The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
-
Upload
spencer-venable -
Category
Documents
-
view
216 -
download
0
Transcript of The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
1/46
1
The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
Emma Allison
Mr. Torlee
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
2/46
2
Table of Contents
Preface
3
Background
E!pert "#
$ole of Control "3
%ogic of Evil "&
Case 'tud() Australia "*
Case 'tud() India +3
Case 'tud() The ,etherlands +*
International -rganiations 3"
Canadian Connection 3/
'olutions 30
1orks Cited /+
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
3/46
3
Preface
'uffering and pain can onl( 2e tolerated for so long until a cure is discovered or alternate
options of ending pain are availa2le. Each (ear thousands of lives are lost to various forms of
terminal illnesses such as cancer Alheimer4s disease and A%'. Man( lives end painfull( due to
the illness4 affects. Euthanasia is defined as 5the act of putting to death painlessl( or allo6ing to
die as 2( 6ithholding e!treme medical measures a person or animal suffering from an
incura2le especiall( a painful disease or condition7 8dictionar(reference.com +#"9. This is a
general e!planation as there are man( forms of euthanasia ho6ever the main purpose is to end
one4s suffering. Passive euthanasia 6hich is simpl( the refusal of medical treatment or food and
6ater is permitted in most countries around the 6orld. Active euthanasia ho6ever 8also kno6n
as ph(sician assisted suicide9 is 6hen a medical professional uses a drug to end the patient4s life.
It is 2anned in man( developed countries such as most of the :nited 'tates '6iterland and
;erman( and until recentl( Canada. In countries 6here active euthanasia is prohi2ited
thousands of patients find that the long the possi2ilit( of 2eing vegeta2le?like for some period
of time4 2efore their deaths and *= fear >the possi2ilit( of great ph(sical pain4 2efore death7
8Ivan et al. +##* p.*@9. or some patients 6ho have no hope of recovering from an illness it is
comforting to kno6 that euthanasia is an alternative to suffering. -thers in anti?euthanasia
countries are forced to live the last (ears of their life 6ithout choice 6itnessing other forms of
passive euthanasia 2e condoned and spending thousands of dollars on end of life care. These
factors all impact the countries themselves.
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
4/46
4
The issue is under scrutin( and it is a 6orld6ide controvers( man( 2elieve that
euthanasia is against all that life 6as created for. There have 2een countless de2ates on the
unethical practices of euthanasia 2ut some argue that it is euall( as unethical to force someone
to continue to live even if the( are in pain. Also there are man( forms of passive euthanasia that
are practiced often in hospitals. The do?not?resuscitate order is permitted 2( a doctor 6here if
the patient4s heart stops 2eating the medical professional does not perform cardiopulmonar(
resuscitation 8MedicinePlus +#"/9. This order is legal 2ecause it is e!pected that the patient 6ho
suffered 6ould have a lo6 ualit( of life or shorter life if the( 6ere to 2e resuscitated. This in a
6a( is similar to euthanasia 2ecause if someone is kept alive 6hile enduring a terminal illness
their ualit( of life suffers. Additionall( palliative sedation is a form of treatment used to ease
pain 2ut could possi2l( end the patient4s life. The drugs that are administered are used on
e!treme 2urn victims and could ultimatel( put them to sleep 85Arguments for and Against
Euthanasia and Assisted 'uicide7 +#"/9. It is still unclear as to ho6 the legalities regarding
palliative care are approached 2ut man( cases of palliative care are allo6ed even 6ith the risk
of ending the patient4s life. There is also the 2rain death issue 6here famil( mem2ers of patients
in comas are asked if the( 6ould like to continue or end life support. 'evere 2rain damage causes
the patient to 2e in a persistent vegetative state 6hich is defined as 5a coma?
like state characteried 2( open e(es and the appearance of 6akefulness 8Medicaldictionar(
n.d.9. egetative state can lead to possi2le death and can also affect the patient4s ualit( of life
after recovering from the coma. In some cases patients are taken off of life support after doctors
determine that the patient 6ill not 6ake up or 6ill suffer after recover(. These various forms of
end of life decisions and treatments are closel( related to euthanasia and all of them are legal in
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
5/46
5
most countries. Euthanasia is an ongoing de2ate and (et man( developed countries have still
prohi2ited this medical practice.
There are economic 2enefits to euthanasia ho6ever some countries are spending so
much mone( on health care for patients 6ho 6ish to 2e euthanied and famil( mem2ers are
spending savings on end of life care for their loved one. 1ith the 2a2( 2oom population aging it
is e!pected that death rates 6ill increase meaning the cost of end of life care 6ill increase also.
Canadian research sho6s that +& percent of health care mone( is spent on patients in their last
(ear of life and the health care s(stem spends a2out 3&+ for end of life care for a terminall(
ill patient 8Priest +#"+9. In the :nited 'tates the costs are even higher. Medical 2ills for families
of patients is also a concern. A stud( in a medical school in the :.'. sho6ed that even 6ith
private insurance the cost for long term illness treatment could 2e up to ### in the last &
(ears of their life 81ang +#"+9. Patients 6ho 6ant to 2e euthanied are forced to go into de2t to
pa( for e!pensive medical 2ills 6hich also causes great stress in the lives of their families. The
cost of euthanasia treatment varies depending on the countr( although it 6ould 2e a fraction of
the cost of end of life care. Also if euthanasia is prohi2ited in a countr( then medical resources
are most likel( in short suppl(. If someone 6ho 6ishes to 2e euthanied is dependent on a health
resource that is in high demand then that resource is not availa2le to another patient 6ho might
2e cura2le or might not 6ish to 2e euthanied. If patients 6ere a2le to peacefull( end their life
then medical resources could 2e more evenl( spread.
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
6/46
6
Background
Euthanasia has recentl( 2ecome a topic of discussion ho6ever it is not a ne6 concept.
Throughout histor( there 6ere al6a(s a num2er of groups 6ho opposed euthanasia and it
seemed as though the pu2lic4s interest in the topic 6avered from anti?euthanasia to pro?
euthanasia on numerous occasions. irst introduced in ancient ;reece euthanasia 6as a 6a( to
dispose of the disa2led people in that societ( 6hen someone 6as diagnosed 6ith a terminal
illness the( 6ere to drink a poison. The $omans 6ere mainl( against euthanasia the( 2elieved it
6as murder 85;lo2al istor( of Euthanasia7 +#""9. The $omans 6ere the first societ( to
disagree 6ith euthanasia. Christians and Fe6s 6ere the ne!t groups to oppose euthanasia as it
6as against their religions. It 6as 2elieved and is still 2elieved toda( that life4s outcome is up to
;od and 2eing euthanied 6as opposing ;od4s 6ishes.
