site GeoB 13005 which is most likely a result of higher input of iron oxides at the northern site and/or higher rates of sulfate reduction at the Cape Blanc location.

Fig. 30: Pore water concentration profiles of gravity core GeoB 13020-4.

Oxygen measurements have been performed with a fiber optic oxygen sensor (FIBOX3) using a micromanipulator. Oxygen concentrations were completely depleted within the upper mm of the sediment within the OMZ that exists on the Mauretanian shelf. Within the suboxic zone in the lower part of the OMZ at the outer shelf, oxygen penetrates until about 7 cm. Oxygen penetration reaches about 40 mm within cores GeoB 13004 and GeoB 13037 where bottom waters are well oxygenated.

  31

Figure 31. Pore water oxygen concentrations.

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Acknowledgements

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The great success of the work was very much dependent on the close cooperation with Captain

Michael Schneider and his crew. The scientific party greatly acknowledges the close and

friendly cooperation and the very efficient technical assistance. They furthermore thank Thomas

Müller for all his help, advise and enthusiasm. The work was funded by the Deutsche

Forschungsgemeinschaft within the European Graduate College “Proxies in Earth History”

(Europrox).

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Table 1. Station list. Abbreviations used: ST: graviry corer, MUC: multicorer, SG: sediment grab, ROS+CTD: rosette water sampler + CTD, ISP: in-situ pumps, MN: multinet, PN: planktonnet.

Station GeoB No.

Station Ship No. Date 2008 Device

Time [UTC] seafloor / maximum wire length

Latitude [N]

Longitude [W]

Water depth

[m]

Samples / Core

recovery Remarks

13001-1 239 5.5.2008 ROS+CTD 12:15 21°16.50 20°48.33 4090

13001-2 239-2 ISP 16:10 21°16.50 20°48.35 4158

13001-3 239-3 MN 19:57 21°16.50 20°48.35 4025 to 500 m

13001-4 239-4 6.5.2008 ISP 05:10 21°16.50 20°48.34 4025

13001-5 239-5 ISP 08:40 21°16.50 20°48.32 4025

13001-6 HN to 10 m

13001-7 HN to 10 m

13002-1 240 6.5.2008 MUC 17:34 21°07.60 20°13.09 3920 No

recovery

13002-2 241 MN 18:59 21°07.57 20°13.09 3963 to 500 m

13002-3 242 7.5.2008 ROS+CTD 05:07 21°07.62 20°13.13 3963

13002-4 242-2 ROS+CTD 06:07 21°07.58 20°13.11 3963

13002-5 242-3 MUC 08:32 21°07.60 20°13.10 4159 2/10 1 small, 1

large

13002-6 242-4 SL 11:40 21°07.62 20°13.09 4168 No

recovery

13002-7 242-5 HN 12:36 21°07.61 20°13.07 4168 to 10 m

13003-1 243 7.5.2008 ROS+CTD 16:58 20°59.99 19°43.00 4168 to 150 m

13003-2 244 ROS+CTD 17:44 21°00.01 19°43.01 4168 to 3550 m

13003-3 244-2 ISP 20:48 21°00.00 19°43.01 3690

13003-4 244-3 ISP 23:55 21°00.00 19°43.00 3648

13003-5 244-4 8.5.2008 SL 08:16 21°00.00 19°43.00 3648 566 cm

13003-6 244-5 MUC 11:12 21°00.00 19°43.02 3848 No

recovery

13003-7 244-6 MUC 13:50 21°00.02 19°43.01 3857 1/10 1 small

13003-8 244-7 MN 15:13 21°00.02 19°42.97 3648 to 00 m

13003-9 244-8 HN 15:15 21°00.04 19°42.97 3648 to 10 m

13003-10 244-9 HN 15:31 21°00.05 19°42.95 3648 to 10 m

13004-1 245 8.5.2008 ROS+CTD 23:21 20°44.52 18°42.01 NV

13004-2 245-2 9.5.2008 ISP 01:54 20°44.50 18°41.97 NV

13004-3 245-3 MUC 06:35 20°44.51 18°42.01 2703 7/10 4 small, 3

large tubes

13004-4 245-4 SL 08:39 20°44.50 18°42.01 2705 572 cm

13004-5 245-5 ROS+CTD 09:38 20°44.39 18°42.01 2705 to 150 m

13004-6 245-6 ROS+CTD 10:21 20°44.40 18°42.04 2708 to 100 m

13004-7 245-7 MN 10:46 20°44.40 18°42.00 2705 to 500 m

13004-8 245-8 HN 10:49 20°44.40 18°42.00 2705 to 10 m

13004-9 245-9 HN 11:00 20°44.40 18°42.00 2705 to 10 m

13004-10 245-10 ISP 11:41 20°44.40 18°42.00 2705

 36

Table 1. cont. Station list.

Station GeoB No.

Station Ship No. Date 2008 Device

Time [UTC] seafloor / maximum wire length

Latitude [N]

Longitude [W]

Water depth

[m]

Samples / Core

recovery Remarks

13005-1 246 9.5.2008 ROS+CTD 18:41 20°36.40 18°10.10 1039 to 900 m

13005-2 246-2 ROS+CTD 20:00 20°36.39 18°10.11 1029 to 150 m

13005-3 246-3 ISP 21:03 20°36.40 18°10.11 1028

13005-4 246-4 10.5.2008 ISP 00:52 20°36.39 18°10.11 1038

13005-5 246-5 SL 06:12 20°36.53 18°10.14 1046 482 cm

13005-6 246-6 MUC 07:41 20°36.40 18°10.13 1040 6/10 3 small, 3

large

13005-7 246-7 CTD 08:20 20°36.34 18°10.11 1047

13005-8 246-8 ISP 09:04 20°36.29 18°10.07 1033

13005-9 246-9 ISP 12:37 20°36.31 18°10.09 1038

13005-10 246-10 MN 14:21 20°36.31 18°10.08 1037

13005-11 246-11 HN 14:37 20°36.30 18°10.08 1037 to 10 m

13005-12 246-12 HN 14:44 20°36.32 18°10.09 1037

13006-1 247 11.5.2008 SL 07:17 19°40.00 16°55.04 29.4 ~500 cm

13006-2 247-2 SL 07:56 19°40.00 16°55.00 28 ~500 cm

13006-3 247-3 HN 08:15 19°40.18 16°55.08 28.6 to 10 m

13006-4 247-4 HN 08:27 19°40.13 16°55.16 29.6 to 10 m

13007-1 248 11.5.2008 SG 12:49 20°00.01 17°21.98 40

13008-1 249 11.5.2008 SG 15:00 20°15.00 17°25.00 40

13009-1 250 11.5.2008 ROS+CTD 15:54 20°15.00 17°29.99 47

13009-2 250-2 MUC 16:12 20°14.99 17°29.99 46.8 8/10 2 small, 6

large

13009-3 250-3 SG 16:27 20°14.98 17°29.99 46.8

13010-1 253 11.5.2008 SG 17:24 20°14.99 17°35.01 80

13011-1 254 11.5.2008 SG 18:02 20°14.99 17°36.99 287

13012-1 255 11.5.2008 ROS+CTD 19:11 20°14.98 17°43.00 541

13012-2 255-2 12.5.2008 MUC 06:40 20°15.00 17°42.99 544 3/10 1 small, 2

large

13012-3 255-3 11.5.2008 SG 20:10 20°15.00 17°43.00 545

13013-1 256 11.5.2008 SG 23:29 20°33.00 17°47.99 348

13014-1 257 12.5.2008 SG 00:49 20°34.96 17°42.98 178

13015-1 258 12.5.2008 SG 02:20 20°32.99 17°31.98 125

  37

Table 1. cont. Station list.

Station GeoB No.

Station Ship No. Date 2008 Device

Time [UTC] seafloor / maximum wire length

Latitude [N]

Longitude [W]

Water depth

[m]

