THE BANGLE SELLERS -SAROJINI NAIDU · To the limpid glory of new born leaves. In the second stanza,...
Transcript of THE BANGLE SELLERS -SAROJINI NAIDU · To the limpid glory of new born leaves. In the second stanza,...
ST. XAVIER’S SCHOOLS-CHANDIGARH, PANCHKULA, MOHALI, ZIRAKPUR
Class 10 English Worksheet-7
THE BANGLE SELLERS
-SAROJINI NAIDU
About the Poem
‘The Bangle Sellers‟ is a musical poem written by the prominent Indian Poet and politician
Sarojini Naidu. It is a song sung by the men who sell glass bangles at village fairs and markets
that are organized around temples during festivals or on auspicious days. It is a poem that
explores the life of Indian Women, the Indian culture and traditions revolving around women.
The Poem revolves around bangles, which is an important ornament for beautification of women
in Indian Society. It focuses our attention on the social, religious and symbolic value of bangles
in Indian culture where no widow is supposed to wear bangles. The wearing of bangles is
suggestive of happiness, peace and prosperity. The poem celebrates the value and virtues of
Indian womanhood, with the help of a string of images associated with different colours of
bangles. The bangles are not just any ornament to be worn, but a symbolic representation of the
various stages in the life of a typical Indian woman.
Explanation
Stanza 1
Bangle sellers are we who bear
Our shining loads to the temple fair
Who will buy these delicate, bright
Rainbow-tinted circles of light?
Lustrous tokens of radiant lives,
For happy daughters and happy wives
The Poem begins with the speakers introducing themselves as bangle sellers who sell their
articles at the temple fair. They call out to the people to buy their bangles. These hawkers
describe their bangles as delicate, bright, rainbow-tinted circles of light. Here the poet wants to
highlight that the bangles are in variety of colours and they are like circles of light hereby
describing the round shape of the glass bangles which reflect light through it. They advertise by
questioning who will buy these bangles? The bangles are described here as lustrous tokens of
radiant lives which depict the Indian tradition of wearing bangles which are worn on special
occasions and are associated with happiness and prosperity.
Read the extract and answer the following questions:
Q1.What is being referred to as „shining loads‟? Who are its prospective buyers?
Q2.What role do the bangle sellers play in a traditional Indian set-up, according to this extract?
Q3.Why are the bangles referred to as rainbow-tinted circles of light? Which figure of speech is
used here?
Q4.Why are the bangles called „lustrous tokens of radiant lives‟?
Stanza 2
Some are meet for a maidens wrist,
Silver and blue as the mountain mist,
Some are flushed like the buds that dream
On the tranquil brow of a woodland stream,
Some are aglow with the bloom that cleaves
To the limpid glory of new born leaves.
In the second stanza, the bangle sellers give an account of the bangles suitable for a maiden‟s(an
unmarried young girl)wrist. They say that the silver and blue coloured bangles which are like
the colour of the mist of the mountain ,will suit her as they symbolize purity, freshness and the
beauty of young maidens. Some of the bangles are „flushed „, that is pink and light red in colour
like buds growing beside a woodland stream desiring to grow into a flower, while some are
green and glowing like clear dew drops on new born leaves. All these colourful- mist like, buds
like and flower like – bangles are suitable for young girls dreaming of marriage.
Read the Extract and answer the following questions:
Q1.What types of bangles are suitable for a maiden‟s wrist? Why are silver and blue
coloured bangles compared to the mountain mist?
Q2.In what way are the buds set to dream? Which figure of Speech is used in „the buds that
dream‟?
Q3.Explain: Some are flushed like the buds that dream
On the tranquil brow of a woodland stream.
Q4.What is meant by the „limpid glory of new born leaves?
Q5.What are the „new born leaves‟ symbolic of?
Stanza 3
Some are like fields of sunlit corn,
Meet for a bride on her bridal morn,
Some, like the flame of her marriage fire,
Or, rich with the hue of her heart’s desire,
Tinkling, luminous, tender, and clear,
Like her bridal laughter and bridal tear.
In the third stanza, the bangle sellers describe the bangles suitable for a bride on her bridal
morning. Some of these bangles are golden yellow, like fields of corn which are lit up by
sunlight in the morning while some are bright red like the reddish flame of the sacred marriage
fire.It also reflects the passion in her heart about her married life. The bangles tinkle when the
bride moves, they are bright, delicate and clear in colour just like the laughter of the bride. They
express both her joy of starting a new life with her husband and the sorrow of leaving her parents
behind. The words „bridal laughter and bridal tear‟ convey the sudden transition of a woman
from a maiden to a wife and all her mixed emotions of sorrow and happiness attached to it.
Read the extract and answer the following questions:
Q1.What is being compared to „fields of sunlit corn‟? Why?
Q2.What do you understand by the phrase „bridal laughter‟ and „bridal tear‟? With what
have they been compared in the extract?
Q3.In which context is the „marriage fire‟ used in the poem? Explain.
Q4.Which literary device is used in the last two lines of the extract? Explain it.
Stanza 4
Some are purple and gold flecked grey
For she who has journeyed through life midway,
Whose hands have cherished, whose love has blest,
And cradled fair sons on her faithful breast,
And serves her household in fruitful pride,
And worships the gods at her husband’s side.
In the last stanza, the bangle sellers say that they have some purple and grey bangles that have
gold flecks on them suitable for middle- aged women who have „journeyed through life‟. These
women are mature, and have experienced life and have reached middle age in the journey of life.
They are mothers who have loved, blessed, cared and brought up their children. They have held
their worthy sons close to their hearts and have taken care
of their household with pride. They have fulfilled their duties perfectly because of which they
get honour to sit at their husband‟s side while worshipping.
Read the extract and answer the following questions:
Q1. For whom are the „purple and gold flecked grey‟ bangles suitable? Which phase of their
lives is symbolized by these bangles?
Q2.What special significance does the phrase „fruitful pride‟ hold in the extract?
Q3.Explain the line: worships the gods at her husband‟s side.
Q4.Do you think that the poet‟s presentation of the Indian society is based on patriarchal
ideology which is unacceptable in our times of feminist outlook? Explain.
……………………………………………………………………..
ANSWER KEY of English Worksheet-6 A HORSE AND TWO GOATS
CLASS 10 ENGLISH LITERATURE (PROSE)
A1. Kritam, meaning „crown‟ or „ coronet‟ in Tamil, is one of the smallest of India‟s seven
hundred thousand villages. It is a village that has fewer than thirty houses. Most of the houses are
made of bamboo, thatch, straw and mud. The only sophisticated residence in the village is the
Big House built from brick and cement.
A2. Kritam in Tamil means „coronet‟ or „crown‟. Muni along with his wife lived in one of the
huts.
A3. The Big House was the only sophisticated residence in the village made from brick and
cement. It was painted in a brilliant yellow and blue colour. There were paintings of gods and
gargoyles on several posts.