Throughout the "&th?"*thcenturies there 6ere fe6 people 6ho 6ere challenging the vie6s
of the church and openl( discussed the possi2ilit( of euthanasia. These people 6anted to
discover 6a(s of ending life painlessl( and end the suffering of deathl( sick patients. B( the "@ th
centur( American 'tates 6ere 2eginning to punish people 6ho 6ere involved in assisted suicide
8;luscks2urg et al "00*9. This 2egan in ,e6 Gork in "@+@ people 6ere not allo6ed to aid
suicide or 5furnish another person 6ith a deadl( 6eapon or poisonous drug kno6ing that such
person intends to use such 6eapon or drug in taking his o6n life7 8;luscks2erg et al "00*9.
o6ever euthanasia 6as 2eginning to gain support in the "0thcentur( as a result of medical
advances. It 6as not seen as a 6a( to 2e rid of people 6ho 6ere no longer effective in societ(
2ut 6as seen as a 6a( to help individuals in their time of need and provide them 6ith a peaceful
death. De2ates regarding the topic 2egan to take form 2ut interest 2ecame minimal after a fe6
(ears. 'upport 2egan to gro6 again for euthanasia during the ;reat Depression in the :.'.
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
7/46
7
although this 6as mainl( a2out the 5merc( killing of >infants 2orn permanentl( deformed or
mentall( handicapped47 8Do62iggin +##39 due to the poor conditions and living standards at
that time. Also after the ,ais had taken over ;erman( the( had forced doctors to 6ork for the
interests of itler 6hich meant to euthanie thousands of disa2led and ill ;ermans. This sho6s
the negative effects of euthanasia if taken advantage of and used for an evil purpose. B( "03
the oluntar( Euthanasia %egislation 'ociet( 6as formed in England and a 2ill to legalie
euthanasia 6as denied in the British ouse of %ords. This 6as a result of the ,ais taking
advantage of the euthanasia la6s 6hich created a stigma that still e!ists toda(. A (ear later
another Euthanasia Act 6as introduced 2ut in the :.'. 'enate 6hich 6as never passed. o6ever
this sho6ed an ever?gro6ing interest 8illiard n.d.9. B( "0&+ 2oth the British and the American
Euthanasia societies approached the :nited ,ations Commission of uman $ights to introduce a
right for people 6ith terminal illness to euthanasia. Although due to the leadership of the
Commission the reuest 6as never 2rought forth 8Hucker "0009. Throughout the "0*#s a
num2er of countries including Fapan the ,etherlands and the :nited 'tates started to openl(
discuss euthanasia in various organiational meetings to gain kno6ledge on the topic. Then in
"0@# the 1orld ederation of $ight to Die 'ocieties 6as formed. The societ( is made up of
numerous international euthanasia organiations 6hose mission is to ensure that)
all competent adults ?regardless of their nationalities professions religious 2eliefs and
ethical and political vie6s ? 6ho are suffering un2eara2l( from incura2le illnesses should
have the possi2ilit( of various choices at the end of their life. Death is unavoida2le. 1e
strongl( 2elieve that the manner and time of d(ing should 2e left to the decision of the
individual assuming such demands do not result in harm to societ( other than the sadness
associated 6ith death 85The 1orld ederation of $ight to Die 'ocieties7 +#"9
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
8/46
8
This organiation is still running toda( and man( countries are represented in the societ(. The(
host international conferences on d(ing and 6ish to glo2all( spread the cohesiveness 2et6een
the right to die organiations. In the same (ear the Catholic Church voiced that the( opposed
euthanasia claiming that it is a 5crime against life and an attack on humanit(7 85Declaration on
Euthanasia7 "0@#9. This 6as a religious opinion and therefore influenced Catholic4s opinions
on ph(sician assisted death. B( this time several states in the :.'. had passed right to die 2ills
and the ,etherlands had also approved voluntar( euthanasia under certain conditions 85A
;eneral istor( of Euthanasia +#""9. 'ome countries 6ere 2eginning to change their la6s to
include d(ing rights 2ut the man( 6ere still opposed to allo6ing this in their nations. Through
the "00#s and earl( +###s man( people 6ere taking advantage of the euthanasia la6s in
'6iterland and committing suicide 6hich caused the '6iss government to revaluate their la6s.
This is called 5suicide tourism7 6hen people go to a different countr( 6here euthanasia is
allo6ed so the( can end their life legall(. This is a result of euthanasia 2ans in some countries
6here people are forced to look else6here. In some cases desperate people have gone to
e!treme lengths as a result of the 2an of euthanasia in the countr( the( live in.
As an advocate for assisted d(ing Dr. Fack evorkian made a huge impact on the
attitudes of euthanasia from 2oth sides of the issue. is 6ork 6as controversial it provoked
uestions a2out the ethics of euthanasia and also sho6ed the lengths people 6ould go to 2e
euthanied. e 6as a pathologist 6ho 6as involved in the assisted deaths of over "## ill patients.
To some Dr. evorkian 6as seen as a murderer and he 6as given the nickname 5Dr. Death7 for
his actions 2ut to others he 6as seen as a professional 6ho 6as interested in helping those in
pain. As a (oung adult evorkian studied medicine and 2iolog( at the :niversit( of Michigan
and during his studies he developed an o2session 6ith death. e 6as interested in learning a2out
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
9/46
9
the d(ing process and in the "0s he tried to promote the e!perimentation on prison inmates on
death ro6. is unusual vie6s on 6a(s to end life 6ere seen as ridiculous and he did not gain
support. %ater on in his life in the "00#s evorkian had learned a2out the ,etherlands4 la6s on
lethal in
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
10/46
10
Expert
Philip ,itschke is the founder of E!it International a pro?euthanasia organiation
originall( founded in Australia in "00*. It is a non?profit organiation and has reached "@ ###
mem2ers glo2all(. E!it International4s approach to death is)
d(ing is not al6a(s a medical process. As such the d(ing process does not al6a(s need
to involve the medical profession. This decision is 2est left to the individual concerned.
E!it4s aim is to ensure the individual is full( supported 2( famil( and friends and has
access to the 2est availa2le information 85E!it International7 +#"9.
This is reflected in the attitudes of ,itschke he is a strong 2eliever in the human right to die and
the planning of peaceful death. e 6as focused on the personal interests of each patient. ,ischke
created an instrument used to in
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
11/46
11
This 6as performed under the Australian $ights of the Terminall( Ill Act in "00& 2ut t6o (ears
later the la6 6as revoked. 1hen asked a2out his interest in the topic of assisted d(ing ,itschke
sa(s)
it 6asnJt as if I 6as motivated 2( m( mother or father having a 2ad death or an(thing
like that. I 2ecame involved in the issue in its political aspect. I 6as anno(ed 2( the
opposition especiall( the AMA 6hich said >6e donJt 6ant this la6 and 6ill make sure it
never 6orks.4 I sa6 this as arrogance 2( the profession 2ecause it 6as clear the pu2lic
6anted the la6 85Dr. Philip ,itschke NAustralian Euthanasia Campaigner7 +#""9.
