The Baptisms Of the New Testament. Perhaps no subject is more maligned in the religious world than...
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Transcript of The Baptisms Of the New Testament. Perhaps no subject is more maligned in the religious world than...
![Page 1: The Baptisms Of the New Testament. Perhaps no subject is more maligned in the religious world than the subject of baptism It is practiced in some form.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649f455503460f94c674f4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
TheThe
BaptismsBaptisms
Of the New TestamentOf the New Testament
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Perhaps no subject is more maligned in the religious world
than the subject of baptism
Perhaps no subject is more maligned in the religious world
than the subject of baptism
It is practiced in some form by almost every group claiming to
be a part of “Christianity”
It is practiced in some form by almost every group claiming to
be a part of “Christianity”
By the vast majority of these it is seen as unnecessary for
salvation
By the vast majority of these it is seen as unnecessary for
salvation
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In fact, most of these groups go to great lengths to make
people understand that they do not hold baptism to be
essential to salvation in any fashion
In fact, most of these groups go to great lengths to make
people understand that they do not hold baptism to be
essential to salvation in any fashion
There are seven baptisms mentioned in the New
Testament
There are seven baptisms mentioned in the New
Testament
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However, the New Testament also states “there is one
baptism”
However, the New Testament also states “there is one
baptism”
What are these other six baptisms, and why does the
Bible say there is one?
What are these other six baptisms, and why does the
Bible say there is one?
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There is one body, and one Spirit, even as ye are called in one hope of your calling; One Lord, one faith, one baptism,
Ephesians 4:4, 5
There is one body, and one Spirit, even as ye are called in one hope of your calling; One Lord, one faith, one baptism,
Ephesians 4:4, 5
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The Baptism ofThe Baptism of
MosesMoses
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Moreover, brethren, I would not that ye should be ignorant, how that all our fathers were under the cloud, and all passed through the sea; And were all baptized unto Moses in the cloud and in the sea;
I
Corinthians 10:1, 2
Moreover, brethren, I would not that ye should be ignorant, how that all our fathers were under the cloud, and all passed through the sea; And were all baptized unto Moses in the cloud and in the sea;
I
Corinthians 10:1, 2
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Reference is made back to the crossing of the Red Sea by the
children of Israel under the leadership of Moses
Reference is made back to the crossing of the Red Sea by the
children of Israel under the leadership of Moses
Their passage from Egypt to the wilderness proper took
them through the Red Sea, and the Lord’s presence in a cloud
(by day) and pillar of smoke (by night) enveloped them
Their passage from Egypt to the wilderness proper took
them through the Red Sea, and the Lord’s presence in a cloud
(by day) and pillar of smoke (by night) enveloped them
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With the cloud over them and the waters of the Sea walled on
either side, they were overwhelmed
With the cloud over them and the waters of the Sea walled on
either side, they were overwhelmed
This “baptism” was figurativeThis “baptism” was figurative
Water was not sprinkled on them from the cloud above nor sprayed on them from the Sea
on either side
Water was not sprinkled on them from the cloud above nor sprayed on them from the Sea
on either side
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By this figure they passed out of Pharaoh and into Moses
By this figure they passed out of Pharaoh and into Moses
Prior to this point in their journey their control was still disputed by Pharaoh, by their very presence in the land of
Egypt
Prior to this point in their journey their control was still disputed by Pharaoh, by their very presence in the land of
Egypt
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However, when they passed through the Red Sea (were “baptized unto Moses in the cloud and in the sea”), they
were brought into a new relationship to Moses they had not had previously- complete
and undisputed control of their movements
However, when they passed through the Red Sea (were “baptized unto Moses in the cloud and in the sea”), they
were brought into a new relationship to Moses they had not had previously- complete
and undisputed control of their movements
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In this figurative baptism is pictured the true baptism of
the penitent believer in Christ
In this figurative baptism is pictured the true baptism of
the penitent believer in Christ
Baptism takes him to a new relationship not known before-
complete and undisputed control of his movements by
the Christ
Baptism takes him to a new relationship not known before-
complete and undisputed control of his movements by
the Christ
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The symbolism involved in this figurative baptism of Moses is
very important to a proper understanding of New
Testament baptism
The symbolism involved in this figurative baptism of Moses is
very important to a proper understanding of New
Testament baptism
On one side of the Red Sea these people were under the domain of Pharaoh; on the other side, the domain of
Moses
On one side of the Red Sea these people were under the domain of Pharaoh; on the other side, the domain of
Moses
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The Baptism ofThe Baptism of
SufferingSuffering
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Not actually called such in the New Testament, but a
reference to the overwhelming suffering through which Jesus
would go
Not actually called such in the New Testament, but a
reference to the overwhelming suffering through which Jesus
would go
Jesus Himself referred to it as a “baptism”
Jesus Himself referred to it as a “baptism”
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But Jesus answered and said, Ye know not what ye ask. Are ye able to drink of the cup that I shall drink of, and to be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with? They say unto him, We are able. And he saith unto them, Ye shall drink indeed of my cup, and be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with: but to sit on my right hand, and on my left, is not mine to give, but it shall be given to them for whom it is prepared of my Father.