A4. In his prosperous days, Muni had a flock of 40 sheep and goats. Most of them had died due
to years of drought, a great famine and an epidemic. Now he is left with only two goats.
A5. Muni usually went to the highway to let his goats graze. While he was there, he would sit on
a pedestal at the base of a life sized clay statue of a horse .
A6. Muni was fed up of eating drumstick leaves alone. He had a craving to relish them with
sauce for a change.
A7. Muni tried to convince the shopkeeper to give him items on credit by engaging in
conversation and laughing at his jokes. This time however he refused. He showed Muni a ledger
of past debts that he owed and told him to clear them before asking for credit.
A8. Muni said that his daughter would be giving him money for his fiftieth birthday. The
shopkeeper did not believe him because he appeared to be almost seventy.
A9. The statue of the horse was life-sized and moulded out of clay. It was as white as a dhobi-
washed sheet and had on it‟s back a cover of pure brocade of red and black lace.
A10. Muni saw a yellow station wagon coming towards him down the highway. The car had run
out of gas and had come to a stop on the road in front of the statue.
A11.The foreigner was wearing khaki clothes. It made Muni think that he was a policeman.
A12.Muni mistook the foreigner‟s khaki dress and thought the foreigner was a policeman who
had arrived to investigate the dead body that was found on the border of Kritam and a
neighbouring village. Muni thought that the foreigner had come to arrest him.
A13.Muni feared that he was going to be arrested and that the business card was a warrant for his
arrest, so he stepped back He was immediately suspicious and afraid.
A14.The American concluded that Muni was the owner as he was sitting on the pedestal of the
horse statue and when the American asked about it Muni gave an explanation of its history and
origin.
A15.Muni‟s wife was furious on seeing the hundred rupee note and accused Muni of stealing it.
She threatened to leave him and return to her parents house.
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ਬਾਕੀ ਦੀ ਕਹਾਨੀ ਅਗਲ ਹਫ਼ਤ ੜ੍ਹਾਈ ਜਾਵਗੀ।
Worksheet ਵਵਿੱਚ ਵਦਿੱਤ ਰਸ਼ਨਾਾਂ ਦਾ ਅਵਿਆਸ ਆਣੀ ਕਾੀ ਵਵਿੱਚ ਕਰ।
ਹਠਾਾਂ ਵਦਿੱਤੀ ਵਲਖਤ ਨੂੂੰ ਚੂੰਗੀ ਤਰਹਾਾਂ ੜ੍ਹ ਕ ਨੀਚ ਵਦਿੱਤ ਰਸ਼ਨਾਾਂ ਦ ਉੱਤਰ ਕਾੀ ਵਵਿੱਚ ਵਲਖ।
ਰਸ਼ਨ 1-"ਰਾਮ ਜੀ, ਧਰਤੀ ਉੱਤ ਸਾਡੀ ਲੜ੍ ਨਹੀਂ, ਸਾਨੂੂੰ ਰਤ ਆਉਣ ਦੀ ਆਵਗਆ ਵਦਓ।"
੧-ਰਾਮ ਜੀ, ਸ਼ਬਦ ਟਕਸ ਲਈ ਵਰਟਿਆ ਟਗਆ ਹੈ? ਇਹ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਟਕਸ ਨੇ, ਟਕਸ ਨ ੂੰ , ਕਦੋਂ ਿੇ ਟਕਉਂ ਕਹੇ?
੨-ਧਰਿੀ ਿੋਂ ਵਾਸ ਕਣ ਆਉਣਾ ਚਾਹ ੂੰ ਦਾ ਸੀ ਿੇ ਟਕਉਂ?
੩-ਰੱਬ ਨੇ ਟਕਸ ਨ ੂੰ ਧਰਿੀ ਿੇ ਭੇਟਜਆ ਅਿੇ ਟਕਉਂ ?
੪-ਧਰਿੀ ਿੇ ਜਾ ਕੇ ਰ ਿਾਂ ਨੇ ਮਨ ੱ ਖ ਨਾਲ ਟਕਹ ਟਜਹਾ ਟਵਵਹਾਰ ਕੀਿਾ?ਮਨ ੱ ਖ ਨੇ ਰ ੱ ਿਾ ਿੋਂ ਬਚਣ ਲਈ ਕੀ- ਕੀ ਉਰਾਲੇ ਕੀਿੇ ਿੇ ਟਵਟਗਆਨ ਨੇ ਇਸ ਟਵੱਚ ਟਕਸ ਿਰਹਾਂ ਮਨ ੱ ਖ ਦੀ ਮਦਦ ਕੀਿੀ?
-----------------------------------------------
ਰਸ਼ਨ 2 "ਇਹ ਧਰਤੀ ਤਾਾਂ ਬੜ੍ੀ ਸੁਹਣੀ ਹ। ਰਿੱਬ ਨ ਬਹਾਰ ਨੂੂੰ ਆਵਖਆ।"
੧-ਰੱਬ ਧਰਿੀ ਿੇ ਟਕਸ ਰ ਟਵੱਚ ਆਇਆ ਸੀ ਿੇ ਟਕਉਂ ?
੨-ਰੱਬ ਨੇ ਧਰਿੀ ਿੇ ਆ ਕੇ ਸ਼ਟਹਰ ਟਵੱਚ ਕੀ- ਕੀ ਦੇਟਖਆ?
੩- ਰੱਬ ਸ਼ਟਹਰ ਦੇ ਲਕਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਵੇਖ ਕੇ ਟਨਰਾਸ਼ ਟਕਉਂ ਹ ਟਗਆ?
੪-ਰੱਬ ਸ਼ਟਹਰ ਟਵੱਚ ਜਾ ਕੇ ੂੰਛੀਆਂ ਬਾਰੇ ਸਚ ਕੇ ਟਕਉਂ ਦ ਖੀ ਹਇਆ?
Class 10 History –Civics Worksheet-6
THE STATE JUDICIARY – THE HIGH COURTS
INTRODUCTION
The High Court is at the apex of the judiciary in the state . Presently , there are total 24
High Courts in the country . Four among them have jurisdiction over more than one
state ; these include High Courts of Guwahati , Chandigarh , Mumbai and
Hyderabad .
COMPOSITION
Every High Court has a Chief Justice and other judges , who are appointed by the
President from time to time . The number of judges in a High Court is not fixed and
varies from state to state .
QUALIFICATION OF JUDGES
A Judge of the High Court must be a citizen of India , and
(a) Should have held a judicial office in India for atleast 10 years , or
(b) Should have been an advocate of a High Court for atleast 10 years .
APPOINTMENT OF THE JUDGES
1.The President of India appoints the Chief Justice of High Court after consultations with
the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the Governor of the concerned State .
2. The President of India appoints the other judges of High Court after consultations with
the Chief Justice of India( Supreme Court ) , Governor of the State and the Chief Justice
of the concerned High Court .
