The Authorized Version A Wonderful and Unfinished History by C. P. Hallihan

8/3/2019 The Authorized Version A Wonderful and Unfinished History by C. P. Hallihan

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4/79

MIKFK]ZAGF 1

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Moaz|ft 12Gfkftah Ck|tilvm|cik

of Eakv}mtcz|}2 Oaklwtc||fk ]mtcz|vtf}

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Moaz|ft 42Biok Wsmhcnnf akl |of Fkghc}o Dcdhf

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5/79

m+ >Wchhcae |of Mikqvftit ck~alf} Fkghakl+

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1


6/79

161?Nct}| }fzata|f ztck|fl Gtff` Dcdhf ]fz|vagck| akl @ick Kfw

f}|aefk|( ck fkcmf ds Ahlv}+

1644Nct}| Gfteak Hv|oft Kfw f}|aefk|( Wc||fkdftg+

1646Wchhcae sklahf} Kfw f}|aefk|( da}fl ik Fta}ev} Gtff`(

miezhf|fl+ Oc} witlckg akl }fk|fkmf }|tvm|vtf} atf nivkl ck ei}|}vd}fqvfk| Fkghc}o |tak}ha|cik}+

]fmikl Dcdhca Taddckcma( |of nct}| wc|o |of Ofdtfw Ea}itf|cmki|f}( flc|fl ds Bamid dfk Moassce+

16=:sklahf ztilvmf} oc} nct}| |tak}ha|cik ntie Ofdtfw ck|i Fkghc}o wofk

of zvdhc}of} |of Zfk|a|fvmo+

16=6Eshf} Mi~ftlahf( }|vlfk| in sklahf( ztilvmf} a Dcdhf+ C| ckmhvlf} |of

Azimtszoa+

16=>sklahf c} fxfmv|fl+ sklahf lcl ki| hc~f |i miezhf|f oc} Ihl

f}|aefk| |tak}ha|cik( dv| hfn| eakv}mtcz|} mik|ackckg |of |tak}ha|cikin |of oc}|itcmah dii`} ntie Bi}ova |i 4 Motikcmhf}+

16=7Ea||ofw} Dcdhf ztck|flsklahf} |tak}ha|cik }vzzhfefk|fl ds

Mi~ftlahf}+

16=?

Mi~ftlahf} Lcghi| Ha|ck)Fkghc}o Kfw f}|aefk|+

16=3of Gtfa| Dcdhf( da}cmahhs Ea||ofw} Dcdhf( av|oitc}fl nit zvdhcm v}f+

16Tidft| ]|fzofk} nct}| Gtff` Kfw f}|aefk|+

Mivkmch in tfk| lfmhatf} Ha|ck ^vhga|f |i df |of inncmcah ~ft}cik in|of Dcdhf ck |of Tieak Ma|oihcm Movtmo+

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7/79

1661Tidft| ]|fzofk} |octl Gtff` Kfw f}|aefk|( mik}clftfl oc} ei}|

cezit|ak|+

166=Ammf}}cik in Qvffk Eats C+

1667Gfkf~a Kfw f}|aefk| c} zvdhc}ofl ds Wchhcae Woc||ckgoae ckGfkf~a( ]wc|rfthakl+ Nct}| ck Fkghc}o |i v}f ~ft}f}( akl c|ahcm} nit

}vzzhcfl witl}+

166?Ammf}}cik in Qvffk Fhcradf|o C+

16>:of Gfkf~a Dcdhf c} ztck|fl( miezchfl ds fxchf} ntie Fkghakl ck Gfkf~a2a ef|cmvhiv} tfklftckg ntie Gtff akl Ofdtfw( }f| ck tieak |szf0 ikf

ovkltfl akl nit|s flc|cik} atf zvdhc}ofl df|wffk 16>: akl 1>?Dc}oiz} Dcdhf( ah}i mahhfl Zat`ft Dcdhf0 |wfk|s%|wi flc|cik} atfzvdhc}ofl( |of ha}| ck 1>:>0 c| c} ki| zizvhat( akl ki| wfhh flc|fl+

16?:=Ammf}}cik in @ckg Baef} C in Fkghakl+

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8/79

1>:31>1:Tofce}%Livac Dcdhf c} |of nct}| miezhf|f Fkghc}o Tieak Ma|oihcmDcdhf+ C| c} mahhfl Tofce}%Livac dfmav}f |of Kfw f}|aefk| wa}

miezhf|fl ck Tofce}( Ntakmf( ck 16?4 nihhiwfl ds |of Ihl f}|aefk|ck Livac( 1>:3+ of nivt|ffk dii`} in |of Azimtszoa atf ck|fgta|fl

ck|i |of makik in ]mtcz|vtf ck |of itlft wtc||fk ta|oft |oak `fz|ck a }fzata|f }fm|cik+

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of }cx|s%}cx dii`} in ]mtcz|vtf( wc|o |of allc|cikah nivt|ffk dii`} in|of Azimtszoa a} a }fzata|f }fm|cik |of Azimtszoa wa} ikhs inncmcahhs

tfei~fl ntie |of A^ ck 1??6+

1>443Nct}| Maedtclgf flc|cik in |of A^( tf~c}fl |i mittfm| fttit} nivkl ck

fathcft flc|cik}( zat|cmvhaths ck c|ahcm} akl zvkm|va|cik+

1>=1of Wcm`fl Dcdhf ztck|fl ck Hiklik ds Tidft| Dat`ft akl a}}cgk} inBiok Dchh( ?~i01 |of witl ki| wa} iec||fl ntie |of ]f~fk|o

Mieeaklefk|0 |of ec}|a`f wa} lc}mi~ftfl dfnitf |of ztck|ckg wa}nckc}ofl( akl mizcf} fxc}| wc|o akl wc|oiv| |of ec}|a`f+

1>==Fhrf~ct} }fmikl Gtff` Kfw f}|aefk|0 mik|ack} |of zota}f fx|v}

Tfmfz|v}+

1>=7of Tfhcgciv} Dcdhf( }i kaefl dfmav}f in |of tfalckg ck Bftfecao =?Maedtclgf nihci flc|cik in |of A^( ds oiea} Dvm` akl Tigft Lakcfh(mhfat dv| }eahhft tieak |szf( oakl%tvhfl wc|o tfl hckf}0 |fx| a} tf~c}fl

ds Lt+ Gial( Lt+ Watl( Et+ Dic}f( akl Et+ Efal( ztidadhs |of df}|flc|cik in @ckg Baef} ft}cik f~ft zvdhc}ofl+4

661>67Wah|ik} Hiklik Zihsghi|+

1717B+ Da}`f|| Cezftcah Nihci ^ckfgat Dcdhf( |wi ~ihvef}+ of Hv`f 4:

moaz|ft ofalckg oa} ~ckfgat nit ~ckfsatlof Zatadhf in |of^ckfgat+ C| wa} }acl |i df |of ei}| }vez|viv} in ahh |of Dcdhf} ztck|fla| Ixnitl( akl ~fts dfav|cnvh+ Matfhf}} ztiintfalckg hfl |i |of flc|cik

dfckg mahhfl a Da}`f||%nvh in ztck|ft} fttit}+

17>4Vkc~ft}c|s in Maedtclgf flc|cik in |of A^( flc|fl ds Lt+ Zatc}(

zvdhc}ofl ck nihci akl qvat|i flc|cik}0 ahh dv| }cx mizcf} in |of nihciflc|cik wftf tfzit|flhs lf}|tisfl ds nctf+

17>=Biok Da}`ft~chhf} Maedtclgf Dcdhf( a ea}|ftzcfmf in mtan|}eak}ocz0 1(46:

mizcf} wftf ztilvmfl( wc|o 6:: in |ofe tfeacklftfl nc~f sfat} ha|ft+

17>3Ixnitl Vkc~ft}c|s flc|cik in |of Lt+ Zatc} A^( flc|fl ds Lt+ Dhaskfs0

mieeikhs tfgatlfl a} |of }|aklatl flc|cik( ntie wocmo eilftkDcdhf} atf ztck|fl+

17?4Tidft| Ac|`fk} Dcdhf( |of nct}| Fkghc}o hakgvagf Dcdhf ztck|fl ck

Aeftcma A^ wc|oiv| Azimtszoa+

1?:1of Clhf ]ofzoftl Dcdhf( }i mahhfl dfmav}f in |of tfalckg ck Rfmoatcao

11+17 Wif |i |of clhf Pnit clihU }ofzoftl |oa| hfa~f|o |of nhim`+

1?:6

Nct}| ztck|ckg in |of Kfw f}|aefk| a| Maedtclgf ds |of kfwhszftnfm|fl }|ftfi|szf ztimf}} ntie }|ftfi|szf zha|f}+

6


10/79


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12/79

Moaz|ft 1GFKFTAH CK\TILVM\CIK

of ecgo|s Gil( f~fk |of HITL( oa|o }zi`fk(akl mahhfl |of fat|o ntie |of tc}ckg in |of }vkvk|i |of gickg liwk |oftfin+

Z}ahe 6:+1

| c} |of |ivmo}|ikf in Zti|f}|ak| ztfamockg( |famockg( hcnf aklztam|cmf |oa| Gil oa} }zi`fk( akl |oa| |of Dcdhf c} |of ck}zctflakl av|oitc|a|c~f tfmitl in |oc}+ of Dcdhf c} |of oihs }mtcz%|vtf}( wocmo atf adhf |i ea`f |off wc}f vk|i }ah~a|cik |otivgo

nac|o wocmo c} ck Motc}| Bf}v}+ Ahh }mtcz|vtf c} gc~fk ds ck}zcta%|cik in Gil( akl c} ztinc|adhf nit lim|tckf( nit tfztiin( nit mit%

tfm|cik( nit ck}|tvm|cik ck tcgo|fiv}kf}} 4 cei|os =+16(1>+ Ck Fkghc}o wf oa~f|of ckf}|ceadhf dhf}}ckg in |of ]mtcz|vtf} ck ivt iwk |ikgvf0 ck ivt Fkghc}o Av%|oitc}fl ^ft}cik( nct}| zvdhc}ofl ck 1>11( wf oa~f tcmo( lfzfkladhf( zti~fk zti%~c}cik( ck di|o |fx| akl |tak}ha|cik( in |of Witl in Gil+ C| c} |of mtiwk in ikfovkltfl sfat} in hadivt( ntie |of |tak}ha|ckg in sklahf akl Mi~ftlahf ck |offaths lfmalf} in |of 1>|o mfk|vts |i |of ztiinckg akl zihc}ockg ds Echf} ]ec|o in|of Oaez|ik Mivt| mieec||ff} wit`( 1>:31>1:+

of Tfnitea|cik lfhc~ftakmf in |of Gi}zfh ntie |of hcnfhf}} fkmtv}|a|cik} in ef%lcf~ah Tieakc}e wfk| oakl%ck%oakl wc|o |of lfhc~ftakmf in |of ]mtcz|vtf} ntiedfckg a ocllfk dii` |i dfckg a dii` nit di|o ztfamoft akl zfizhf+ Tfmi~fts in|of Gi}zfh a} |of giil kfw} nit }ckkft} ta|oft |oak ak ck}|tvefk| in nfat aklizztf}}cik wa} ck}fzatadhf ntie |of tfmi~fts in |of Dcdhf nit zvhzc|( zfw( aklzft}ikah tfhcgcik+ Biok Wsmhcnnf oal hacl liwk eat`ft} |wi ovkltfl sfat} fat%hcft wc|o a mhfat ~cfw in |of ]mtcz|vtf} a} Motc}|} Haw akl mieec|efk| |i |ofctckoftfk| av|oitc|s ta|oft |oak |oa| in |of movtmo+ Of oal a ~fts tvggfl zftmfz%|cik in |of ntff Dcdhf a} ecgo|s vklft |of oakl in Gil |i |of zvhhckg liwk in |of}|tikgoihl} in fttit akl oal a dvtlfk nit |ofct a~achadchc|s ck |of hakgvagf in |ofzfizhf+ of}f lffz mik~cm|cik} wftf zhackhs eack|ackfl ds Gil akl zvt}vflntie sklahf( Mi~ftlahf( Mtakeft( Tfskihl}( akl ikwatl+

of Dii` wocmo dtckg} |i v} |of wiklftnvh wit`} in Gil oa} giil kfw} |i |fhh(akl |of oc}|its in |oc} Dii` ck ivt iwk hakgvagf c} a hc~ckg zat| in aks wit|o%wochf movtmo oc}|its+ A }fk}f in oc}|its c} a gtfa| a}}f| |i |of Motc}|cak hcnf df%mav}f ivt tfhcgcik c} kfmf}}atchs oc}|itcm( Gil a| wit` ck Oc} mtfa|cik( aeikg}|Oc} mtfa|vtf}( tii|fl ck |cef akl zhamftfah zfizhf akl f~fk|} ck a was |oa|

makki| df }acl in aks i|oft tfhcgcik+ ]vmo a oc}|its ah}i dtckg} |i ~cfw |of c}}vf}a| }|a`f ck |of ztizft |tak}ec}}cik in |of lc~ckf tfmitl2 wocmo |fx|}( |tak}ha|flvklft wocmo ztckmczhf}( akl lif} c| ea||ft9

3


13/79

of ztckmczhf} akl ztimflvtf} nit f}|adhc}ockg a tfhcadhf }|at|ckg zhamfagtivkl |fx|wftf ki| eabit c}}vf} ck |of dfgckkckg in Fkghc}o Dcdhf |tak}ha%|cik+ A} c} |ii in|fk |of ma}f( c| |ii` mik|ti~ft}s( izzi}c|cik akl oi}|chc|s |idtckg adiv| |of tfahc}a|cik |oa| ck |of Fkghc}o |ikgvf ntie 164< |i 1>: |i Dfra 163? akl Ofdtfw eakv%

}mtcz| a~achadchc|s ntie Diedftg ck 1617 |i Zhak|ck 16?< akl ik( a }f||hckg in |of|fx| in ]mtcz|vtf wa} dfckg ammiezhc}ofl+ Cn |of ecgo|s Gil( f~fk |of HITL( oa|o}zi`fk( |ofk c| c} kfflnvh |i oa~f |of tfmitl in |oa| }zfa`ckg ki| ikhs ck ivt iwk|ikgvf ammvta|fhs akl nac|onvhhs tfklftfl( dv| ah}i( |i ahh oveak fklfa~ivt( }f|%|hfl ck ivt iwk |ikgvf+

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Zavh} hf||ft |i |of Gaha|cak} c} ztidadhs ikf in |of fathcft zcfmf} in Kfwf}|aefk| wtc|ckg+ Ck moaz|ft >( ~ft}f 11 of lfmhatf} Sf }ff oiw hatgf ahf||ft C oa~f wtc||fk vk|i siv wc|o eckf iwk oakl+1 oc} tfeckl} v} in a

da}cm nam| |i li wc|o |of vknihlckg oc}|its in |of Kfw f}|aefk|( a zick| }i id~c%iv} |oa| wf fa}chs i~fthii` c|+ ]ckmf ztck|ckg lcl ki| mief ck|i dfckg vk|ch |ofecl%16|o mfk|vts( nit |of nct}| |otff%qvat|ft} in |of Kfw f}|aefk|} fxc}|fkmf c|wa} ikhs a~achadhf ck mizcf} ealf ds oakl( |tvhs eakv%}mtcz|}( |wi Ha|ck witl}efakckg oaklwtc||fk+4

Zahf}|ckf ck Azi}|ihcm |cef} wa} vklft Tieak tvhf( dv| nit adiv| |otff ovkltflsfat} dfnitf |oa| c| oal dffk vklft |of mvh|vtah lieckcik in Gtffmf+ Gtff` wa}|of f~ftslas hakgvagf |otivgoiv| |of woihf Eflc|fttakfak tfgcik( ammfz|adhff~fk ck Tief+ oc} wa} |of hakgvagf in |of nvhkf}} in |of |cef( akl wa} |of ck%}|tvefk| v}fl( vklft |of }i~ftfcgk ]zctc| in Gil( nit |oa| wtc||fk tfmitl wocmoc} |of Kfw f}|aefk| in ivt Hitl akl ]a~civt Bf}v} Motc}|+ ^fts qvcm`hs |of dvt%lfk in mizsckg akl |tak}ha|ckg |of}f ]mtcz|vtf} wa} |a`fk vz ds |of movtmof}+of ztam|cmahc|cf} in evh|czhsckg akl lc}}fecka|ckg ammvta|fhs |of wtc||fk Witlin Gil }|at| v} ik |of za|o |i |of ztf}fk| ztck|fl flc|cik} in ivt Fkghc}o Av|oi%tc}fl ^ft}cik+

Tihh} akl zazstv}

Ck Kfw f}|aefk| |cef} |of Gtff`} akl Tieak} v}fl zazstv} tihh} nitwtc|ckg in ahh }it|}+ Zazstv} c} |of ncdtiv} zc|o in a wa|ft zhak| ikmf zhfk|c%nvh ck |of Kchf dv| }matmfhs nivkl |oftf kiw+ wi hasft} in ncdtf} hacl a|tcgo| akghf} |i famo i|oft( }ia`fl( }qvffrfl akl ghvfl( nitefl }off|} in a ea|ftcah|oa| mivhl tfmfc~f eat`}+ of }clf wc|o oitcrik|ah ncdtf} wa} ck|fklfl nit wtc|ckg|of tfm|i dv| c| wa} qvc|f zi}}cdhf |i v}f |of tf~ft}f |of ~ft}i a} wfhh+

of df}| qvahc|s }off|} wftf |oi}f v}ckg|of hatgf}| ncdtf}( akl }vmo }off|} wftfbickfl }clf%ds%}clf |i ea`f tihh} in kfmf}%

