The Industrial Revolution began in England and soon spread to nearby countries.

•Social Criticism•Inventions•Factories & Labor•Transportation•New Discovery

English author 1812-1870 Dickens was a social critic,

he was aware that we live in a society where we must treat one another accordingly. He was eager to reveal the often shameful ways in which we behave, and to make careful judgments about how we might act with greater decency, generosity, and fairness to one another. –Joel Brattin, PBS

His writings are charged with anger towards the social conditions that surrounded him.

Original cover of The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (commonly known as The Pickwick Papers), the first novel by Charles Dickens.

First edition front piece of A Christmas Carol (1843)

Front piece of the first edition of Oliver Twist (1838).

First Edition cover of David Copperfield (1850)

Dickens family on their porch at Gads Hill Place

New Ways of Working Industrial Revolution—greatly

increased output of machine-made goods.

Revolution began in England 1750s. 1750-1850 Population BOOM=Lots of people to

work in factories

The Agricultural Revolution Paved the Way Enclosures—large farm fields enclosed

by fences or hedges Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land

once owned by village farmers. Enclosures allowed experimentation with

new agricultural methods

Rotating Crops Crop rotation—

switching crops each year to avoid depleting soil

Livestock breeders allow only the best to breed, improve food supply.

Satellite image of rotated crops: green (corn), paler (sorghum), yellow (wheat), & brown (harvested field; fallow)

Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England Industrialization— a move to machine

production of goods Britain’s Natural Resources & Geography

—coal, iron, rivers, harbors Expanding economy in Britain

encouraged investment Britain had all needed factors of

production—land, labor, capital

Changes in the Textile Industry

COTTON is King

YARN WOOL

Weavers work faster with flying shuttles and spinning jennies

Water frame uses water power to drive spinning wheels

John Kay’s Flying Shuttle

Spinning Jenny: James Hargreaves

Arkwright’s Water Frame

“Carding” is a mechanical process that breaks up locks and unorganized clumps of fiber and then aligns the individual fibers so that they are more or less parallel with each other. This enabled them to be more easily spun into thread. The old method was done by hand using these tools.

carding carding machine-machine-replaced the replaced the hand process hand process of combing out of combing out the fibers the fibers before they before they can be spun can be spun into yarn or into yarn or thread.thread.

Power Loom, and Spinning Mule (next slide) sped up production, improved quality.

Edmund Cartwright’s Power Loom

Samuel Crompton’s Spinning Mule: combo Water Frame/Spinning Jenny

Factories—buildings that contain machinery for manufacturing

Sir Richard Arkwright combined power, machinery, semi-skilled laborers, and material in ONE central locale.

Modern factory system

A working, middle class emerges & the rise of the modern city

WORK: day in, day out=11 HOUR work daySame work OVER AND OVER AND OVER!!!

•Pitiful conditions in factories gave rise to the ideology of SOCIALISM; Society owns the means of production… “Social Ownership”•Wealth equally distributed•Others did NOT want reform, especially the owners, entrepreneurs, and bosses, they stated it would: Destroy $$Capital$$, weaken competition, and take away power of the NATION in comparison to other countries

Watt’s Steam Engine Need for cheap,

convenient power spurred development of steam engine

Watt improved steam engine, financed by Matthew Boulton

Boulton—an entrepreneur—organizes, manages, takes business risks.

Steam Engine=mechanical motion; drives the machines

James WattMatthew Boulton

Steam engine designed by Boulton & Watt. Engraving of a 1784 engine.

Reproduction of James Watt's Steam Engine

Water Transportation Robert Fulton builds first

steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807

England’s water transport improved by system of canals

Fulton’s North River Steamboat as it appeared in 1807, later named Clermont

Steam-Driven Locomotives In 1804, Richard

Trevithick builds first steam-driven locomotive

Trevithick's No. 14 engine, built by Hazledine and Co., Bridgnorth, about 1804, and illustrated after being rescued circa 1885; from Scientific American Supplement, Vol. XIX, No. 470, January 3, 1885.

The Coalbrookdale company then built a rail locomotive for him, but little is known about it, including whether or not it actually ran.

Trevithick's 1804 locomotive. This full-scale replica of steam-powered railway locomotive is in the National Waterfront Museum, Swansea

In 1825, George Stephenson builds worlds first railroad line.

He is called the “Father of Railways”.

His rail gauge of 4 feet 8½ inches (1,435 mm), sometimes called "Stephenson gauge", is the world's standard gauge.

Liverpool-Manchester RailroadEntrepreneurs build railroad from Liverpool to Manchester

Stephenson’s Rocket acknowledged as the best locomotive (1829)

A cutaway view of the cylinder and steam valve of the replica Rocket

Rocket replica

Railroads Revolutionized Life Railroads spurred industrial growth, created

jobs Cheaper transportation boosted industry;

people moved to cities

Gentlemen, it is the microbes who will have the last word. ―Louis Pasteur

3 of 5 of his children died of childhood diseases; which may have been the driving force behind his drive to save people from disease

many diseases are caused by the presence and actions of specific micro-organisms

Study of Germ Theory: was the reason for changed medical practices in hospitals

Made significant breakthroughs in causes & preventions of diseases

Discovered weak forms of diseases could be used as immunization (rabies, anthrax, chicken cholera)

Introduced the world to the concept of viruses, tiny organisms that may lead to mild to severe illnesses in humans, animals and plants…

WATCH: NPR Virus video

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