The Balance Changesin the late 1700s

• Qing enters long period of decline. End of Dynastic Cycle.

• The Industrial Revolution begins in Great Britain.

China is Forced to Deal with the West

• Opium War

• Unequal Treaties

• Extraterritoriality

• Sphere of influence

• Open Door Policy

Taiping Rebellion

The Taiping Rebellion was started by Hong Xiuchuan, a Christian convert who believed he was the younger

brother of Jesus.

Taiping Rebellion cont.

The Taiping was the the bloodiest peasant rebellion that ever took place in China.

Over 50 million people were killed.

Western troops help the Qing to crush the rebellion.

Boxer Rebellion

• Chinese resent foreigners

• Anti-foreign Chinese take action

• Fist of Righteous Harmony

• Secretly supported by Cixi

• Western troops on Chinese soil

Empress Dowager

• Prediction was that a woman of her clan would end the dynasty.

• Concubine

• Only wanted power

• Money to build a navy

• She built marble boat

• Led conservatives

Hundred Days of Reform

• Emperor Guang Xi supported the Hundred

Days of reform

• Update Civil Service

• Organize Western

Schools

• Promote economic

change

Russo-Japanese War

• Japan stuns the world• Defeats Russia• Earns place as a

power in the world

Revolution of 1911Sun Yatsen

• Led by Sun Yatsen

• Three People’s Principles– Unify China/get rid of foreigners– Democratic representative gov.– “livelihood” decent

living for all

Kuomintang

• Party founded by Sun Yatsen

• Also called Guomindang

• Also Nationalist Party

• Still on Taiwan today

Yuan Shikai

• Powerful general double crosses the Qing

• Cut deal with Sun

• Abdicate if he could be

president of republic

• Really wanted to be

emperor

• Weakens republic

Versailles

• Sun joins WW I to bring China’s problem to the world

• All foreigners must leave but Japanese

• May 4th 1919 protest

Versailles Treaty

Results of Versailles• Sun realizes needs a

strong military• Asks France, Great

Britain and USA for assistance

• Rejected by all three• Soviet Union willing to

help• In return Nationalists

let fledgling Communist Party become part of

Nationalist Party

Chiang Kai-shek

• Young army officer

• Sun and Chiang were brothers-in-law

• Went to Soviet Union for

military training

• After Sun died in 1925

Chiang took control of

Nationalist party

Mao Zedong

• Father was a wealthy peasant

• Emerged as leader of

Communist Party after

Long March• Led the party until

his death in 1976

Northern Expedition1926

• Chiang marches north to defeat warlords and unite China• Communists organize 2 million peasants to help• Display of strength frightens Chiang

Purge 1927

• Chiang moves against Communists

• Expelled from Kuomintang

• Thousands of Communists and supporters

killed

• Communists fled to

southeastern

countryside

Communists Build Support in southern countryside

• Win support of peasants• Treat fairly•Work side by side •Distribute food•Distribute land•Lowered taxes•Set up schools•Set up clinics•Government included others•Looked more democratic•Life improved for peasants in areas controlled by Communists

Long March 1934

• Chiang surrounds Communists bases• Communists break out of blockade• Walked 6000 miles• Took a year• 90,000 begin• 7,000 survived• Symbol to Communists

Japanese

• 1931 attack and take Manchuria

• 1934 Set up Manchukuo

• 1937 take coast of China

• Rape of Nanjing

• 1945 Japan surrenders

Civil War 1945-1949

• Nationalist Government

1. Did little to help the peasants 96% of pop.

2. Built factories, universities, banks

3. Had to be a Nationalist to serve in gov.

4. Land Law but not carried out

5. Corruption in army

6. Life of the peasants in Nationalist Territory

does not improve

Why Communists won the support of the peasants

• Communists made real improvement

• Communist armies highly disciplined

• 1949 Communists swept into Beijing set up People’s republic of China

• Regardless of aid from USA Chiang lost and fled to Taiwan and set up Nationalist

Government