,itschke 6anted to a2olish the 2an of euthanasia he detested the fact that the government 6as
controlling the people4s rights to die and interfering in the interests of the terminall( ill. e felt
that the la6s put in place to 2an euthanasia 6ere against 2asic human rights and advocated for
the addition of the right to die to human rights. In an intervie6 he e!plained 5if 6e4re going to
ackno6ledge the right to life 6e4ve got to ackno6ledge the right to dispose of that gift. That4s
the right to death7 8,itschke +#"&9. e 6as part of an ongoing dispute 6ith the Australian
government in regards to his opinions on the right to die and specificall( faced altercations 6ith
the Medical Board of Australia. e 6as a co?author 6ith his former 6ife iona 'te6art of the
2ook The Peaceful Pill Handbook 6hich provided readers 6ith information on ho6 to legall(
access a lethal pill called ,em2utal 6hich is illegal to access in Australia. e 6anted to ensure
his patients and people 6ho couldn4t 2e euthanied in their o6n countr( that there 6ere alternate
options for them. After the death of an Australian man in +#"/ 6ho 6as not terminall( ill the
Medical Board had suspended ,itschke4s registration. The man had o2tained the ,em2utal pill
after reading ,itschke4s 2ook and he used it to end his life. After the incident ,itschke 6as in
court against the Medical Board although his registration 6as restored after the ,orthern
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
12/46
12
Territor( 'upreme Court found him not guilt( and not a danger to his patients. o6ever in +#"&
,itschke 2urned his medical certificate ending his medicine career 85Dr. ,itschke and
Euthanasia N ,itschke v Medical Board of Australia7 +#"&9. e is no6 devoting his time to
lectures and information 6orkshops for E!it International as 6ell as 6orking 6ith patients and
mem2ers in the organiation.
or his efforts and dedication to the rights of people 6ho 6ant to 2e euthanied and also
2ecause his efforts in the E!it International -rganiation ,itschke has received a num2er of
a6ards. These include the $ainer oundation umanitarian A6ard in "00 ,orthern Territorian
of the (ear in "00* Australian umanist of the Gear in "00@ the Charles 'outh6ell A6ard in
+##" and 6as nominated for Australian of the (ear nine times 85E!it International4 +#"9.
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
13/46
13
Role of Control
$ole of control is the group or individual 6ho has po6er and influence over the issue. In
this case the role of control is the group 6ho makes la6s and decisions for the countr(. The
governments of these nations are essentiall( 6ho make the e!ecutive decisions. These
governments have taken the po6er from their citiens and denied them the right to choose their
o6n fate. 'impl( put the governments 2an euthanasia so the( are in complete control over
doctors and patients and maintain their po6er.
-ne reason for the government to have full control over euthanasia la6s is to limit
doctors and medical professionals4 control and po6er. If the governments 6ere to allo6 active
euthanasia the( 6ould 5give one group of people 8e.g. doctors9 the right to kill another group of
people 8e.g. their patients97 85Toronto $ight to %ife Association +#"9. This 6ould 2e difficult
for the governments to monitor. ;iving doctors the po6er 6ould mean that the course of action
of 6hether to euthanie a patient 6ould 2e up to each doctor4s discretion. A doctor 6ho is
e!tremel( pro?euthanasia might 2e more 6illing or rash to euthanie a patient 6hile there are
other options of care for that patient. This 6ould 2e out of the government4s control as it 6ould
2e time consuming to investigate each patient4s condition and their 6illingness to 2e euthanied.
Also the legaliation of euthanasia 6ould mean that governments 6ould have to determine if
doctors 6ere all properl( informed a2out alternate care options. If a doctor is una6are of a
medical option that 6ould prolong the patient4s life the( might suggest euthanasia 6ithout
realiing the patient could have lived a 2etter ualit( life.
;overnments also 6ant to minimie the po6er of the patients themselves 2ecause of
their vulnera2ilit(. Depression is a common side?effect of terminal illness and governments do
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
14/46
14
not 6ant depressed patients to 2e euthanied 2ecause the depression could 2e the real reason
2ehind the 6ish to 2e euthanied rather than the illness itself. Also 6ith depression comes the
feeling of 2eing a 2urden to famil(. A "000 stud( on patients 6ith am(otrophic lateral sclerosis
revealed that 0"= of the patients 5= felt that their medical condition 6as a cause of stress for
famil( mem2ers &= felt the( 6ere a 2urden to their families and /@= thought that their
medical condition resulted in financial hardship to their families7 8;anini et al "0009. In order
to maintain a level of comfort in patients governments have 2anned euthanasia. The( feel that
patients 6ill act upon these emotions of 2eing a 2urden 6hich is not seen as a legitimate reason
to 2e euthanied.
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
15/46
15
Logic of Evil
The logic of evil can 2e descri2ed as a 6a( of e!plaining actions particularl( if the( are
actions meant for a corrupt purpose. The rationale for actions that greatl( affect the 6orld in a
negative 6a( is the logic of evil. In this case government 6ould 2e the controlling force 6ho
provide rationale for 2anning euthanasia. The governments of countries that have 2anned
euthanasia have
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
16/46
16
The media and advocac( groups are essentiall( an issue for the government at times.
There is constant media coverage a2out cases 6here people are 2eing denied the right to die. The
media often refers 2ack to the legal status of euthanasia in that countr(. This can often spark a
discussion a2out 6hether the current la6s in that countr( are effective enough. The 2lame is
directed to6ard the government 6hich can lead to loss of control. The same occurs 6ith
advocac( groups. The group4s goals are al6a(s to gain as much support as it can and a 6a( to
do that is to 2lame the government. This 2lame can effectivel( help the advocac( group gain
follo6ers 6hich results in a large group of people in disagreement 6ith the government. The
government can use this to their o6n advantage as the( can use media to report on the steps the
government 6ould 2e taking to look into an issue like euthanasia. The( can also use the media to
report on other su2
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
17/46
17
Case Study: Australia
Australia has e!perienced legaliation of active euthanasia for a short period of time
although currentl( Australia faces the issue of a euthanasia 2an 6hich has 2een in place since
"00*. This prohi2its 2oth passive and active forms of euthanasia. As a result man( Australians
are desperatel( seeking alternatives and methods to end their suffering.
An interest in euthanasia originated in Australia in the "0*#s 6hen a small num2er of
right to die advocac( groups formed 85An Australian Timeline7 n.d.9. The first 6as in ictoria.