Matthew 20;22, 23
But Jesus answered and said, Ye know not what ye ask. Are ye able to drink of the cup that I shall drink of, and to be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with? They say unto him, We are able. And he saith unto them, Ye shall drink indeed of my cup, and be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with: but to sit on my right hand, and on my left, is not mine to give, but it shall be given to them for whom it is prepared of my Father.
Matthew 20;22, 23
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But I have a baptism to be baptized with; and how am I straitened till it be accomplished!
Luke 12:50
But I have a baptism to be baptized with; and how am I straitened till it be accomplished!
Luke 12:50
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The Baptism forThe Baptism for
the Deadthe Dead
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Else what shall they do which are baptized for the dead, if the dead rise not at all? why are they then baptized for the dead?
I Corinthians 15:29
Else what shall they do which are baptized for the dead, if the dead rise not at all? why are they then baptized for the dead?
I Corinthians 15:29
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To be certain, a difficult passage
To be certain, a difficult passage
As always, must keep the context in mind
As always, must keep the context in mind
What is it, and why this solitary reference to it in the New
Testament?
What is it, and why this solitary reference to it in the New
Testament?
The context of First Corinthians 15 is the resurrection, not
baptism
The context of First Corinthians 15 is the resurrection, not
baptism
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So, whatever is here stated is in reference to the resurrection
of the body
So, whatever is here stated is in reference to the resurrection
of the body
Baptism (something they already understood) is here
used as an illustration concerning bodily resurrection (something they did not clearly
understand)
Baptism (something they already understood) is here
used as an illustration concerning bodily resurrection (something they did not clearly
understand)
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So many of these Corinthians had come from pagan
backgrounds
So many of these Corinthians had come from pagan
backgroundsThe pagan view of evil was that the body was the seat of it and, to leave the body was to leave
the source of all ills
The pagan view of evil was that the body was the seat of it and, to leave the body was to leave
the source of all illsTo be told that they would one day re-enter the body posed
grave problems for those who still held some vestiges of their
earlier beliefs
To be told that they would one day re-enter the body posed
grave problems for those who still held some vestiges of their
earlier beliefs
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So, to prove the resurrection of their bodies, Paul alluded to
their baptism
So, to prove the resurrection of their bodies, Paul alluded to
their baptismBaptism is a picture of a burial
and a resurrection (Romans 6:3, 4)
Baptism is a picture of a burial and a resurrection (Romans
6:3, 4)Some of them were now
denying a resurrection of the body
Some of them were now denying a resurrection of the
bodyWhat, then, of their baptism?What, then, of their baptism?
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It portrayed the very thing they now questioned- resurrection!
It portrayed the very thing they now questioned- resurrection!
Why were they baptized for (Gr.- huper), with reference to,
the state from which they would come forth by
resurrection, if there would be no resurrection?
Why were they baptized for (Gr.- huper), with reference to,
the state from which they would come forth by
resurrection, if there would be no resurrection?