Samples / Core

recovery Remarks

13016-1 259 12.5.2008 SG 11:01 20°33.00 17°24.00 49

13017-1 260 12.5.2008 SG 12:01 20°33.00 17°16.99 36

13018-1 261 12.5.2008 SG 13:27 20°42.00 17°14.98 37

13019-1 262 12.5.2008 SG 14:26 20°42.00 17°21.49 53

13020-1 263 13.5.2008 ROS+CTD 12:07 23°00.01 17°30.00 1175

13020-2 263-2 MUC 13:38 23°00.01 17°29.99 1175 no

recovery

13020-3 263-3 MUC 14:29 23°00.01 17°29.98 1175 no

recovery

13020-4 263-4 SL 15:30 23°00.01 17°30.01 1170 370 cm

13020-5 263-5 ROS+CTD 16:00 22°59.96 17°30.07 1172

13020-6 263-6 MN 16:49 22°59.95 17°30.06 1172 to 500 m

13020-7 263-7 HN 16:53 22°59.94 17°30.06 1172 to 10 m

13020-8 263-8 HN 17:04 22°59.94 17°30.06 1172 to 10 m

13020-9 263-9 ISP 17:45 22°59.97 17°30.05 1172

13020-10 263-10 ISP 21:23 23°00.00 17°30.00 1169

13020-11 263-11 ISP 23:42 23°00.00 17°30.00 1170

13021-1 264 14.5.2008 MUC 07:06 22°59.99 17°03.79 105 8/10 3 small, 5

large

13021-2 264-2 SG 07:18 22°59.99 17°03.75 105

13022-1 265 14.5.2008 SG 09:17 23°00.01 16°50.25 47

13023-1 266 14.5.2008 SG 11:35 22°59.97 16°31.33 27

13024-1 267 15.5.2008 MUC 08:00 25°36.00 16°29.57 2679 2/10 2 large

13024-2 267-2 MUC 10:54 25°36.00 16°29.46 2672 no

recovery

13024-3 267-3 SL 11:53 25°36.00 16°29.50 2674 400 cm

13024-4 267-4 ROS+CTD 12:49 25°36.08 16°29.46 2675 to 2500 m

13024-5 267-5 ROS+CTD 15:15 25°36.07 16°29.43 2673 to 150 m

13024-6 267-6 ROS+CTD 15:53 25°36.07 16°29.45 2675 to 100 m

13024-7 267-7 MN 16:18 25°36.07 16°29.44 2674 to 500 m

13024-8 267-8 HN 16:21 25°36.07 16°29.43 2674 to 10 m

13024-9 267-9 HN 16:30 25°36.06 16°29.43 2673 to 10 m

13024-10 267-10 ISP 17:40 25°36.03 16°29.48 2674

13024-11 267-11 ISP 21:38 25°35.98 16°29.50 2673

13024-12 267-12 ISP 23:42 25°36.00 16°29.50 2674

 38

Table 1. cont. Station list.

Station GeoB No.

Station Ship No. Date 2008 Device

Time [UTC] seafloor / maximum wire length

Latitude [N]

Longitude [W]

Water depth

[m]

Samples / Core

recovery Remarks

13025-1 268 16.05.08 SL 06:20 25°26.00 16°17.00 1081 37 cm very hard sediment

13025-2 268-2 SL 07:25 25°25.93 16°16.98 1066 31 cm very hard sediment

13026-1 269 16.5.2008 SL 08:48 25°24.06 16°14.08 792 no

recovery

13027-1 270 16.5.2008 SL 09:56 25°21.70 16°10.53 494 no

recovery

13028-1 271 16.5.2008 SG 12:06 25°12.40 15°56.78 100

13029-1 272 16.5.2008 SG 15:07 24°57.78 15°33.33 49

13030-1 273 16.5.2008 ROS+CTD 21:59 25°21.61 16°32.29 1811

13030-2 273-2 ROS+CTD 23:50 25°21.60 16°32.30 1812

13030-3 273-3 17.5.2008 ROS+CTD 00:33 25°21.60 16°32.28 1811

13030-4 273-4 MN 00:57 25°21.60 16°32.29 1811

13030-5 273-5 ISP 01:43 25°21.60 16°32.28 1811

13030-6 273-6 SL 07:30 25°21.61 16°32.30 1812 450 cm

13030-7 273-7 MUC 09:04 25°21.61 16°32.30 1811 1/10 1 large

13030-8 273-8 ISP 10:00 25°21.71 16°32.32 1810

13030-9 273-9 HN 12:11 25°21.72 16°32.31 1810

13030-10 273-10 HN 12:20 25°21.71 16°32.33 1810

13031-1 274-1 22.05.08 ROS+CTD 16:42 29°03.01 16°17.00 3591.0 to 500 m

13031-2 274-2 ROS+CTD 17:59 29°03.00 16°16.90 3591.0 to 150 m

13031-3 274-3 ROS+CTD 18:37 29°03.01 16°17.00 3591.0 to 100 m

13031-4 274-5 MN 19:40 29°03.02 16°16.99 3591.0 to 500 m

13031-5 274-6 ROS+CTD 20:34 29°03.00 16°17.00 3591.0 to 25 m

13032-1 275-1 23.05.08 ROS+CTD 08:27 30°29.44 14°29.21 2925.0 to 150 m

13032-2 275-2 ROS+CTD 11:03 30°29.04 14°29.16 2925.0 to 2899 m

13032-3 275-3 ROS+CTD 11:57 30°29.00 14°28.98 2925.0 to 150 m

13032-4 275-4 ROS+CTD 12:25 30°29.01 14°28.98 2923.0 to 50 m 13032-5 275-5 MUC 14:10 30°28.99 14°28.98 2923.0 1/10 13032-6 275-6 MN 15:05 30°29.23 14°28.87 2923.0 to 500 m 13032-7 275-7 PN 05:03 30°29.23 14°28.87 2923.0 to 10 m

13032-8 275-8 ISP 18:40 30°29.23 14°28.87 2923.0 at 190 m -

120 m

13032-9 275-9 ISP 20:57 30°29.23 14°28.87 2923.0 at 190 m -

120 m

  39

Table 1. cont. Station list.

Station GeoB No.

Station Ship No. Date 2008 Device

Time [UTC] seafloor / maximum wire length

Latitude [N]

Longitude [W]

Water depth

[m]

Samples / Core

recovery Remarks

13033-1 276-1 24.05.08 MUC 09:40 31°39.64 13°41.91 3585.0 1/10 3033-2 276-2 ROS+CTD 10:20 31°39.99 13°41.75 3585.0 to 150 m

13033-3 276-3 ROS+CTD 13:13 31°39.98 13°41.73 3585.0 to 3480 m 13033-4 276-4 ROS+CTD 14:08 31°39.99 13°41.75 3585.0 to 120 m 13033-5 276-5 ROS+CTD 14:47 31°40.00 13°41.72 3585.0 to 25 m 13033-6 276-6 MN 15:45 31°39.99 13°41.75 3585.0 to 500 m 13033-7 276-7 PN 31°39.99 13°41.75 3585.0 to 10 m

13033-8 276-9 ISP 18:52 31°39.99 13°41.75 3585.0 at 250 m -

150 m

13033-9 276-10 ISP 21:33 31°39.99 13°41.75 3585.0 at 250 m -

150 m

13034-1 277-1 25.05.08 ROS+CTD 09:22 33°05.55 12°56.20 4500.0 to 200 m 13034-2 277-2 ROS+CTD 10:28 33°05.55 12°56.20 4500.0 to 500 m 13034-3 277-3 ROS+CTD 11:19 33°05.53 12°56.22 4500.0 to 150 m 13034-4 277-4 ROS+CTD 11:38 33°05.53 12°56.22 4500.0 to 25 m 13034-6 277-5 MN 12:21 33°05.54 12°56.22 4500.0 to 500 m 13034-7 277-6 PN 12:30 33°05.54 12°56.22 4500.0 to 10 m

13035-1 278-1 26.05.08 MUC 10:12 35°29.44 11°29.21 3744.0 1/10 13035-2 278-2 ROS+CTD 10:55 35°29.04 11°29.16 3744.0 to 200 m 13035-3 278-3 ROS+CTD 13:30 35°29.00 11°28.98 3744.0 to 3411 m 13035-4 278-4 ROS+CTD 14:10 35°29.01 11°28.98 3744.0 to 150 m 13035-5 278-5 ROS+CTD 14:41 35°28.99 11°28.98 3744.0 to 25 m 13035-6 278-6 MN 15:51 35°29.23 11°28.87 3744.0 to 500 m 13035-7 278-7 PN 15:09 35°29.23 11°28.87 3744.0 to 10 m

13035-8 278-9 ISP 18:30 35°29.23 11°28.87 3744.0 at 160 m -

60 m

13035-9 278-10 ISP 21:40 35°29.23 11°28.87 3744.0 at 160 m -

60 m

13036-1 279-1 27.05.08 ROS+CTD 10:06 36°41.00 10°25.57 3544.0 to 200 m 13036-2 279-2 ROS+CTD 10:40 36°41.04 10°25.54 3544.0 to 67 m 13026-3 279-3 ROS+CTD 10:55 36°41.03 10°25.52 3544.0 to 3000 m 13036-4 279-4 ROS+CTD 13:29 36°41.06 10°25.49 3544.0 to 200 m 13036-5 279-5 MN 14:40 36°41.05 10°25.51 3544.0 to 500 m 13036-6 279-6 PN 13:56 36°41.04 10°25.51 3544.0 to 10 m

13036-7 279-8 ISP 17:30 36°41.05 10°25.51 3544.0 at 100 m -

200 m

13036-8 279-9 ISP 19:28 36°41.05 10°25.51 3544.0 at 25 m -

80 m

13037-1 280-1 28.05.08 MUC 12:43 38°59.02 10°31.50 1736.0 4/10 13037-2 280-2 ROS+CTD 16:35 38°59.65 10°31.51 1736.0 to 200 m 13037-3 280-3 ROS+CTD 38°59.65 10°31.51 1691.0 to 1694 m 13037-4 280-4 ROS+CTD 19:19 39°00.39 10°31.32 1653.0 to 84 m 13037-5 280-5 ROS+CTD 13:12 38°59.48 10°31.64 1718.0 to 84 m