TERM OF OFFICE AND REMOVAL
A judge of the High Court retires at the age of 62 years . A judge may be removed from
his office by the President on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity .
JURISDICTION OF THE HIGH COURT
Jurisdiction refers to the power that a Court of Law exercises to carry out judgement , to
interpret laws and to settle disputes .
ORIGINAL JURISDICTION
It extends to those cases which High Court has authority to hear and decide in the first
instance . The High Court in its original jurisdiction entertains suits in the following cases
:
1. Cases regarding wills , divorce , marriage , Admiralty , Company Law and
Contempt of Court .
2. Constitutional cases
3. To issue Writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights .
APPELLATE JURISDICTION
Appellate jurisdiction of the High Court is both civil and criminal . In civil cases the
High Court hear the appeals against the decisions of District judges. In criminal cases
appellate jurisdiction consists of appeals :
1. Against the judgement of a sessions judge or an additional sessions judge
2. Against the judgements of assistant sessions judge , the chief metropolitan
magistrate or other judicial magistrates .
REVISORY JURISDICTION
The High Court is empowered to review any judgement or order made by the
subordinate or lower court with a view to removing any mistake that might have
crept in the judgement .
HIGH COURT IS A COURT OF RECORD
The High Court is a Court of Record . The Court of Record has 2 features :
1. Its judgements are preserved as record and can be produced in any court as
precedents .
2. If a person commits a contempt of High Court , the court has the authority to
punish him .
JUDICIAL REVIEW
If a High Court finds that a particular law or order of the executive goes beyond the
provisions of the Constitution , it can declare them null and void .
ENFORCEMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND WRITS
All High Courts have the power to issue Writs to a person or an official . The writs
comprise of :
Habeas Corpus , Mandamus , Prohibition , Quo Warranto and Certiorari .
The writ jurisdiction of the High Court is wider than the Supreme Court as the
High Court can issue writs for enforcement of all legal rights whether fundamental
rights or other .
Answer the following questions :
Q.1 What is the composition of a High Court ?
Q.2 Name the different types of Jurisdictions . Mention 2 types of cases regarding
which the High Court exercises Original Jurisdiction .
Q.3 What is the scope or purpose of :
(a) Writ of Quo Warranto (b) Writ of prohibition
Q.4 In what way do the High courts have a wider scope in enforcement of writs as
compared to the Supreme Court ?
Q.5 What is meant by „Judicial Review‟ of the High Court ?
Q.6 What do we mean when we say that the High Court is a Court of
Record ?
Q.7 What is meant by “Appellate Jurisdiction” ? Name the 2 types of cases in which an
appeal shall lie to the High Court .
Answer key of History Civics Worksheet-5
Q.1 Explain the meaning of the term „jurisdiction‟ .
Ans.1 Jurisdiction refers to the power that a Court of Law exercises to carry out judgement ,
to interpret laws and to settle disputes .
Q.2 Name the different types of Jurisdictions . Mention 2 types of cases regarding which
the Supreme Court exercises Original Jurisdiction .
Ans.2 The different types of jurisdictions are – original jurisdiction , appellate jurisdiction ,
revisory jurisdiction & advisory jurisdiction .
The Supreme Court in its original jurisdiction entertains suits in the following cases :
1. A dispute between the Government of India & one or more States .
2.Disputes between 2 or more States .
Q.3 What is meant by the term “ Writ ” ?
Ans.3 A writ is a “ legal instrument to enforce obedience to the orders of a Court .”
Q.4 What is the scope or purpose of :
(a) Writ of Mandamus (b) Writ of Habeas Corpus
Ans.4 (a) Writ of Mandamus : The purpose of this writ is to compel a lower court or an
individual to perform their duty .
(b) Writ of Habeas Corpus : The purpose of this writ is that it provides a remedy for
a person who has been unlawfully held in prison , in police custody or by a private individual
.
Q.5 What is meant by „Judicial Review‟ ?
Ans.5 It is the power of the Supreme Court to examine the laws passed by the legislature &
the orders issued by the executive officials to find whether or not they are permitted by the
Constitution .
Q.6 What do we mean when we say that the Supreme Court is a Court of
Record ?
Ans.6 The Supreme Court is a Court of Record . A Court of Record is one whose
judgements are recorded for evidence & testimony . They are not to be questioned when they
are produced before any Court .
Q.7 What is meant by “Appellate Jurisdiction” ? Name the 2 types of cases in which an
appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court .
Ans. 7 It is the power of a court to review , amend & overrule decisions of a lower court .
An appeal lies to the Supreme Court from any judgement or final order of a High Court
in India . The appellate jurisdiction extends to the following cases :-
1. Constitutional Cases : Every High Court has the power to interpret the Constitution
but the decision of the Supreme Court is final . An appeal lies to the Supreme Court
from any judgement of the High Court , if the High Court certifies that the case
involves the interpretation of the Constitution .
2. Civil Cases : Appeals in civil matters lie to the Supreme Court , if the High Court
certifies (a) that the case involves a substantial question of law of general importance
, (b) that the question needs to be decided by the Supreme Court .
Q.8 Name the Courts which are competent to issue Writs for the Enforcement of
Fundamental Rights .
Ans. 8 Both the Supreme Court and the High Court are competent to issue Writs for the
Enforcement of Fundamental Rights .
Class 10 Geography Worksheet-6
WATER RESOURCES
WATER RESOURCES: -
Are of utmost importance in a country like India where agriculture is the main occupation
of the people. The dense population, which is increasing at a tremendous rate needs food.
The agriculture production can be increased by following better farming techniques, with
the use of fertilisers and better seeds. This is not possible unless adequate amount of
water is available. Therefore irrigation is absolutely essential in India where water
resources are available in the form of surface water and ground water.
SOURCES OF WATER: -
1. Surface Water Resources
2. Ground Water Resources.
1. SURFACE WATER RESOURCES:-
The water available on the surface of the land in the form of streams, rivers, lakes or
reservoirs is known as surface water resources. The maximum water available is from
rivers and their tributaries. Due to a number of factors like relief, location, climate, etc
only about 32% of the available surface water can be utilised.
2.GROUND WATER RESOURCES : -
Water enters the ground through crack, pores, sand and rock formation and collects in the
lower layers. The basins of the Ganga and the Brahmaputra have over 50% of the
groundwater resources. Due to the plateau in South India there is a smaller amount of
underground water.
NEED FOR CONSERVATION OF WATER: -
1. India receives nearly 4% of global precipitation, still we suffer from water scarcity.
2. Water scarcity may also arise because of the large and growing population.
3. India has seasonal rainfall, and this rainfall is not evenly distributed throughout the
country.
4. Indian rivers like Ganga and Yamuna are the most polluted rivers. Due to their over
exploitation, their glaciers are melting at a high rate.
5. Excessive irrigation to meet excessive population demands depletes 90 % of the fresh
water content of the earth.