Their view actually nullified their baptism
Their view actually nullified their baptism
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Thus, this is just an illustrative use of baptism for the purpose of explaining resurrection and
is not actually a different baptism
Thus, this is just an illustrative use of baptism for the purpose of explaining resurrection and
is not actually a different baptism
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The Baptism ofThe Baptism of
The Holy SpiritThe Holy Spirit
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A promised baptism (overwhelming), like the
baptism of fire, that would be administered only by Jesus
A promised baptism (overwhelming), like the
baptism of fire, that would be administered only by Jesus
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I indeed baptize you with water unto repentance: but he that cometh after me is mightier than I, whose shoes I am not worthy to bear: he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost, and with fire: Whose fan is in his hand, and he will thoroughly purge his floor, and gather his wheat into the garner; but he will burn up the chaff with unquenchable fire.
Matthew 3:11, 12
I indeed baptize you with water unto repentance: but he that cometh after me is mightier than I, whose shoes I am not worthy to bear: he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost, and with fire: Whose fan is in his hand, and he will thoroughly purge his floor, and gather his wheat into the garner; but he will burn up the chaff with unquenchable fire.
Matthew 3:11, 12
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And as the people were in expectation, and all men mused in their hearts of John, whether he were the Christ, or not; John answered, saying unto them all, I indeed baptize you with water; but one mightier than I cometh, the latchet of whose shoes I am not worthy to unloose: he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost and with fire: Whose fan is in his hand, and he will thoroughly purge his floor, and will gather the wheat into his garner; but the chaff he will burn with fire unquenchable. Luke 3:15-17
And as the people were in expectation, and all men mused in their hearts of John, whether he were the Christ, or not; John answered, saying unto them all, I indeed baptize you with water; but one mightier than I cometh, the latchet of whose shoes I am not worthy to unloose: he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost and with fire: Whose fan is in his hand, and he will thoroughly purge his floor, and will gather the wheat into his garner; but the chaff he will burn with fire unquenchable. Luke 3:15-17
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A promised baptism (overwhelming), like the
baptism of fire, that would be administered only by Jesus
A promised baptism (overwhelming), like the
baptism of fire, that would be administered only by Jesus
It was prophesied by Joel some 860 years before it occurred
It was prophesied by Joel some 860 years before it occurred
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And it shall come to pass afterward, that I will pour out my spirit upon all flesh; and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, your old men shall dream dreams, your young men shall see visions:
Joel 2:28
And it shall come to pass afterward, that I will pour out my spirit upon all flesh; and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, your old men shall dream dreams, your young men shall see visions:
Joel 2:28
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A promised baptism (overwhelming), like the
baptism of fire, that would be accomplished only by Jesus
A promised baptism (overwhelming), like the
baptism of fire, that would be accomplished only by Jesus
It was a promise fulfilled to the apostles on the day of
Pentecost
It was a promise fulfilled to the apostles on the day of
Pentecost
It was prophesied by Joel some 860 years before it occurred
It was prophesied by Joel some 860 years before it occurred
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But this is that which was spoken by the prophet Joel; And it shall come to pass in the last days, saith God, I will pour out of my Spirit upon all flesh: and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, and your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream dreams:
Acts 2:16, 17
But this is that which was spoken by the prophet Joel; And it shall come to pass in the last days, saith God, I will pour out of my Spirit upon all flesh: and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, and your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream dreams:
Acts 2:16, 17
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A promised baptism (overwhelming), like the
baptism of fire, that would be accomplished only by Jesus
A promised baptism (overwhelming), like the
baptism of fire, that would be accomplished only by Jesus
It was a promise fulfilled to the apostles on the day of
Pentecost
It was a promise fulfilled to the apostles on the day of
Pentecost
It was prophesied by Joel some 860 years before it occurred
It was prophesied by Joel some 860 years before it occurred
It was a promise, never a command
It was a promise, never a command
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The Baptism ofThe Baptism of
FireFire
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Reference to the overwhelming punishment awaiting those who
do not obey the gospel of Christ
Reference to the overwhelming punishment awaiting those who
do not obey the gospel of Christ
It, like the baptism of the Holy Spirit, was to be (and it will be)
administered by Christ, the Judge
It, like the baptism of the Holy Spirit, was to be (and it will be)
administered by Christ, the Judge
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I indeed baptize you with water unto repentance: but he that cometh after me is mightier than I, whose shoes I am not worthy to bear: he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost, and with fire: Whose fan is in his hand, and he will thoroughly purge his floor, and gather his wheat into the garner; but he will burn up the chaff with unquenchable fire.