13037-8 280-6 ISP 23:45 38°59.48 10°31.64 1718.0 at 100 m -

30 m

13037-9 280-7 ISP 01:07 38°59.48 10°31.64 1718.0 at 70 m -

25 m

Publications of this series: No. 1 Wefer, G., E. Suess and cruise participants Bericht über die POLARSTERN-Fahrt ANT IV/2, Rio de Janeiro - Punta Arenas, 6.11. - 1.12.1985. 60 pages, Bremen, 1986. No. 2 Hoffmann, G. Holozänstratigraphie und Küstenlinienverlagerung an der andalusischen Mittelmeerküste. 173 pages, Bremen, 1988. (out of print) No. 3 Wefer, G. and cruise participants Bericht über die METEOR-Fahrt M 6/6, Libreville - Las Palmas, 18.2. - 23.3.1988. 97 pages, Bremen, 1988. No. 4 Wefer, G., G.F. Lutze, T.J. Müller, O. Pfannkuche, W. Schenke, G. Siedler, W. Zenk Kurzbericht über die METEOR-Expedition No. 6, Hamburg - Hamburg, 28.10.1987 - 19.5.1988. 29 pages, Bremen, 1988. (out of print) No. 5 Fischer, G. Stabile Kohlenstoff-Isotope in partikulärer organischer Substanz aus dem Südpolarmeer (Atlantischer Sektor). 161 pages, Bremen, 1989. No. 6 Berger, W.H. and G. Wefer Partikelfluß und Kohlenstoffkreislauf im Ozean. Bericht und Kurzfassungen über den Workshop vom 3.-4. Juli 1989 in Bremen. 57 pages, Bremen, 1989. No. 7 Wefer, G. and cruise participants Bericht über die METEOR - Fahrt M 9/4, Dakar - Santa Cruz, 19.2. - 16.3.1989. 103 pages, Bremen, 1989. No. 8 Kölling, M. Modellierung geochemischer Prozesse im Sickerwasser und Grundwasser. 135 pages, Bremen, 1990. No. 9 Heinze, P.-M. Das Auftriebsgeschehen vor Peru im Spätquartär. 204 pages, Bremen, 1990. (out of print) No. 10 Willems, H., G. Wefer, M. Rinski, B. Donner, H.-J. Bellmann, L. Eißmann, A. Müller, B.W. Flemming, H.-C. Höfle, J. Merkt, H. Streif, G. Hertweck, H. Kuntze, J. Schwaar, W. Schäfer, M.-G. Schulz, F. Grube, B. Menke Beiträge zur Geologie und Paläontologie Norddeutschlands: Exkursionsführer. 202 pages, Bremen, 1990. No. 11 Wefer, G. and cruise participants Bericht über die METEOR-Fahrt M 12/1, Kapstadt - Funchal, 13.3.1990 - 14.4.1990. 66 pages, Bremen, 1990. No. 12 Dahmke, A., H.D. Schulz, A. Kölling, F. Kracht, A. Lücke Schwermetallspuren und geochemische Gleichgewichte zwischen Porenlösung und Sediment im Wesermündungsgebiet. BMFT-Projekt MFU 0562, Abschlußbericht. 121 pages, Bremen, 1991. No. 13 Rostek, F. Physikalische Strukturen von Tiefseesedimenten des Südatlantiks und ihre Erfassung in Echolotregistrierungen. 209 pages, Bremen, 1991. No. 14 Baumann, M. Die Ablagerung von Tschernobyl-Radiocäsium in der Norwegischen See und in der Nordsee. 133 pages, Bremen, 1991. (out of print) No. 15 Kölling, A. Frühdiagenetische Prozesse und Stoff-Flüsse in marinen und ästuarinen Sedimenten. 140 pages, Bremen, 1991. No. 16 SFB 261 (ed.) 1. Kolloquium des Sonderforschungsbereichs 261 der Universität Bremen (14.Juni 1991): Der Südatlantik im Spätquartär: Rekonstruktion von Stoffhaushalt und Stromsystemen. Kurzfassungen der Vorträge und Poster. 66 pages, Bremen, 1991. No. 17 Pätzold, J. and cruise participants Bericht und erste Ergebnisse über die METEOR-Fahrt M 15/2, Rio de Janeiro - Vitoria, 18.1. - 7.2.1991. 46 pages, Bremen, 1993. No. 18 Wefer, G. and cruise participants Bericht und erste Ergebnisse über die METEOR-Fahrt M 16/1, Pointe Noire - Recife, 27.3. - 25.4.1991. 120 pages, Bremen, 1991. No. 19 Schulz, H.D. and cruise participants Bericht und erste Ergebnisse über die METEOR-Fahrt M 16/2, Recife - Belem, 28.4. - 20.5.1991. 149 pages, Bremen, 1991.

No. 20 Berner, H. Mechanismen der Sedimentbildung in der Fram-Straße, im Arktischen Ozean und in der Norwegischen See. 167 pages, Bremen, 1991. No. 21 Schneider, R. Spätquartäre Produktivitätsänderungen im östlichen Angola-Becken: Reaktion auf Variationen im Passat-Monsun-Windsystem und in der Advektion des Benguela-Küstenstroms. 198 pages, Bremen, 1991. (out of print) No. 22 Hebbeln, D. Spätquartäre Stratigraphie und Paläozeanographie in der Fram-Straße. 174 pages, Bremen, 1991. No. 23 Lücke, A. Umsetzungsprozesse organischer Substanz während der Frühdiagenese in ästuarinen Sedimenten. 137 pages, Bremen, 1991. No. 24 Wefer, G. and cruise participants Bericht und erste Ergebnisse der METEOR-Fahrt M 20/1, Bremen - Abidjan, 18.11.- 22.12.1991. 74 pages, Bremen, 1992. No. 25 Schulz, H.D. and cruise participants Bericht und erste Ergebnisse der METEOR-Fahrt M 20/2, Abidjan - Dakar, 27.12.1991 - 3.2.1992. 173 pages, Bremen, 1992. No. 26 Gingele, F. Zur klimaabhängigen Bildung biogener und terrigener Sedimente und ihrer Veränderung durch die Frühdiagenese im zentralen und östlichen Südatlantik. 202 pages, Bremen, 1992. No. 27 Bickert, T. Rekonstruktion der spätquartären Bodenwasserzirkulation im östlichen Südatlantik über stabile Isotope benthischer Foraminiferen. 205 pages, Bremen, 1992. (out of print) No. 28 Schmidt, H. Der Benguela-Strom im Bereich des Walfisch-Rückens im Spätquartär. 172 pages, Bremen, 1992. No. 29 Meinecke, G. Spätquartäre Oberflächenwassertemperaturen im östlichen äquatorialen Atlantik. 181 pages, Bremen, 1992. No. 30 Bathmann, U., U. Bleil, A. Dahmke, P. Müller, A. Nehrkorn, E.-M. Nöthig, M. Olesch, J. Pätzold, H.D. Schulz, V. Smetacek, V. Spieß, G. Wefer, H. Willems Bericht des Graduierten Kollegs. Stoff-Flüsse in marinen Geosystemen. Berichtszeitraum Oktober 1990 - Dezember 1992. 396 pages, Bremen, 1992. No. 31 Damm, E. Frühdiagenetische Verteilung von Schwermetallen in Schlicksedimenten der westlichen Ostsee. 115 pages, Bremen, 1992. No. 32 Antia, E.E. Sedimentology, Morphodynamics and Facies Association of a mesotidal Barrier Island Shoreface (Spiekeroog, Southern North Sea). 370 pages, Bremen, 1993. No. 33 Duinker, J. and G. Wefer (ed.) Bericht über den 1. JGOFS-Workshop. 1./2. Dezember 1992 in Bremen. 83 pages, Bremen, 1993. No. 34 Kasten, S. Die Verteilung von Schwermetallen in den Sedimenten eines stadtbremischen Hafenbeckens. 103 pages, Bremen, 1993. No. 35 Spieß, V. Digitale Sedimentographie. Neue Wege zu einer hochauflösenden Akustostratigraphie. 199 pages, Bremen, 1993. No. 36 Schinzel, U. Laborversuche zu frühdiagenetischen Reaktionen von Eisen (III) - Oxidhydraten in marinen Sedimenten.189 pages, Bremen, 1993. No. 37 Sieger, R. CoTAM - ein Modell zur Modellierung des Schwermetalltransports in Grundwasserleitern. 56 pages, Bremen, 1993. (out of print) No. 38 Willems, H. (ed.) Geoscientific Investigations in the Tethyan Himalayas. 183 pages, Bremen, 1993. No. 39 Hamer, K. Entwicklung von Laborversuchen als Grundlage für die Modellierung des Transportverhaltens von Arsenat, Blei, Cadmium und Kupfer in wassergesättigten Säulen. 147 pages, Bremen, 1993. No. 40 Sieger, R. Modellierung des Stofftransports in porösen Medien unter Ankopplung kinetisch gesteuerter Sorptions- und Redoxprozesse sowie thermischer Gleichgewichte. 158 pages, Bremen, 1993.