This num2er gre6 and soon there 6ere pro?euthanasia groups across the countr( 2( the late
"0@#s 85An Australian Timeline7 n.d.9. In "00& the $ights of the Terminall( Ill Act 6as passed
2( the %egislative Assem2l( of the ,orthern Territor( of Australia 8$ights of the Terminall( Ill
Act "00&9. It 6as first introduced 2( Mr. Marshall Perron 6ho 6as the chief minister of the
,orthern Territor( at that time 8Dunlevie +#"/9. This la6 6as for terminall( ill patients onl(
6ho 6ere at least "@ (ears of age and 6ho 6ere looking to end their lives 2ecause of their
illness4s effects 8$ights of the Terminall( Ill Act "00&9. Although it 6as not active for more than
t6o (ears the la6 allo6ed four terminall( ill cancer patients end their lives legall( and
peacefull(. All four people 6ere Dr. Philip ,itschke4s patients. er( tight restrictions 6ere in
place 6hile this la6 6as active. Patient 6ere reuired to gain permission from four doctors
instead of one. These doctors 6ere as follo6s)
". The medical practitioner 6ho 6ould help the patient to die.
+. An independent medical practitioner 6ith specialist ualifications in the patientJs
terminal illness.
3. A ualified ps(chiatrist to confirm that the patient is not suffering from treata2le
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
18/46
18
clinical depression or other mental illness 6hich 6ould affect his or her
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
19/46
19
-ver the ne!t decade Australians 6ho 6ere pro?euthanasia made countless efforts to
persuade the government to pass a 2ill for some form of assisted suicide. Man( desperate
terminall( ill patients had no choice 2ut to prolong their suffering. In response the Australian
government passed the Criminal Code Amendment Bill for 5'uicide $elated Material -ffences7
in +##& 85An Australian Timeline7 n.d.9. This 2ill 6as passed to charge an(one 6ho used 5a
carriage service for suicide related material7 or 6ho 6ould 2e 5possessing controlling
producing suppl(ing or o2taining suicide related material for use through a carriage service7
85Criminal Code Amendment 8'uicide $elated Material -ffences9 Bill7 +##&9. This meant that
emails the internet phones radio and television 6ere all forms of carriage services 85An
Australian Timeline7 n.d.9. E!it International4s 8Dr. ,itschke4s organiation9 commercials 6ere
taken off of the air. Australians 6ere no6 denied the right to pu2licall( discuss suicide in the
media. The Australian government4s reasoning 2ehind the ne6 2ill 6as to diminish the gro6ing
interest in euthanasia and to limit the num2er of suicides due to vulnera2le terminall( ill
patients. In +#"3 the Australian ;reen part( attempted to change euthanasia la6s in ,e6 'outh
1ales Australia 2( introducing the $ights of the Terminall( Ill Bill 85An Australian Timeline
n.d.9. The overall o2
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
20/46
20
Terminall( Ill Bill7 +#"39. Also to ensure that the patient had reflected on their end of life
decision and 6as in the appropriate state to 2e euthanied a ps(chological anal(sis of the
patient and a fe6 da(s of rest 2efore the procedure 6as reuired 85$ights of the Terminall( Ill
Bill +#"3 introduced to ,'1 Parliament7 +#"39. ,ot long after it 6as introduced the 2ill 6as
dismissed 2( the ,e6 'outh 1ales %egislative Council. 'ince +#"3 there have 2een other
attempts at changing the euthanasia la6s in various parts of Australia.
A man in Tasmania Australia 6as given a suspended "+ month sentence after assisting
his @@ (ear old mother4s suicide in +##+. 1hile suicide or attempting suicide is not illegal in
Australia the son 6as taken to court and almost faced (ears in
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
21/46
21
the topic of de2ate. The other o2
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
22/46
22
influences sho6 the vast ma
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
23/46
23
Before +#"& the Indian government had a firm opinion on euthanasia. The( had 2anned
an( form of assisted suicide and even attempting suicide 6as punisha2le 2( la6 until +#"/.
These recent changes in Indian la6 are the result of an endless de2ate a2out the right to live
versus the right to die. 1ithin India are contrasting 2eliefs and thoughts due to cultural and
religious factors a2out euthanasia and the right to die itself.
or decades India has recognied the right to live 6ith dignit( 6hich is under Article +"
of the Constitution of India. The Article states that 5no person shall 2e deprived of his life or
personal li2ert( e!cept according to procedure esta2lished 2( la67 85The Constitution of India7
+#"&9. This right to life encompasses the right to health and livelihood and also the essential
components of life such as culture. The Article includes the meaning of life and the value of
each individual4s life 8Fain +#"&9. o6ever this has provoked some discussion a2out the right to
die. The igh Court of Bom2a( uestioned this right in the Maruti 'hripati Du2al v the 'tate of
Maharashtra case. $e?e!amination of section 3#0 of the Indian Penal Code 6as conducted 2( the
igh Court of Bom2a(. The court claimed that section 3#0 6as in violation of Article +" and
that the right to die 6as included in the Article. 'ection 3#0 stated that 51hoever attempts to
commit suicide and does an( act to6ards the commission of such offence shall 2e punished 6ith
simple imprisonment for a term 6hich ma( e!tend to one (ear or 6ith fine or 6ith 2oth7
8$ashid +#"/9. The igh Court of Bom2a( also claimed that attempted suicide 6as not the
concern of an(one 2ut the suicidal person them self 8$ashid +#"/9. 'uicide or attempted suicide
6as soon seen as a mental issue and reuired treatment 6hich resulted in the decriminaliation
of suicide in India in +#"/. A num2er of states in India opposed this the( sa6 the
decriminaliation 6ould result in a drasticall( higher num2er of suicides in the future. o6ever
the government progressed and claimed to provide some treatment to suicidal people 8Fain
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
24/46
24
+#"/9. The decriminaliation of suicide in India 6as a ma
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
25/46
25
The hospital 6as instructed not to give Aruna food and not long after the( stopped feeding her
she passed a6a( in Ma( of +#"&. 'ince Aruna4s case the Indian la6 regarding euthanasia has
2een altered passive euthanasia is no6 legal. %ife support is legall( allo6ed to 2e 6ithdra6n if a
patient is not sho6ing signs of improvement in a vegetative state and patients can also den(
food and 6ater. Passive euthanasia is descri2ed in India 6hen 5something is not done that 6ould
have preserved the patient4s life7 8Du22udu +#"&9. Doctors are not seen as murderers 2ut as
people 6ho do not attempt to save the patients. The incident and India4s lack of action for over
four decades had gained su2stantial media attention glo2all(. This had influenced a change in
la6 in India 6hen other countries had started to report a2out Aruna thanks to Pinki irani4s
2ook.