Matthew 3:11, 12
I indeed baptize you with water unto repentance: but he that cometh after me is mightier than I, whose shoes I am not worthy to bear: he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost, and with fire: Whose fan is in his hand, and he will thoroughly purge his floor, and gather his wheat into the garner; but he will burn up the chaff with unquenchable fire.
Matthew 3:11, 12
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And as the people were in expectation, and all men mused in their hearts of John, whether he were the Christ, or not; John answered, saying unto them all, I indeed baptize you with water; but one mightier than I cometh, the latchet of whose shoes I am not worthy to unloose: he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost and with fire: Whose fan is in his hand, and he will thoroughly purge his floor, and will gather the wheat into his garner; but the chaff he will burn with fire unquenchable. Luke 3:15-17
And as the people were in expectation, and all men mused in their hearts of John, whether he were the Christ, or not; John answered, saying unto them all, I indeed baptize you with water; but one mightier than I cometh, the latchet of whose shoes I am not worthy to unloose: he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost and with fire: Whose fan is in his hand, and he will thoroughly purge his floor, and will gather the wheat into his garner; but the chaff he will burn with fire unquenchable. Luke 3:15-17
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Then shall he say also unto them on the left hand, Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and his angels:
And these shall go away into everlasting punishment: but the righteous into life eternal.
Matthew
25:41, 46
Then shall he say also unto them on the left hand, Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and his angels:
And these shall go away into everlasting punishment: but the righteous into life eternal.
Matthew
25:41, 46
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And to you who are troubled rest with us, when the Lord Jesus shall be revealed from heaven with his mighty angels, In flaming fire taking vengeance on them that know not God, and that obey not the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ: Who shall be punished with everlasting destruction from the presence of the Lord, and from the glory of his power; When he shall come to be glorified in his saints, and to be admired in
And to you who are troubled rest with us, when the Lord Jesus shall be revealed from heaven with his mighty angels, In flaming fire taking vengeance on them that know not God, and that obey not the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ: Who shall be punished with everlasting destruction from the presence of the Lord, and from the glory of his power; When he shall come to be glorified in his saints, and to be admired in
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all them that believe (because our testimony among you was believed) in that day.
II Thessalonians 1:7-10
all them that believe (because our testimony among you was believed) in that day.
II Thessalonians 1:7-10
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The Baptism ofThe Baptism of
JohnJohn
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Mentioned in several passages in the New Testament
Mentioned in several passages in the New Testament
An immersion in water administered to Jews prior to
the crucifixion of Jesus
An immersion in water administered to Jews prior to
the crucifixion of Jesus
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I indeed have baptized you with water: but he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost.
Mark 1:8
I indeed have baptized you with water: but he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost.
Mark 1:8
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And they asked him, and said unto him, Why baptizest thou then, if thou be not that Christ, nor Elias, neither that prophet? John answered them, saying, I baptize with water: but there standeth one among you, whom ye know not; He it is, who coming after me is preferred before me, whose shoe’s latchet I am not worthy to unloose.
John 1:25-27
And they asked him, and said unto him, Why baptizest thou then, if thou be not that Christ, nor Elias, neither that prophet? John answered them, saying, I baptize with water: but there standeth one among you, whom ye know not; He it is, who coming after me is preferred before me, whose shoe’s latchet I am not worthy to unloose.
John 1:25-27
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After these things came Jesus and his disciples into the land of Judaea; and there he tarried with them, and baptized. And John also was baptizing in Aenon near to Salim, because there was much water there: and they came, and were baptized.
John 3:22, 23
After these things came Jesus and his disciples into the land of Judaea; and there he tarried with them, and baptized. And John also was baptizing in Aenon near to Salim, because there was much water there: and they came, and were baptized.
John 3:22, 23
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Of this man's seed hath God according to his promise raised unto Israel a Saviour, Jesus: when John had first preached before his coming the baptism of repentance to all the people of Israel.