No. 41 Thießen, W. Magnetische Eigenschaften von Sedimenten des östlichen Südatlantiks und ihre paläozeanographische Relevanz. 170 pages, Bremen, 1993. No. 42 Spieß, V. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of METEOR-Cruise M 23/1, Kapstadt - Rio de Janeiro, 4.-25.2.1993. 139 pages, Bremen, 1994. No. 43 Bleil, U. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of METEOR-Cruise M 23/2, Rio de Janeiro - Recife, 27.2.-19.3.1993 133 pages, Bremen, 1994. No. 44 Wefer, G. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of METEOR-Cruise M 23/3, Recife - Las Palmas, 21.3. - 12.4.1993 71 pages, Bremen, 1994. No. 45 Giese, M. and G. Wefer (ed.) Bericht über den 2. JGOFS-Workshop. 18../19. November 1993 in Bremen. 93 pages, Bremen, 1994. No. 46 Balzer, W. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of METEOR-Cruise M 22/1, Hamburg - Recife, 22.9. - 21.10.1992. 24 pages, Bremen, 1994. No. 47 Stax, R. Zyklische Sedimentation von organischem Kohlenstoff in der Japan See: Anzeiger für Änderungen von Paläoozeanographie und Paläoklima im Spätkänozoikum. 150 pages, Bremen, 1994. No. 48 Skowronek, F. Frühdiagenetische Stoff-Flüsse gelöster Schwermetalle an der Oberfläche von Sedimenten des Weser Ästuares. 107 pages, Bremen, 1994. No. 49 Dersch-Hansmann, M. Zur Klimaentwicklung in Ostasien während der letzten 5 Millionen Jahre: Terrigener Sedimenteintrag in die Japan See (ODP Ausfahrt 128). 149 pages, Bremen, 1994. No. 50 Zabel, M. Frühdiagenetische Stoff-Flüsse in Oberflächen-Sedimenten des äquatorialen und östlichen Südatlantik. 129 pages, Bremen, 1994. No. 51 Bleil, U. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of SONNE-Cruise SO 86, Buenos Aires - Capetown, 22.4. - 31.5.93 116 pages, Bremen, 1994. No. 52 Symposium: The South Atlantic: Present and Past Circulation. Bremen, Germany, 15 - 19 August 1994. Abstracts. 167 pages, Bremen, 1994. No. 53 Kretzmann, U.B. 57Fe-Mössbauer-Spektroskopie an Sedimenten - Möglichkeiten und Grenzen. 183 pages, Bremen, 1994. No. 54 Bachmann, M. Die Karbonatrampe von Organyà im oberen Oberapt und unteren Unteralb (NE-Spanien, Prov. Lerida): Fazies, Zyklo- und Sequenzstratigraphie. 147 pages, Bremen, 1994. (out of print) No. 55 Kemle-von Mücke, S. Oberflächenwasserstruktur und -zirkulation des Südostatlantiks im Spätquartär. 151 pages, Bremen, 1994. No. 56 Petermann, H. Magnetotaktische Bakterien und ihre Magnetosome in Oberflächensedimenten des Südatlantiks. 134 pages, Bremen, 1994. No. 57 Mulitza, S. Spätquartäre Variationen der oberflächennahen Hydrographie im westlichen äquatorialen Atlantik. 97 pages, Bremen, 1994. No. 58 Segl, M. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of METEOR-Cruise M 29/1, Buenos-Aires - Montevideo, 17.6. - 13.7.1994 94 pages, Bremen, 1994. No. 59 Bleil, U. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of METEOR-Cruise M 29/2, Montevideo - Rio de Janiero 15.7. - 8.8.1994. 153 pages, Bremen, 1994. No. 60 Henrich, R. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of METEOR-Cruise M 29/3, Rio de Janeiro - Las Palmas 11.8. - 5.9.1994. Bremen, 1994. (out of print)

No. 61 Sagemann, J. Saisonale Variationen von Porenwasserprofilen, Nährstoff-Flüssen und Reaktionen in intertidalen Sedimenten des Weser-Ästuars. 110 pages, Bremen, 1994. (out of print) No. 62 Giese, M. and G. Wefer Bericht über den 3. JGOFS-Workshop. 5./6. Dezember 1994 in Bremen. 84 pages, Bremen, 1995. No. 63 Mann, U. Genese kretazischer Schwarzschiefer in Kolumbien: Globale vs. regionale/lokale Prozesse. 153 pages, Bremen, 1995. (out of print) No. 64 Willems, H., Wan X., Yin J., Dongdui L., Liu G., S. Dürr, K.-U. Gräfe The Mesozoic development of the N-Indian passive margin and of the Xigaze Forearc Basin in southern Tibet, China. – Excursion Guide to IGCP 362 Working-Group Meeting "Integrated Stratigraphy". 113 pages, Bremen, 1995. (out of print) No. 65 Hünken, U. Liefergebiets - Charakterisierung proterozoischer Goldseifen in Ghana anhand von Fluideinschluß - Untersuchungen. 270 pages, Bremen, 1995. No. 66 Nyandwi, N. The Nature of the Sediment Distribution Patterns in ther Spiekeroog Backbarrier Area, the East Frisian Islands. 162 pages, Bremen, 1995. No. 67 Isenbeck-Schröter, M. Transportverhalten von Schwermetallkationen und Oxoanionen in wassergesättigten Sanden. - Laborversuche in Säulen und ihre Modellierung -. 182 pages, Bremen, 1995. No. 68 Hebbeln, D. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of SONNE-Cruise SO 102, Valparaiso - Valparaiso, 95. 134 pages, Bremen, 1995. No. 69 Willems, H. (Sprecher), U.Bathmann, U. Bleil, T. v. Dobeneck, K. Herterich, B.B. Jorgensen, E.-M. Nöthig, M. Olesch, J. Pätzold, H.D. Schulz, V. Smetacek, V. Speiß. G. Wefer Bericht des Graduierten-Kollegs Stoff-Flüsse in marine Geosystemen. Berichtszeitraum Januar 1993 - Dezember 1995. 45 & 468 pages, Bremen, 1995. No. 70 Giese, M. and G. Wefer Bericht über den 4. JGOFS-Workshop. 20./21. November 1995 in Bremen. 60 pages, Bremen, 1996. (out of print) No. 71 Meggers, H. Pliozän-quartäre Karbonatsedimentation und Paläozeanographie des Nordatlantiks und des Europäischen Nordmeeres - Hinweise aus planktischen Foraminiferengemeinschaften. 143 pages, Bremen, 1996. (out of print) No. 72 Teske, A. Phylogenetische und ökologische Untersuchungen an Bakterien des oxidativen und reduktiven marinen Schwefelkreislaufs mittels ribosomaler RNA. 220 pages, Bremen, 1996. (out of print) No. 73 Andersen, N. Biogeochemische Charakterisierung von Sinkstoffen und Sedimenten aus ostatlantischen Produktions-Systemen mit Hilfe von Biomarkern. 215 pages, Bremen, 1996. No. 74 Treppke, U. Saisonalität im Diatomeen- und Silikoflagellatenfluß im östlichen tropischen und subtropischen Atlantik. 200 pages, Bremen, 1996. No. 75 Schüring, J. Die Verwendung von Steinkohlebergematerialien im Deponiebau im Hinblick auf die Pyritverwitterung und die Eignung als geochemische Barriere. 110 pages, Bremen, 1996. No. 76 Pätzold, J. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of VICTOR HENSEN cruise JOPS II, Leg 6, Fortaleza - Recife, 10.3. - 26.3. 1995 and Leg 8, Vítoria - Vítoria, 10.4. - 23.4.1995. 87 pages, Bremen, 1996. No. 77 Bleil, U. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of METEOR-Cruise M 34/1, Cape Town - Walvis Bay, 3.-26.1.1996. 129 pages, Bremen, 1996. No. 78 Schulz, H.D. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of METEOR-Cruise M 34/2, Walvis Bay - Walvis Bay, 29.1.-18.2.96 133 pages, Bremen, 1996. No. 79 Wefer, G. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of METEOR-Cruise M 34/3, Walvis Bay - Recife, 21.2.-17.3.1996. 168 pages, Bremen, 1996.

No. 80 Fischer, G. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of METEOR-Cruise M 34/4, Recife - Bridgetown, 19.3.-15.4.1996. 105 pages, Bremen, 1996. No. 81 Kulbrok, F. Biostratigraphie, Fazies und Sequenzstratigraphie einer Karbonatrampe in den Schichten der Oberkreide und des Alttertiärs Nordost-Ägyptens (Eastern Desert, N’Golf von Suez, Sinai). 153 pages, Bremen, 1996. No. 82 Kasten, S. Early Diagenetic Metal Enrichments in Marine Sediments as Documents of Nonsteady-State Depositional Conditions. Bremen, 1996. No. 83 Holmes, M.E. Reconstruction of Surface Ocean Nitrate Utilization in the Southeast Atlantic Ocean Based on Stable Nitrogen Isotopes. 113 pages, Bremen, 1996. No. 84 Rühlemann, C. Akkumulation von Carbonat und organischem Kohlenstoff im tropischen Atlantik: Spätquartäre Produktivitäts-Variationen und ihre Steuerungsmechanismen. 139 pages, Bremen, 1996. No. 85 Ratmeyer, V. Untersuchungen zum Eintrag und Transport lithogener und organischer partikulärer Substanz im östlichen subtropischen Nordatlantik. 154 pages, Bremen, 1996. No. 86 Cepek, M. Zeitliche und räumliche Variationen von Coccolithophoriden-Gemeinschaften im subtropischen Ost-Atlantik: Untersuchungen an Plankton, Sinkstoffen und Sedimenten. 156 pages, Bremen, 1996. No. 87 Otto, S. Die Bedeutung von gelöstem organischen Kohlenstoff (DOC) für den Kohlenstofffluß im Ozean. 150 pages, Bremen, 1996. No. 88 Hensen, C. Frühdiagenetische Prozesse und Quantifizierung benthischer Stoff-Flüsse in Oberflächensedimenten des Südatlantiks. 132 pages, Bremen, 1996. No. 89 Giese, M. and G. Wefer Bericht über den 5. JGOFS-Workshop. 27./28. November 1996 in Bremen. 73 pages, Bremen, 1997. No. 90 Wefer, G. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of METEOR-Cruise M 37/1, Lisbon - Las Palmas, 4.-23.12.1996. 79 pages, Bremen, 1997. No. 91 Isenbeck-Schröter, M., E. Bedbur, M. Kofod, B. König, T. Schramm & G. Mattheß Occurrence of Pesticide Residues in Water - Assessment of the Current Situation in Selected EU Countries. 65 pages, Bremen 1997. No. 92 Kühn, M. Geochemische Folgereaktionen bei der hydrogeothermalen Energiegewinnung. 129 pages, Bremen 1997. No. 93 Determann, S. & K. Herterich JGOFS-A6 “Daten und Modelle”: Sammlung JGOFS-relevanter Modelle in Deutschland. 26 pages, Bremen, 1997. No. 94 Fischer, G. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of METEOR-Cruise M 38/1, Las Palmas - Recife, 25.1.-1.3.1997, with Appendix: Core Descriptions from METEOR Cruise M 37/1. Bremen, 1997. No. 95 Bleil, U. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of METEOR-Cruise M 38/2, Recife - Las Palmas, 4.3.-14.4.1997. 126 pages, Bremen, 1997. No. 96 Neuer, S. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of VICTOR HENSEN-Cruise 96/1. Bremen, 1997. No. 97 Villinger, H. and cruise participants Fahrtbericht SO 111, 20.8. - 16.9.1996. 115 pages, Bremen, 1997. No. 98 Lüning, S. Late Cretaceous - Early Tertiary sequence stratigraphy, paleoecology and geodynamics of Eastern Sinai, Egypt. 218 pages, Bremen, 1997. No. 99 Haese, R.R. Beschreibung und Quantifizierung frühdiagenetischer Reaktionen des Eisens in Sedimenten des Südatlantiks. 118 pages, Bremen, 1997.