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14/79

11

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15/79

Tf~fha|cik 6+1 it Frf`cfh 4+1: akl fxzfm| siv fa}chs |i nckl |oc} tfnftfkmf ck aDcdhf+ Dv| woa| cn siv oal a mihhfm|cik in }mtihh} |i }it| |otivgo |i nckl |of tcgo|dii`( akl ta|oft |oak zagf} |i |vtk oal |i tihh |of }mtihh iv| |i woftf siv |ock`|of zat|cmvhat za}}agf ecgo| df! Tfefedft( |oftf atf ki tfalft acl} it flc|itcahckzv|akl

Ki}fzata|cikinwitl}zvkm|va|cikeckceahha|ftmittfm|cik}a||izakldi||ie}matmfhsaksmazc|ah}itcklcma|cikinzatagtazo}aklkimoaz|ftit~ft}fkvedft}akl|ofhckf}lik|ahwas}tvk|of}aefwas+ : nff| ck hfkg|oit a| hfa}| |wi =: nii|ft}+ ofnc~f }fzata|f }mtihh} kfflfl nit faths mizcf} in |of Gi}zfh} akl Am|} wftf tfzhamflck |of =tl mfk|vts ds ikf milfx( Z


16/79

Bv}| a| |oc} zick| |of dii` ea`ft} tfck|ti%lvmfl ~fhhve a} |of wtc|ckg ea|ftcah+ C| oaldffk ck v}f nit }ief |cef( ck Zftgaeventie adiv| 13: DM akl c| c} a nite in |ofkaef in |oa| |iwk wocmo gc~f} v} |of kaef

zatmoefk| nit ~fhhve( dv| kf~ft ik a hatgf}mahf+ ^fhhve c} ealf ntie |of }`ck} in ma||hf(}offz akl gia|}( f}zfmcahhs sivkg ikf}+ of oactc} }mtazfl inn( |of }`ck} wa}ofl( tvddfl wc|ozvecmf( akl ltf}}fl wc|o moah`( gc~ckg ak ahei}|woc|f }off|( lvtadhf akl fa}s |i wtc|f ik ck dham`it mft|ack i|oft mihivt}+ Ikmf Motc}|cakc|s df%maef ak cezftcah tfhcgcik( |of zos}cmah azzfat%akmf in |of dii`} |ii` ik ak cezit|akmf |oa| oal

ki| dffk |oftf dfnitf( akl }ief in |of ~fhhvemilcmf} in ]mtcz|vtf atf fx|tfefhs dfav|cnvh |ockg}|i hii` a|( |oivgo ki| kfmf}}atchs tfhcadhf it ammv%ta|f dfmav}f in |oa|!

Bv}| |i miezhf|f |of zcm|vtf( ki|f |oa| zazft( a Moc%kf}f mhi|o%da}fl tfnckfefk| in |of zazstv} wtc|ckgea|ftcah( azzfatfl ck |of Wf}| ck |of 14|o mfk|vts(dv| ntie |of

Lfv|ftikies=1+4>+ C| c} a na}mcka|ckg }|its ck c|} iwk tcgo|( dv| nit kiw C tfmitl ikhs |oa| |ofOfdtfw ]mtcz|vtf}( wocmo wf `kiw a} ivt Ihl f}|aefk|( mik|ckvfl |i df mizcflck|i |of Motc}|cak fta+

An|ft |of lf}|tvm|cik in |of fezhf ck AL 7: |of Bfw} wftf fxmfflckghs akxciv}|i eack|ack |ofct mittfm| |fx|+ Ntie adiv| AL 3: |of allc|cik in zick|} |i }oiw~iwfh }ivkl} akl ~atciv} }|tf}} akl malfkmf cklcma|it} wa} ck|tilvmfl ck|i |ofmik}ikak|ah Ofdtfw |i fk}vtf |of mittfm| vklft}|aklckg in |of |fx|+ Matfnvhmizsckg mik|ckvfl( akl |of Ofdtfw ]mtcz|vtf} wftf mft|ackhs `kiwk |i |ofMotc}|cak withl+ Itcgfk ckmhvlfl a Ofdtfw |fx| ck oc} }cx%mihvek Ofxazhaativkl AL 4


17/79

|tak}ha|cik in |of Ihl f}|aefk|( |of]fz|vagck| a} a }ivtmf nit oc} Df|ohf%ofe Ha|ck Dcdhf in AL


18/79

ck|ftztf|a|cik} ck |of ^vhga|f ealf |ofct was ck|i |of nfw kik%Ha|ck |tak}ha|cik}|oa| wftf ztilvmfl+

oc} oc}|itcmah zftcil in }moihat}ocz( ck ~fts gfkftah |fte}( c} |oa| in |of Dsrak|ckfFezctf( mfk|tfl ck Dsrak|cve( nitefths Mik}|ak|ckizhf+ Ei}| Gtff` }moihat}oczwa} nimv}fl |oftf0 akl hc|fta|vtf( ckmhvlckg eaks Dcdhcmah |fx|}( wftf kf~ft mattcfldfsikl |of atfa( akl |ov}( nit a |cef( wftf dfsikl fa}s tfamo in |of Wf}|ftkwithl+

Faths Fkghc}o fklfa~ivt}

Nct}| |of azihigcf}+ Wc|oiv| ck|fk| |i innfkl( |of witl Fkghc}o c} dfckg v}fla} a ma|mo%ahh nit cklcgfkiv} hakgvagf} }zi`fk ck Dtc|ack akl albamfk| c}%hakl} ck |of}f faths |cef}+ Zhfa}f nitgc~f |of motikihigcmahhs ckfxam| v}f inFkghc}o |i ckmhvlf eaks hakl}( hakgvagf}( }mtcz|} akl lcahfm|} }vmo a} Mfh|cm(

Msetcm( }oalf} in ]axik( Ctc}o( Wfh}o2 c| c} likf |i }a~f mik|ckvah lc}|ckm|cik}oa~ckg |i df ltawk( ta|oft |oak |otivgo cgkitakmf it cklcnnftfkmf+

oftf wftf( |ofk( sfatkckg} akl }|tc~ckg} |iwatl |of zti~c}cik in Fkghc}o hak%gvagf ]mtcz|vtf} qvc|f faths ck |of Gi}zfh oc}|its in |of hakl+ Mots}i}|ie =


19/79

ovkltfl sfat} ha|ft Avgv}|ckf wti|f oc} Mc|s i Gilck |of an|ftea|o in |of lf%}|tvm|cik in Tief( akl ivt ka|cik zti~clfl a |ofihigcmah ak|agikc}| nit oce2Zfhagcv}1< wa} ntie Dtc|ack0 of |avgo| ck Tief akl lcfl ck


20/79

]ief ck|fthckfat |tak}ha|cik} oa~f }vt~c~fl ntie|of 1:|o mfk|vts( |of Hcklc}natkf Gi}zfh} zti%lvmfl ds Ahltfl m+ 36: dfckg |of ei}| naeiv}+Afhntcm m+ 3661:4: ealf tivgo akl clciea|cm|tak}ha|cik} in ]mtcz|vtf zit|cik}( |wi in wocmo

oa~f }vt~c~fl vk|ch |ilas+ Ahei}| |otff ovkltflsfat} ha|ft( Wchhcae in ]oitfoae akl TcmoatlTihhf famo |tak}ha|fl |of Z}ah|ft+ Tihhf} wit` ck%mhvlfl a ~ft}f%ds%~ft}f mieefk|ats( akl di|o|of}f Z}ah|ft} wftf }|chh zizvhat a| |of |cef inBiok Wsmhcnnf+

C| ev}| df am`kiwhflgfl |oa| |of hakgvagf v}fl wa} qvc|f ~atcadhf |otivgoiv| |of`ckglie} ck Dtc|ack+ Ak Fkghc}o limvefk| ztilvmfl ck Wf}}fx wivhl ki| kfm%f}}atchs df v}fnvh ck Eftmca it ]|ta|omhslf it Kit|ovedtca+ Wf wivhl ki| ncklaks in |of}f ihlft nite} fa}s |i |of fsf( fat it |ikgvf kiw!

Miezatf |of}f tfklftckg} in Hv`f 4+7(112

11|o mfk|vts2 Wf}}fx

akl ofi mfklf ostf ntvemfkkflak }vkv+ akl ockf ecl mchlmhavedfwakl+ akl ockf ik dckkf ahflf+ nitae f ocg knlik tve ikmvefka ov}fnitae |ilg fiw s} ohfkl amfkkfl+ }f c} ltco|fkmtc}| ik lavclf} mfa}|tf

1|o mfk|vts2 \sklahf

Akl }of dtivgo| nit|o oft nst}| dfgi||fk }ikkf akl wtazzfl oceck }walhskgf mhii|of} akl hasfl oce ck a eakgft dfmav}f |oft wa}ki tivef nit |ofe wc|ock ck |of skkfnit ~k|i siv c} ditkf |oc}lasf ck |of mc|f in La~cl a }a~fivtf wocmo c} Motc}| sf hitlf+

sklahf eas hii` qvack|( dv| c} qvc|f mieztfofk}cdhfikf mak tfal c| ahivl aklofatft} wivhl vklft}|akl+ Dv| wc|oiv| }ief naechcatc|s wc|o |of }ivkl} akl it%|oigtazos in Akghi%]axik Fkghc}o( c| c} kikf |ii fa}s |i tfal Wf}}fx it Wsmhcnnf+

17


Mizsckg |of ]mtcz|vtf}


21/79

Ak Akghi%]axik eakv}mtcz| in 336 tfklft}Biok =+1> |ov}2

Gil hvnilf ecllak%fatl }wa( la| of }falf oc} ak%mfkkflak}vkv( la| kak kf nitwfitlf lf ik ockf gfhs am oaddf la| fmf hcn+

Akl ativkl 14:: Ite dtivgo| Biok = |i |of Fkghc}o inoc} las2

ovtto |oa|| |f Hanfttl }fgglf |ov} Ck |oa| |of Hitl }acl |ov}

chh Kcmilfe wc|o|o witlf \i Kcmilfev} wc|o witl

]wa hvnflf |of Hanfttl Gill ]i hi~fl |of Hitl Gil

of Wftfhhl |a|| of }fkklf \of withl |oa| of }fk|

Oc} agofkk }vkf Ahheao|cg Gill Oc} iwk }ik Ahecgo|s Gil

i wvtt|ofk eakk ik ft|of \i dfmief eak ik fat|o

i hf}fkk eakk`ckk |ovtto oc}} lfa|o \i tfhfa}f eak`ckl |otivgooc} lfa|o

V| inn |of lfnhf}} wahlf Iv| i |of lf~ch} ziwft

oa|| woa}f |tiwwfkk }oahh ik ocee \oa| woi}if~ft }oahh dfhcf~fik oce

Wfh evgof wvtt|ofkk dittgofkk ]vtfhs eas dfmief }a~fl

FKLKI\F]21+ ]ff ah}i 1 Mitck|ocak} 1>+41( 4 of}}ahikcak} =+17 akl Zochfeik 13+ C|c} |of }fah in oc} av|oitc|s+

4+ Zftoaz} c| mivhl oa~f dffk ntie Gtff` tii|} mofcti%gtazo}( efakckg bv}||of }aef |ockg!

=+ Zazstv} 1= c} a eakv}mtcz| ntagefk| mik|ackckg zit|cik} in |of dii` inOfdtfw}+ Ik |of dam` in |oc} ntagefk| atf zit|cik} in |of Fzc|ief i Hc~s(|of ztf%Motc}|cak oc}|its in Tief+


22/79

>+ Ak fxfezhat c} a eakv}mtcz| |oa| }ft~f} a} |of }|aklatl flc|cik in a lim%vefk|( akl wocmo c} in|fk v}fl nit mizsckg+

7+ C} c| ki| ctikcm |oa| woftf |of Gi}zfh wfk| ds witl in eiv|o( |of ce%eflca|f ovkgft wa} nit |of cklfzfklfk| }|adchc|s akl fklvtakmf in |ofwtc||fk witl in ]mtcz|vtf( woftfa} |ilas ~a}| }ve} atf }zfk| |tsckg |i ea`f|of wtc||fk witl hii` akl }ivkl hc`f a }oit|%hc~fl( f~ft%}ocn|ckg }zi`fknite!

?+ ]stcam ec}}cikatcf} wfk| |otivgo Ef}izi|aeca dfatckg |ofct kfw} |iCklca( ztidadhs Mocka |ii( a} wfhh a} kit|owatl} ck|i Atefkca akl Gfitgca+

3+ Zhfa}f }ff Qvat|fths Tfmitlki+ 673( Aztch |i Bvkf 4::7( nit eitf cknit%ea|cik ik |of Ha|ck ]mtcz|vtf}+

1:+of vhga|f in Bftief c} }matmfhs |i df tfmigkc}fl ck |of |ctfl akl mit%

tvz|fl Ha|ck ^vhga|f flc|cik annctefl ds |of Mivkmch in tfk|+

11+Nit allc|cikah cknitea|cik( }ff Zavh Oah}ahh} Ck|ftkf| Eflcf~ah ]ivtmf%dii` a| www+nitloae+flv)oah}ahh)]dii`+o|eh akl }fatmo nit ]mtcz|vtf+

14+ Ahdak( woi lcfl ck |of ecl |i ha|f =tl it faths


23/79

Moaz|ft4

BIOK WSMHCNNF AKL \OF FKGHC]O DCDHF

C dfhcf~f |oa| ck |of fkl |of \tv|o wchh mikqvft+1

ofk |oftf wftf |wi zizf}( Biok Wsmhcnnf }acl |oa| |oftf wa} ki]mtcz|vtah da}c} nit f~fk ikf+ Wofk ikhs a nfw in |of df||ft flv%ma|fl mivhl tfal |of Dcdhfikhs a~achadhf ck Ha|ckBiokWsmhcnnf }acl |oa| f~ftsikf }oivhl oa~f |of Dcdhf ck |ofct iwk

hakgvagf+ Wofk moahhfkgfl i~ft oc} ~cfw}( Biok Wsmhcnnf }acl |oa| |of ]mtcz%|vtf} ahikf wftf oc} }ivtmf akl av|oitc|s+ Ahh |oc} wa} a mfk|vts dfnitf Fta}%ev}( Hv|oft( sklahf it Mah~ck wftf ditk( akl Biok Wsmhcnnf 1=4:1=?>+ of v}f in Ntfkmo a} |of zihc|f hakgvagf mik|ckvfl nit a hikg |cef( dv|

|of wtc|ckg} in Wchhcae Hakghakl akl Gfinntfs Moavmft wftfea`ckg Fkghc}o tf}zfm|adhf+ of Kiteak tisah hckf oal df%

mief |of Oiv}f in Akbiv|of Zhak|agfkf|}akl }|tvgghf}nit |fttc|its ck Ntakmf tvedhfl ik+ Ck 1416 |of Fkghc}odatik} ga|oftfl a| Tvkkseflf akl idhcgfl Biok |i }cgkEagka Mat|a+ oc} nct}| }eahh }|fz |iwatl} tflfnckckg tisahziwft }acl ck fnnfm|( |oc} ka|cik( hakl akl zfizhf( c}k| sivt} |igc~f( kit |of zizf} |i |a`f+

Oiwf~ft( |of mocfn fkfes in ahh mivk|tcf} ck eflcf~ah Fvtizfwa} ahwas} |of mvttfk| zizf+ Eikfs wa} }czoikfl awas|otivgo }|takgf |axf} cezi}fl akl mihhfm|fl ds |of Tieak

movtmo( ofhzfl ds |of azzick|efk| in kik%tf}clfk| nitfcgkmhftgs |i movtmo zi}|}+ oftf wa} kffl in }iefikf |i }as ki|

bv}| |oa| |of movtmo wa} wtikg adiv| |oc} it |oa| zat|cmv%hat( dv| }cezhs|oc} movtmo c} wtikg+ of movtmo wa}

wtikg dfmav}f c| wa} mieztfofk}c~fhs( lfeik}|tadhs(vk%Dcdhcmahck nam| ki movtmo a| ahh+ oftf wa}

kffl nit Gil( woi mieeaklfl |of hcgo| |i }ockfiv| in lat`kf}}( |i gc~f agack ds |of ecttit in

Oc} Witl |of hcgo| in |of `kiwhflgf in |of

ghits in Gil ck |of namf in Bf}v} Motc}|4 Mitck|ocak} +


4:

Biok Wsmhcf /1=4:1=?


24/79

Biok Wsmhcnnf /1=4:1=?