Acts 13:23, 24
Of this man's seed hath God according to his promise raised unto Israel a Saviour, Jesus: when John had first preached before his coming the baptism of repentance to all the people of Israel.
Acts 13:23, 24
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Mentioned in several passages in the New Testament
Mentioned in several passages in the New Testament
An immersion in water administered to Jews prior to
the crucifixion of Jesus
An immersion in water administered to Jews prior to
the crucifixion of Jesus
It was preceded by repentance and confession of sins and was
for the remission of sins
It was preceded by repentance and confession of sins and was
for the remission of sins
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Then went out to him Jerusalem, and all Judaea, and all the region round about Jordan, And were baptized of him in Jordan, confessing their sins.
Matthew 3:5, 6
Then went out to him Jerusalem, and all Judaea, and all the region round about Jordan, And were baptized of him in Jordan, confessing their sins.
Matthew 3:5, 6
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John did baptize in the wilderness, and preach the baptism of repentance for the remission of sins. And there went out unto him all the land of Judaea, and they of Jerusalem, and were all baptized of him in the river of Jordan, confessing their sins.
Mark 1:4, 5
John did baptize in the wilderness, and preach the baptism of repentance for the remission of sins. And there went out unto him all the land of Judaea, and they of Jerusalem, and were all baptized of him in the river of Jordan, confessing their sins.
Mark 1:4, 5
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It was a preparatory baptism in anticipation of the coming
Christ and His kingdom
It was a preparatory baptism in anticipation of the coming
Christ and His kingdom
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And he came into all the country about Jordan, preaching the baptism of repentance for the remission of sins; As it is written in the book of the words of Esaias the prophet, saying, The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make his paths straight.
Luke 3:3, 4
And he came into all the country about Jordan, preaching the baptism of repentance for the remission of sins; As it is written in the book of the words of Esaias the prophet, saying, The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make his paths straight.
Luke 3:3, 4
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It was a preparatory baptism in anticipation of the coming
Christ and His kingdom
It was a preparatory baptism in anticipation of the coming
Christ and His kingdom
Those of that time who were not baptized in accordance
with John’s baptism were not justified before God
Those of that time who were not baptized in accordance
with John’s baptism were not justified before God
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And all the people that heard him, and the publicans, justified God, being baptized with the baptism of John. But the Pharisees and lawyers rejected the counsel of God against themselves, being not baptized of him.
Luke 7:29, 30
And all the people that heard him, and the publicans, justified God, being baptized with the baptism of John. But the Pharisees and lawyers rejected the counsel of God against themselves, being not baptized of him.
Luke 7:29, 30
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It was a preparatory baptism in anticipation of the coming
Christ and His kingdom
It was a preparatory baptism in anticipation of the coming
Christ and His kingdom
It was valid for only a short period of time
It was valid for only a short period of time
Those of that time who were not baptized in accordance
with John’s baptism were not justified before God
Those of that time who were not baptized in accordance
with John’s baptism were not justified before God
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And he said unto them, Unto what then were ye baptized? And they said, Unto John’s baptism. Then said Paul, John verily baptized with the baptism of repentance, saying unto the people, that they should believe on him which should come after him, that is, on Christ Jesus. When they heard this, they were baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus.
Acts 19:3-5
And he said unto them, Unto what then were ye baptized? And they said, Unto John’s baptism. Then said Paul, John verily baptized with the baptism of repentance, saying unto the people, that they should believe on him which should come after him, that is, on Christ Jesus. When they heard this, they were baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus.
Acts 19:3-5
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The Baptism ofThe Baptism of
the Great Commissionthe Great Commission
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This is the “one baptism” noted by Paul in Ephesians 4
This is the “one baptism” noted by Paul in Ephesians 4
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There is one body, and one Spirit, even as ye are called in one hope of your calling; One Lord, one faith, one baptism, One God and Father of all, who is above all, and through all, and in you all.
Ephesians 4:4-6
There is one body, and one Spirit, even as ye are called in one hope of your calling; One Lord, one faith, one baptism, One God and Father of all, who is above all, and through all, and in you all.