No. 100 Lührte, R. von Verwertung von Bremer Baggergut als Material zur Oberflächenabdichtung von Deponien - Geochemisches Langzeitverhalten und Schwermetall-Mobilität (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn). Bremen, 1997. No. 101 Ebert, M. Der Einfluß des Redoxmilieus auf die Mobilität von Chrom im durchströmten Aquifer. 135 pages, Bremen, 1997. No. 102 Krögel, F. Einfluß von Viskosität und Dichte des Seewassers auf Transport und Ablagerung von Wattsedimenten (Langeooger Rückseitenwatt, südliche Nordsee). 168 pages, Bremen, 1997. No. 103 Kerntopf, B. Dinoflagellate Distribution Patterns and Preservation in the Equatorial Atlantic and Offshore North-West Africa. 137 pages, Bremen, 1997. No. 104 Breitzke, M. Elastische Wellenausbreitung in marinen Sedimenten - Neue Entwicklungen der Ultraschall Sedimentphysik und Sedimentechographie. 298 pages, Bremen, 1997. No. 105 Marchant, M. Rezente und spätquartäre Sedimentation planktischer Foraminiferen im Peru-Chile Strom. 115 pages, Bremen, 1997. No. 106 Habicht, K.S. Sulfur isotope fractionation in marine sediments and bacterial cultures. 125 pages, Bremen, 1997. No. 107 Hamer, K., R.v. Lührte, G. Becker, T. Felis, S. Keffel, B. Strotmann, C. Waschkowitz, M. Kölling, M. Isenbeck-Schröter, H.D. Schulz Endbericht zum Forschungsvorhaben 060 des Landes Bremen: Baggergut der Hafengruppe Bremen-Stadt: Modelluntersuchungen zur Schwermetallmobilität und Möglichkeiten der Verwertung von Hafenschlick aus Bremischen Häfen. 98 pages, Bremen, 1997. No. 108 Greeff, O.W. Entwicklung und Erprobung eines benthischen Landersystemes zur in situ-Bestimmung von Sulfatreduktionsraten mariner Sedimente. 121 pages, Bremen, 1997. No. 109 Pätzold, M. und G. Wefer Bericht über den 6. JGOFS-Workshop am 4./5.12.1997 in Bremen. Im Anhang: Publikationen zum deutschen Beitrag zur Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS), Stand 1/1998. 122 pages, Bremen, 1998. No. 110 Landenberger, H. CoTReM, ein Multi-Komponenten Transport- und Reaktions-Modell. 142 pages, Bremen, 1998. No. 111 Villinger, H. und Fahrtteilnehmer Fahrtbericht SO 124, 4.10. - 16.10.199. 90 pages, Bremen, 1997. No. 112 Gietl, R. Biostratigraphie und Sedimentationsmuster einer nordostägyptischen Karbonatrampe unter Berücksichtigung der Alveolinen-Faunen. 142 pages, Bremen, 1998. No. 113 Ziebis, W. The Impact of the Thalassinidean Shrimp Callianassa truncata on the Geochemistry of permeable, coastal Sediments. 158 pages, Bremen 1998. No. 114 Schulz, H.D. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of METEOR-Cruise M 41/1, Málaga - Libreville, 13.2.-15.3.1998. Bremen, 1998. No. 115 Völker, D.J. Untersuchungen an strömungsbeeinflußten Sedimentationsmustern im Südozean. Interpretation sedimentechographischer Daten und numerische Modellierung. 152 pages, Bremen, 1998. No. 116 Schlünz, B. Riverine Organic Carbon Input into the Ocean in Relation to Late Quaternary Climate Change. 136 pages, Bremen, 1998. No. 117 Kuhnert, H. Aufzeichnug des Klimas vor Westaustralien in stabilen Isotopen in Korallenskeletten. 109 pages, Bremen, 1998. No. 118 Kirst, G. Rekonstruktion von Oberflächenwassertemperaturen im östlichen Südatlantik anhand von Alkenonen. 130 pages, Bremen, 1998. No. 119 Dürkoop, A. Der Brasil-Strom im Spätquartär: Rekonstruktion der oberflächennahen Hydrographie während der letzten 400 000 Jahre. 121 pages, Bremen, 1998.

No. 120 Lamy, F. Spätquartäre Variationen des terrigenen Sedimenteintrags entlang des chilenischen Konti- nentalhangs als Abbild von Klimavariabilität im Milanković- und Sub-Milanković-Zeitbereich. 141 pages, Bremen, 1998. No. 121 Neuer, S. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of POSEIDON-Cruise Pos 237/2, Vigo – Las Palmas, 18.3.-31.3.1998. 39 pages, Bremen, 1998 No. 122 Romero, O.E. Marine planktonic diatoms from the tropical and equatorial Atlantic: temporal flux patterns and the sediment record. 205 pages, Bremen, 1998. No. 123 Spiess, V. und Fahrtteilnehmer Report and preliminary results of RV SONNE Cruise 125, Cochin – Chittagong, 17.10.-17.11.1997. 128 pages, Bremen, 1998. No. 124 Arz, H.W. Dokumentation von kurzfristigen Klimaschwankungen des Spätquartärs in Sedimenten des westlichen äquatorialen Atlantiks. 96 pages, Bremen, 1998. No. 125 Wolff, T. Mixed layer characteristics in the equatorial Atlantic during the late Quaternary as deduced from planktonic foraminifera. 132 pages, Bremen, 1998. No. 126 Dittert, N. Late Quaternary Planktic Foraminifera Assemblages in the South Atlantic Ocean: Quantitative Determination and Preservational Aspects. 165 pages, Bremen, 1998. No. 127 Höll, C. Kalkige und organisch-wandige Dinoflagellaten-Zysten in Spätquartären Sedimenten des tropischen Atlantiks und ihre palökologische Auswertbarkeit. 121 pages, Bremen, 1998. No. 128 Hencke, J. Redoxreaktionen im Grundwasser: Etablierung und Verlagerung von Reaktionsfronten und ihre Bedeutung für die Spurenelement-Mobilität. 122 pages, Bremen 1998. No. 129 Pätzold, J. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of METEOR-Cruise M 41/3, Vítoria, Brasil – Salvador de Bahia, Brasil, 18.4. - 15.5.1998. Bremen, 1999. No. 130 Fischer, G. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of METEOR-Cruise M 41/4, Salvador de Bahia, Brasil – Las Palmas, Spain, 18.5. – 13.6.1998. Bremen, 1999. No. 131 Schlünz, B. und G. Wefer Bericht über den 7. JGOFS-Workshop am 3. und 4.12.1998 in Bremen. Im Anhang: Publikationen zum deutschen Beitrag zur Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS), Stand 1/ 1999. 100 pages, Bremen, 1999. No. 132 Wefer, G. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of METEOR-Cruise M 42/4, Las Palmas - Las Palmas - Viena do Castelo; 26.09.1998 - 26.10.1998. 104 pages, Bremen, 1999. No. 133 Felis, T. Climate and ocean variability reconstructed from stable isotope records of modern subtropical corals (Northern Red Sea). 111 pages, Bremen, 1999. No. 134 Draschba , S. North Atlantic climate variability recorded in reef corals from Bermuda. 108 pages, Bremen, 1999. No. 135 Schmieder, F. Magnetic Cyclostratigraphy of South Atlantic Sediments. 82 pages, Bremen, 1999. No. 136 Rieß, W. In situ measurements of respiration and mineralisation processes – Interaction between fauna and geochemical fluxes at active interfaces. 68 pages, Bremen, 1999. No. 137 Devey, C.W. and cruise participants Report and shipboard results from METEOR-cruise M 41/2, Libreville – Vitoria, 18.3. – 15.4.98. 59 pages, Bremen, 1999. No. 138 Wenzhöfer, F. Biogeochemical processes at the sediment water interface and quantification of metabolically driven calcite dissolution in deep sea sediments. 103 pages, Bremen, 1999. No. 139 Klump, J. Biogenic barite as a proxy of paleoproductivity variations in the Southern Peru-Chile Current. 107 pages, Bremen, 1999.