6. Industries utilize huge amounts of water and also pollute surface fresh water.
7. . The misuse of water, wastage and inability to tap and harness our water potential has
resulted in growing depletion of water resources.
CONSERVATION PRACTICES : -
Means preventing and controlling of the depletion and degradation of water and making
the best use of available water resources for the present and future needs.
It is necessary due to increasing demand, short supply and uneven distribution of rainfall
NECESSARY STEPS FOR WATER CONSERVATION ARE: -
Developing water saving technology
Preventing water pollution
Promoting watershed development, rain water harvesting, water recycling and reuse.
RAIN WATER HARVESTING : -
Water harvesting involves different methods of conserving and collecting rainwater. It is
the simplest and most efficient method.
There are various methods of water harvesting-
1. Rainwater harvesting.
2. Recharging of ground water.
WHAT IS MEANT BY RAIN WATER HARVESTING?
The activity of collecting rain water directly or recharging it into the ground to improve
groundwater storage in the aquifer.
It is the most important technique for storing water and later using it during drought or
day season.
In this method, the rain water is collected on rooftop and is directed to dry tanks
OBJECTIVES OF RAIN WATER HARVESTNG. –
1. Recharging the ground water and raising its level.
2. Preventing rain water runoff.
3. To prevent soil erosion or flooding surrounding area.
4. Checking rain water from becoming polluted.
5. To meet the demand of water during dry season.
IMPORTANCE OF RAINWATER HARVESTING: -
1. It increases the availability of water during dry season
2. Improves the quality of ground water by diluting salinity.
3. Does not cause pollution
4. Cost effective and easily affordable.
5. It reduces soil erosion and improves soil moisture.
6. This can even provide for drinking water when all other sources have dried up.
7. To meet population demand.
8. Industries can also use such water for their purposes and this water is also applicable
in irrigation.
ADVANTAGES OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING:-
1. Provides self-sufficiency to water supply.
2. Reduces the cost of pumping groundwater
3. Provides high quality water, soft and low in minerals.
4. Improves the quality of ground water.
5. Reduces soil erosion.
6. Rainwater harvesting system are simple which can be easily adopted by individuals.
7. In hilly terrain rain water harvesting is preferred.
8. In desert were rainfall is low it provides relief to people.
9. In saline or coastal areas, rainwater provides good quality water and when recharged
to ground water, it reduces salinity and also helps in maintaining balance.
10. In Island, due to limited extent of freshwater aquifers, rainwater harvesting is most
preferred source of water for domestic use.
RAIN WATER HARVESTING TECHNIQUES IN DIFFERENT STATES :-
1) Rainwater harvesting techniques: -
Many other states in India still use the traditional methods of rainwater harvesting, for eg.
Johads (earthen dams), Kunds (covered underground tanks), in Rajasthan.
Khadin (a long earthen embankment to store run off water) in Gujarat
Cheruva (reservoirs) in Andhra Pradesh
Dongs (ponds) in Assam used by Bodo tribes.
Kere (tanks) in Karnataka.
Bhandaras in the Deccan plateau
Surangam in Western Ghats.
Korambu in Eastern Ghats.
Zing in Ladakh.
Zongs in Jammu Kashmir.
Pukuar , Bil and Khal- rainwater is stored in ponds, in the state of W Bengal.
2) Recharge of groundwater: -
Pit recharge- pits are constructed to recharge shallow aquifers
Trenches- when water is collected at a shallow depth due to permeable soil.
Dug wells- water is carried with the help of drain pipes to tank from where it flows
into dug wells.
Hand pumps- may be used for recharging the shallow or deep aquifers.
Filtration tank- Roof top water is carried with the help of pipe to a filtration tank.
Ferrocement tank- Type of storage.
HOW TO HARVEST RAINWATER: -
There are two ways of harvesting rainwater
1. Surface runoff harvesting
2. Rooftop rainwater harvesting
1. Surface run off harvesting: - The excess water from rain, snow melt, or other source
flows over the land can be harvested.
2. Roof top Rainwater harvesting: - is the technique through which rain water is
captured from the groot catchments and stored in reservoirs.
The main objective of rooftop rainwater harvesting is to make water available for future
use.
NEED FOR ROOF TOP RAINWATER HARVESTING:-
To meet the ever increasing demand for water
To reduce the runoff
To avoid flooding of roads.
To augment the groundwater storage and control decline of water levels.
To reduce ground water pollution
To improve the quality of ground water
To reduce the soil erosion.
To supplement domestic water requirement during summer, drought etc.
What are check dams?
Check dams or embankments built to store rainwater during the monsoon season on a
large scale to prevent scarcity of water during dry season.
For eg Johads. Johads are abundant in Rajasthan.
Class 10 Physics Worksheet-7
MACHINES
It is our common experience that it is much easier to open a nut by using a wrench rather
than by hand. It is difficult to pull up a bucket of water directly from a well, but it
becomes much easier to pull up with the use of a pulley. It is difficult to shift a heavy
block by pushing it, but it becomes difficult to shift it by using a crow bar. We can find
many such examples in our daily life where the use of a machine (such as a wrench,
pulley, crow bar, etc.) makes the job easier.
A machine is a device by which we can either overcome a large resistive force for
(or load) at some point by applying a small force (or effort) at a convenient point and in a
desired direction or by which we can obtain a gain in speed.
Technical terms related to a machine
1) Load: The resistive or opposing force to be overcome by a machine is called load
(L).
2) Effort: The force applied on the machine to overcome the load is called effort (E).
3) Mechanical advantage (M.A.): The ratio of load to effort is called the mechanical
advantage of the machine, i.e.,
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑀.𝐴. ) =Load (L)
Effort (E)
4) Velocity ratio (V.R.): The ratio of the velocity of effort to the velocity of load is
called the velocity ratio of machine,
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 (𝑉.𝑅. ) =Velocity of effort
Velocity of load
5) Work input: The work done on the machine by the effort, is called work input
(Winput), i.e.,
Work input = work done by the effort.
6) Work output: The work done by the machine on the land, is called work output
(Woutput), i.e.,
Work output = work done on the load.
7) Efficiency (η): Efficiency of a machine is the ratio of the work done on the load by
the machine to the work done on the machine by the effort.
PRINCIPLE OF A MACHINE
When energy is supplied to a machine by applying effort, it overcomes the load by
doing some useful work on it.
The point at which energy is supplied to a machine by applying effort is called the
effort point and the point where energy is obtained by overcoming the load, is called
the load point.
For an ideal machine,
Output energy = Input energy
Ideal machine: An ideal machine is that in which there is no loss of energy in any
manner. Here the work output is equal to the work input i.e. the efficiency of an ideal
machine is 100%.