Ephesians 4:4-6
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This is the “one baptism” noted by Paul in Ephesians 4
This is the “one baptism” noted by Paul in Ephesians 4
These others either involved only specific individuals and
were temporary (Moses; John; Holy Spirit), were illustrative of
this “one baptism” (“for the dead”), or were figurative of
something else (fire; suffering)
These others either involved only specific individuals and
were temporary (Moses; John; Holy Spirit), were illustrative of
this “one baptism” (“for the dead”), or were figurative of
something else (fire; suffering)
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This is the baptism commanded of everyone after
the cross
This is the baptism commanded of everyone after
the cross
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Now when they heard this, they were pricked in their heart, and said unto Peter and to the rest of the apostles, Men and brethren, what shall we do? Then Peter said unto them, Repent, and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins, and ye shall receive the gift of the Holy Ghost.
Acts 2:37, 38
Now when they heard this, they were pricked in their heart, and said unto Peter and to the rest of the apostles, Men and brethren, what shall we do? Then Peter said unto them, Repent, and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins, and ye shall receive the gift of the Holy Ghost.
Acts 2:37, 38
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Then they that gladly received his word were baptized: and the same day there were added unto them about three thousand souls.
Acts 2:41
Then they that gladly received his word were baptized: and the same day there were added unto them about three thousand souls.
Acts 2:41
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But when they believed Philip preaching the things concerning the kingdom of God, and the name of Jesus Christ, they were baptized, both men and women.
Acts 8:12
But when they believed Philip preaching the things concerning the kingdom of God, and the name of Jesus Christ, they were baptized, both men and women.
Acts 8:12
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Then Simon himself believed also: and when he was baptized, he continued with Philip, and wondered, beholding the miracles and signs which were done.
Acts 8:13
Then Simon himself believed also: and when he was baptized, he continued with Philip, and wondered, beholding the miracles and signs which were done.
Acts 8:13
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And he commanded the chariot to stand still: and they went down both into the water, both Philip and the eunuch; and he baptized him.
Acts 8:28
And he commanded the chariot to stand still: and they went down both into the water, both Philip and the eunuch; and he baptized him.
Acts 8:28
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And he commanded them to be baptized in the name of the Lord. Then prayed they him to tarry certain days.
Acts 10:48
And he commanded them to be baptized in the name of the Lord. Then prayed they him to tarry certain days.
Acts 10:48
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And when she was baptized, and her household, she besought us, saying, If ye have judged me to be faithful to the Lord, come into my house, and abide there. And she constrained us.
Acts 16:15
And when she was baptized, and her household, she besought us, saying, If ye have judged me to be faithful to the Lord, come into my house, and abide there. And she constrained us.
Acts 16:15
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And he took them the same hour of the night, and washed their stripes; and was baptized, he and all his, straightway.
Acts 16:33
And he took them the same hour of the night, and washed their stripes; and was baptized, he and all his, straightway.
Acts 16:33
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And Crispus, the chief ruler of the synagogue, believed on the Lord with all his house; and many of the Corinthians hearing believed, and were baptized.
Acts 18:8
And Crispus, the chief ruler of the synagogue, believed on the Lord with all his house; and many of the Corinthians hearing believed, and were baptized.
Acts 18:8
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And now why tarriest thou? arise, and be baptized, and wash away thy sins, calling on the name of the Lord.
Acts 22:16
And now why tarriest thou? arise, and be baptized, and wash away thy sins, calling on the name of the Lord.
Acts 22:16
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Know ye not, that so many of us as were baptized into Jesus Christ were baptized into his death?
Romans 6:3
Know ye not, that so many of us as were baptized into Jesus Christ were baptized into his death?
Romans 6:3
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For as many of you as have been baptized into Christ have put on Christ.
Galatians 3:27
For as many of you as have been baptized into Christ have put on Christ.
Galatians 3:27
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The BaptismThe Baptism
of the Great Commissionof the Great Commissionof Johnof Johnof Fireof Fire
of the Holy Spiritof the Holy Spiritfor the Deadfor the Deadof Sufferingof Sufferingof Mosesof Moses
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