25/79

\of |tv|o in ]mtcz|vtf akl |of Hihhatl= Dcdhf

of eack}ztckg in Wsmhcnnf} ea|vtf wit` wa} |oa| |of ]mtcz|vtf} atf |ofnivkla|cik in ahh lim|tckf+ Oc} 1=7? wit`Lf ~ftc|a|f ]amtaf ]mtcz|vtafIk |of \tv|o i ]amtfl ]mtcz|vtf lf}mtcdf} |of Dcdhf a} dfckg lctfm|hsntie Gil Oce}fhn( |cefhf}}( vkmoakgckg( ntff ntie fttit akl mik|ta%lcm|cik}( mik|ackckg ikhs |tv|o( ammfz|ckg kiallc|cik( }vnnftckg ki }vd|tam|cik+Ahh ev}| df |a`fk fqvahhs( ad}ihv|fhs(wc|oiv| qvahcncma|cik+ ]mtcz|vtf c} |ofhaw in Motc}|( |of |tv|o( akl ev}| dfzhamfl adi~f ahh oveak wtc|ckg}+Wc|oiv| `kiwhflgf in |of Dcdhf |oftfmak df ki zfamf( ki tfah akl adclckggiil0 c| mik|ack} ahh |oa| c} kfmf}}ats nit|of }ah~a|cik in efk+ C| ahikf c} cknahhc%dhf( akl |oftfnitf c} |of ikf av|oitc|snit |of nac|o+ Bv}| a} a |tvf Motc}|cak wchhdf ikf woi nckl} oc} nac|o ck |of hcgo| in]mtcz|vtf( }i a |tvf }ofzoftl in Motc}%|cak} wchh df ikf woi nffl} oc} nhim` ik|of Witl in Gil+

Wsmhcnnf} kfx| }|fz wa} ckf~c|adhf( akl v|%

|fths a| ill} wc|o eflcf~ah Tieakc}|~cfw}+ of Dcdhf ev}| df a~achadhf nit |ofzfizhf ck |ofct ei|oft |ikgvf+ Wsmhcnnf lclki| wak| |i mctmvha|f matfnvh Ha|ck }fhfm|cik}|i ak fhc|f( flvma|fl nfw+ Of wa} in |of }aefeckl a} sklahf ha|ft( |oa| |of ]mtcz|vtf}}oivhl df wclfhs a~achadhf+ F~fk zhivgodis}}oivhl `kiw |of |tv|o in |of Gi}zfh akl |offttit} in |ofct }vzzi}fl gvclf}+

of nct}| Wsmhcnnf Dcdhf( m+ 1=??(mieztc}f} a tf~c}cik in Wsmhcnnf}|tak}ha|cik in |of Kfw f}|aefk|m+ 1=?4( |igf|oft wc|o ikf in |of Ihl f}|aefk| likf ds a ntcfkl( Kcmoiha} inOftfnitl+ oc} Ihl f}|aefk| c} }ief|cef} ofhl vz |i tclcmvhf dfmav}f in a |iitcgcl nihhiwckg in |of witl itlft in |of Ha|ck Dcdhf( ea`ckg c| mhve}s akl aw`%watl tfalckg ck Fkghc}o+ Dv| Wsmhcnnf} Kfw f}|aefk| c} eitf dihlhs akl tfal%adhs Fkghc}o( |oivgo }|chh mattsckg |of ztidhfe} in oa~ckg dffk |tak}ha|fl ntieHa|ck+ of wit` wa} }iik tf~c}fl akl c| c} |of ha|ft( }eii|oft( ~ft}cik wocmo c}|of Hihhatl Dcdhf( wclfhs lcnnv}fl |otivgo |of 16|o mfk|vts+ A} f~fts mizs wa}oaklwtc||fk c| wa} kf~ft a ea}}%ztilvmfl dii`+

44


A zagf tie a Wsmhcf Dcdhf }oiwckg|of dfgckkckg i |of Gi}zfh ammitlckg |i Eat`


26/79

Izzi}c|cik wa} ncftmf akl eftmchf}}+ Zi}}f}}cik in }vmo a Dcdhf( hf| ahikf tfalckgc| it tf~fahckg a }seza|os wc|o c|} |famockg( wa} zi|fk|cahhs a ea||ft in lfa|o(akl eaks lcfl+ oftf wa} a ~fts lat` }clf |i |oc} wit`( a} efk ck |fttit nit |ofcthc~f} tfmak|fl( }ief dfmieckg ammv}ft}( lfkivkmft} akl zft}fmv|it} in |ofct nit%eft Hihhatl miezakcik} akl Wsmhcnnf} |famockg}+ Kf~ft|ofhf}}( ck Fkghakl kiw

|of }vtf Witl wa} ofatl ck a naechcat |ikgvf2 efk dfgak |i gc~f offl a} |i ahcgo| |oa| }ockf|o ck a lat` zhamf+?( of Oc}|its in |of Fkghc}o Dcdhf dfgck} wc|o|of wit` in cklahf( akl ki| wc|o |oa| in Wsmhcnnf+> oc} lc}ec}}ah c}zftfez|itchs ncftmf+ Ck |of oc}|its in |of |tak}ec}}cik in ak Fkghc}o |fx|(}vmo a }clfhckckg eas df ammfz|adhf( dv| ck mik|fx| in a ea}}c~f mik|tcdv|cik |i|of ea`ckg in a was( a wchh( vklft Gil nit ak Fkghc}o Dcdhf( c| c} a ltamikcak hf~fh%hckg+ Wf}|mi||( ahikg wc|o }i eaks i|oft}( }ffe} |i oa~f cgkitfl Wsmhcnnf} ea}%}c~f mik|tcdv|cik |i |of lim|tckf in ]mtcz|vtf( wocmo ev}| ahwas} gi oakl ck oaklwc|o |of |fx| in ]mtcz|vtf+

Wsmhcnnf} ecgo|s hadivt} ah}i }ft~f( oiwf~ft( |i vklft}mitf |of gtfa| ztidhfe in|of ammvtams akl av|ofk|cmc|s in ahh |of}f ihlft Fkghc}o eakv}mtcz| ~ft}cik}+ ofswftf ahh lftc~fl ntie |of Ha|ck ^vhga|f( ki| |of Dcdhcmah hakgvagf |fx|}+ Ki| ikhswa} |of }|at|ckg zick| ki| a} ammvta|f a} c| }oivhl oa~f dffk( a |tak}ha|cik in a

|tak}ha|cik( dv| |of mittvz|cik} ck akl ~atca|cik} df|wffk mizcf} in |of ^vhga|fwftf gtiwckg iv| in oakl ck |of za}}agf in |cef+7 oftf c}( a| |oc} zick| ck |of oc}%|its in |of |fx| in ]mtcz|vtf( gtfa| kffl2 nit a ef|oil in tfztilvm|cik wocmo wchhakmoit |of |fx| ck a }|adhf akl ammvta|fhs tfzfa|adhf nite( akl nit a tf|vtk |i |ofawatfkf}} akl v}f in |of Dcdhcmah hakgvagf} a} |of ikhs av|oitc|a|c~f da}c} nit|tak}ha|cik+?

I~ftahh c| c} ofhznvh |i tfefedft |oa| |of cknhvfkmf in Wsmhcnnf( oc} Dcdhf akl |ofHihhatl}( mik|ckvfl tcgo| |otivgo ck|i sklahf} |cef2 |of f}|adhc}oefk| a||c|vlf}(wof|oft fmmhf}ca}|cmah it zihc|cmah( wftf |of }aef |otivgoiv|+ A} ck 1


28/79

=+ of Hihhatl}( 1


29/79

Moaz|ft =

\FMOKIHIGS( ]MOIHAT]OCZ AKL

EAT\STLIE2

\OF ZTCK\FL FKGHC]O DCDHF

A kffl }vzzhcfl2 ztck|ckg

of ztc~chfgf in ~cfwckg |of vknihlckg in ahh oc}|its a} |of hc~ckgGil a| wit`lfahckg wc|o Oc} zfizhf akl Oc} Witl ck |ofecl}| in a matfhf}}( cklcnnftfk|( oi}|chf withlc} a ghal }ivtmfin tfntf}oefk| akl gtivkl in ztac}f nit |of dfhcf~ft+ oc} c}zat|cmvhaths |tvf in |of aearckg mik~ftgfkmf in f~fk|} annfm|%ckg |of oc}|its in |of Dcdhf |fx| ck |of 16|o akl 1>|o mfk|vtcf}+

i eff| |of kffl iv|hckfl ck |of ztf~civ} moaz|ft( wf }ff |oa| ck Fvtizf mik%lc|cik} wftf bv}| tfals nit |of hatgf }mahf ztilvm|cik in |fx|}+ of tfqvctf%efk|} nit dii` ztck|ckg wftf a~achadhf+ Zazft wa} dfckg ztilvmfl akl v}fl ckFvtizf+1 At|c}|} oal ck~fk|fl ak ich%da}fl ck` wocmo mivhl df alaz|fl nitztck|ckg ik zazft akl ~fhhve( ck}|fal in |of fathcft ck}vd}|ak|cah wa|fts ck`+oftf wftf ztf}}f} ck v}f nit ztck|ckg lf}cgk} ik |fx|chf}( alaz|adhf nit zazftztck|ckg( akl wit`ft} wftf ahtfals ea`ckg ef|ah zha|f} |i v}f nit }|aezckg|of mi~ft} in eakv}mtcz| dii`}+ of |cef wa} tczf nit Bioakk Gv|fkdftg} ck%~fk|cik in ztck|ckg wc|o ei~adhf |szf+ ]vmo wa} |of cezam| in ztck|ckg akl c|}v}f nit |of Dcdhf akl tfhcgciv} ea|ftcah gfkftahhs( |oa| a mik|fezitats ~ft}ffxztf}}fl |oc} alecta|cik in

|of ztf}}f(

\of wit|o woftfi ki |ikgvf mak wfhh fxztf}}f]i evmo c| li|o( akl wit`f} }i tfalchs2

Nit wocmo hf|} gc~f vk|i |of Hitl ahh ztac}f(\oa| |ov} oa|o dhf}}l v} ck |of}f ha||ft lacf}+4

Gv|fkdftg( ditk ck Eackr ativkl 1=37( wa}|tackfl a} a gihl}ec|o+ Of }f| vz a nivklts(wc|o ztf}}( ck Eackr( akl fxzftcefk|fl wc|o|of mikmfz| in ztck|ckg wc|o ei~adhf ef|ah|szf+ Nckahhs( ativkl 1


30/79

ztck|ckg |of Dcdhf( dv| hi}| oc} ztf}} fqvczefk| akl ef|ah nik|} |i Nv}|+ An|ft |oc}of }ffe} |i oa~f waklftfl |i i|oft mc|cf}(|famockg |of kfw |fmokcqvf in ztck|ckg( akllcfl ck oc} ka|c~f |iwk ck 1?+

of Fkghc}oeak Wchhcae Max|ik 1


31/79

wc|o efk mazadhf in ck}|tvm|ckg i|oft} ck |ofe+? Eaks in |of}f lc}zhamfl }moihat}wfk| |i C|ahs( ntie Kfw Tief Mik}|ak|ckizhf |i Ihl Tief+ of nct}| zat| in |ofDcdhf |i df ztck|fl ck Gtff` wa} a Gtff` akl Ha|ck Z}ah|ft in 1


32/79

Nvt|ofteitf( |of azzf|c|f nit ]mtcz|vtf} ck |of mieeik |ikgvf} in Fvtizf wa}gtiwckg woftf~ft izzit|vkc|s ahhiwfl+ Fta}ev} in Ti||ftlae akl _cefkf} inMiezhv|ve Ahmaha ck ]zack( wftf wit`ckg |iwatl} |of ztck|fl |fx|14 in |of Kfwf}|aefk| ck |of lawkckg sfat} in |of 1>|o mfk|vts+ _cefkf} miezhf|fl oc} Zihs%

ghi|( wocmo ckmhvlfl a Gtff` Kfw f}|aefk|( a sfat dfnitf Fta}ev} ztck|fl oc}

Gtff`0 dv| _cefkf} lcl ki| zvdhc}o( }i |of nct}| am|vahhs zvdhc}ofl Gtff` Kfwf}|aefk| wa} |oa| in Fta}ev} ck 161>+

Kikf in |of}f |otff efkMihf|( Fta}ev} it _cefkf}f~ft ealf |of miezhf|f(kfflnvh dtfa` wc|o Tief( akl sf| ck |of }i~ftfcgk zti~clfkmf in Gil |ofs ga~f|of mocfn zti~c}cik |i miezhf|f |of Tfnitea|cik |a}`2 |of Gtff` Kfw f}|aefk|+of Fkghc}o Tfniteft} tfmfc~fl |ofct wit` ghalhs( |of df||ft |i hfatk in Motc}| akl|of df||ft |i ztfamo |of Gi}zfh( dfmieckg ecgo|s |otivgo Gil |i |of zvhhckgliwk in }|tikgoihl} 4 Mitck|ocak} 1:+


33/79

naechs wa} }seza|of|cm |i oc} |famockg}( dv| |ii eaks ~c}c|it} wftf ki|( akl sk%lahf nitefl |of mik~cm|cik of ev}| |tak}ha|f |of Kfw f}|aefk| ck|i Fkghc}o( |idf a hcgo| ck a lat` zhamf( |i mik~ckmf |of gack}asft}!

]ff`ckg ofhz ntie |of Dc}oiz in Hiklik( Mv|odft| vk}|ahh( ck 164=( zti~fl a

ntvc|hf}} bivtkfs( dv| nvt|oft nfhhiw}ocz wc|o Ntc|o akl i|oft} miknctefl oc} dvt%lfk+ Cn c| mivhl ki| df likf ck Fkghakl( c| wivhl df likf fh}fwoftf+ Of wfk| |iOaedvtg ck 164 |oftf wa} a mi~ft| mih%zit|agf hckf }evgghckg |ofe ck|i Fkghakl+

sklahf} }moihat}ocz c} dfsikl qvf}|cik0 akl miknf}}fl ds ntcfkl} akl fkfecf}ahc`f |i df in a giil akl }|vlciv} hcnf( naechcat wc|o Ofdtfw( Gtff`( Ha|ck( C|ahcak(]zakc}o akl Ntfkmo a} wfhh a} oc} Fkghc}o( woi df||ft nit |of |a}`9 Oc} Dcdhcmah

}moihat}ocz( ta|oft |oak mieckg nct}|oakl( c} lftc~fl ntie i|oft}0 dv| wos }oivhlof lfnft |i hfatk ntie Hv|oft( Fta}ev}( _cefkf} akl |ofct hc`f9

Ikf hf}}ik sklahf zftoaz} gackfl ntie Fta}ev} c} nivkl ck |of ztfnamf |i |ofha||ft} 161> Gtff` Kfw f}|aefk|2

C |i|ahhs lc}}fk| ntie |oi}f woi atf vkwchhckg |oa| |of ]amtfl ]mtcz%|vtf}( |tak}ha|fl ck|i |of ~vhgat |ikgvf( }oivhl df tfal ds ztc~a|f ck%lc~clvah} Akl C wc}o |oa| |ofs wftf |tak}ha|fl ck|i ahh hakgvagf}in ahh zfizhf}( |oa| |ofs ecgo| df tfal akl kiwk( ki| eftfhs ds |of

]mi|mo akl Ctc}o( dv| f~fk ds |of vt`} akl ]atamfk}+ C wc}o |oa| |ofov}dakleak eas }ckg zat|} in |ofe a| oc} zhivgo( |oa| |of wfa~fteas watdhf |ofe a| oc} }ov||hf( |oa| |of |ta~fhhft eas wc|o |ofct kat%ta|c~f} dfgvchf |of wfatckf}} in |of was+

oc} wa} zhackhs fmoifl ds sklahf adiv| |of sfat 1644 wofk of nitefl oc} tf%}ih~f |i |tak}ha|f+ A Tieakc}| mhftgseak |ihl oce |oa| wf wftf df||ft wc|oiv|Gil} haw} |oak |of Zizf}( |i wocmo sklahf tfzhcfl( C lfns |of Zizf akl ahh oc}

=:


A |szcmah ztck|ckg ztf}} i |of las


34/79

haw} Cn Gil }zatf es hcnf( ftf eaks sfat}( C wchh mav}f a dis |oa| ltc~f|o |ofzhivgo }oahh `kiw eitf in |of ]mtcz|vtf |oak |oiv li}|+

sklahf} }`chh ck |tak}ha|cik akl oc} ea}|fts in |of Fkghc}o |ikgvf wa} dfsiklmiezatf+ oftf wa} ki Fkghc}o za||ftk |i nihhiwBiok Wsmhcnnf} wit` wa} |ii

fedtichfl wc|o |of ^vhga|f |fx|+ sklahf} Fkghc}o dfmaef |of kfw eck|flmickagf wocmo ahh i|oft |talft} ck|of Fkghc}o ]mtcz|vtf} oa~f kfflfl|i v}f+ Witl} hc`f gfkcv}( ]axik}cezhcmc|s( |fklftkf}}( eabf}|s(atf kiw v}fl ck |tcdv|f2 dv| ki||ofk! of dii` wa} lfkivkmflakl sklahf ovk|fl+

Ei~ckg |i Oaedvtg ck 1643 of

ef| Eshf} Mi~ftlahf agack(giil ntcfkl akl ofhzft+ Eitfflc|cik} akl tf~c}cik}( akl zat|}in |of Ihl f}|aefk|( wftfzvdhc}ofl ck Fkghc}o( ei}|hs ckit ativkl Ak|wftz+ of}f flc|cik} mik%nctefl sklahf} ea}|fts akl itcgckahc|s ck |ofwit` in |tak}ha|cik+ oi}f adhf |i miezatf ki|fl |oa| ah|oivgo sklahf} i|oftwit`} }oiw oiw lffzhs of oal ad}itdfl |of |ofihigs in Hv|oft( qvi|ckg akl ah%

hvlckg |i oce( sklahf} Dcdhcmah wit`( Ihl akl Kfw f}|aefk|( }oiw} ta|oft agtiwckg mhatc|s in mieec|efk| |i |of Dcdhcmah hakgvagf}+

of Gtff` Kfw f}|aefk| in Fta}ev} oal dffk ztck|fl ck 161>( 1613 akl 1644(akl c| c} f~clfk| |oa| sklahf v}fl oc} |octl flc|cik a} |of da}c} in oc} Fkghc}o ~ft%}cik( akl ck |oc} ~ft}cik c} |of am`kiwhflgfl lfzi}c| hacl in }ief kckf|s zft mfk|in |of ~imadvhats akl nite in ha|ft Kfw f}|aefk|}( ckmhvlckg |of Fkghc}o Kfwf}|aefk| in 1>11+ Hf| c| ki| df nitgi||fk |oa| ah|oivgo ck |of Ea||ofw} Dcdhfsklahf ikhs inncmcahhs }vzzhcfl |of Zfk|a|fvmo akl Bikao in |of Ihl f}|aefk|(ck ak azzfklcx |i oc} Kfw f}|aefk| of oal |tak}ha|fl ~atciv} Ihl f}|aefk|za}}agf} nit hfm|cikats v}f akl hc`fhs dfnitf oc} lfa|o ga~f oc} nvhhft Ihl f}|a%efk| |tak}ha|cik} |i Ea||ofw} flc|it( Biok Tigft}akl c| c} bv}| a} hc`fhs |oa|Bi}ova |i 4 Motikcmhf} ck Ea||ofw} atf lctfm|hs ntie sklahf} wit`+ Tfgatlhf}}(ahh |of}f za}}agf} }oiw mhfat lftc~a|cik ntie Ofdtfw( akl ki| a| ahh ntie Ha|ck itHv|oft+