No. 140 Huber, R. Carbonate sedimentation in the northern Northatlantic since the late pliocene. 103 pages, Bremen, 1999. No. 141 Schulz, H. Nitrate-storing sulfur bacteria in sediments of coastal upwelling. 94 pages, Bremen, 1999. No. 142 Mai, S. Die Sedimentverteilung im Wattenmeer: ein Simulationsmodell. 114 pages, Bremen, 1999. No. 143 Neuer, S. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of Poseidon Cruise 248, Las Palmas - Las Palmas, 15.2.-26.2.1999. 45 pages, Bremen, 1999. No. 144 Weber, A. Schwefelkreislauf in marinen Sedimenten und Messung von in situ Sulfatreduktionsraten. 122 pages, Bremen, 1999. No. 145 Hadeler, A. Sorptionsreaktionen im Grundwasser: Unterschiedliche Aspekte bei der Modellierung des Transportverhaltens von Zink. 122 pages, 1999. No. 146 Dierßen, H. Zum Kreislauf ausgewählter Spurenmetalle im Südatlantik: Vertikaltransport und Wechselwirkung zwischen Partikeln und Lösung. 167 pages, Bremen, 1999. No. 147 Zühlsdorff, L. High resolution multi-frequency seismic surveys at the Eastern Juan de Fuca Ridge Flank and the Cascadia Margin – Evidence for thermally and tectonically driven fluid upflow in marine sediments. 118 pages, Bremen 1999. No. 148 Kinkel, H. Living and late Quaternary Coccolithophores in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean: response of distribution and productivity patterns to changing surface water circulation. 183 pages, Bremen, 2000. No. 149 Pätzold, J. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of METEOR Cruise M 44/3, Aqaba (Jordan) - Safaga (Egypt) – Dubá (Saudi Arabia) – Suez (Egypt) - Haifa (Israel), 12.3.-26.3.-2.4.-4.4.1999. 135 pages, Bremen, 2000. No. 150 Schlünz, B. and G. Wefer Bericht über den 8. JGOFS-Workshop am 2. und 3.12.1999 in Bremen. Im Anhang: Publikationen zum deutschen Beitrag zur Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS), Stand 1/ 2000. 95 pages, Bremen, 2000. No. 151 Schnack, K. Biostratigraphie und fazielle Entwicklung in der Oberkreide und im Alttertiär im Bereich der Kharga Schwelle, Westliche Wüste, SW-Ägypten. 142 pages, Bremen, 2000. No. 152 Karwath, B. Ecological studies on living and fossil calcareous dinoflagellates of the equatorial and tropical Atlantic Ocean. 175 pages, Bremen, 2000. No. 153 Moustafa, Y. Paleoclimatic reconstructions of the Northern Red Sea during the Holocene inferred from stable isotope records of modern and fossil corals and molluscs. 102 pages, Bremen, 2000. No. 154 Villinger, H. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of SONNE-cruise 145-1 Balboa – Talcahuana, 21.12.1999 – 28.01.2000. 147 pages, Bremen, 2000. No. 155 Rusch, A. Dynamik der Feinfraktion im Oberflächenhorizont permeabler Schelfsedimente. 102 pages, Bremen, 2000. No. 156 Moos, C. Reconstruction of upwelling intensity and paleo-nutrient gradients in the northwest Arabian Sea derived from stable carbon and oxygen isotopes of planktic foraminifera. 103 pages, Bremen, 2000. No. 157 Xu, W. Mass physical sediment properties and trends in a Wadden Sea tidal basin. 127 pages, Bremen, 2000. No. 158 Meinecke, G. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of METEOR Cruise M 45/1, Malaga (Spain) - Lissabon (Portugal), 19.05. - 08.06.1999. 39 pages, Bremen, 2000. No. 159 Vink, A. Reconstruction of recent and late Quaternary surface water masses of the western subtropical Atlantic Ocean based on calcareous and organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts. 160 pages, Bremen, 2000. No. 160 Willems, H. (Sprecher), U. Bleil, R. Henrich, K. Herterich, B.B. Jørgensen, H.-J. Kuß, M. Olesch, H.D. Schulz,V. Spieß, G. Wefer Abschlußbericht des Graduierten-Kollegs Stoff-Flüsse in marine Geosystemen. Zusammenfassung und Berichtszeitraum Januar 1996 - Dezember 2000. 340 pages, Bremen, 2000.

No. 161 Sprengel, C. Untersuchungen zur Sedimentation und Ökologie von Coccolithophoriden im Bereich der Kanarischen Inseln: Saisonale Flussmuster und Karbonatexport. 165 pages, Bremen, 2000. No. 162 Donner, B. and G. Wefer Bericht über den JGOFS-Workshop am 18.-21.9.2000 in Bremen: Biogeochemical Cycles: German Contributions to the International Joint Global Ocean Flux Study. 87 pages, Bremen, 2000. No. 163 Neuer, S. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of Meteor Cruise M 45/5, Bremen – Las Palmas, October 1 – November 3, 1999. 93 pages, Bremen, 2000. No. 164 Devey, C. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of Sonne Cruise SO 145/2, Talcahuano (Chile) - Arica (Chile), February 4 – February 29, 2000. 63 pages, Bremen, 2000. No. 165 Freudenthal, T. Reconstruction of productivity gradients in the Canary Islands region off Morocco by means of sinking particles and sediments. 147 pages, Bremen, 2000. No. 166 Adler, M. Modeling of one-dimensional transport in porous media with respect to simultaneous geochemical reactions in CoTReM. 147 pages, Bremen, 2000. No. 167 Santamarina Cuneo, P. Fluxes of suspended particulate matter through a tidal inlet of the East Frisian Wadden Sea (southern North Sea). 91 pages, Bremen, 2000. No. 168 Benthien, A. Effects of CO2 and nutrient concentration on the stable carbon isotope composition of C37:2 alkenones in sediments of the South Atlantic Ocean. 104 pages, Bremen, 2001. No. 169 Lavik, G. Nitrogen isotopes of sinking matter and sediments in the South Atlantic. 140 pages, Bremen, 2001. No. 170 Budziak, D. Late Quaternary monsoonal climate and related variations in paleoproductivity and alkenone-derived sea-surface temperatures in the western Arabian Sea. 114 pages, Bremen, 2001. No. 171 Gerhardt, S. Late Quaternary water mass variability derived from the pteropod preservation state in sediments of the western South Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. 109 pages, Bremen, 2001. No. 172 Bleil, U. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of Meteor Cruise M 46/3, Montevideo (Uruguay) – Mar del Plata (Argentina), January 4 – February 7, 2000. Bremen, 2001. No. 173 Wefer, G. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of Meteor Cruise M 46/4, Mar del Plata (Argentina) – Salvador da Bahia (Brazil), February 10 – March 13, 2000. With partial results of METEOR cruise M 46/2. 136 pages, Bremen, 2001. No. 174 Schulz, H.D. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of Meteor Cruise M 46/2, Recife (Brazil) – Montevideo (Uruguay), December 2 – December 29, 1999. 107 pages, Bremen, 2001. No. 175 Schmidt, A. Magnetic mineral fluxes in the Quaternary South Atlantic: Implications for the paleoenvironment. 97 pages, Bremen, 2001. No. 176 Bruhns, P. Crystal chemical characterization of heavy metal incorporation in brick burning processes. 93 pages, Bremen, 2001. No. 177 Karius, V. Baggergut der Hafengruppe Bremen-Stadt in der Ziegelherstellung. 131 pages, Bremen, 2001. No. 178 Adegbie, A. T. Reconstruction of paleoenvironmental conditions in Equatorial Atlantic and the Gulf of Guinea Basins for the last 245,000 years. 113 pages, Bremen, 2001. No. 179 Spieß, V. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of R/V Sonne Cruise SO 149, Victoria - Victoria, 16.8. - 16.9.2000. 100 pages, Bremen, 2001. No. 180 Kim, J.-H. Reconstruction of past sea-surface temperatures in the eastern South Atlantic and the eastern South Pacific across Termination I based on the Alkenone Method. 114 pages, Bremen, 2001.