Actual machine: In an actual machine, the output energy is always less than the
input energy i.e. there is always some loss of energy during its operation. The loss of
energy in a machine is due to the following three reasons:
1) the moving parts in it are neither weightless nor smooth (or frictionless)
2) the string in the (if any) is not perfectly elastic, and
3) Its different parts are not perfectly rigid
RELATIONSIP BETWEEN EFFICIENCY (η), MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (MA)
AND VELOCIY RATIO (VR)
Suppose a machine overcomes a load L by the application of an effort E, in time t. Let the
displacement of effort be dE and the displacement of load be dL.
M.A. = V.R X η
LEVERS
Levers are the simplest kind of machines used in our daily life.
A lever is a rigid, straight (or bent) bar which is capable of turning about a fixed axis.
KINDS OF LEVERS
Depending upon the relative positions of effort, load and fulcrum, there are following
three types of levers: (1) Class I levers, (2) Class II levers and Class III levers.
(1) Class I levers: In this type of levers, the fulcrum F is in Between the effort E
and the load L.
(2) Class II levers: In this type of levers, the fulcrum f and the effort E are at the
two ends of the lever and the load L is somewhere in between the effort E and
the fulcrum F.
(3) Class III levers: in this types of levers, the fulcrum F and the load L are at the
two ends of the lever and the effort E is somewhere in between the fulcrum F
and the load L.
Class 10 Chemistry Worksheet-7
ACID BASES AND SALT
ACID-Acids are defined as compounds which contain one or more hydrogen
atoms, and when dissolved in water, they produce hydronium ions (H3O+), the
only positively charged ions. E.g. HCl, H2SO4
Base-are the substances which react with acid to form salt and water. All metal
oxides and hydroxides are bases.
Alkali- water soluble bases are called Alkali. They produce hydroxyl ions as the
negatively charged ions when dissolved in water eg. NaOH, KOH.
Neutralization- It is the process in which Acid reacts with a base to form salt and
water.
NaOH+HClNacl + H2O
Base Acid Salt Water
Strong
Acid
Weak Acid
1
.
Compoun
ds which
fully
dissociate
in water to
produce
large
number of
hydrogen
ions or
hydroniu
m ions are
called
strong
acids
1
.
Compounds
which dissociate
partially in water
to produce less
number of
hydrogen ions or
hydronium ions
are called weak
acids
2
.
They only
produce
ions
2
.
They produce
ions and
molecules
3
.
E.g. HCl,
H2SO4
3
.
E.g.
CH3COOH,H2C
O3
Strong Alkali Weak Alkali
1. Compounds which
fully dissociate in
water to produce
large number of
hydroxyl ions are
called strong alkali
1. Compounds which
dissociate partially in
water to produce less
number of hydroxyl
ions are called weak
alkali
2. They only produce
ions
2. They produce ions
and molecules
3. E.g. NaOH, KOH. 3. E.g. NH4OH
>Basicity of acid is defined as the no of ionizable hydrogen (H+) ions present i
n one molecule of an acid is called basicity.
Monobasic Acids
Monobasic acids are acidic compounds that have one replaceable hydrogen atom per one
acid molecule. , these acids produce one hydrogen ion on complete dissociation in water.
Therefore, these are called monoprotic acids. There are organic and inorganic
monobasic acids. Some are strong acids whereas others are weak acids. Strong
monobasic acids such as HCl, HNO3, HBr can completely dissociate and donate one
hydrogen to a base. Weak monobasic acids such as acetic acid (CH3COOH) are partially
dissociated.
HCl H+ + Cl
-
Dibasic Acids
Dibasic acids are chemical compounds that have two replaceable hydrogen atoms per
acid molecule. Therefore these dibasic acids can produce two hydrogen ions on complete
dissociation in water . In an aqueous solution, dibasic acids dissociate providing two
hydrogen ions (H+) to the system. Therefore, these are also called diprotic acids.
Some common examples of dibasic acids include H2SO4, H2CO3
H2SO4 2H+
+ SO42-
Tribasic Acids
Tribasic acids are chemical compounds that have three replaceable hydrogen atoms.
These acids produce three hydrogen ions on complete dissociation in water. Since they
are able to remove three H+ ions (protons), these acids are also called triprotic acids.
H3PO4 3H+
+ PO43-
>Acidity of base is defined as the no of ionizable hydroxyl ions present in one
molecule of an base is called acidity.
Monoacidic base
Monoacidic base are the compounds that have one replaceable hydroxyl ion per
one base molecule. , these bases produce one hydroxyl ion on complete
dissociation in water. For example NaOH
NaOHNa+
+ OH-
Diacidic Base
Diacidic bases are the compounds that have 2 replaceable hydroxyl ion per one
base molecule. , these bases produce 2 hydroxyl ion on complete dissociation in
water. For example Ca(OH)2
Ca(OH)2 Ca2+
+ 2OH-
Triacidic Base
Triacidic bases are the compounds that have 3 replaceable hydroxyl ion per one
base molecule. , these bases produce 3 hydroxyl ion on complete dissociation in
water. For example Fe(OH)3
Fe(OH)3Fe3+
+ 3OH-
Class 10 Biology Worksheet-7
Absorption by Roots (continued.......)
Turgidity and flaccidity: When a cell absorbs water by endosmosis, it becomes fully
stretched and is unable to take up any more water. Such a cell is called turgid. and the
condition is described as turgidity. It helps in opening and closing of stomata. When a
cell loses water it loses its shape and becomes flaccid and the condition is described
as flaccidity. Flaccid guard cells close stomata.
Uses of turgidity:
The pressure exerted by the cell sap of turgid cell on the cell wall is called turgor
pressure. It prevents further entry of water into the cell.
Turgidity keeps the plant erect, maintains leaf shape.
The stimulus of touch causes loss of turgor pressure at the base of the petiole and the
leaflets in touch me not plant. This causes the leaflets to wilt and fold up.
In insectivorous plants, opening and closing of the traps is also due to turgor
movements.
Turgidity helps the seed to push through the hard ground.
Plasmolysis and deplasmolysis: Plasmolysis is the shrinkage of the protoplasmic
contents away from the cell wall when the cell is placed in a hypertonic
solution. Deplasmolysis is the return of a plasmolysed cell to its normal condition when
placed in a hypotonic solution. Dry seeds soaked in water swell up due to imbibition. The
cell wall and the protoplasm take up water by capillary action and by diffusion.
Root pressure: Root pressure refers to the osmotic pressure within the cells of a root
system that causes sap to rise through a plant stem to the leaves.
Ascent of sap: Ascent of sap refers to the upward movement of water and dissolved
minerals from the root to the top of tall trees through the xylem vessels.
Root pressure, sectional pull and cohesive forces all act together to transport water and
minerals. No process is singly sufficient to provide water to tall trees.
Root pressure is the osmotic pressure developed in the xylem cells of the root system
which allows the upward movement of water.
Adhesive forces: Water molecules rise in narrow xylem tubes due to capillary action.
This is due to adhesive forces between the water molecules and the walls of the xylem.