]ztckg 16=6 attc~fl ck Ak|wftz akl }i lcl Ofkts Zochhcz}( woi }f| adiv| gackckgsklahf} |tv}|+ C| wa} a |tv}| gackfl ds nah}foiil2 Zochhcz} oizf wa} in nckakmcahtfwatl( akl of }f| adiv| |i lfhc~ft sklahf |i |oi}f woi }ivgo| oce+ Ds Im|idft

16=>( sklahf oal dffk df|tasfl( ceztc}ikfl( }|takghfl akl dvtk| a| ^ch~iitlfnit Motc}| akl Oc} Witl+1=

=1


\of 16=> \sklahf Kfw \f}|aefk|


35/79

Ovedhf akl cttfztiamoadhf ck oc} hcnf( rfahiv} akl lf~i|fl ck oc} wit`( dfhi~flds oc} ntcfkl}( tf}zfm|fl ds eaks in oc} fkfecf}( nac|onvh vk|i lfa|o2 woftfaeikg |of ates in eat|st} }oahh wf nckl a kidhft |oak Wchhcae sklahf9 IvtFkghc}o Dcdhf( tii|fl ck oc} wit`( c} ki lfal zcfmf in amalfecm hadivt+ C| c} |ofWitl in Gil( |tak}ec||fl |otivgo |of agfkms in ikf |i woie |oa| Witl wa} |of

~fts hcnf in oc} }ivh+4+ MI^FTLAHF

Cn sklahf c} bv}|hs }|shfl Azi}|hf in Fkghakl( oiw }oahh wf }|shf Eshf}Mi~ftlahf9 ii ihl |i df a cei|os0 df||ft a Datkada}+ Ditk kfat Ecllhfoaeck |of Kit|o Tclckg in Sit`}octf( of dfmaef ak Avgv}|ckcak eik`( itlackfla ztcf}| ck 161< a| agf |wfk|s%}f~fk zi}}cdhs a| Kitwcmo( akl mik|ckvfl ck |ofAv}|ck eika}|fts a| Maedtclgf+ Fta}ev} wa} a| Maedtclgf ntie 1611 |i 161


36/79

An|ft Eats} ammf}}cik |i |of |otikf ck 166=Mi~ftlahf wa} lfztc~fl akl ceztc}ikfl+ C| }ffeflhc`fhs |oa| of wivhl df zv| |i lfa|o|oa| wa} mft%|ackhs |of ck|fk|cik in |of kfw Qvffk} aleckc}%|ta|cik+ Dv| ds eattcagf of oal dfmief tfha|fl |i

Biok Eamahzckf( moazhack |i |of `ckg in Lfkeat`(akl |oa| `ckg ck|ft~fkfl wc|o Eats ikMi~ftlahf} dfoahn+ Gtvlgckghs of wa} tfhfa}flakl zftec||fl |i gi |i Lfkeat`+

Mi~ftlahf bickfl |of gtiwckg miezaks in Fkg%hc}o fxchf} ik |of Mik|ckfk|( a| nct}| wc|o naechsck Lfkeat`( |ofk a} moazhack |i a gtivz ckWf}fh( Gfteaks+ Ck Avgv}| 1667 Mi~ftlahf wa}ck Aatav wc|o oc} wcnf akl |wi mochltfk( akl|ofk ntie av|vek 166? |i Avgv}| 1663 of wa}ck Gfkf~a( }ft~ckg a} ak fhlft in |of Fkghc}omovtmo vklft Biok @kix} za}|ita|f! Of oalahtfals ef| Mah~ck ik ak fathcft Mik|ckfk|ah|tcz+ oftf of ztfamofl akl |avgo|( dv| wa}}iik mavgo| vz ck Dcdhf wit` ikmf eitf+

Wc|o }f~ftah nfhhiw hadivtft} ckmhvlckgMotc}|izoft Giileak( Wchhcae Mihf akl Mah~ck} }ik%ck%haw Wchhcae Woc||ckg%

oae( of zv| nit|o |oa| tvggfl ~ft}cik in |of Fkghc}o ]mtcz|vtf} mahhfl |of Gfkf~aDcdhf+16 oc} wa} |of nct}| Fkghc}o ~ft}cik |i oa~f ~ft}f kvedft} akl( |igf|oft wc|o|of fxzhaka|its ki|f}( wa} a zti~c}cik |i fatkf}| Dcdhf }fatmockg+ C| c} |of Dcdhf in|of Zvtc|ak}+ Eitf |oak |oct|s flc|cik} wftf ztck|fl ck Fhcradf|o} tfcgk( akl c| oal|of azzti~ah in Atmodc}oiz Zat`ft akl Dc}oiz Gtcklah+ C| wa} |of nct}| Fkghc}oDcdhf |i df wclfhs a~achadhf( akl in oakls }crf+ of eatgckah ki|f} ativ}fl oi}|chc|swc|ock |of F}|adhc}oefk|( dv| |ofs wftf a miedcka|cik in }moihaths ofhz akl zizvhatid}ft~a|cik2 Zti|f}|ak| akl Mah~ckc}|cm+ C|ahcm} wftf v}fl |i }oiw ck|ftziha|cik}(1>

akl hc|ftah |tak}ha|cik} in aw`watl zhamf} wftf zhamfl ck |of eatgck}+

Wofk Fhcradf|o maef |i |of |otikf( Mi~ftlahf tf|vtkfl |i Fkghakl( akl wa} ck%~ih~fl ck |of mik}fmta|cik in Atmodc}oiz Zat`ft ck 1663+ Ck mieeik wc|o eakstf|vtkckg Eats%fxchf}( of wa} akxciv} nit a evmo eitf |oitivgo wit in tfnit%ea|cik |oak wa} zhfa}ckg |i |of Fkghc}o f}|adhc}oefk|+ Ah|oivgo Mi~ftlahf oalvklft|a`fk |i df qvcf| ck oc} tfm|its a| ]|+ Eagkv}( Hiklik( of kf~ft miknitefl|i |of lfgtff tfqvctfl in oce( akl tf}cgkfl |of hc~ckg( dv| mattcfl ik a eckc}|tswoch}| tfnv}ckg |i wfat |of }vtzhcmf+ Oc} fkl wa} oazzs( wf atf |ihl( akl of lcfl a||of agf in fcgo|s%ikf( ck 16>?( oa~ckg }ft~fl |of wtc||fk akl |of Ckmatka|f Witl|otivgo nivt |vevh|viv} tfcgk}+ Oc} fklvtckg fxoit|a|cik( nivkl ck oc} Dcdhf} A

ztihigf |i |of tfalft( wa}( Gi |i kiw ei}| lfatf tfalft . }s| |off liwkf a| |ofHitlf} nf|f akl tfalf oc} witlf}+

==


\c|hf zagf i Mi~ftlahf Dcdhf


37/79

=+ BIOK TIGFT] AKL EA\\OFW] DCDHF

B

iok Tigft}( eckc}|ft( Dcdhf |tak}ha|it akl mieefk|a|it( nct}| Fkghc}o Zti|f}%|ak| eat|st vklft Eats C( wa} ditk ck Lftc|fkl( Dcteckgoae( m+ 16::+ Ofwa} flvma|fl a| |of Gvchl ]moiih in ]| Biok |of Daz|c}| akl a| Zfedti`f Oahh(

Maedtclgf( gtalva|ckg D+A+ ck 164>+ Ck 16=< Tigft} wfk| |i Ak|wftz a} moaz%hack |i Fkghc}o eftmoak|}+ Of ef| Eshf} Mi~ftlahf( woi hfl oce |i adaklik |ofTieak Ma|oihcm nac|o( akl Wchhcae sklahf+ Of |oftf eattcfl Altcaka lf Wfs%lfk akghcmc}fl |i Altaka Zta|| ck 16=7+ An|ft sklahf} lfa|o( Tigft} zv}oflik wc|o oc} ztflfmf}}it} Fkghc}o ~ft}cik in |of Ihl f}|aefk|of v}fl sklahfa} nat a} 4 Motikcmhf}( |a`ckg Mi~ftlahf} 16=6 |tak}ha|cik nit |of tfeacklft aklnit |of Azimtszoa+

of z}fvlikseiv} Ea||ofw} Dcdhf wa} zvdhc}ofl ck 16=7( ztck|fl ck Zatc} akl

Ak|wftz ds ]ct Bamidv} ~ak Ef|ftfk( Altcaka} vkmhf+ Tcmoatl Gtan|ik zvdhc}ofl|of }off|} wc|o hfa~f |i }fhh |of flc|cik in ikf |oiv}akl nc~f ovkltfl mizcf} ckFkghakl+ Ds Mtakeft} cknhvfkmf |of @ckg} ei}| gtamciv} hcmfk}f wa} gtak|fl|i |of ~ft}cik+ Ck |oa| }aef sfat |of 16=7 tfztck| in Eshf} Mi~ftlahf} |tak}ha|cikoal ah}i dffk gtak|fl }vmo a hcmfkmf+

of z}fvlikse Ea||ofw c} fqva|fl wc|o Tigft}( dv| c| eas df |oa| Ea||ofwc} a milf nit sklahf} iwk kaef( |ii lakgftiv} a| |oa| |cef |i df izfkhs fe%zhisfl+ Tigft} am|vah }oatf ck |oa| wit` ck~ih~fl |tak}ha|ckg |of Ztasft in Eak%

=


\of dvtkckg i Biok Ntc|o akl fhhiw Zti|f}|ak| Akltfw Ofwc|


40/79

FKLKI\F]2

1+ oftf wa} a zazft echh ck ]|ta}divtg ativkl 1d( ki+1=+ Zi}}cdhf( dv| |of amocf~fefk| in |tvhs }|aklatl flc|cik} in aks ztck|fl|fx|( ckmhvlckg |of Dcdhf( wa} hikg ck mieckg2 }ff |of ha|ft lc}mv}}cik in |ofztck|ft} akl faths ztck|ckg} in |of Av|oitc}fl ^ft}cik+

7+ oa| v}agf c} ki| ck na~ivt kiw( dv| }|chh oa} a hi| |i mieefkl c|+

?+ A| a |tcm`hf ta|f |oc} oal( ckf~c|adhs( dffk gickg ik }ckmf |of Mtv}alf}(dv| kiw dfmaef a }cgkcncmak| cknhvfkmf2 |oc} }vtgf |i C|ahs ah}i fxzhack} wos}i eaks cezit|ak| Gtff` eakv}mtcz|} maef |i tf}| ck |of ^a|cmak( woftfZizf Kcmoiha} wa} ak fagft dcdhcizochf of hfn| a hcdtats in nc~f |oiv}aklc|fe} a| oc} lfa|o+

3+ oftf c} lcnnftfkmf in izckcik a} |i Mihf|} miezf|fkmf ck Gtff` a| |oc}zick|( it f~fk wof|oft of `kfw c| a| ahh! Tf}fatmockg |oc} miknhcm| oa} im%mvzcfl a lc}ztizit|cika|f aeivk| in |cef+ Es mikmhv}cik wa} |oa| of oal

}ief Gtff`( wit`adhf cn ki| wiklftnvh0 adhf( cn ki| alfz|+1:+ Zfizhf wftf }i ovkgts |i ofat |of Witl in Gil ck a hakgvagf |ofsmivhl vklft}|akl |oa| wc|ock }cx eik|o} |oftf wftf |wfk|s |oiv}akl zfi%zhf zam`fl ck |of movtmo |i ofat oce( akl a| hfa}| |oa| eaks iv|}clf |tsckg|i gf| ck!

11+ oftf c} }|chh a eack |ivtc}| }c|f |oftf ck |of 41}| mfk|vts+ of ztf}} lclck nam| ei~f adiv|( ki| ikhs ck |of Echak Lvmos( dv| a} nat a} Mik}|ak%|ckizhf+

14+ Wf mak ikhs efk|cik ck za}}ckg |of ovgf hadivt in lf}cgkckg akl ma}|%ckg |of nik|} nit |of kfw ztck| |fmokihigs+ szigtazos oa} dfgvk( akl ak%

=7



41/79

i|oft atfa in mtfa|c~c|s akl dfav|s c} ofhzfl ck|i dfckg |otivgo mikkfm|cikwc|o |of ]mtcz|vtf}+

1=+oftf c} a efeitcah |i sklahf ck ch~iitlf( ftfm|fl ck 131= ds Ntcfkl}in |of tckc|atcak Dcdhf ]imcf|s akl |of Dfhgcak Dcdhf ]imcf|s+ A dtikrf}|a|vf mieefeita|ckg |of hcnf akl wit` in sklahf wa} ftfm|fl ck ^cm|itcaFedak`efk| Gatlfk}( Hiklik( ck 1??> ika ochh a| Kit|o Kcdhfs( oc} }vzzi}fl dct|ozhamf+

1+ Ck|ftziha|cik c} |of ck}ft|cik in witl} ck|i a |fx|+ Ck |of ma}f in |of]mtcz|vtf}( |oc} c} likf |i gc~f |of ztizft vklft}|aklckg in |of Gtff` aklOfdtfw+ of}f hakgvagf} in|fk iec| witl} |oa| atf kfmf}}ats ck Fkghc}o(akl }i |of Fkghc}o witl} oa~f |i df zti~clfl( ah|oivgo ck c|ahcm} |i cklcma|f|ofct ckmhv}cik+

17+ Ck vklft}|aklckg |of ck}ft|cik in |of Azimtszoah dii`} ck Oihs ]mtcz%|vtf( c| ev}| df ki|fl |oa|( ah|oivgo |of Azimtszoa wa} ckmtfa}ckghs tfmig%kc}fl ds Zti|f}|ak|} a} iv|}clf |of ck}zctfl |fx|( c| wa} }|chh ckmhvlfl ck ei}|Dcdhf}zat|cmvhaths |oi}f azzick|fl |i df tfal ck Movtmof}ah|oivgogfkftahhs ck a gtivz df|wffk |of Ihl akl Kfw f}|aefk|}+

1?+ Biok Nixf( \of Dii` i Eat|st}( tf~c}fl ds W+ Dtaehfs%Eiitf Hik%lik2 Ma}}fhh( Zf||ft akl Gahzck( k+l+( z+ =47+

13+\of woihf wit`f} i W \sklahh( Ciok Ntc|o( akl Lim|+ Datkf}( |otff wit%|os Eat|st}( akl ztckmczahh |famoft} i |oc} Movtmof i Fkghakl( mihhfm|fl aklmiezchfl ck ikf \ief |igc|oft( dfskg dfitf }ma||ftfl( akl kiw ck Ztck| oftffxocdc|fl |i |of Movtmo+ \i |of ztas}f i Gil akl ztic| i ahh giil Motc}|cakTfalft} Hiklik( 167=( qvi|fl ds Za|tcm` Mihhck}ik( Wchhcae sklahfakl |of Mivt}f in |of Fkghc}o Tfnitea|cik( www+|sklahf+itg)Tfnitea|cik)1)mihhck}ik+o|eh+

4:+ Aeikg oc} bvlgf} a| |oa| |cef wa} |of }|chh vktfnitefl oiea} Mtak%eft+

=?