No. 181 von Lom-Keil, H. Sedimentary waves on the Namibian continental margin and in the Argentine Basin – Bottom flow reconstructions based on high resolution echosounder data. 126 pages, Bremen, 2001. No. 182 Hebbeln, D. and cruise participants PUCK: Report and preliminary results of R/V Sonne Cruise SO 156, Valparaiso (Chile) - Talcahuano (Chile), March 29 - May 14, 2001. 195 pages, Bremen, 2001. No. 183 Wendler, J. Reconstruction of astronomically-forced cyclic and abrupt paleoecological changes in the Upper Cretaceous Boreal Realm based on calcareous dinoflagellate cysts. 149 pages, Bremen, 2001. No. 184 Volbers, A. Planktic foraminifera as paleoceanographic indicators: production, preservation, and reconstruction of upwelling intensity. Implications from late Quaternary South Atlantic sediments. 122 pages, Bremen, 2001. No. 185 Bleil, U. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of R/V METEOR Cruise M 49/3, Montevideo (Uruguay) - Salvador (Brasil), March 9 - April 1, 2001. 99 pages, Bremen, 2001. No. 186 Scheibner, C. Architecture of a carbonate platform-to-basin transition on a structural high (Campanian-early Eocene, Eastern Desert, Egypt) – classical and modelling approaches combined. 173 pages, Bremen, 2001. No. 187 Schneider, S. Quartäre Schwankungen in Strömungsintensität und Produktivität als Abbild der Wassermassen- Variabilität im äquatorialen Atlantik (ODP Sites 959 und 663): Ergebnisse aus Siltkorn-Analysen. 134 pages, Bremen, 2001. No. 188 Uliana, E. Late Quaternary biogenic opal sedimentation in diatom assemblages in Kongo Fan sediments. 96 pages, Bremen, 2002. No. 189 Esper, O. Reconstruction of Recent and Late Quaternary oceanographic conditions in the eastern South Atlantic Ocean based on calcareous- and organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts. 130 pages, Bremen, 2001. No. 190 Wendler, I. Production and preservation of calcareous dinoflagellate cysts in the modern Arabian Sea. 117 pages, Bremen, 2002. No. 191 Bauer, J. Late Cenomanian – Santonian carbonate platform evolution of Sinai (Egypt): stratigraphy, facies, and sequence architecture. 178 pages, Bremen, 2002. No. 192 Hildebrand-Habel, T. Die Entwicklung kalkiger Dinoflagellaten im Südatlantik seit der höheren Oberkreide. 152 pages, Bremen, 2002. No. 193 Hecht, H. Sauerstoff-Optopoden zur Quantifizierung von Pyritverwitterungsprozessen im Labor- und Langzeit-in- situ-Einsatz. Entwicklung - Anwendung – Modellierung. 130 pages, Bremen, 2002. No. 194 Fischer, G. and cruise participants Report and Preliminary Results of RV METEOR-Cruise M49/4, Salvador da Bahia – Halifax, 4.4.-5.5.2001. 84 pages, Bremen, 2002. No. 195 Gröger, M. Deep-water circulation in the western equatorial Atlantic: inferences from carbonate preservation studies and silt grain-size analysis. 95 pages, Bremen, 2002. No. 196 Meinecke,G. and cruise participants Report of RV POSEIDON Cruise POS 271, Las Palmas - Las Palmas, 19.3.-29.3.2001. 19 pages, Bremen, 2002. No. 197 Meggers, H. and cruise participants Report of RV POSEIDON Cruise POS 272, Las Palmas - Las Palmas, 1.4.-14.4.2001. 19 pages, Bremen, 2002. No. 198 Gräfe, K.-U. Stratigraphische Korrelation und Steuerungsfaktoren Sedimentärer Zyklen in ausgewählten Borealen und Tethyalen Becken des Cenoman/Turon (Oberkreide) Europas und Nordwestafrikas. 197 pages, Bremen, 2002. No. 199 Jahn, B. Mid to Late Pleistocene Variations of Marine Productivity in and Terrigenous Input to the Southeast Atlantic. 97 pages, Bremen, 2002. No. 200 Al-Rousan, S. Ocean and climate history recorded in stable isotopes of coral and foraminifers from the northern Gulf of Aqaba. 116 pages, Bremen, 2002.

No. 201 Azouzi, B. Regionalisierung hydraulischer und hydrogeochemischer Daten mit geostatistischen Methoden. 108 pages, Bremen, 2002. No. 202 Spieß, V. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of METEOR Cruise M 47/3, Libreville (Gabun) - Walvis Bay (Namibia), 01.06 - 03.07.2000. 70 pages, Bremen 2002. No. 203 Spieß, V. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of METEOR Cruise M 49/2, Montevideo (Uruguay) - Montevideo, 13.02 - 07.03.2001. 84 pages, Bremen 2002. No. 204 Mollenhauer, G. Organic carbon accumulation in the South Atlantic Ocean: Sedimentary processes and glacial/interglacial Budgets. 139 pages, Bremen 2002. No. 205 Spieß, V. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of METEOR Cruise M49/1, Cape Town (South Africa) - Montevideo (Uruguay), 04.01.2001 - 10.02.2001. 57 pages, Bremen, 2003. No. 206 Meier, K.J.S. Calcareous dinoflagellates from the Mediterranean Sea: taxonomy, ecology and palaeoenvironmental application. 126 pages, Bremen, 2003. No. 207 Rakic, S. Untersuchungen zur Polymorphie und Kristallchemie von Silikaten der Zusammensetzung Me2Si2O5 (Me:Na, K). 139 pages, Bremen, 2003. No. 208 Pfeifer, K. Auswirkungen frühdiagenetischer Prozesse auf Calcit- und Barytgehalte in marinen Oberflächen- sedimenten. 110 pages, Bremen, 2003. No. 209 Heuer, V. Spurenelemente in Sedimenten des Südatlantik. Primärer Eintrag und frühdiagenetische Überprägung. 136 pages, Bremen, 2003. No. 210 Streng, M. Phylogenetic Aspects and Taxonomy of Calcareous Dinoflagellates. 157 pages, Bremen 2003. No. 211 Boeckel, B. Present and past coccolith assemblages in the South Atlantic: implications for species ecology, carbonate contribution and palaeoceanographic applicability. 157 pages, Bremen, 2003. No. 212 Precht, E. Advective interfacial exchange in permeable sediments driven by surface gravity waves and its ecological consequences. 131 pages, Bremen, 2003. No. 213 Frenz, M. Grain-size composition of Quaternary South Atlantic sediments and its paleoceanographic significance. 123 pages, Bremen, 2003. No. 214 Meggers, H. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of METEOR Cruise M 53/1, Limassol - Las Palmas – Mindelo, 30.03.2002 - 03.05.2002. 81 pages, Bremen, 2003. No. 215 Schulz, H.D. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of METEOR Cruise M 58/1, Dakar – Las Palmas, 15.04..2003 – 12.05.2003. Bremen, 2003. No. 216 Schneider, R. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of METEOR Cruise M 57/1, Cape Town – Walvis Bay, 20.01. – 08.02.2003. 123 pages, Bremen, 2003. No. 217 Kallmeyer, J. Sulfate reduction in the deep Biosphere. 157 pages, Bremen, 2003. No. 218 Røy, H. Dynamic Structure and Function of the Diffusive Boundary Layer at the Seafloor. 149 pages, Bremen, 2003. No. 219 Pätzold, J., C. Hübscher and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of METEOR Cruise M 52/2&3, Istanbul – Limassol – Limassol, 04.02. – 27.03.2002. Bremen, 2003. No. 220 Zabel, M. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of METEOR Cruise M 57/2, Walvis Bay – Walvis Bay, 11.02. – 12.03.2003. 136 pages, Bremen 2003. No. 221 Salem, M. Geophysical investigations of submarine prolongations of alluvial fans on the western side of the Gulf of Aqaba-Red Sea. 100 pages, Bremen, 2003.

No. 222 Tilch, E. Oszillation von Wattflächen und deren fossiles Erhaltungspotential (Spiekerooger Rückseitenwatt, südliche Nordsee). 137 pages, Bremen, 2003. No. 223 Frisch, U. and F. Kockel Der Bremen-Knoten im Strukturnetz Nordwest-Deutschlands. Stratigraphie, Paläogeographie, Strukturgeologie. 379 pages, Bremen, 2004. No. 224 Kolonic, S. Mechanisms and biogeochemical implications of Cenomanian/Turonian black shale formation in North Africa: An integrated geochemical, millennial-scale study from the Tarfaya-LaAyoune Basin in SW Morocco. 174 pages, Bremen, 2004. Report online available only. No. 225 Panteleit, B. Geochemische Prozesse in der Salz- Süßwasser Übergangszone. 106 pages, Bremen, 2004. No. 226 Seiter, K. Regionalisierung und Quantifizierung benthischer Mineralisationsprozesse. 135 pages, Bremen, 2004. No. 227 Bleil, U. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of METEOR Cruise M 58/2, Las Palmas – Las Palmas (Canary Islands, Spain), 15.05. – 08.06.2003. 123 pages, Bremen, 2004. No. 228 Kopf, A. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of SONNE Cruise SO175, Miami - Bremerhaven, 12.11 - 30.12.2003. 218 pages, Bremen, 2004. No. 229 Fabian, M. Near Surface Tilt and Pore Pressure Changes Induced by Pumping in Multi-Layered Poroelastic Half- Spaces. 121 pages, Bremen, 2004. No. 230 Segl, M. , and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of POSEIDON cruise 304 Galway – Lisbon, 5. – 22. Oct. 2004. 27 pages, Bremen 2004 No. 231 Meinecke, G. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of POSEIDON Cruise 296, Las Palmas – Las Palmas, 04.04 – 14.04.2003. 42 pages, Bremen 2005. No. 232 Meinecke, G. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of POSEIDON Cruise 310, Las Palmas – Las Palmas, 12.04 – 26.04.2004. 49 pages, Bremen 2005. No. 233 Meinecke, G. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of METEOR Cruise 58/3, Las Palmas - Ponta Delgada, 11.06 - 24.06.2003. 50 pages, Bremen 2005. No. 234 Feseker, T. Numerical Studies on Groundwater Flow in Coastal Aquifers. 219 pages. Bremen 2004. No. 235 Sahling, H. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of R/V POSEIDON Cruise P317/4, Istanbul-Istanbul , 16 October - 4 November 2004. 92 pages, Bremen 2004. No. 236 Meinecke, G. und Fahrtteilnehmer Report and preliminary results of POSEIDON Cruise 305, Las Palmas (Spain) - Lisbon (Portugal), October 28th – November 6th, 2004. 43 pages, Bremen 2005. No. 237 Ruhland, G. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of POSEIDON Cruise 319, Las Palmas (Spain) - Las Palmas (Spain), December 6th – December 17th, 2004. 50 pages, Bremen 2005. No. 238 Chang, T.S. Dynamics of fine-grained sediments and stratigraphic evolution of a back-barrier tidal basin of the German Wadden Sea (southern North Sea). 102 pages, Bremen 2005. No. 239 Lager, T. Predicting the source strength of recycling materials within the scope of a seepage water prognosis by means of standardized laboratory methods. 141 pages, Bremen 2005. No. 240 Meinecke, G. DOLAN - Operationelle Datenübertragung im Ozean und Laterales Akustisches Netzwerk in der Tiefsee. Abschlußbericht. 42 pages, Bremen 2005. No. 241 Guasti, E. Early Paleogene environmental turnover in the southern Tethys as recorded by foraminiferal and organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts assemblages. 203 pages, Bremen 2005. No. 242 Riedinger, N. Preservation and diagenetic overprint of geochemical and geophysical signals in ocean margin sediments related to depositional dynamics. 91 pages, Bremen 2005.