Cohesive forces and transpiration: As the water in the leaves is lost to the atmosphere in
the form of water vapour through stomata (transpiration), a pressure gradient arises.
Water has a tendency to remain joined as a continuous column, this is called cohesion.
Cohesive forces between water molecules form a continuous column of water in the
xylem vessels.
EXPERIMENT TO SHOW THAT ROOT ABSORB WATER
Answers of Biology Worksheet-5
1)The process in which the molecules of a substance move from aregion of their
higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
2)It is the movement of water molecules from a dilute to a concentrated solution.
3)It is a process by which living or dead plant cells absorb water by surface
attraction.
4)Due to Imbibition.
Class 10 Commercial Studies Worksheet-6
TOPIC: E-COMMERCE
Information technology have caused unprecedented changes in all walks of life including
business. Some of the major applications of information technology in business
operations are described in this chapter.
MEANING OF E-COMMERCE
E-commerce (Electronic Commerce) means commercial transactions conducted over a
network using computers and telecommunications. According to the International Fiscal
Association, "E-commerce means commercial transactions in which an order is placed
electronically and goods or services are delivered in tangible or electronic form." The
terms e-business and e-commerce are often used interchangeably. But e-business is a
wider term than e-commerce. E-business includes not only e-commerce but also other
electronically conducted business transactions such as product development, production,
inventory management, accounting, finance and human resource management. E-
commerce simply covers a firm's interactions with its customers and suppliers over the
Internet.
E-commerce refers to commercial transaction over internet whereas e-business is the
process of conducting business over internet. ... E-commerce is the use of electronic
transmission medium that caters for buying and selling of products and services. In
addition e-business also includes the exchange of information.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRADITIONAL BUSINESS AND E-BUSINESS
BASIS OF DISTINCTION TRADITIONAL BUSINESS E-BUSINESS
1. Formation Difficult Simple
2. Setting up cost High-fixed assets required Low-fixed assets not
required.
3. Operating Cost High due to fixed charges Low as little fixed
charges
4. Locational needs Nearness to source of raw
material or markets
None
5. Physical presence Necessary Not necessary
6. Response time Long Instant
7. Personal touch High Low
8. Transaction risk Low due to face to face contact High
9. Type of staff
required
Semi skilled High skilled
10. Government support Low High
BENEFITS OF E-COMMERCE OVER TRADITIONAL COMMERCE
1.Global Reach/Global Choice:
The boundaries of electronic business are not defined by geography or by national
borders, but rather by the coverage of computer networks. Since the most important
networks are in scope, electronic commerce enables global even the smallest suppliers to
achieve global presence and to conduct business worldwide. Access to global market
place helps to improve operations of business firms.
The corresponding customer benefit is global choice-a customer can select from all
potential suppliers of a required product or service, regardless of their geographical
location.
2. Improved Competitiveness/Quality of Service:
Electronic business enables suppliers to improve competitiveness by becoming "closer to
the customer". As simple example. many companies are employing electronic commerce
technology to offer improved levels of pre- and post-sales support, with increased levels
of product information, guidance on product use,
and rapid response to customer inquiries. The corresponding customer benefit is
improved quality of service.
3. Mass Customisation / Personalised Products and Services:
With electronic interaction, suppliers are able to gather detailed on flic of each individual
customer and tailor products and services to individual needs. This results in customised
products comparable to those offered by specialised suppliers, but at mass market prices.
One simple example is an online magazine that is tailored for the individual reader on
each access to emphasise articles likely to be of interest and
exclude articles that have already been read.
4. Substantial Savings/Reductions:
One of the major contributions of electronic business is a reduction in transaction costs.
While the cost of a business transaction that entails human interaction might be measured
in dollars, the cost of conduction a similar transaction electronically might be a few cents
or less. Hence, any business process involving "routine" interactions between people
offers the potential for substantial cost savings, which can in turn be transacted into
substantial price reductions for customers.
5. Convenience:
On the Internet transactions can be made 24 hours, 7 days a week and 365 days a year.
One can access anything from anywhere at any time. Such flexibility provides great
convenience to sellers, buyers and employees.
6. Paperless Society:
E-business reduces independence on Paperwork and the attendant red tape. Tax payers
can file returns electronically. Government can grant licenses and approvals without
much paperwork.
7. Speed:
Much of the buying and selling involves exchange of information. On the Internet,
information can be exchanged at the click of a mouse. E-business substantially reduces
the cycle time of a transaction.
8. Lower Investment:
It is much easier to start an e-business than a traditional business. Capital required is
much less. A small firm can obtain the same benefits of Internet technology which are
available to big business. In e-business, networked firms are more efficient than
networthed firms.
Q1. Define e-commerce.
Q2. Define e-business.
Q3. Differentiate between e-commerce and traditional commerce.
Q4. Give any four benefits of e-commerce over traditional commerce.
Answer Key of Commercial Studies Worksheet-5
Ans:1 Consumer exploitation means harming the interest of consumer in various ways.
When consumers do not get value for their money due to dishonesty on the part of traders
and manufacturers, consumer exploitation takes place. Consumers feel cheated.
Ans:2 1. Right to safety:
Consumers have the right to be protected against the marketing of goods which are
hazardous to life and health. Food additives and colours, dangerous toys, flammable
fabrics, unsafe appliances are examples of such goods. Consumers are entitled to healthy
and safe products.
2. Right to information: It means the right to be informed about the quality, quantity, potency, purity, standard
and the price of goods so as to protect the consumers against unfair trade practices.
3. Right to choose: Consumers must have access to a variety of goods at competitive prices. Free competition
and wide variety enable consumers to choose the best goods.
4. Right to be heard: Consumers need to be assured that their interests will receive due consideration at
appropriate forums. This right includes the right to make protest.
Ans:3 Types of consumer exploitation:
Consumers are exploited in several ways, such as the following:
1. Overcharging: charging unjustified high prices.
2. Under weighing: giving less weight or quantity.
3. Adulteration: mixing undesirable elements in goods example horse dung in Dhaniya
powder.
4. Misleading advertising : use a particular cream and you will become fair within a
week.
5. Not informing consumers about adverse impact of the product.
Ans:4 1. Check on Overcharging: The Act also provides for complaints against
charging in excess of the price of a product fixed by a law or rule and/or displayed on the
packaged commodities.
2. Check on Unfair Trade Practices: The Act also covers complaints relating to unfair
trade practices. Thus, a consumer can protect against food adulteration, short weighing
and overcharging, directly to the District Forums. The consumer can pick up a food
sample from a shop, get it analysed by a chemist and file a complaint on that basis.
3. Social Welfare law: It is a highly progressive piece of social welfare legislation. It is
acclaimed as the Magna Carta of Indian consumer. This is a unique law which directly
pertains to consumers in the market place and seeks to redress complaints arising
therefrom.
Ans:5 (a) Removal of Defects: If after proper testing the product proves to be defective,
then the „remove its defects‟ order can be passed by the authority concerned.