42/79

Moaz|ft + of ~atciv} fk}v%ckg Mi~ftlahf flc|cik}( dvchlckg ik sklahf aklmvhecka|ckg ck |of Gtfa| Dcdhf( wftf ak ck|fgtah zat| in Ak%ghcmak wit}ocz+ oc} c} wos |of witl} azzick|fl akl av%|oitc}fl dfgak |i df a}}imca|fl wc|o |of}f ~ft}cik}+ of

kffl wa} nit ikf azzick|fl Dcdhf |i df v}fl nit mikgtfga|cikah a} wfhh a} zft%}ikah tfalckg0 akl |of Akghcmak Movtmo wa}( |i c|} gtfa| mtflc|( dcg ik Dcdhftfalckg! Ikf agtffl akl azzti~fl Dcdhf( |i df tfal ck mizciv} zit|cik} lasds las( akl wff` ds wff`a Dcdhf |i dfmief ncxfl ck efeits ntie gfkfta%|cik |i gfkfta|cik( mieeik ntie naechs |i naechs akl zatc}o |i zatc}o|otivgoiv| |of `ckglie|oc} wa} |of vklfthsckg lf}ctf+

]ief in |of tfa}ik}mik}|akms( mik|ckvc|s akl wclf naechcatc|swocmo }vz%zit|ft} tcgo|hs vtgf |ilas nit |of eack|fkakmf in |of Av|oitc}fl ^ft}cik ckmieeik v}f akl wit}ocz wftf aeikg |of ~fts tfa}ik} nit c|} azzfatakmf+

]vtfhs c| nihhiw} |oa| cn |oftf c} |i df ikf agtffl Dcdhf ~ft}cik ck |of movtmoakl ka|cik( c| oal df||ft df |of df}|+ Aeikg}| |of ncftmft }it| in zti|f}|ak|}(a} Fhcradf|o C oal mahhfl |ofe( |of Gfkf~a Dcdhf in 16>: oal dfmief |of df}|+C| wa} tidv}| ck |tak}ha|cik( wc|o }|tikghs witlfl akki|a|cik}0 akl c| wa}zit|adhf( wc|o |of ~ft}f} kvedftfl+ of Akghcmak f}|adhc}oefk| oal mav}fl|of Dc}oiz} Dcdhf |i df ztilvmfl ck 16>?( a||fez|ckg |i wfak awas }vzzit|ntie |of Gfkf~a( dv| c| wa} a ~fts haef ztilvm|cik( wc|o ki zi}}cdchc|s a| ahhin }fmvtckg gfkftah v}f+

A| |of tc}` in i~ft}cezhcnsckg( C }vggf}| bv}| nc~f }cgkcncmak| }|fz} i~ft |ofkfaths ikf ovkltfl sfat} ntie 161> |i 1>11 wocmo dtivgo| v} |i |of Av|oitc}fl

ft}cik2 1 |of ztck|fl Ofdtfw Diedftg 1617 akl Gtff` Fta}ev} 161>|fx|}01 |ofk( Fkghc}o Dcdhf}2 4 |of sklahf)Mi~ftlahf Dcdhf}(4 1646nn0 = |ofGfkf~a Dcdhf wc|o Mi~ftlahf ck |of zcm|vtf }|chh( 16>:0 ?0 6 |of Av|oitc}fl ^ft}cik in 1>11+ Siv eas df }vtztc}fl |i }ff |ofDc}oiz} Dcdhf ckmhvlfl ck |of}f }|fz}( dv| ck |of wc}lie in Gil c| dfmaef amtvmcah zat| in |of tial |i |of A^+

of Gfkf~a Dcdhf( akl c|} }wcn| ammfz|akmf aeikg}| Fkghc}o Zti|f}|ak|}( wa}

ocgohs lc}|vtdckg |i |of fmmhf}ca}|cmah av|oitc|cf}+=

Atmodc}oiz Zat`ft zv| ckoakl a tf~c}cik in |of Gtfa| Dcdhf( |i df likf ds fcgo| dc}oiz} akl mft|acki|oft }moihat}+ Ziit mieevkcma|cik it ham` in miizfta|cik aeikg}| |of |fae

=3



43/79

hfl |i a ~fts vkf~fk tf}vh|( lf}zc|f Zat`ft} }vzzi}fl gfkftah i~ft}cgo|+ ofDc}oiz} Dcdhf( ah|oivgo azzick|fl |i df tfal ck Movtmof}( lcl ki| lc}zhamf|of Gfkf~a Dcdhf ntie ahh oief}( }|vlcf}( it f~fk zvhzc|}+

Ck Fhcradf|o} tfcgk 166?1>:= |oftf wa} ahtfals |of ltan| in ak am| in Zathca%

efk| alltf}}ckg |of kffl2 Ak am| nit |of tflvmckg in lc~ft}c|cf} in Dcdhf} kiwfx|ak| ck |of Fkghc}o |ikgvf |i ikf }f||hfl ~vhgat |tak}ha|fl ntie |of itcgc%kah+< Ki|ockg maef in |oc} ck |of tfcgk in Fhcradf|o+ wi sfat} an|ft |of ha}|ztck|ckg in |of Dc}oiz} Dcdhf ck 1>:4( c|} eakcnf}| ckalfqvamcf} wftf a hatgfnam|it ck @ckg Baef} ammfz|akmf in |of kffl nit a kfw |tak}ha|cik a| |ofOaez|ik Mivt| Miknftfkmf in 1>::=+Oa~ckg tfcgkfl nit nit|s%nc~f sfat}( }of |ihl ]ct Tidft| Mfmch( ztckmczah]fmtf|ats in ]|a|f( a }mak| nfw oivt} dfnitf oft lfa|o( a `ckg }oahh}vmmffl ef0 akl woi }oivhl |oa| df dv| ivt miv}ck in ]mi|hakl9Baef} ^C in ]mi|hakl dfmaef ah}i Baef} C in Fkghakl( akl |of nct}||i mahh oce}fhn @ckg in Gtfa| Dtc|ack+6

Ditk ck 16>>( |of }ik in Eats( Qvffk in ]mi|} akl oft}fmikl ov}dakl( Ofkts ]|fwat| Hitl Latkhfs( Baef}dfmaef `ckg in ]mi|hakl vzik oc} ei|oft} fknitmfladlcma|cik ck 16>7( wofk }of wa} |wfk|s%nivt( aklof wa} |oct|ffk eik|o}! Ki }eahh zat| in |of izzti%dtcve a||amofl |i Eats wa} |of }v}zcmcik in oa~%ckg dffk zat|s |i |of evtlft in Baef} na|oft+ F~fta nimv} nit Tieak Ma|oihcm ck|tcgvf( }of wa} ce%

ztc}ikfl ck Fkghakl ds Fhcradf|o C( akl nckahhs fxf%mv|fl ck 16?7+

Ds |of |cef |oa| of fk|ftfl Fkghakl a} `ckg ck 1>:=( a| |oct|s%}f~fk sfat} ihl( Baef}( |of mtalhf Ma|oihcm itzoak%`ckg( wc|odi|o ]|fwat| akl vlit mikkfm|cik} |otivgo famo zatfk|( oalfxzftcfkmfl woihhs Ztf}ds|ftcak cknhvfkmf akl ck}|tvm|cik( oal}vd}mtcdfl |i |of ]ihfek Hfagvf akl Mi~fkak|( oal zvdhcmhs lf%mhatfl oc} alecta|cik in |of ]mi||c}o Ztf}ds|ftcak @ct`( akl oc}lc}hc`f in |of Fkghc}o Fzc}mizahcak hc|vtgs+

Ik oc} ammf}}cik |i |of Fkghc}o |otikf( Baef} nivkl |of Zti|f}|ak|


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movtmo ck |of `ckglie lc~clfl+ oftf wftf |oi}f woi wftf ck mienit|adhfagtffefk| wc|o |of fmmhf}ca}|cmah gi~ftkefk| akl nite} in wit}ocz f}|ad%hc}ofl ds haw vklft Fhcradf|o Cgfkftahhs wf eas }as |of Dc}oiz} zat|s0 akl|oftf wftf |oi}f nit woie |of cezi}c|cik in mft|ack ztam|cmf} akl nite}mav}fl lc}|tf}} in mik}mcfkmf( akl woi vtgfl nvt|oft tfnitea|cik|of Zvtc%

|ak zat|s+ of}f ha||ft wfhmiefl |of ammf}}cik in Baef} wc|o }ief zhfa}vtf(ak|cmcza|ckg |oa| dfmav}f in oc} vzdtckgckg of wivhl df }seza|of|cm |i |ofctmav}f akl gtak| }ief tfhcfn in |ofct gtcf~akmf}+ I|oft} wivhl }as( oiwf~ft(|oa| a} |of kieckff in Fhcradf|o( }vtfhs of wivhl eack|ack oft aearckg dah%akmf in fmmhf}ca}|cmah ziwft} vklft |of Akghcmak vedtfhha+ Dv| |ofk agack( ofwa} ds dct|o a Tieak Ma|oihcm ]|fwat|( woi}f ei|oft oal dffk |of mochl%dtclf in |of Lavzock( ha|ft Ntakmc} CC( @ckg in Ntakmfzftoaz} |of eckitc|szazah( mik|ckfk|ah zat|s( mivhl fxzfm| }ief mtved} ntie oc} |adhf+ ]vmo fx%zfm|a|cik} agack}| }vmo a dam`gtivkl! ]vmo ziwft akl izzit|vkc|s agack}|

}vmo ak ckalfqva|f vzdtckgckg! ]eahh wiklft cn Baef} moatam|ft c} oatl |ivkta~fh+ ]eahh wiklft cn oc}|itcak} in lcnnftckg zat|cahc|s mhace it lfkivkmfoce ammitlckg |i }fhfm|c~fhs moi}fk a}zfm|} in oc} hcnf akl |cef}+

\OF ECHHFKATS ZF\C\CIK

Baef} bivtkfs |i Hiklik ck 1>:= dfmaef a |tcvezoak| tisah ztigtf}}(akl of }aw |oc} fxvdftak| wfhmief a} a }cgk in Gil} azzti~ah akl a} |tcd%v|f |i oce zft}ikahhs+ Of ckgta|ca|fl oce}fhn wc|o ahh a} of wfk|( lc}|tcdv|%ckg gcn|}( inncmf} akl |c|hf}( akl azzick|ckg }ief |otff ovkltfl kfw `kcgo|}ik oc} was }iv|o+ of Fkghc}o wftf zat|cmvhaths zhfa}fl |oa| |of }vmmf}}cikoal dffk a zfamfnvh ikf( a} Fhcradf|o oal ki lctfm| ofct}+

Aeikg}| |oi}f woi ef| oce ik |of was ck Aztch 1>:= wftf }ief in |of Zvtc%|ak mhftgs( wc|o a wtc||fk }|a|fefk| in |ofct miezhack|}|ofct ovedhf }vc|+oc} wa} |of Echhfkats zf|c|cik( }vzzi}flhs ntie a |oiv}akl eckc}|ft}(|oivgo ck nam| }cgkfl ds ki| eitf |oak }f~fk ovkltfl akl ncn|s+ of eackzick|} vtgfl ck |of zf|c|cik wftf2

of kfmf}}c|s in a |tackfl ztfamockg eckc}|ts in adhf efk akl}zfmcncmahhs |of tfei~ah in |oi}f vknc||fl |i ztfamo a }fteik a| hfa}|f~fts Hitl} Las

of hawnvhkf}} in eckc}|ft} eattcagf}

]|tcm| id}ft~akmf in |of Hitl} Las a} a las in tf}| akl ztasft

oa| efk df ki| fxmieevkcma|fl nit |tcnhf} akl |wfh~f%zfkks ea|%|ft}0 |oa| kikf df fxmieevkcma|fl wc|oiv| mik}fk| in oc} za}|it+ Hf||of movtmo lc}mczhckf |of movtmo!

Zhvtahc}e eckc}|ft} oihlckg eitf |oak ikf hc~ckg |i df iv|hawfl


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Zizc}o mftfeikcf}( gatefk|} akl |fte} |i df adihc}ofl ki zizc}oizckcikaks eitf |avgo| it lfnfklfl>

Oizf} ck |of tfniteckg zat|s ev}| oa~f dffk ocgo wofk Baef} agtffl |oa| a mik%nftfkmf }oivhl df ofhl a| Oaez|ik Mivt| ik 1 Ki~fedft 1>:= ha|ft zi}|zikfl+

Gc~fk |of lf}ctf |oa| ahh }oivhl df agtffadhf |i |of ]mtcz|vtf}( c| c} ki }vtztc}f |oa||oi}f }aef ]mtcz|vtf} }oivhl nfa|vtf ik |of agfkla in |of miknftfkmf+ C| c} cezit%|ak| |i tfahc}f |oa| f~fts|ockg akl f~ftsdils ck~ih~fl ck |oc} ak|cmcza|fl miknft%fkmf wa} vklft |of lf}cgka|cik in Akghcmak( akl |ov} Fzc}mizahcak( akl in |ofikf ka|cik( ikf movtmo ~cfwzick|+ oftf wftf Akadaz|c}|} ck Fvtizf( dv| kiDaz|c}|} kfatft Oaez|ik Mivt| |oak Ae}|ftlae! oftf wftf Ztf}ds|ftcak} in |ofGfkf~a akl Biok @kix oftc|agf ck ]mi|hakl( dv| }matmfhs sf| ck Fkghakl+ cks(oattcfl akl oata}}fl }fzata|c}| eff|ckg} wftf azzfatckg ck Fa}| Akghca akl Hik%lik( nitftvkkft} zftoaz} in |of cklfzfklfk| movtmof} in Fkghakl akl Kfw Fkg%

hakl a gfkfta|cik ha|ft( dv| oa~ckg ki ~icmf a| ahh ck |of movtmo annact} in Baef}`ckglie+

DC]OIZ] AKL ZVTC\AK]2A ]OIT\ TFECKLFT

Ahikg wc|o |of ztf~achckg Akghcmakc}e( c| c} ah}i f}}fk|cah |i `kiw |oa| nitahh |ofct lcnnftfkmf}akl |ofs wftf eaks|of dc}oiz} akl |of Zvtc|ak}akl |oftfnitf ahei}| ahh in |of Av|oitc}fl ^ft}cik |tak}ha|it} wftf in agfkftahhs Mah~ckc}|cm agtffefk| ck lim|tckf+ Bamid Ateckcv} Nc~f Zick|} in Tf%

eik}|takmf7

agack}| Lv|moMah~ckc}e wftf ikhs lfmhatfl ck1>:= akl |of fmoickg nc~f zick|}skiz}c} in |of Mah~ckc}e in |of]skil in Litl| wa} ncn|ffk sfat}awas?+ Ahh |of Zvtc|ak} wftfMah~ckc}|} f~ftsdils `kiw}|oa|!( dv| ki| ahh Mah~ckc}|} wftfZvtc|ak} ki| eaks zfizhf `kiw

|oa|!+ of Atmodc}oiz in Mak|ft%dvts ck 1>:= wa} Biok Woc|gcn|(}|tikghs }vzzit|c~f in Fzc}mizah ztckmczhf}akl izzi}fl |i Zvtc|akc}e( akl sf| wa}|of av|oit in |of Mah~ckc}| At|cmhf} in 16362 of wa} zftoaz} |ofei}| |oitivgogickg Mah~ckc}| f~ft |i df Atmodc}oiz( dv| ki| a|ahh a Zvtc|ak+

of dc}oiz} wftf oazzs |i eack|ack |of Fhcradf|oak }|a|v} qvick f~fts a}zfm| in movtmo akl ka|cikah hcnf+ of Zvtc|ak} wak|fl

nvt|oft tfnite wc|ock |of Akghcmak Movtmo( flgckg |iwatl}Ztf}ds|ftcak nite akl gi~ftkefk|( akl wak|ckg hf}} nvrrs


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47/79

Tfskihl}( wa} qvc|f ammfz|adhf |i Oc} Eabf}|s+ Oiwf~ft( wofk |of Zvtc|ak}mofef nit movtmo itlft tf~fahfl a ]mi||c}o%}|shf Ztf}ds|ftcak eilfh( |of `ckgdfmaef fxa}zfta|fl+ Of wivhl oa~f oc} dc}oiz}( akl |of dc}oiz} wivhl oa~f|ofct `ckg+

Ck |of mivt}f in |of |octl las in |of miknftfkmf( Baef} agack lc}mv}}fl c}}vf}wc|o |of dc}oiz} dfnitf |of Zvtc|ak }zi`f}efk wftf dtivgo| ck+ Ahh( dc}oiz} aklZvtc|ak}( wftf vtgfl |i df zfamfnvh( idflcfk| akl |fezfta|f+ ]ief Zvtc|ak tf%qvf}|} wftf lfmhckfl( akl }ief |oa| wftf |ofk |oivgo| |i oa~f dffk agtffl wftfkf~ft }vd}fqvfk|hs am|fl vzik( it ikhs zat|cahhs ammiezhc}ofl+ oftf wa} kitfah Ztasft Dii` tf~c}cik vk|ch 1>>4( ds wocmo |cef Fkghakl wa} a ~fts( ~fts lcn%nftfk| zhamf nit Zvtc|ak}+

Ck ztizivklckg |ofct Ztf}ds|ftcak }ihv|cik} |i movtmo itlft akl ka|cikah hcnf |ofZvtc|ak} }ffe hatgfhs |i oa~f lc}}cza|fl |of gfkftah giil wchh wc|o wocmo |of

`ckg( ck|fhhcgfk| akl |ofihigcmahhs awatf( oal tfmfc~fl |ofe+ C| wa} ahh a dc| inak ak|cmhceax( ki tfah wckkft} it hi}ft}+ Dv||of kfw |tak}ha|cik in |of]mtcz|vtf} wa} |i df vklft|a`fk |of Gfkf~a ft}cik ev}| df lc}zhamfl}iefoiw!( ammitlckg |i ~fts lctfm| ck}|tvm|cik} }ff Azzfklcx 1 |i |oc}dii`+ of ntvc| in |oc} hadivt( azzfatckg ck 1>11( wa} |i df |of Fkghc}o ~ft%}cik azzick|fl |i df tfal ck Movtmof}( akl tfal ds evh|c|vlf} }|chh |i |oc} las|otivgoiv| |of withl+ Ck |of Vkc|fl @ckglie c| oa} dffk v}vahhs tfnfttfl |ia} |of Av|oitc}fl ^ft}cik+ Fh}fwoftf c| oa} eitf in|fk ditkf |of kaef in |of`ckg woi ztf}clfl a| |of Oaez|ik Mivt| Miknftfkmf( akl c} |of @ckg Baef}

Dcdhf+

\OF MIEEC\\FF]