A +#"" census sho6s that the indu religion is the predominant religion in India 6ith
*0.@= of the population 2eing indu. Muslim is the second most common religion at "/.+=
85.India7 +#""9. 1ith religion 2eing a ver( common factor in India the opinions a2out assisted
suicide can 2e greatl( impacted 2( religion. There seems to 2e t6o main indu vie6s on
euthanasia. The first is the 2elief in 2ad karma. These indus 2elieve that 2( performing
euthanasia on a patient the( are altering the life and death c(cle of that person and as a result
could receive 2ad karma in the future. The act of euthaniing someone also disrupts the
reincarnation of the soul of 2oth the doctor and the patient. 85Euthanasia Assisted D(ing and
'uicide7 +##09. The( also 2elieve in Dharma 6hich means dut( or moralit(. These indus also
2elieve that the killing of someone is causing violence and Dharma reuires that the elderl( are
6ell taken care of. B( performing euthanasia some indus 2elieve that the( are tainting their
clear conscious 6hich 6ill affect them in another life. The second vie6 is in favor of euthanasia.
'ome indus 2elieve that putting an end to someone4s suffering is an act of kindness and that it
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
26/46
26
is morall(
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
27/46
27
It is 6ell kno6n that The ,etherlands is a progressive countr( compared to others. The
la6s in The ,etherlands have a uniue d(namic taking on a li2eral attitude in la6making. rom
same se! marriage recreational drug use to euthanasia The ,etherlands seems to 2e ahead of
time in terms of la6s. If legaliing standard euthanasia la6s 6eren4t shocking enough The
,etherlands no6 allo6s minors to 2e euthanied 6ith parental consent 85Euthanasia in The
,etherlands7 +#""9. Although some see the euthanasia la6s in The ,etherlands as an outrage
man( Dutch people are grateful for the freedom to die in their home countr(.
Prior to "0*3 euthanasia 6as illegal in The ,etherlands 2ut Dr. ;ertruida Postma4s case
had triggered a euthanasia movement. In "00" Dr. Postma helped her terminall( ill mother die 2(
administering a lethal dose of morphine. 'he 6as given a one 6eek suspended sentence and a
(ear pro2ation. 85Euthanasia and Assisted 'uicide ? Euthanasia In The ,etherlands7 +#"9. This
mild punishment had caused other doctors to admit to euthaniing terminall( ill patients 6hich
caused the Dutch government to revaluate the euthanasia la6s. T(picall( an(one 6ho performed
euthanasia 6ould 52e punished 6ith imprisonment of up to "+ (ears or a fine of the fifth
categor(7 85Euthanasia and Assisted 'uicide ? Euthanasia In The ,etherlands7 +#"9 6hich
6as under Article +03 of the Dutch Penal Code. The government had decided to introduce
specific reuirements for a terminall( ill patient to 2e euthanied and announced that the doctor
could 2e punished if the la6 6as a2used. This 6as the onl( euthanasia la6 in the ,etherlands
from "0@/ until +##+ 6hich caused some confusion a2out 6ho 6as eligi2le to 2e euthanied.
Each case 6as taken individuall( to court 6hich 6as inconvenient. 'ome of the reuirements
and rules 6ere as follo6s)
The patientJs 6ish to die must 2e e!pressed clearl( and repeatedl(.
The patientJs decision must 2e 6ell informed and voluntar(.
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
28/46
28
The patient must 2e suffering intolera2l( 6ith no hope of reliefQ ho6ever the patient
does not have to 2e terminall( ill.
The ph(sician must consult 6ith at least one other ph(sician.
The ph(sician must notif( the local coroner that death resulting from unnatural causes
has occurred 85Euthanasia and Assisted 'uicide ? Euthanasia in The ,etherlands7 +#"9.
These guidelines 6ere to protect 2oth the patient and the medical professional. %ater in "00/
after doctors started to refuse to assist patients in seeking a doctor 6ho 6ould perform
euthanasia additional rules 6ere introduced 2( $o(al Dutch Medical Association. Ph(sicians
6ho 6ere un6illing to perform euthanasia 6ere reuired to refer patients to another 6illing
doctor. 85Euthanasia and Assisted 'uicide ? Euthanasia in The ,etherlands7 +#"9. It 6asn4t
until +##+ that active euthanasia 6as officiall( legalied 2( the Dutch Parliament. The
Termination of %ife on $euest and Assisted 'uicide Act 6as passed and states 5it is desired to
include a ground for e!emption from criminal lia2ilit( for the ph(sician 6ho KL 2( la6
terminates a life on reuest or assists in a suicide of another person7 85Termination of %ife on
$euest and Assisted 'uicide 8$evie6 Procedures9 Act 5 +##+9.
The factor that sets The ,etherlands apart from other pro euthanasia countries is that The
,etherlands does not
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
29/46
29
3. If the minor patient has attained an age 2et6een si!teen and eighteen (ears and ma(
2e deemed to have a reasona2le understanding of his interests the ph(sician ma(
cantJ out the patientJs reuest for termination of life or assisted suicide after the
parent or the parents e!ercising parental authorit( andRor his guardian have 2een
involved in the decision process.
/. If the minor patient is aged 2et6een t6elve and si!teen (ears and ma( 2e deemed to
have a reasona2le understanding of his interests the ph(sician ma( cantJ out the
patientJs reuest provided al6a(s that the parent or the parents e!ercising parental
authorit( andRor his guardian agree 6ith the termination of life or the assisted suicide.
The second paragraph applies mutatis mutandis 85Termination of %ife on $euest and
Assisted 'uicide 8$evie6 Procedures9 Act 5 +##+9.
o6ever the Dutch ;overnment soon included another guideline regarding age limits to 2e
euthanied. In "00+ guidelines 6ere introduced to euthanie handicapped ne62orn 2a2ies 6ho
have no chance of living a normal ualit( life 85Assisted 'uicide) ,ot for Adults -nl(7 +#"39.
1ithin these guidelines are the state in 6hich the 2a2( must 2e in in order to 2e euthanied.
Also parent consent is reuired for the procedure to follo6 through 85Euthanasia and ,e62orn
Infants7 n.d.9. The Dutch council pushed for these la6s 2ecause the( did not 6ant to
discriminate against ages. Currentl( the Council is looking to a2olish the age limit and allo6 for
an( age child to 2e euthanied. The( said that someone4s pain is 5not more 2eara2le and
recovera2le 2ecause the patient has (et to reach the age of "7 85Assisted 'uicide) ,ot for Adults
-nl(7 +#"39. The ,etherlands has developed a uniue perspective on the end of life and has
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
30/46
30
received mass amounts of attention glo2all(. It has essentiall( influenced other countries to
reassess their vie6s on euthanasia such as '6iterland Canada and Belgium 6hich legalied
euthanasia not long after The ,etherlands.