(b) Replacement of Goods: Orders can be passed to replace the defective product by a
new non-defective product of the same type.
Class 10 Maths Worksheet-7
Banking
BANK: It is an organization which carries business of receiving, safeguarding and lending of money.
characteristics:
1) Receiving money from depositors
2) Lending money on demand
3) Providing other useful services to the society- loans , school fees , bills ,taxes etc..
TYPES OF ACCOUNTS
1) Saving account
2) Current account
3) Fixed deposit account
4)Recurring or cumulative deposit account
RECURRING OR CUMULATIVE DEPOSIT ACCOUNT
1. In this, depositors choose certain amount of money to deposit every month for fixed time period .
2. Time period may vary from 3 to 10 months or more years .
3. Depositors get maturity amount at the time of expiry of recurring deposit.
COMPUTING THE MATURITY VALUE OF A RECURRING DEPOSIT
ACCOUNT
Let a sum of P be deposited every month in a bank for 'n' months. if the rate of interest be r% per annum
the interest on the whole deposit is computed as
I = 𝑷 ×𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)
𝟐×
𝒓
𝟏𝟎𝟎×
𝟏
𝟏𝟐
Since the total sum deposited in 'n' months = Amount deposited every month × number of months
therefore maturity value = total money deposited + interest
= P×n + 𝑃×𝑛(𝑛+1)
2×
𝑟
12×100
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 1:
Sonia had a recurring deposit account in a bank and deposited र 600 per month for 21
2 years. If the rate of
interest was 10 % per annum. Find the maturity value of this account.
SOLUTION:
Here: P = र 600
n= 21
2 years that is equal to 30 months
r=10% p.a.
Amount deposited in 30 months = 600 × 30
= 18,000
interest = 600×30×(30+1)×10
2×12×100 = र 2,325
therefore, amount received by Sonia on maturity = (18000+2325)
= र 20,325
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------EXAMPLE 2
Ahmed has recurring deposit account in a bank. he deposited र 2500 per month for 2 years . if he gets र 66,250 at
the time of maturity. Find
1) The interest paid by the bank
2) the rate of interest
SOLUTION:
Here P= र 2500
n= 2 years =24 months
amount at the time of maturity= र 66,250
money received
Total money deposited = र 2500×24
= र 60,000
1) Interest = 66,250-60,000
= र 6250
2) As we know the formula,
I = 𝑃×𝑛(𝑛+1)
2×
𝑟
12×100
6250 = 2500 ×24(24+1)×𝑟
2400
therefore r = 6250 ×24
24×25×25
r= 10% p.a.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXAMPLE-3
Rekha opened a cumulative deposit account for 20 months. The rate of interest is 9% p.a and Rekha
received र 441 as interest at the time of maturity. Find the amount Rekha deposited each month.
SOLUTION :
Here n= 20 months r=9%p.a I= र 441
Let Rekha deposited x each month
As we know the formula for interest ,
I = 𝑃×𝑛(𝑛+1)
2×
𝑟
12×100
र 441 = 𝑥×20×21×9
2400
x= र 280
Therefore Rekha deposited र 280 per month.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXAMPLE 4
Beena has a recurring deposit account of र400 per month at 10% p.a. simple interest. if she gets र30,100 at the time of
maturity. find the total time for which the account was held.
SOLUTION :
Here, P= र 400
r=10% p.a.
maturity value = र30,100
Let 'n' be the required number of months
total deposited money = 400n
total received money = र30,100
I = 30,100 - 400n
400×𝑛×(𝑛+1)×10
2400 = 30,100 - 400n
after simplifying,
5×𝑛(𝑛+1)
3 = 30,100 - 400n
n(n+1) = 18060 - 240n
n2 + n + 240n -18060 = 0
n2 + 241n - 18060 = 0
n2 + 301n - 60n -18060 = 0 (By splitting the middle term)
n(n+301) -60(n+301)= 0
(n+301) (n-60) = 0
n = -301 , 60
Therefore n = 60 months or 5 years
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE:
1. Inderjeet opened a cumulative time deposit account with Punjab National
Bank. He deposited Rs. 360 per month for 2 years. If the rate of interest
be 7% per annum, how much did he get at the time of maturity?
2. Tanvy has a recurring deposit account in a finance company for 11
2 years
at 9% per annum. If she gets Rs. 15426 at the time of maturity, how
much per month per month has been invested by her?
3. Mr. Gupta opened a recurring deposit account in a bank. He deposited
Rs. 2500 per month for 2 years. At the time of maturity, he got Rs.
67500. Find:
(i) The total interest earned by Mr. Gupta.
(ii) The rate of interest per annum.
4. Preeti has a recurring deposit account of Rs. 1000 per month at 10% per
annum. If she gets Rs. 5550 as interest at the time of maturity, find the
total time for which the account was held.
ANSWER KEY OF WORKSHEET 6
1. (i) 57 (ii) 46 (iii) 12
2. (i) Rs. 600 (ii) Rs. 550 (iii) 29
3. (i) 44 (ii) 31 (iii) 11
Class X Economics Worksheet-6
Supply of labour - we mean the amount of labour that is available in the country .
It is usually measured in units of man day ( 1 day = 8 hours of work ) per year .
For eg. If the country has 1000 workers , if these work for 300 days in a year , then
the annual supply of labour in country is 3,00,000 man-days.
Factors affecting Supply of Labour –
1. Size of population – the larger the population , the larger will be no. of people to work
. Hence the larger will be supply of labour .
2. Age composition – salaried people are legally barred from working as labour after
attaining a certain age like 58 years . Some workers stop working when their health no
longer permits them to work then there will be a fall in the supply of labour .
3. Wage rate – higher the wage rate , the larger becomes the supply of labour. Hence ,
the willingness to work increases with the rise in wage rate ,but sometimes an increase in
wage rate can make the opposite effect as the worker may prefer leisure to income . For
eg. When a worker was working at Rs. 10 per hour , the worker had to work for 10 hours
to earn Rs. 100 per day . but if his wage rate increases from Rs. 10 to Rs. 15 per hour ,
then he can easily earn Rs. 120 by working only 8 hours per day . Thus , the individual
labour curve backward bending .
Self-Evaluation-
1. Define supply of labour.
2. State any four factors affecting supply of labour.
Answer key of worksheet-5
1. Mobility of labour means the ability and the capacity of labour to move easily
and quicklyfrom one place to another, from one occupation to another occupation,
from one industry to another industry.
OR
Mobility of labour refers to movement of labor from one place to another or
changing ofprofession or status or grade.
2. There may be three types of mobility of labour :
1. Geographical Mobility
2. Occupational Mobility
3.Social Mobility
3. The factors affecting mobility of labour are - means of transport ,
industrialisation, education and training, . outlook and advertisement ( explain
them in detail ).