Baef} lfmhatfl ck|fk| |i v}f ahh |of |ahfk|( hfatkckg akl fxzftcfkmf wocmo|of dc}oiz}( vkc~ft}c|cf}( akl mhftgs ck gfkftah mivhl }vzzhs |i |of wit` ina kfw |tak}ha|cik wa} giil+ Of wti|f |i Dakmtin| }asckg |oa| of oal az%zick|fl nit |of |tak}ha|cik in |of Dcdhf mft|ack hfatkfl efk |i |of kvedft inncn|s%nivt( lc~ft} in woie oal ki fmmhf}ca}|cmah ztfnftefk|+1: Dakmtin| wa} |i

wtc|f |i |of Atmodc}oiz in Sit` akl i|oft dc}oiz}( ck |of `ckg} kaef( zft%}valckg |ofe |i nckl aks dfkfncmf( in |of ~ahvf in |wfk|s zivkl} a| hfa}|( |oa|mivhl df }f||hfl ik ikf in |oi}f fezhisfl ik |of wit` in |of |tak}ha|cik+ ofdc}oiz} wftf ah}i |i df fxoit|fl |i clfk|cns ck |ofct lcimf}f} |oi}f woi wftff}zfmcahhs }`chhfl ck |of Dcdhcmah hakgvagf}( `kiwk nit zack}|a`ckg miezf|fkmfck lfahckg wc|o oatl zhamf} akl ec}vklft}|aklckg} in |of ]mtcz|vtf+ of}fwftf |i ea`f |ofe}fh~f} `kiwk |i mieec||ff} akl |i mieevkcma|f |ofctiwk id}ft~a|cik} a} mahhfl vzik+

A nha~ivt in |of efk in |of mieec||ff} c} ahh |oa| wchh df innftfl oftf( nit |ofhc}| in |of hadivtft} akl |ofct a}}cgkfl zit|cik} in |of Dcdhf oa} dffk in|fkzvdhc}ofl+ of efk ckmhvlfl }ief in |of ei}| lc}|ckgvc}ofl lc~ckf} in |oa|


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las( a} wfhh a} i|oft} in woie oc}|its oa} ztf}ft~fl }matmfhsaks tfefedtakmf+ ofs wftf lc~clfl ck|i }cx mieec||ff}( |wi

|i eff| ck Ixnitl( |wi ck Maedtclgf( akl |wi ck Wf}|eck%}|ft+ ]ff |of miezhf|f hc}| ck Azzfklcx 4> akl |of ztfamoft a|oc} nvkftah }acl |oa| Akltfwf} vklft}|iil ncn%|ffk hakgvagf}+ Aki|oft ck Akltfwf} Wf}|eck%}|ft Mieec||ff wa} Lt+ Altcak ]ata~ca( a ~ftshfatkfl ]zakcatl( woi oal dffk Ztinf}}it in Lc%~ckc|s a| Hfslfk Vkc~ft}c|s+ Of dfmaef tf}clfk|ck Fkghakl( a||tam|ckg |of a||fk|cik in Atmo%

dc}oiz Woc|gcn|( woi azzick|fl oce }vmmf}}c~fhs a}ztfdfkl a| Ghivmf}|ft( Mak|ftdvts( akl Wf}|eck}|ft+ ]zi`fk in a} flvma|flf}zfmcahhs ck eaks hakgvagf}( of lcfl ck 1>1=+ of Tfgcv} Ztinf}}it in Of%dtfw akl nfhhiw in @ckg} Mihhfgf( Maedtclgf( Gfinntfs @ckg( wa} a| Wf}|%eck}|ft( a} wa} Wchhcae Dflwfhh in ]| Biok} Mihhfgf ck |of }aef vkc~ft}c|s+Dflwfhh }zfk| eaks sfat} ck ztfzatckg ak Atadcm hfxcmik( |of mieefkmfefk|in a Zft}cak lcm|cikats( akl ak Atadcm |tak}ha|cik in |of Fzc}|hf} in Biok+

of }fmikl mieec||ff( wit`ckg wc|o |of Ihl f}|aefk| ntie Motikcmhf} |iMak|cmhf}( ef| a| Maedtclgf+ ofct ztf}clfk| wa} Flwatl Hc~fhfs( Tfgcv} Zti%nf}}it in Ofdtfw a| Maedtclgf+

of |octl miezaks ef| a| Ixnitl |i miezhf|f |of Ihl f}|aefk|( ntie C}acao|i Eahamoc+ Lt+ Biok Oatlckg( in Eaglahfk Mihhfgf( Tfgcv}Ztinf}}it in Ofdtfw( akl tfm|it in Oah}fs( ck Ix%nitl}octf( wa} ztf}clfk| in |oc} miezaks+ Lt+

Biok Tfskihl}( mocfn al~ima|f ik |of Zvtc|ak}clf a| |of Oaez|ik Mivt| miknftfkmf( wa} mik%}zcmviv} aeikg |of Ixnitl |tak}ha|it} a} wa} Lt+Echf} ]ec|o( woi an|ftwatl} wti|f |of ztfnamf+

A nivt|o mieec||ff( in fcgo| efedft}( ah}i ef| a| Ix%nitl( wit`ckg ik |of Gi}zfh}( Am|}( akl Tf~fha|cik+Lt+ oiea} Ta~c}( |ofk lfak in Motc}| Movtmo(an|ftwatl}( }vmmf}}c~fhs( dc}oiz in Ghivmf}|ftakl in Hiklik( wa} ztf}clfk|+ Gfitgf Addi|(lfak in Wckmof}|ft dv| ha|ft df||ft `kiwk a}Atmodc}oiz in Mak|ftdvts ntie 1>11( wa}


49/79

ikf in |oc} Ixnitl gtivz+ ]ct Ofkts ]a~chf( |v|it ck Gtff` |i Qvffk Fhcradf|o(zti~i}| in F|ik Mihhfgf ck 163>( akl `kcgo|fl ds @ckg Baef} ck 1>::11 |tak}ha|cikmieec||ff} atf tfa}ikadhs wfhh `kiwk( dv| |of i~ftahh nckc}ockg wit` in Echf}]ec|o c} in|fk hi}| ntie ~cfw+ Echf} ]ec|o wa} ditk ck Oftfnitl( }ik in adv|moft( akl flvma|fl a| Ixnitl0 of gtalva|fl D+A+ ck 167=( E+A+ ck 167>(D+L+ ck 16?6 akl L+L+ ck 163=4 dcigtazoft gc~f} |of nih%hiwckg }|its in ak f~fk| a| F~fk}ikg ikf las ck Oftfnitl Ma|ofltah2 Dfckgtfqvf}|fl ds |of lfak in |of }aef movtmo |i tfal |of nct}| hf}}ik( of scfhlfl|oftfvk|i( akl oa~ckg wc|o oce a hc||hf Ofdtfw Dcdhf( of lfhc~ftfl |of moaz|ftntie c| ck |of Fkghc}o |ikgvf zhackhs akl nvhhs |i |oa| hfatkfl akl bvlcmciv}avlc|its+11

C| c} ki }vtztc}f |ofk |oa| of wa} kaefl |i bick |of |tak}ha|it}( akl ki| ikhs|oa|( dv| of wa} ikf in |wi tfqvctfl a| |of fkl |i }vzzhs |of flc|it} tihf akl



50/79

fxaeckf |of woihf wit` nit mik}c}|fkms akl ck|fgtc|s|of |a}` wocmo Zat`ftoal }cgkahhs nachfl |i ammiezhc}o nit |of Dc}oiz} Dcdhf+ Wf oa~f c| agack ntie|of 1>=4 dcigtazos2 Of dfgak wc|o |of nct}|( akl wa} |of ha}| eak in |of|tak}ha|it} ck |of wit`2 nit an|ft |of |a}` in |tak}ha|cik wa} nckc}ofl ds |ofwoihf kvedft }f| azat| nit |oa| dv}ckf}}( dfckg }ief nfw adi~f nit|s( c| wa}

tf~c}fl ds a lirfk }fhfm|fl ikf} in |ofe( akl a| hfkg|o tfnfttfl |i |of nckahfxaecka|cik in |of hfatkfl Dc}oiz in Wckmof}|ft akl Lim|it ]ec|o( woioazzchs mikmhvlfl |oa| wit|os hadivt+14

C| c} ztidadhs ntie Echf} ]ec|o |oa| wf oa~f |of zagf akl moaz|ft ofalckg} in|of 1>11 flc|cik} in |of Av|oitc}fl ^ft}cik+ Wf ah}i hfatk |oa| Lt+ ]ec|o wa}mieeaklfl |i wtc|f a ztfnamf( akl }i of lcl ck |of kaef in ahh |of |tak}ha%|it}( dfckg |of }aef |oa| kiw c} fx|ak| ck ivt movtmo Dcdhf+1= oc} }vd}|ak|caheakcnf}|i gc~f} a mieztfofk}c~f( }moihaths akl tidv}| tf~cfw akl bv}|cncma%

|cik in |of |a}` akl ef|oil} in |of |tak}ha|it}+ C| adivkl} wc|o efeitadhfakl tfhf~ak| ea|ftcah0 es iwk na~ivtc|f c} |oc}Dv| kiw woa| zcf|s wc|oiv||tv|o9 woa| |tv|o woa| }a~ckg |tv|o wc|oiv| |of witl in Gil9 woa| witl inGil woftfin wf eas df }vtf wc|oiv| |of ]mtcz|vtf9111 Dcdhf( |oa| Cinnft |oc} }aezhf in Echf} ]ec|o ck |of zvhzc|oizckg |oa| siv wchh agtff wc|oef |oa| |oc} c} eitf |of }|shf in ivt dfhi~fl Dcdhf( fmoif} in sklahf(Mi~ftlahf akl |of Gfkf~a Dcdhf2

Ivt }ck} li |otfa|fk Gil} ~fkgfakmf vzik v}( ivt mik%}mcfkmf} li ammv}f v}( |of haw mik|ackf|o ea||ft in cklcm|efk|agack}| v}0 ahh |of mtfa|vtf} in Gil wocmo wf oa~f adv}fl( ahh |ofmahhckg in Gil wocmo wf oa~f kfghfm|fl( li wc|kf}} agack}| v}+Ofhh izfk} oft eiv|o wclf( dfckg tfals |i }wahhiw v} vz+ ofwithl nit}a`f|o v}( ivt ntcfkl} oa~f ki ziwft |i ofhz v}+

Woa| c} |i df likf ck |oc} ma}f9 Woa| }ocn| }oahh wf ea`f(woa| zhamf in tfnvgf }oahh wf nhs vk|i9 Ikhs |oc}( |oa| |of }ik inGil dfmaef |of }ik in Eak |i ea`f v} |of }ik} in Gil0 ~chf of

dfmaef( |i fxah| v}0 ziit( |i fktcmo v}0 a }ha~f |i fkntakmoc}f v}0lfal( |i qvcm`fk v}0 ec}ftadhf( |i dhf}} v}0 hi}| ck |of fsf} in |ofwithl( |i }a~f v}+ Ha}|hs( zat|a`ft in ivt ka|vtf( in ivt cknctec|s(in ivt oadc|a|cik( |i al~akmf v} |i oc} `ckglie akl ghits( |oa| c}(|i df vk|i v} ammitlckg |i oc} kaef( Feeakvfh( Gil wc|o v}+Gil |i fkhcgo|fk v}( Gil |i ofhz v}( Gil |i lfhc~ft v}( Gil |i}a~f v}16

A} wc|o eaks in |of 1>11 |tak}ha|it}( ztfnftefk| nihhiwfl( akl Echf} ]ec|o

dfmaef Dc}oiz in Ghivmf}|ft ck 1>14+ Nivt sfat} ha|ft |oftf wa} a kfw lfak in|of Ma|ofltah( Wchhcae Havl( |of tc}ckg izzikfk| in Zvtc|ak} akl zhack tfhc%gcik+ Woa| a lcnncmvh| wit`ckg tfha|cik}ocz c| ev}| oa~f dffk( dv| |oa| c} ki| a


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zat| in ivt ammivk|! Echf} }|iil wc|o oc} mik~cm|cik}( }oatfl ck efa}vtf ds|of 1>11 |tak}ha|it}+ C |ock` in oce( wc|o annfm|cik( a} mattsckg |of eak|hf inoc} kaef}a`f( Eshf} Mi~ftlahf( ck |of}f ha}| echf} ik |of tial |i |of Av|oi%tc}fl ^ft}cik+

4+ Tf}ve

of hadivt} in |of 1>:< mieec||ff}( flc|itcahhs nckc}ofl ds Echf} ]ec|o(ga~f |i |of Fkghc}o%}zfa`ckg withl a ztck|fl( lvtadhf |tak}ha|cik in |of]mtcz|vtf}( nac|onvhhs nivklfl ik |of itcgckah hakgvagf |fx|}+ Nvhh v}fwa} ealf ah}i in ahei}| ikf ovkltfl sfat} hadivt( ltawckg ki| ikhs ik Fkg%hc}o dv| i|oft Fvtizfak hakgvagf}( |ii+ Mft|ackhs ck |of Kfw f}|aefk| eitf|oak kckf%|fk|o} mak df |tamfl lctfm|hs |i sklahf2 liwk%|i%fat|o akl ~cgit%iv}( wc|o a lctfm|kf}} in }|shf iwckg }i evmo |i |of ckc|cah witl}ec|o mtan|}%eak}ocz( vklft Gil( in sklahf} ~imadvhats2 flvma|fl( cknitefl( dv||oitivgohs Akghi%]axik+

C| c} ki }vtztc}f |oa| in |of fcgo| |oiv}akl witl ~imadvhats in |of Av|oitc}fl^ft}cik( witl} in ]axik lftc~a|cik ea`f vz |of }aef ztizit|cik( kckf%|fk|o}+All |i |oa| |of ckf}mazadhf( vkmik}mciv} }fa}ikckg in |of }|a|fhs tos|oe} in |ofHa|ck wocmo wa} |of wit`ckg }moihaths ammiezhc}oefk| in ahh |of}f efk( akl |ofeabf}|cm( ~cdtak|( zft}valckg( ck}c}|fk|hs efeitadhf malfkmf} in |of Fkghc}o Av%|oitc}fl ^ft}cik atf gikf ck|i ahh |of withl+ of i|oft gtfa| ei|oft%|ikgvf ~ft%}cik} in |of fta wftf ~fts evmo |of wit`} in ikf eak( a} wc|o Hv|oft} Gfteak

akl @atihc} Ovkgatcak0 ivt 1>11 Dcdhf c} |of wit` in ikf in a miezaks in eat%|st}( |a`fk akl lc}|chhfl( |tcfl akl |f}|fl( |otivgoiv| |of woihf Tfnitea|cikei~fefk|( akl nckahhs ga|oftfl ck |of mieec||ff} in |of}f hfatkfl efk+

Tfgatlckg |of moicmf in |oi}f fcgo| |oiv}akl witl}( |of |tak}ha|it} |ofe}fh~f}}as2

wf oa~f ki| |cfl ivt}fh~f} |i ak vkcnitec|s in zota}ckg( it |i ak clfk|c|sin witl}( a} }ief zftal~fk|vtf wivhl wc}o |oa| wf oal likf( dfmav}f|ofs id}ft~f( |oa| }ief hfatkfl efk }iefwoftf( oa~f dffk a} fxam| a}

|ofs mivhl |oa| was+ tvhs( |oa| wf ecgo| ki| ~ats ntie |of }fk}f in |oa|wocmo wf oal |tak}ha|fl dfnitf( cn |of witl }cgkcncfl |of }aef |ockg ckdi|o zhamf} nit |oftf df }ief witl} |oa| df ki| in |of }aef }fk}ff~ftswoftf wf wftf f}zfmcahhs matfnvh( akl ealf a mik}mcfkmf( ammitl%ckg |i ivt lv|s+ Dv|( |oa| wf }oivhl fxztf}} |of }aef ki|cik ck |of }aefzat|cmvhat witl0 a} nit fxaezhf( cn wf |tak}ha|f |of Ofdtfw it Gtff`witl ikmf dsZvtzi}f( kf~ft |i mahh c| Ck|fk|0 cn ikf woftfBivtkfsckg(kf~ft \ta~fhhckg0 cn ikf woftf \ock`( kf~ft ]vzzi}f0 cn ikf woftf Zack(kf~ftAmof0 cn ikf woftfBis( kf~ft Ghalkf}}( f|m+ Wf ecgo| ah}i df

moatgfl ds }minnft} wc|o }ief vkfqvah lfahckg |iwatl} a gtfa| kvedftin giil Fkghc}o witl}+ Nit a} c| c} wtc||fk in a mft|ack gtfa| Zochi}izoft(|oa| of }oivhl }as( |oa| |oi}f hig} wftf oazzs |oa| wftf ealf ceagf} |i


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df wit}oczzfl0 nit |ofct nfhhiw}( a} giil a} |ofs( has nit dhim`} dfockl|of nctf2 }i cn wf }oivhl }as( a} c| wftf( vk|i mft|ack witl}( ]|akl vzocgoft( oa~f a zhamf ck |of Dcdhf ahwas}( akl |i i|oft} in hc`f qvahc|s( Gf|sf ofkmf( df dakc}ofl nitf~ft( wf ecgo| df |axfl zftal~fk|vtf wc|o ]+Baef} oc} witl}( kaefhs( \i df zat|cah ck ivt}fh~f} akl bvlgf} i f~ch

|oivgo|}+ All oftfvk|i( |oa| kcmfkf}} ck witl} wa} ahwas} mivk|fl |ofkfx| }|fz |i |tcnhckg( akl }i wa} |i df mvtciv} adiv| kaef} |ii2 ah}i |oa|wf makki| nihhiw a df||ft za||ftk nit fhimv|cik |oak Gil oce}fhn0 |oftf%nitf of v}ckg lc~ft} witl}( ck oc} oihs wtc|( akl cklcnnftfk|hs nit ikf|ockg ck ka|vtf2 wf( cn wf wchh ki| df }vzft}|c|civ}( eas v}f |of }aef hcd%ft|s ck ivt Fkghc}o ~ft}cik} iv| in Ofdtfw akl Gtff`( nit |oa| mizs it}|itf |oa| of oa|o gc~fk v}+1>

Woa|f~ft zizvhat izckcik eas kiw }as adiv| |of Fkghc}o Av|oitc}fl ^ft}cik(

|oftf mak df ki livd| |oa| c| |iwft} adi~f ahh i|oft wit`} a} a dfkmoeat` ineftf Fkghc}o ]mtcz|vtf+ C| c} ki| ck fedfhhc}ofl mivt|hs }|shf2 tfal |of Lflcma%|its Fzc}|hf |i Baef}17 nit ak fa}s miezatc}ik+ C| c} ki| ck |of lfk}fhs witlflakl miezhfxhs }|tvm|vtfl F}|adhc}oefk| }|shf2 tfal |of \tak}ha|it} |i |of Tfalftnit miezatc}ik+ C| c} ki| ck |of mihhiqvcah }|shf2 tfal a nfw }mfkf} ntie ]oa`f%}zfatf nit mik|ta}|+ Ck |oc} C ck|fkl ki lfkcgta|cik in |of ea|ftcah efk|cikfl( dv|lf}ctf |of iv|}|aklckg qvahc|s in |of 1>11 Fkghc}o hakgvagf Dcdhf |i df tfmig%kc}fl a} a }cgkah gcn| in Gil( adhf |i }ft~f |of }ack|} akl movtmof} in Gil ntiegfkfta|cik |i gfkfta|cik wc|oiv| dfckg |cfl |i za}}ckg }|shf}( ocgo it hiw+ A

}hcgo| ec}qvi|a|cik ntie ]oa`f}zfatf}Bvhcv} Maf}at}ft~f} |of Av|oitc}fl ft%}cik wfhh2 Wos( eak( of li|o df}|tclf |of kattiw withl hc`f a mihi}}v} akl wfzf||s P~ft}cik}U wah` vklft oc} ovgf hfg}( akl zffz adiv| |i nckl ivt}fh~f} lc}%oikivtadhf gta~f}+1?