The Dutch are given the right to choose their end of life e!perience and man( have used
this to die peacefull( 6ithout pain and struggle. -ver the (ears that euthanasia has 2een
legalied the num2er of deaths from euthanasia have increased. In +#"3 the num2er of deaths
had reached its highest at /@+0 8$oss +#"&9. This num2er is e!pected to increase 6ith recent
alterations allo6ing ne6 e!ceptions for people to 2e euthanied. The ,etherlands is an e!ample
of a nation that has allo6ed its citiens the right to choice. Although some ma( see these la6s
too general and possi2l( dangerous man( have 2een positivel( affected 2( these la6s.
nternational #rgani$ations
%nited "ations
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
31/46
31
Intergovernmental organisations like the :nited ,ations 8:,9 have intervened 6hen the
2anning of euthanasia 2ecame a glo2al issue. The 2an has affected countries in a 6a( that have
impacted other countries. or e!ample due to loose la6s regarding euthanasia in '6iterland a
trend has developed called 5suicide tourism7 6hich allo6s people from other countries to
legall( end their lives in '6iterland. The num2er of tourist suicides increases (earl( 6hich has
2ecome an issue. The reason this has 2ecome an issue is 2ecause people 6ho are not terminall(
ill 2ut might have a chance at recovering from their illness have 2een euthanied. 1hen the
issue carries over into another countr( other organiations might 2ecome involved.
In the summer of +#"& the human rights department of the :, revaluated Article of
the International Covenant on Civil and Political $ights 6hich is the 5right to life7. The
o2
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
32/46
32
ph(sician can terminate a patient4s life 6ithout an( independent revie6 2( a
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
33/46
33
an impact on ho6 much support the( are earning. or e!ample if the la6 6as passed then the
organiation 2elieves assisted d(ing should onl( 2e availa2le to the terminall( ill 6ho are at least
"@ (ears of age have full mental capacit( and can make an end of life decision 6ithout feeling
pressured 8D(inginDignit(.org +#"9. Also the organiation 2elieves in certain 5safeguards7
that should 2e put in place should the la6 2e passed. These safeguards include)
Assessments 2( t6o independent doctors to esta2lish 6hether the reuest is 6ell?
informed persistent S voluntar(
$eferral to a specialist consultant if mental competenc( is in dou2t
The patient4s reuest 6ould 2e 6itnessed 82( someone 6ho must not 2e a relative or
directl( involved in the patient4s care or treatment9
A 6aiting period of "/ da(s for the patient to reflect on their decision. This ma( 2e
reduced to si! da(s if the t6o doctors agree that the patient4s death is reasona2l(
e!pected to occur 6ithin one month
Patients could orall( revoke the reuest at an( point 8D(inginDignit(.org +#"9.
These are all possi2le solutions not onl( for the :nited ingdom 2ut also other countries that
are e!periencing a euthanasia 2an. If these safeguards 6ere in place then man( vulnera2le people
6ould 2e protected including medical professionals.
Canadian Connection
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
34/46
34
Canada is currentl( undergoing the legaliation process of euthanasia 6hich is the result
of a de2ate that lasted for decades. :ntil last (ear Canada 6as under a euthanasia 2an 6hich
negativel( affected the terminall( ill in Canada. In some e!treme cases Canadians 6ere forced
to make their o6n end of life decisions illegall(. This change of la6 is reflected 2( not onl( the
ethical de2ate 2ut also the change in federal government. This sho6s ho6 much control the
government has over this issue and ho6 Canada 6ill 2enefit in the future.
-cto2er "003 marks a da( in Canadian histor( that is still a topic of discussion and
de2ate toda(. $o2ert %atimer a farmer in 'askatche6an ended his "+ (ear old disa2led
daughter4s life to end her suffering. Goung Trace( %atimer 6as 2orn 6ith cere2ral pals( and 6ith
her condition came immense pain and complications. 'evere seiures countless side effects from
medications and halted 2rain development left Trace( to live life limited to her medical
condition. 'coliosis left her 2od( mangled and her vital organs compressed making it difficult to
move eat or 2reathe. Trace(4s parents struggled to 6itness their daughter4s suffering and one
da( after learning that their daughter 6ould have to undergo another operation the( considered
ending her pain. %aura Trace(4s mother had uickl( dismissed the idea 2ut $o2ert ho6ever
could not. A fe6 6eeks later $o2ert follo6ed through 6ith his plans 85$o2ert %atimer S the
%a67 +#"#9. %atimer placed Trace( in his truck attached a hose to the e!haust pipe and ran it
into the truck 6here Trace( passed a6a(. Mr. %atimer then faced a conviction of first degree
murder and also second degree murder 6hich earned him a "# (ear sentence. The case 6as
uniue 2ecause it caused a de2ate in Canada a2out assisted suicide la6s at that time. Also it
raised uestions a2out the Canadian legal s(stem. %atimer4s motive 6as an act of love and
compassion for his daughter he claimed he onl( 6anted to end her suffering. is sentence had
evoked thoughts a2out compassion cases like %atimer4s and 6hether the sentence 6as adeuate
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
35/46
35
85JCompassionate homicideJ) The la6 and $o2ert %atimer7 +#"#9. It had 2rought attention 2oth
positive and negative that the la6s in Canada 6ere not meeting the needs of the terminall( ill.
'ince the %atimer case there 6ere numerous accounts of assisted suicide in Canada. In
+##* British Colum2ia 6itnessed one of its first assisted suicide cases. Dr. $amesh umar
'harma a doctor in B.C. attempted to help 03 (ear old $uth 1olf end her life. $uth suffered
from heart failure and 6as e!pecting to die in a hospital. 'he approached Dr. 'harma 6ho gave
her a lethal dose of pills 85B.C. Doctor 'entenced for Aiding 'uicide Attempt7 +##*9. A nurse
discovered the pills and the act 6as not carried out ho6ever Dr. 'harma still faced charges
2ecause the act of assisting suicide is illegal. e plead guilt( and 6as placed on house arrest for
t6o (ears and 6as stripped of his position in the College of Ph(sicians and 'urgeons of B.C.
85B.C. Doctor 'entenced for Aiding 'uicide Attempt7 +##*9.
In +#"/ there 6as some progress made in the euthanasia movement. A surve( 6as
conducted 2( Ipsos 8an independent research compan(9 for the D(ing 6ith Dignit( organiation
in Canada. -ver +# Canadians 6ere surve(ed and the results sho6ed that @/= of Canadians
agreed that a doctor should 2e a2le to end the life of a terminall( ill patient 8ipsos?na.com +#"9.