Dismissal of Batsman
1. Bowled: The bowler has hit the wicket with the ball and the wicket has “broken”
with at least one bail dislodged. If the ball hits the wicket without dislodging a bail
it is not out.
2. Caught: The batsman has hit the ball with his bat or with his hand and the ball has
been caught before it has touched the ground by a member of the fielding team.
3. Leg before Wicket (LBW): Leg before wicket is judged in the manner that when
the left leg of the right handed batsman comes in front of the ball which may be
hitting the stumps, then that situation can be termed as LBW. This rule is
introduced because the batsmen will try to cover the full stumps to avoid the bowl
to hit the stumps.
4. Run Out: A member of the fielding side has broken or “put down” the wicket
with the ball while a batsman was out of his ground; this usually occurs by means
of an accurate throw to the wicket while the batsmen are trying to make a run.
5. Stumped: It is similar to run out except it is done by the wicketkeeper after the
batsman has missed the bowled ball and has stepped out of his ground and is not
attempting to make a run.
6. Hit Wicket: A batsman is out hit wicket, if he dislodges one or both bails with his
bat, person, clothing or equipment in the act of hitting the ball, or when setting off
for a run.
7. Hit the ball twice: This is very unusual and was introduced as a safety measure to
counter dangerous play and protect the fielders. The batsman may legally play the
ball a second time only to stop the ball hitting the wicket after he has already
played it.
8. Obstructed the Field: Another unusual dismissal which tends to involve a
batsman knowingly getting in the way of a fielder.
9. Handled the ball: A batsman must not intentionally use his hand to protect his
wicket.
10. Timed out: Timed out usually means that the next batsman did not arrive within
three minutes of the previous one being dismissed.
In the vast majority of cases, it is the striker who is out when a dismissal occurs. If
the non-striker is dismissed it is usually by being run out, but he could also be
dismissed for obstructing the field, handling the ball or being timed out.
Terminology
Dolly catch: A very simple catch which is easily taken by a fielder.
Maiden over: A maiden over is that over in which the batsman is unable to make
run.
Bump Ball: A ball which is played off the bat almost instantly into the ground and
is caught by the fielder.
Ball tampering: The illegal action of changing the condition of the ball by
artificial means usually picking or lifting the seam of the ball or applying saliva or
sweat.
Hat Trick: When a bowler takes three wickets on three consecutive balls he is
said to have scored a hat trick.
Extra: Run not scored by the batsman but the run though byes, leg byes, no-balls
and wide balls. These runs are included in the scores of a team but not credited to
the batsman.
Rubber: In the series of International Test matches, a team, who wins more
matches than the other team, is called to have won the rubber.
Seam: Slightly raised band of stitches round a cricket ball which enables bowlers
to make it spin.
Spin: To twist the ball when bowling so that, on pitching it changes direction.
No Ball: A ball is called “no ball” when either umpire considers that the bowler‟s
delivery is not fair.
Dead Ball: If the ball, while in play, is hit by the batsman on to camera or its
cable.
Follow on: The side batting first and leading by 200 runs in a five days match,
150 runs in 3 day match, 100 runs in 2 day match and 75 runs in a one day match
can ask their opponents to follow their innings.
Power Play: It is the name of fielding restrictions in limited overs ant T-20
cricket.
Innings: One player‟s or team‟s turn to bat or bowl.
Beamer: It is a type of delivery in which the ball without bouncing, passes above
the batsman‟s waist height. This ball is often close to the head of the batsman and
is thus dangerous.
Night Watchman: A lower order batsman sent in when the light is dimming to
play out the remaining overs of the day to protect more valuable batsman for the
next day‟s paly.
Overthrow: The scoring of extra runs due to an errant throw from a fielder.
Dot Ball: A delivery bowled without any scored off it, so called because it is
recorded in the score book with a single dot.
Century: A single score of at least 100 runs, a significant landmark of a batsman.
Nick: A faint edge off the bat.
Golden Duck: A dismissal from the first ball faced in a batsman‟s innings.
……………………………………………………………………
Class 10 Computer Applications Worksheet-5
(BASED ON ITERATIVE CONSTRUCTS OF JAVA - LOOPS)
9.2.1 Variations in the for loop
Java offers a number of variations of the for loop that increase its power and
applicability.
These variations are detailed below:
System. out . println (d);
Control variable data type:
The control variable may be of any data type, for example, character, float and double
/ * DoubleCVForLoop.java * /
public class DoubleCVForLoop
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
for (double d = 10.0; d <20; d+= 2.5 )
{
System.out.println( d);
}
}
}
OUTPUT
10.0
12.5
15.0
17.5
/* NumberPattern.java * /
public class NumberPattern
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
for ( int i = 1, j=9; I <= 9; i+=2, j - = 2)
{
System.out.println(i + “ “ + j);
}
}
}
Multiple Initialization Multiple Update
Notice that in this program, two initializations i=l and j=9 are used. Both initializations
will be executed at the start of the for loop. However, the for loop will be dependent on
the control variable i for iterations as that is the only variable used in the test-condition.
OUTPUT
1 9
3 7
5 5
7 3
9 1
Control variable independence: The test-condition need not be limited to use only
control variables. In fact, the test-condition controlling the for loop can be any boolean
expression.
For example, let us look at the following program code:
/ * ConditionForLoop.java * /
public class ConditionForLoop
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
boolean finished = false;
for (int counter = 11; ! finished; counter++)
{
System. out. println(counter);
if (counter % 7 = 0)
{
finished = true;
System.out.print1n("Condition met ..”);
}
}
}
}
OUTPUT
11
12
13
14
Condition met..
In this example, the for loop continues to run until the boolean variable finished is set to
true. It does not test the value of i.
Optional segments: In the for loop, the test-condition, and the update
That means, you can create the for loop without any or all of these segments.
The following code is an
/ * OptionalForLoop.java * /
public class OptionalForLoop
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int n = 5;
for ( ; n <= 19; )
{
System. out. println(n);
n ++
}
}
}
OUTPUT
5
6
7
8
9
10
Note that even if the initialization and update segments are omitted, the semicolon (;)
following initialization must still be present. The Java compiler takes the current value of
the variable as the start value for the loop.
Infinite for loop: A loop that never terminates is called an infinite loop.The following is
an example where all the three segments have been omitted. Such a for
statement will create an infinite loop.
/ * InfiniteForLoop.java */
public class InfiniteForLoop
{
public static void main(String args[ ])
{
for ( ; ; )
{
System. out. Println( “hello there! ");
}
}
}
This loop will run forever displaying the message "Hello there!" because there is no test-
condition under which it will terminate.
Empty for loop: A for loop can just contain a null statement, i.e., just a semicolon (;).
Such a loop is called an empty loop.
Program shows the code for an empty loop. The program just waits until the loop
completes.
/ * EmptyForLoop.java * /
public class EmptyForLoop
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
for (int i = 1; i < 50000; i++) ;
}
}