]zctc|vahhs c| }oivhl df zi}}cdhf( wc|oiv| ztfbvlcmf |i i|oft hakgvagf} akl zfi%zhf}( |i df ztinivklhs gta|fnvh nit |of Fkghc}o |ikgvf+ sklahf wa} ki| ec}|a`fkck oc} zftmfz|cik |oa| |of Fkghc}o in oc} las wa} wiklftnvhhs }vc|fl |i tfklftlfz|o} akl }oalf} in |of Gtff` akl Ofdtfw |ikgvf}+ Atadcm( nit ck}|akmf( a ]f%ec|cm hakgvagf( oa} a mik}ikak|ah ahzoadf|( hfa~ckg tiie nit vkmft|ack|s in ~iw%

fh}( akl ntfqvfk|hs makki| |tak}ec| |of eitf }vd|hf kvakmf} inGtff` gtaeeat+ of Tfzvdhcm in Gfitgca oa} a tfha|c~fhs fathsKfw f}|aefk|( dv| ds c|} ka|vtf c| c} lcnncmvh| nit |ofGfitgcak hakgvagf |i fxztf}} eaks nfa|vtf} in Gtff`}sk|ax+

Tfefedft( a} siv tfamo liwk sivt Av|oitc}fl^ft}cik( |oa| ikf in |of cknahhcdhf |f}| qvf}|cik}nit tf~fahckg oftf|cm} ck |of Ecllhf Agf} wa}

wof|oft |ofs zi}}f}}fl( it `kfw( aks zat| in |ofDcdhf ck |ofct iwk hakgvagf! of Wahlfk}cak}akl |of Hihhatl} }vnnftfl evmo ntie |oc} ztimf%



53/79

lvtf+ A} ha|f a} 16=3 oiea} Nittf| wa} dvtk| iv|}clf Flckdvtgo Ma}|hf+ At%tacgkfl ck mivt| nit |famockg oc} mikgtfga|cik |of Hitl} Ztasft akl |of Mie%eaklefk|} ck Fkghc}o( of oal qvi|fl |of witl} in Zavh ntie 1 Mitck|ocak}111( c} eat`fl wc|o }vnnftckg akl lfa|o( a} wfhh a}lchcgfk| hadivt akl fx|taitlckats gcn|}2 i|oft efk hadivtfl( akl sf atf fk%|ftfl ck|i |ofct hadivt} Biok Im|idft 133?(www+|sklahf+itg)]B)11)|chhft+o|eh+

1%

ohzibiY1%1.mcl5%1.G}e54::?%:>%1?-%1+6+ Ki| }|tcm|hs |tvf vk|ch an|ft |of 17:7 Am| in Vkcik+

>+ of Echhfkats Zf|c|cik 1>:=( Oaki~ft Oc}|itcmah \fx|} Ztibfm|(oc}|its+oaki~ft+flv)|fx|})FKGtfn)ft??+o|eh( Eatmo 4::1+

7+Ateckcv} Nc~f Zick|} in Tfeik}|takmf atf2 1 Ntff wchh it oveak adchc|s2eak oa} |of adchc|s |i moii}f df|wffk giil akl f~ch ck }zctc|vah ea||ft}+ 4Miklc|cikah fhfm|cik2 Gil} fhfm|cik c} da}fl ik Oc} nitf`kiwhflgf+ = Vkc%

~ft}ah tflfez|cik it gfkftah a|ikfefk|2 Motc}|} }amtcncmcah lfa|o wa} nit ahhefk( di|o |oi}f woi wchh ammfz| c| akl ah}i nit |oi}f woi tfbfm| c|+


54/79

?+ of Mah~ckc}| tf}zik}f |i |of nc~f zick|} in Ateckcv} atf2 1 i|ah ck%adchc|s it |i|ah lfzta~c|s2 wc|oiv| |of a}}c}|akmf in |of Oihs ]zctc| eak mak%ki| akl wchh ki| moii}f giil i~ft f~ch+ 4 Vkmiklc|cikah fhfm|cik2 Gil}moicmf ck fhfm|cik c} }ihfhs ik |of da}c} in Oc} }i~ftfcgk|s+ = Hcec|fl a|ikf%efk| it zat|cmvhat tflfez|cik2 Motc}|} }amtcncmcah lfa|o wa} nit |of fhfm|

ikhs+ :=1>46 Hiklik( Fkghakl2 ]sklcm} in |of MaedtclgfVkc~ft}c|s Ztf}}( 13=:( z+ >=+

1:+ Ztfnftefk| ck |oc} mik|fx| c} |of ztiei|cik |i fmmhf}ca}|cmah inncmf(

wocmo wivhl zti~clf nckakmf}+ of |tak}ha|it} oal ki fmmhf}ca}|cmah ck%mief!

11+ Oiw lcnnftfk| ntie sklahf} |cef( wofk( c| c} }acl( }matmfhs a oaklnvhck Fkghakl oal aks `kiwhflgf in Ofdtfw0 akl oiw lcnnftfk| ntie Mihf|}dihl Fkghc}o tfalckg} }matmfhs ikf ovkltfl sfat} dfnitf! Ntie chhft Ck|of ]|fz} in Wchhcae sklahf( qvi|ckg oiea} Ztcit( ]fteik} i |of Tcgo|Tfvftfkl Na|oft ck Gil Echf} ]ec|o( ha|f Hitl Dc}oiz i Ghimf}|ft+ \tak%}mtcdfl iv| i oc} itcgckahh eakv}mtcz|}( akl kiw zvdhc}ofl it |of mieeikgiilHiklik( Fkghakl2 Fhcradf|o Ahhlf( 1>=4+

14+ Cdcl+

1=+ oftf c} |of lfhcmciv} ctiks in ahh nivt|ffk ]mtcz|vtf qvi|f} ck |of ztfn%amf dfckg ntie |of Gfkf~a Dcdhf( ]ec|o} }|vls Dcdhf+ Dv| vk|ch |of Av%|oitc}fl ft}cik wa} am|vahhs zvdhc}ofl( woa| fh}f }oivhl of v}f9

1


55/79

Moaz|ft 6

Ztck|ckg2 |fmokcqvf} akl ztidhfe}

Wofk lc}mv}}ckg 17|o%mfk|vts ztck|ckg |oftf atf cezit|ak| |ockg} |i

`ffz ck eckl( akl( adi~f ahh( wf ev}| a~icl tfalckg dam` ck|i |oi}f|cef} |of |fmokihigcmah amocf~fefk|} in mik}c}|fkms akl }|adchc|s

|oa| ikhs dfgak |i df tfahc}fl |iwatl} |of fkl in |of 13|o mfk|vts+ of eil%ftk mikmfz| in ak flc|cik in a ztck|fl wit` ck wocmo f~fts mizs in a ztck|tvk in |fk} it ovkltfl} in |oiv}akl} wivhl df clfk|cmah( akl ck wocmo a }vd%}fqvfk| tvk in }cechat qvak|c|s wivhl ah}i df clfk|cmah( wa} ki| ck ~cfw nc~fovkltfl sfat} agi+

Ztck| |fmokihigs akl af}|of|cm} ck Fkghakl haggfl wfhh dfockl |of df}| in C|ahs(Ntakmf( it Oihhakl( }i |oa| in i~ft ikf |oiv}akl ztck|ft} ck Fvtizf ck |of sfat16::( |oftf wftf ikhs |wi ck Fkghakl( Max|ik} ihl zat|kft Wsk`sk lf Witlf(akl Tcmoatl Zsk}ik+ Ahh in |ofe }vnnftfl ntie a nvklaefk|ah ztidhfe2 a} wc|oeakv}mtcz| mizsckg( ztck|ckg wa} a eakvah |a}`+ Ammvtams lfzfklfl vzik |of~atciv} oakl} ik izfta|it} ck mizs ztfzata|cik( |szf}f||ckg( ztiintfalckg( akl}i ik+ Ck a }eahh ztck| }oiz akl ck Fkghakl |oftf wftf ki i|oft} ahh |of}f am|c~%c|cf} mivhl df oazzfkckg |igf|oft+ Oahn a lirfk izfta|it} ecgo| df ea`ckg tvk%kckg moakgf}( wc|oiv| aks eahcmf ck eckl( gc~ckg }mizf nit woa| oa} dffk mahhflzcfmfefah mittvz|cik in |of |fx|+ A| aks }|agf vkmiitlcka|fl moakgf} mivhl dfck|tilvmfl( wc|o |of zi|fk|cah tf}vh| in a las} iv|zv| in ztck|fl }off|} ik |ofztck| }oiz }ofh~f} wc|o lcnnftfkmf} df|wffk }vzzi}flhs clfk|cmah }off|}+ oi}fwit`efk wftf ki| dfckg kfghcgfk|(1 nit |of}f wftf |of naechcat ztimflvtf} ineakv}mtcz| dii` ztilvm|cik ck |of }mtcz|itcve(4 dv| kiw |of }offt qvak|c|s inztck|fl }off|} i~ftwofhefl tvlcefk|ats mik|tih |fmokcqvf}+ Allc|cikahhs(

}oivhl nvt|oft }off|} in |oa| zat|cmvhat ztck|tvk df tfqvctfl ck( }as( }cx eik|o} |cef(|of zagf} wftf ki hikgft }f| vz ck |szf! Kiztck|ft mivhl annitl |i oa~f hfal |szf iv| inv}f( akl }i dti`f c| vz |i df v}fl nit i|oftzagf} it i|oft limvefk|} a} qvcm`hs a}mivhl df likf+

Ck eilftk ztck|ckg wf fxzfm| a |octl ztck|%ckg |i df vkmoakgfl ck aks was ntie |ofnct}| it |of }fmikl0 dam` |ofk |of kfx| flc%|cik wa} ck f}}fkmf a }|at|ckg ahh i~ft agack+Wa} |of |szf}f||ckg likf ntie |of }aefitcgckah eakv}mtcz|9 It c} |of |szf}f||ft

wit`ckg ntie a kiw mittfm|fl eakv}mtcz|9C} of wit`ckg ntie zagf} in |of ztf~civ}ztck| tvk( akl wocmo zat|cmvhat zagf} wivhl

64


Mv||ckg hf||ft} ck a |szf ivklts


56/79

|ofs df9 Ntie Tfkac}}akmf |cef} |i |of ^cm|itcak fta |of ei}| ammvta|f mizs ikfmivhl oa~f in aks ztck|fl dii` wivhl df ikf oakl%mittfm|fl ds |of av|oit!=

Livd|hf}}( |of |tak}ha|it}in |of ]mtcz|vtf} wftf lf%

hcgo|fl ck |of ates in|wfk|s%}cx hfal }ihlcft}ztck|ckg wc|o ei~fadhf|szf wocmo ofhzfl }ievmo |i ztizaga|f |ofWitl in Gil+< Dv| |oa|wivhl oa~f in|fk dffkmivzhfl wc|o lc}eas a| |oftf}vh|} in oa}|s ztck|ckg+ Cktfnftfkmf |i |of 16 in }vmo }off|}+ of ztck|ft itdii`}fhhft mivhl }fhh |ofe ck |oa| nite |i cklc~clvah} woi wivhl attakgf nit|ofct iwk dcklckg( it |of }off|} wivhl df divkl vz a} dii`} |i itlft+ Dv| wftf|of divkl }off|} ahh ntie |of }aef las} ztck| tvk( it f~fk ntie |of }aefztck|ft9

of fxc}|fkmf in ztck|fl mizcf} in Dcdhf} in a }aef la|f( }vmo a} 1>11( dv| }oiw%ckg ztck| it |szigtazocmah lcnnftfkmf} df|wffk mizcf}( c} ki| }vtztc}ckg+ Kit}oivhl c| df lc}|tf}}ckg+ oc} `ckl in flc|itcah akl |fmokcmah fttit c} tfmigkc}%adhf( wfhh `kiwk( akl aefkadhf |i mittfm|cikki| |of Witl in Gil dfckg mit%tfm|fl( dv| |of ec}|a`f} in efk ck |of ztimf}} in ztilvm|cik+

Ahikg wc|o ahh |of gfkftah ztidhfe} in dii` ztilvm|cik ck |of 17|o mfk|vts( |of}offt fx|fk| in |of ztck|fl Dcdhf ev}| df tfefedftflahei}| fcgo| ovkltfl|oiv}akl witl} wc|oiv| Azimtszoa( kfatft ikf echhcik witl} wc|o Azimtszoackmhvlfl( a} wa} gfkftahhs |of ma}f ck |of inncmcah ztck|ckg} in |of Av|oitc}fl ^ft%}cik nit |wi ovkltfl akl ncn|s sfat}+ oc} eagkcncf} ahh |of i|oft lcnncmvh|cf} ck%

~ih~fl}f||ckg |of |szf( eakvnam|vtckg |of zazft( ztck|ckg |of zagf}( amqvctckgea|ftcah} nit dcklckg( mihha|ckg akl dcklckg |of zagf} ck|i a }ckghf ~ihvef+

6=


A ztck|ckg ztf}} wc|o }vttivklckg ik| ma}f}( a }cechat}f|vz |i woa| wivhl oa~f dffk v}fl ck Max|ik} las+


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Ztck|ckg |of Av|oitc}fl ^ft}cik

@ckg Ofkts ^CC( woi hc~fl ntie 1:> nihci}(scfhlckg 1(< zagf}+

Ck |of hcgo| in ivt lc}mv}}cik in ztck| }oiz ztid%hfe} ck |of ztf~civ} zatagtazo}( siv ev}| ki| df }vtztc}fl itlc}easfl |i hfatk |oa| |oftf wftf lcnnftfkmf} ck |of ztck|fl |fx|+ A ztck|ft} fttita| Tv|o =+16 tfalckg( of wfk| ck|i |of mc|s ck}|fal in }of wfk| ck|i |of mc|s hfl|i |oc} nct}| nihci ztck|ckg dfckg `kiwk a} |of gtfa| Of Dcdhf+ Df|wffk 1>11 akl1>1< |oftf wftf zatahhfh }|tfae} in Av|oitc}fl ^ft}cik Dcdhf} ztck|fl( lc}|ck%gvc}ofl a} Of Dcdhf} akl ]of Dcdhf}+ C| }ffe} |oa| }cevh|akfiv} ztck|ckg wa}mattcfl iv| ck }fzata|f ztck| }oiz}( famo v}ckg ak fxfezhat ck a lcnnftfk| }|a|f in

mittfm|cik( it f~fk a ztck|ft ea`ckg mit%tfm|cik} a} of wfk|+

oftf wftf eitf ec}|a`f} |oak |ofOf)]of mha}}cm+ Tfmitl} in |of}f Dcdhf}dfckg zvtmoa}fl gc~f ztcmf} df|wffk4%1=%< 4+>> akl 4%1?%: 4+3:(wocmo ck fqvc~ahfk| ~ahvf |ilas wivhl dfativkl 414+::2 |ofk c| fqva|fl |i }cx it}f~fk wff`} in a mtan|}eak} zas( |of

ztcmf in a miw it }f~ftah }offz+ A dham`hf||ft Kfw f}|aefk| ah}i azzfatfl ck1>11( nihhiwfl ck 1>14 ds a nihci flc|cikztck|fl ck tieak |szf( ncn|s sfat} an|ft|of fxaezhf in |of Gfkf~a Dcdhf ck 16>:+oc} 1>14 ztck|ckg lcl mittfm| }ief in|of fttit} in 1>11+