The conditions 6ere that the adult should 2e mentall( competent suffering from an incura2le
disease and 6ho constantl( asks to 2e euthanied. actors that could lead to difference in
response such as age religion and education did not make drastic impacts in the results. These
results sho6 an interest in change in Canada.
Also in +#"/ ue2ec 2ecame the first and onl( province to pass an assisted d(ing 2ill. In
Fune Bill &+ 6as introduced it 6as also called the >D(ing 6ith Dignit(7 2ill. This meant that
terminall( ill patients could receive medical professional assistance to end their life 85Timeline)
Assisted suicide in Canada7 +#"&9. All medical institutions are reuired to have end of life care
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
36/46
36
availa2le including hospices. $euirements for the patient 6ere also put in place. Although
man( 6ere e!cited that change 6as occurring people criticied the 2ill. 'ome claimed that the
2ills reuirements and safeguards 6ere too strict. Patients in the later stages of Alheimer4s
disease 6ould not 2e a2le to 2e euthanied 2ecause of their lack of competent mind. Also
(ounger patients 6ould not 2e eligi2le 2ecause patients are reuired to 2e adults 8amilton
+#"/9. 'ince the 2ill has 2een passed at least "# patients successfull( ended their lives 2ut
others are having difficult(. There is a reluctance from medical professionals to carr( out a
procedure. The search to find an accepting doctor has prolonged some patients suffering. This
has also raised another issue for the doctors 6ho are 6illing to help patients die. The doctors do
not feel comforta2le 6ith 2eing identified as one of the fe6 doctors 6ho euthanie people
85ue2ecJs ,e6 Assisted?D(ing %a6 %eaves Doctors 'truggling To Adapt7 +#"9 Although
there are restrictions in place the 2ill 6ill allo6 suffering ue2ec residents to peacefull( end
their suffering. This change has also inspired a national de2ate for change. In +#"/ at the
Montreal Biennial Convention the %i2erals gathered to discuss the decriminaliation of assisted
suicide 85%i2erals ote to %egalie Assisted 'uicide at Part(4s ,ational Convention7 +#"/9.
oting results sho6ed that ma
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
37/46
37
euthanied 2ut 6as re
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
38/46
38
It has 2ecome apparent that 6ith this recent movement to legalie euthanasia doctors
have 2een hesitant to full( accept their ne6 duties as medical professionals. o6ever there is a
small amount of support for ph(sician assisted suicide in the medical communit(. As the
legaliation process 6as under6a( doctors from across Canada met at the Canadian Medical
Association 8CMA9 meeting in alifa! in August of +#"& to discuss their vie6s on euthanasia
85Canadian Medical Association 'till Polaried B( Doctor?Assisted Deaths7 +#"&9. A surve(
offered a month prior to the meeting collected data from almost "# people and found that onl(
+0= of the CMA mem2ers openl( e!pressed that the( 6ould support and activel( take part in the
euthanasia process for terminall( ill patients 6hile 3= of the people surve(ed said the( 6ould
not assist in the death of a patient 85Canadian Medical Association 'till Polaried B( Doctor?
Assisted Deaths7 +#"&9. There are concerns of religious doctors in Canada also. Although there
are a num2er of different religions represented in Canada in the Christianit( communit( there is
a group of doctors 6ho feel uneas( a2out the legaliation of assisted suicide. Man( doctors are
e!pecting that la6s 6ill 2e passed enforcing that doctors refer patients to doctors 6ho perform
euthanasia if it is against their 2eliefs 85CanadaJs :pcoming Assisted Death %a6 Puts Christian
Doctors :nder J;reat PressureJ7 +#"9. These doctors 2elieve that referring patients to another
doctor to perform euthanasia is against their 2eliefs. These la6s are slo6l( gaining support from
the medical communit( and the government is attempting to pass la6s to make euthanasia
treatment more accessi2le to the terminall( ill. Although the la6s are ne6 and still under the
process of 2eing implemented into Canadian la6 more patients 6ill soon 2e a2le to easil( end
their suffering.
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
39/46
39
Solutions
;overnments that are looking to legalie euthanasia are facing man( issues and
regulating individual cases seems to 2e the 2iggest issue. To maintain the role of control even if
the government lifted euthanasia 2ans strict regulations 6ould have to 2e put in place. B(
regulating and putting restrictions in place this 6ould a2olish the slipper( slope concern as
mentioned 2efore in logic of evil and role of control.
The most effective 6a( to approach making a set of guidelines is to look at and compare
past and present guidelines in other places. or e!ample the %ord alconer4s Assisted D(ing Bill
contained ver( specific reuirements for a patient to 2e euthanied. Although the 2ill 6as never
passed and therefore never had a chance to sho6 impacts on people some of the reuirements
could 2e used. These safeguards include an age reuirement a doctor to assess mental
competenc( a period to reconsider the decision and a doctor to inform the patient a2out other
options of care. These are safeguards that can 2e used in an( countr(.
Additionall( comparing other countries is an effective 6a( to create a set of guidelines.
If a government 6ishes to keep strict control over these la6s then it might not use The
,etherlands or Belgium4s la6s as an e!ample for its o6n la6s. The ,etherlands and Belgium are
the most li2eral at la6making to the point 6here the( have allo6ed children to 2e euthanied.
The government might look at guidelines or la6s 6ith strict safeguards. Instead of allo6ing
ever(one to 2e euthanied starting 6ith a certain eligi2ilit( 6ould decrease the slipper( slope
pro2a2ilit( and maintain control. Also avoiding suicide tourism in the countr( unlike
'6iterland manages control. 1ithout other citiens entering the countr( to end their lives it is
easier to keep track of the countr(4s o6n citiens. -regon the first of the five states in the :nited
'tates to legalie euthanasia has a secure structure put in place to ensure control over 6ho can
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
40/46
40
and cannot 2e euthanied. This is a detailed set of regulations put in place to avoid a 5free for
all7 effect in the state 6here ever(one 6ould 2e free to 2e euthanied. The four reuirements for
patients are to 2e) a minimum age of "@ a -regon resident mentall( competent and have a
terminal illness that could take the patient4s life 6ithin si! months 8,orman?Ead( +##+9. The
la6 also includes reuirements that the patients must meet in order to 2e prescri2ed a lethal
medication. This includes 6riting letters of consent having 6itnesses throughout the process
and an additional e!amination from the medical professional to determine the mental state of the
patient 8,orman?Ead( +##+9. As a result of these la6s -regon has 2een an e!ample to the other
states that the euthanasia la6 change had 2een a success. Ever since the la6 6as introduced in
"00* the num2er of euthanasia reports has increased 85-regon Death 6ith Dignit( Act) +#"&
Data 'ummar(7 +#"&9. %ast (ear it 6as reported that "3+ people had died from lethal doses of
prescri2ed medication under this la6 6hile in the first (ear it 6as introduced onl( " people
had 2een euthanied 85-regon Death 6ith Dignit( Act) +#"& Data 'ummar(7 +#"&9.