No. 243 Ruhland, G. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of POSEIDON cruise 320, Las Palmas (Spain) - Las Palmas (Spain), March 08th - March 18th, 2005. 57 pages, Bremen 2005. No. 244 Inthorn, M. Lateral particle transport in nepheloid layers – a key factor for organic matter distribution and quality in the Benguela high-productivity area. 127 pages, Bremen, 2006. No. 245 Aspetsberger, F. Benthic carbon turnover in continental slope and deep sea sediments: importance of organic matter quality at different time scales. 136 pages, Bremen, 2006. No. 246 Hebbeln, D. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of RV SONNE Cruise SO-184, PABESIA, Durban (South Africa) – Cilacap (Indonesia) – Darwin (Australia), July 08th - September 13th, 2005. 142 pages, Bremen 2006. No. 247 Ratmeyer, V. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of RV METEOR Cruise M61/3. Development of Carbonate Mounds on the Celtic Continental Margin, Northeast Atlantic. Cork (Ireland) – Ponta Delgada (Portugal), 04.06. – 21.06.2004. 64 pages, Bremen 2006. No. 248 Wien, K. Element Stratigraphy and Age Models for Pelagites and Gravity Mass Flow Deposits based on Shipboard XRF Analysis. 100 pages, Bremen 2006. No. 249 Krastel, S. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of RV METEOR Cruise M65/2, Dakar - Las Palmas, 04.07. – 26.07.2005. 185 pages, Bremen 2006. No. 250 Heil, G.M.N. Abrupt Climate Shifts in the Western Tropical to Subtropical Atlantic Region during the Last Glacial. 121 pages, Bremen 2006. No. 251 Ruhland, G. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of POSEIDON Cruise 330, Las Palmas – Las Palmas, November 21th – December 03rd, 2005. 48 pages, Bremen 2006. No. 252 Mulitza , S. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of METEOR Cruise M65/1, Dakar – Dakar, 11.06.- 1.07.2005. 149 pages, Bremen 2006. No. 253 Kopf, A. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of POSEIDON Cruise P336, Heraklion - Heraklion, 28.04. – 17.05.2006. 127 pages, Bremen, 2006. No. 254 Wefer, G. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of R/V METEOR Cruise M65/3, Las Palmas - Las Palmas (Spain), July 31st - August 10th, 2005. 24 pages, Bremen 2006. No. 255 Hanebuth, T.J.J. and cruise participants Report and first results of the POSEIDON Cruise P342 GALIOMAR, Vigo – Lisboa (Portugal), August 19th – September 06th, 2006. Distribution Pattern, Residence Times and Export of Sediments on the Pleistocene/Holocene Galician Shelf (NW Iberian Peninsula). 203 pages, Bremen, 2007. No. 256 Ahke, A. Composition of molecular organic matter pools, pigments and proteins, in Benguela upwelling and Arctic Sediments. 192 pages, Bremen 2007. No. 257 Becker, V. Seeper - Ein Modell für die Praxis der Sickerwasserprognose. 170 pages, Bremen 2007. No. 258 Ruhland, G. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of Poseidon cruise 333, Las Palmas (Spain) – Las Palmas (Spain), March 1st – March 10th, 2006. 32 pages, Bremen 2007. No. 259 Fischer, G., G. Ruhland and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of Poseidon cruise 344, leg 1 and leg 2, Las Palmas (Spain) – Las Palmas (Spain), Oct. 20th –Nov 2nd & Nov. 4th – Nov 13th, 2006. 46 pages, Bremen 2007. No. 260 Westphal, H. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of Poseidon cruise 346, MACUMA. Las Palmas (Spain) – Las Palmas (Spain), 28.12.2006 – 15.1.2007. 49 pages, Bremen 2007. No. 261 Bohrmann, G., T. Pape, and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of R/V METEOR Cruise M72/3, Istanbul – Trabzon – Istanbul, March 17th – April 23rd, 2007. Marine gas hydrates of the Eastern Black Sea. 130 pages, Bremen 2007. No. 262 Bohrmann, G., and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of R/V METEOR Cruise M70/3, Iraklion – Iraklion, 21 November – 8 December 2006. Cold Seeps of the Anaximander Mountains / Eastern Mediterranean. 75 pages, Bremen 2008.

No. 263 Bohrmann, G., Spiess, V., and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of R/V Meteor Cruise M67/2a and 2b, Balboa -- Tampico -- Bridgetown, 15 March -- 24 April, 2006. Fluid seepage in the Gulf of Mexico. Bremen 2008. No. 264 Kopf, A., and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of Meteor Cruise M73/1: LIMA-LAMO (Ligurian Margin Landslide Measurements & Observatory), Cadiz, 22.07.2007 – Genoa, 11.08.2007. 170 pages, Bremen 2008. No. 265 Hebbeln, D., and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of RV Pelagia Cruise 64PE284. Cold-water Corals in the Gulf of Cádiz and on Coral Patch Seamount (NE Atlantic). Portimão - Portimão, 18.02. - 09.03.2008. 90 pages, Bremen 2008. No. 266 Bohrmann, G. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of R/V Meteor Cruise M74/3, Fujairah – Male, 30 October - 28 November, 2007. Cold Seeps of the Makran subduction zone (Continental margin of Pakistan). 161 pages, Bremen 2008. No. 267 Sachs, O. Benthic organic carbon fluxes in the Southern Ocean: Regional differences and links to surface primary production and carbon export. 143 pages, Bremen, 2008. No. 268 Zonneveld, K. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of R/V POSEIDON Cruise P339, Piräus - Messina, 16 June - 2 July 2006. CAPPUCCINO - Calabrian and Adriatic palaeoproductivity and climatic variability in the last two millenia. 61 pages, Bremen, 2008. No. 269 Ruhland, G. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of R/V POSEIDON Cruise P360, Las Palmas (Spain) - Las Palmas (Spain), Oct. 29th - Nov. 6th, 2007. 27 pages, Bremen, 2008. No. 270 Ruhland, G., G. Fischer and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of R/V POSEIDON Cruise 365 (Leg 1+2). Leg 1: Las Palmas - Las Palmas, 13.4. - 16.4.2008. Leg 2: Las Palmas - Las Palmas, 18.4. - 29.4.2008. 40 pages, Bremen, 2009. No. 271 Kopf, A. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of R/V POSEIDON Cruise P386: NAIL (Nice Airport Landslide), La Seyne sur Mer, 20.06.2009 – La Seyne sur Mer, 06.07.2009. 161 pages, Bremen, 2009. No. 272 Freudenthal, T., G. Fischer and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of Maria S. Merian Cruise MSM04/4 a & b, Las Palmas (Spain) – Las Palmas (Spain), Feb 27th – Mar 16th & Mar 19th – Apr 1st, 2007. 117 pages, Bremen 2009. No. 273 Hebbeln, D., C. Wienberg, L. Beuck, A. Freiwald, P. Wintersteller and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of R/V POSEIDON Cruise POS 385 "Cold-Water Corals of the Alboran Sea (western Mediterranean Sea)", Faro - Toulon, May 29 - June 16, 2009. 79 pages, Bremen 2009. No. 274 Zonneveld, K. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of R/V Poseidon Cruises P 366-1 and P 366-2, Las Palmas - Las Palmas - Vigo, 03 -19 May 2008 and 22 -30 May 2008. PERGAMOM Proxy Education and Research cruise off Galicai, Morocco and Mauretania. 47 pages, Bremen 2010.