;overnments can use places such as The ,etherlands '6iterland -regon and others 6ho have
legalied euthanasia to determine the positive and negative attri2utes a2out each la6 and 6hich
6ould 2est suit its countr(.
:ltimatel( if a government is concerned a2out losing control over their people then
esta2lishing strict rules is the safest option. If the rules are too restricting then the( can 2e altered
graduall(. :sing places 6here euthanasia is legalied is an effective 6a( to determine these
guidelines. This is all dependant on ho6 the role of control affects the government. If a
government finds a 2alance 2et6een maintaining control and successfull( allo6ing the
terminall( ill to 2e euthanied then this can affect man( ill people4s lives in a positive and
peaceful 6a(. This allo6s people to have the freedom of choice the freedom of life and death.
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
41/46
41
This allo6s each individual to think a2out their o6n end of life care 6ithout the interference of
an( other force such as government. In conclusion this leads to a happier people free of
pressures put on 2( financial strain famil( and the illness itself.
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
42/46
42
1orks Cited
A2edi M. 8+#" April #39. Christian Doctors In J;reat PressureJ 1ith :pcoming Assisted Death
%a6. $etrieved Ma( "3 +#"
A2out us ? Dignit( in D(ing. 8+#"39. $etrieved Ma( "3 +#"
Alcorn ;. 8"00 'eptem2er +*9. The fight to end a life. $etrieved Ma( "3 +#"
A ;eneral istor( of Euthanasia. 8n.d.9. $etrieved Ma( "3 +#"
An Australian Timeline. 8n.d.9.
Australian Pu2lic Desire for %egalisation of Assisted D(ing in $estricted Circumstances. 8n.d.9.
Balinski P. 8+#"& Ful( "&9. :, considers reinterpreting >right to life4 to allo6 e!ceptions for
a2ortion and euthanasia
B.C. doctor sentenced for aiding suicide attempt. 8n.d.9. $etrieved Ma( "3 +#"
Dar2( A. 8+##/ Ma( +*9. 'on 6ho helped his mother die 6as driven 2( love sa(s
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
43/46
43
Du22udu $. 8+#"& Ma( "@9. Aruna 'han2aug N The 1oman 6ho triggered the de2ate on
Euthanasia in India. $etrieved Ma( "3 +#"
Dunlevie F. 8+#"/ Ful( +/9. Euthanasia campaigner Philip ,itschke still fighting old foes.
$etrieved Ma( "3 +#"
Ethics euthanasia S Canadian la6. 8n.d.9. $etrieved Ma( "3 +#"
Euthanasia and assisted suicide ? Arguments . 8n.d.9. $etrieved Ma( "3 +#"
Euthanasia and Assisted 'uicide ? Euthanasia In The ,etherlands. 8n.d.9. $etrieved Ma( "3 +#"
Euthanasia assisted suicide and non?resuscitation on reuest. 8n.d.9. $etrieved Ma( "3 +#"
Euthanasia in the ,etherlands. 8n.d.9. $etrieved Ma( "3 +#"
Euthanasia assisted d(ing and suicide. 8+##0 August +&9.
Euthanasia. 8n.d.9. $etrieved Ma( "3 +#"
Euthanasia ? ProCon.org. 8n.d.9. $etrieved Ma( "3 +#"
E!it International U Philip ,itschke. 8n.d.9. $etrieved Ma( "3 +#"
ine '. 8+#"& e2ruar( 9. 'upreme Court rules Canadians have right to doctor?assisted suicide.
$etrieved Ma( "3 +#"
;allant F. 8+#" March "*9. Toronto man granted right to ph(sician?assisted death U Toronto
'tar. $etrieved Ma( "3 +#"
;anini %. Fohnston 1. '. S offman 1. . 8"0009. Correlates of suffering in am(otrophic
lateral sclerosis. ,eurolog( &+8*9 "/3/?"/3/.
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
44/46
44
amilton ;. 8+#"/ e2ruar( "39. As ue2ec set to legalie euthanasia doctors alread( looking
to e!pand 6ho ualifies for lethal in
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
45/46
45
-fficer H. 8+#"& 'eptem2er /9. Dr ,itschke and Euthanasia ? ,itschke v Medical Board of
Australia K+#"& ,T'C 30. $etrieved Ma( "3 +#"
-$E;-, DEAT 1IT DI;,ITG ACT) +#"& DATA ':MMA$G. 8+#" e2ruar( /9
-vervie6 of Ant Euthanasia Arguments. 8n.d9
Pallard( $. 8+#"" 'eptem2er ++9. Bo2 Dent Dies) The irst %egal oluntar( Euthanasia U
Britannica Blog. $etrieved Ma( "3 +#"
Parliament of ,e6 'outh 1ales. 8n.d.9.
Priest %. 8+#"+ 'eptem2er 9. o6 much does d(ing cost Canadians
$ashid. 8+#"/ Decem2er "#9. Attempt to Commit 'uicide 6ill no longer 2e an offence in India
as ;overnment moves to scrap '.3#0 of Indian Penal Code U %ive %a6. $etrieved Ma( "3 +#"
$ights of the Terminall( Ill Act "00&. 8n.d9
$oss 1. 8+#"& e2ruar( "+9. DGI,; D:TC) E:TA,A'IA 'P$EAD' AC$-''
E:$-PE. $etrieved Ma( "3 +#"
$o( C. 8+#"3 Decem2er 3"9. Position of Euthanasia in India? an Anal(tical 'tud(
Termination of %ife on $euest and Assisted 'uicide 8$evie6 Procedures9 Act. 8n.d9
TimeBase ? $ights of the Terminall( Ill Bill +#"3 introduced to ,'1 Parliament. 8+#"3 Ma( *9.
$etrieved Ma( "3 +#"
The definition of euthanasia. 8n.d.9. $etrieved Ma( "3 +#"
The EC ? Euthanasia 8Current 'tatus9. 8n.d.9. $etrieved Ma( "3 +#"
-
7/25/2019 The Ban of Euthanasia and its Impact on Developed Countries
46/46
46
:, uman $ights Committee on Dutch Euthanasia %a6. 8n.d.9. $etrieved Ma( "3 +#"
egetative 'tate. 8n.d
1ang P. 8+#"+ Decem2er "+9. Cutting the igh Cost of End?of?%ife Care. $etrieved Ma( "3
+#"
+#*".# ? $eflecting a ,ation) 'tories from the +#"" Census +#"+N+#"3. 8+#"+ Ma( +"9.
$etrieved Ma( "3 +#"