Biok akl oiea} Dvm` c}}vfl a nihciflc|cik in |of Av|oitc}fl ^ft}cik a|Maedtclgf ck 1>43( an|ft |of 16==? a nvt|oft Maedtclgf tf%~c}cik wa} ztck|fl( ikmf agack wc|o

66


1>11 dham` hf||ft Dcdhf

\of Of Dcdhf


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|of flc|itcah ofhz in Dic} akl Watl+ Tf~c}cik ck |oc} mik|fx| }oivhl ki| df hck`flwc|o |of ha|ft dv}ckf}} in |fx|vah mtc|cmc}e akl ah|fta|cik( dv| ta|oft |of ~ftskfflnvh hadivt in }ff`ckg ak f}|adhc}ofl ztck|fl |fx|( ntff ntie |of efmoakcmahakl flc|itcah fttit} efk|cikfl adi~f+

Aki|oft }cgkcncmak| Maedtclgf ztck|ckg maef ck 17>4( ztfzatfl ds N+ ]+ Zatc}akl O+ oftihl( }|chh zvt}vckg |of |a}` in }|aklatlc}ckg }zfhhckg( zvkm|va|cik( v}fin c|ahcm}( akl eatgckah akki|a|cik}+ ]iik an|ft |oa| maef |of Ixnitl ztck|ckg in17>3( Dfkbaeck Dhaskfs} matfnvh miezhf|cik in |of wit` dfgvk ck |of Zatc} Dcdhfin 17>4+ oc} 17>3 Zatc}Dhaskfs flc|cik in |of Av|oitc}fl ^ft}cik oa} tf%eackfl |of }|aklatl ntie |oa| las |i |oc}+

A dhckl nihhiwckg in mft|ack @ckg Baef} ^ft}cik ikhs al~ima|f}3 ev}| cgkitf |ofc}}vf} in Dcdhf ztilvm|cik iv|hckfl oftf( akl dtv}o a}clf |of qvf}|cik }ftciv}hscezit|ak| nit |ofe( in wocmo zat|cmvhat 1>11 Dcdhf9 Wf }oivhl ta|oft df ~fts

ghal |oa| ck}zcta|cik akl av|oitc|s atf kfc|oft ealf( kit dti`fk( ck |of ztck|}oiz( akl ~fts ghal in |oi}f woi oa~f hadivtfl |i f}|adhc}o( }f||hf akl eack|ack|of ztck|fl |fx| in |of |tak}ha|cik wit` in |of 1>:< mieec||ff}+

FKLKIF]21+ Ah|oivgo a} ztinc| dfmaef ak c}}vf }ief wftf+ of ztck|ft} dakf( |ofka} kiw( wa} zcta|f ztck|ckg}( acefl ikhs a| qvcm` nckakmcah tf|vtk} akl matf%hf}} in qvahc|s+

4+ of hikg%amqvctfl |fmokcqvf} in qvahc|s mik|tih ck evh|czhf eakv}mtcz|oakl%mizsckg wftf( akl }|chh atf( a}|ivklckg( tfmahhckg |of Ea}itf|cm zti%mflvtf} in Ofdtfw mizsckg+ of}f mivhl ki| df azzhcfl |i |of kfw |fmo%kihigs2 |of }aef hikg ztimf}} in amqvctckg }vmo mik|tih oal |i |a`f zhamf+C| |ii` mfk|vtcf}+

=+ Ki|cmf |of hc}|}( aeivk|ckg a| |cef} |i zagf}( in ftta|a adivklckg ckdii`} ztck|fl dfnitf |of faths 4:|o mfk|vts+



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3+ of @ckg Baef} ft}cik ikhs ei~fefk| a} a woihf |famof} |oa| |of Av%|oitc}fl @ckg Baef} ft}cik c} lctfm|hs ck}zctfl ds Gil akl |ov} ckfttak|+]ief in |of eitf fx|tfef efedft} in |of ei~fefk| |famo |oa| |of Gtff`akl Ofdtfw |fx|} }oivhl df mittfm|fl ammitlckg |i |of A^( akl |oa| a zft%}ik makki| df |tvhs }a~fl vkhf}} c| c} |otivgo |of A^+

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\c|hf zagf |i |of 1>11 nt}| flc|cik


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Moaz|ft >

\OF HA]\ MOAZ\FT9

\of Av|oitc}fl ft}cik|of ha}| moaz|ft9of }zffl wc|o wocmo |of ha|f 13|o% akl 4:|o%mfk|vts Fkghc}o%}zfa`ckg withl( Motc}|cak} ~fts evmo ckmhvlfl( lf}ft|fl |ofAv|oitc}fl ft}cik akl c|} |fx|vah nivkla|cik} c} qvc|f }|at|hckg+oc} wa} f}zfmcahhs }i ck |of }fmikl oahn in |of 4:|o mfk|vts(wofk kfw( cezti~fl( akl( ahwas}( df||ft ~ft}cik}( vklft%gctlfl wc|o }|tikg mieeftmcah }ahf}eak}ocz( azzfatfl tfgv%

haths akl nivkl a tfals eat`f|+ A woihhs lfncmcfk| satl}|cm` dfmaefammfz|fl|oa| fa}s%|i%tfal c} |of }aef a} fa}s%|i%vklft}|akla ntcgo|fkckghs

lfmfz|c~f azztiamo |i aks }ftciv} tfalckg( akl evmo eitf }i ck mikkfm|cik wc|o|of ]mtcz|vtf}+ ]i evmo oa} |oc} dfmief |of tvhf |oa| |of ~fts ka|vtf in |of ]mtcz%|vtf} c} ei}|hs cgkitfl( it f~fk ofhl agack}| |ofe+1 Wf oa~f |of Witl in Gil ck awfah|o in eakv}mtcz| |f}|ceiks0 oikf}| v}f in |oa| |f}|ceiks akl tcgitiv} |tak}ha%|cik in |of |fx| atf in gtfa|ft cezit|akmf |oak eat`f| kffl}+

of sfat 4::3 }aw gtfa| mfhfdta|cik in Latwck} |ofitcf}0 |oi}f ec}|a`fk |ofitcf}ikf ovkltfl akl ncn|s sfat} fathcft oal a |oitivgohs lfdchc|a|ckg fnnfm| ik di|o}moihaths akl zizvhat ~cfw} in |of Dcdhf+ of Tfniteft} oal ammfz|fl |of }cezhf

ck|fgtc|s in |of Dcdhf wc|kf}}( dv| ds |of 13|o mfk|vts |of Dcdhf oal mief |i df tf%gatlfl a} bv}| aki|oft hc|ftats |fx|( wc|oiv| ckoftfk| av|oitc|s it efakckg+ Lat%wck} |ofitcf} hfl 13|o%mfk|vts fxzft|} |i azzhs f~ihv|cikats ef|oilihigs |i |ofDcdhf( a| f~fts hf~fh+ of zcm|vtf in ]mtcz|vtf a} ak cezftnfm| tfmitl in |of tfhcgciv}}ff`ckg in ztcec|c~f efk|ahc|s( ei~ckg |otivgo |i eitf ocgohs f~ih~fl ~cfw}( ga~fa was in tfalckg |of Dcdhf wocmo miezhf|fhs lf}|tis} c|} av|oitc|s+ oc} wa} ki| am%miezhc}ofl wc|oiv| a }moihaths eakczvha|cik akl tfck|ftztf|a|cik in |fx|vah akl|tak}ha|cik c}}vf}( akl eaks in |of eilftk Dcdhf ~ft}cik} atf dvch| vzik |of}f}akls nivkla|cik}+

Wofk wf mik}clft |of |tach in |of faths ztck|fl Fkghc}o |fx| in |of Dcdhf( wf gack azat|cah ck}cgo| ck|i |of a}|ivklckg ka|vtf in |fx|vah ztf}ft~a|cik vklft |of zti~c%lfkmf} in Ahecgo|s Gil+ oc} ikf |otfal|of ztck|fl Fkghc}o |fx| lftc~fl ntieGtff` akl Ofdtfw }ivtmf}azzfatfl+ C| |ofk azzfatfl ck ahei}| }cevh|akfiv}tc~ah flc|cik}+4 C| azzfatfl ck kidhf }|shf+= C| azzfatfl ck ovttcfl akl matfhf}} }|shf+ C| azzfatfl ck flc|cik} wocmo wftf zcta|fl nit nch|os hvmtf+7 ^fts tatfhs lclc| azzfat a} a zvtf |tak}ha|cik ntie |of Dcdhcmah hakgvagf}( dv| in|fk }oiwckg |of

cknhvfkmf in Ha|ck akl Gfteak+ C| wa} di|o ofhzfl akl ocklftfl ds flc|it} aklattakgft} in ~atsckg qvahc|s+ Sf|( ck ahh in |oc} wf }ff |of }i~ftfcgk zvtzi}f} in

6?



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Gil( woftfds ahh |ockg} |tvhs wit` |igf|oft dfsikl |of hcec|fl zftmfz|cik itattakgfefk|} in efk( |i ammiezhc}o |of ztf}ft~a|cik( }f||hckg akl |tak}ec}}cikin |of ]mtcz|vtf in tv|o+

of ~fts ka|vtf in |of Dcdhf lfeakl} ak fxftmc}f in nac|o akl lc}mftkefk|( cklffl

}i evmo }i |oa| wf mak fxzfm| }vmo oftf|cmah a||c|vlf} |iwatl} |of ]mtcz|vtf} a}|oi}f efk|cikfl ds |of Azi}|hf Zavh ck 1 Mitck|ocak} 11+13( |oftf ev}| df ah}ioftf}cf} aeikg siv( |oa| |ofs wocmo atf azzti~fl eas df ealf eakcnf}| aeikgsiv+ Ivt 1>11 Dcdhf c} |of ntvc| in |of wit` in a miezaks in eat|st} akl lchcgfk|hadivtft}( ammiezhc}ofl akl lc}|chhfl( |tcfl akl |f}|fl( |otivgoiv| |of woihf in|of Tfnitea|cik akl Zvtc|ak |cef}+ ofk c| wa} ga|oftfl ck |of mieec||ff wit`gfkfta|fl ds |of Oaez|ik Mivt| Miknftfkmf+

Hf| v}( oiwf~ft( kf~ft df }i }a|c}ncfl wc|o ivt zftmfz|cik akl moicmf in |ofztck|fl |fx| in ]mtcz|vtf( |oa| wf nahh }oit| in |of fxftmc}f in nac|o ck Bf}v} Motc}|

akl Oce mtvmcncfl( wocmo c} |of dhf}}fl ~icmf in ahh |of ]mtcz|vtf2 dv| |of}f atfwtc||fk( |oa| sf ecgo| dfhcf~f |oa| Bf}v} c} |of Motc}|( |of ]ik in Gil0 akl |oa| df%hcf~ckg sf ecgo| oa~f hcnf |otivgo oc} kaef Biok 4:+=1+

A witl adiv| |of Oaez|ik Mivt| `ckg( Baef} ^C in ]mi|hakl

akl C in Fkghakl

G

c~fk oc} dam`gtivkl akl vzdtckgckg? c| c} }eahh wiklft |oa| Baef} moatam%|ft c} oatl |i vkta~fh+ C| c} ki| }|takgf |oa| oc}|itcak} in lcnnftckg zat|cahc|s

mhace it lfkivkmf oce ammitlckg |i }fhfm|c~fhs moi}fk izckcik} in oc} hcnfakl |cef}+ C of}c|a|f |i fk|ft |of mik|ti~ft}cf} adiv| Baef} eitah}+ ]vmo ea||ft}atf f~fk hf}} tfhf~ak| |i |of ka|vtf in |of A^ |oak La~cl} evtlftiv} alvh|fts c} |i|of ka|vtf in |of Z}ahe}+

Zftoaz} |of Fkghc}o `ckg wa} cklc}mtff| ck oc} lc}zhas in annfm|cik0 zftoaz} ofwa} in vkztfzi}}f}}ckg azzfatakmf+ Zftoaz} of oa} }vnnftfl( a} |of Miknftfkmfc|}fhn oa} }vnnftfl( ntie |of f~ftsdils kiw} }skltief( wofk ck fnnfm| ki%dils `kiw} dv| eaks }as }i ik |of }hfklft av|oitc|s in ckmtfa}ckghs oi}|chfmieefk|+ Li |oi}f( nit ck}|akmf( woi hfftckghs tfhc}o |of zit|tasah in Baef}

hfakckg ik oc} sivkg efk( |a`f ck|i ammivk| |oa| oc} hiwft hced} wftflfnitefl akl ck kffl in }vzzit| ntie mochloiil9 oa| in mivt}fzti~f} ki|ockg( aks eitf |oak |of ck}clciv} }|tvgghf} in a eilftk}fx%id}f}}fl }imcf|s( lf|fteckfl |i hfa~f ki moatam|ft vk%|vtkfl( zti~f |of izzi}c|f+ A} c|v} |fhh} v}( vk|i |of zvtfahh |ockg} atf zvtf2 dv| vk|i |ofe |oa| atf lfnchfl akl vk%dfhcf~ckg c} ki|ockg zvtf0 dv| f~fk |ofct eckl akl mik%}mcfkmf c} lfnchfl 1+16+ Wf ki|f }alhs ck za}}ckg |oa||of a||am` ik izzikfk|} moatam|ft oa} hikg dffk a

na~ivtc|f akl hfalckg wfazik wc|o |of hf}}|oivgo|nvh }vzzit|ft} in |of Tfmfc~fl fx|} akl


63

@ckg Baef} C


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|of Av|oitc}fl ^ft}cik( woi ztfnft evl |i ck|fgtc|s( akl woi }oivhl ki| mie%zhack cn |of wfazik c} v}fl agack}| |ofct ~cfw} ck }cechaths vkztckmczhfl was}+

Av|oitc}fl

V}agf ck Dtc|ack ntie |of dfgckkckg }f||hfl ck |of kaeckg in |oc} Dcdhf a} |ofAv|oitc}fl ^ft}cik( akl azat| ntie eaks i|oft mik}clfta|cik} |oc} lif}a~icl |of ec}hfalckg ncgvtfofal mikkfm|cik wc|o @ckg Baef} C in Fkg%

hakl Baef} ^C in ]mi|hakl+ Zfizhf moahhfkgf |of v}f in |of witl av|oitc}fl a}hfklckg a }zvtciv}gta~c|a} |i |oc} Dcdhf( akl |fhh v}( }iefwoa| za|tikc}ckghs( |oa||oftf oa} kf~ft dffk aks tfmitl nivkl in |of av|oitc}ckg in |of 1>11 zvdhcma|cik+Dv| |oc} c} |i cgkitf |of oc}|its akl a~iwfl zvtzi}f in |of Fkghc}o Dcdhf+

Mi~ftlahf} akl Ea||ofw} Dcdhf} oal di|o dffk hcmfk}fl azzti~fl nit ztck|ckgck 16=7( akl |of Gtfa| Dcdhf in 16=3 wa} |of nct}| |i oa~f |of witlckg Azzick|fl |i

df tfal ck Movtmof} ik |of |c|hf zagf+ Kfx| maef |of Dc}oiz} Dcdhf ck 16>?( akl ck|of D] Hcdtats c} a 16?6 mizs in |oc}( wc|o Oihs Dsdhfav|oitc}fl akl azzick|fl|i df tfal ck movtmof} ik |of |c|hf zagf+ Oiwf~ft }|takgf |oc} eas azzfat |i a eil%ftk }fhn%}|shfl lfeimta|cm }imcf|s( |oftf wa} mikmftk |oa| woa| wa} |i df tfal ahivlck movtmof}( ck mizciv} zit|cik}( a} |of ecttit in Motc}|( tvhf in hcnf akl gtivkl ineckc}|ts( oal }ief zti~fkakmf dfsikl |of zft}ikah moicmf in f~fts tfalft wivhl|oa| c| wftf }i }|chh+

Kiw( ck 1>:1:1>11 ztck|ft} |i tfztilvmf |of fathcft |c|hf zagf9 C| kfc|oft cezi}fl kit ce%zat|fl aks }|takgf ckghs( gi~ftkefk|ah it ztcf}|hs ziwft |i |of |fx|( dv| c| a}}vtflahh eckc}|ft}( tfalft} akl ofatft} in |oa| |cef |oa| |oc} wa} |of agtffl Dcdhf |fx|+

Fxzhcmc| ck |of }|shf Av|oitc}fl ^ft}cik c} |of tfmigkc|cik in |of kffl nit( akl |ofzti~c}cik in( a }|aklatl Dcdhf |fx|a ea||ft hi}| }cgo| in ahei}| miezhf|fhs ck |oflc}zv|f} in tfmfk| lfmalf} mfk|vtcf}9( dv| amockghs kfflckg |i df alltf}}fl akl tf%mhacefl+ of ham in ikf tfmigkc}fl Dcdhf ~ft}cik( ck tfgvhat akl naechcat v}f

aeikg}| Fkghc}o%}zfa`ckg Motc}|cak}( mtfa|f} a }ftciv} lc}|tf}} akl lc}bvkm|cik ckMotc}|cak annact}+ Kikf in |of estcal ~ft}cik} wocmo oa~f dffk zv| nitwatl nit |ofbid ntie 1??6 ikwatl f~fk hii hc`f mieckg akswoftf kfat |of hfalft in |of ztf~c%iv} |wi ovkltfl akl ncn|s sfat}cklffl }ief oa~f ahtfals nahhfk ntie v}f akl`kiwhflgf( woch}| |of Av|oitc}fl ^ft}cik eack|ack} c|} mivt}f( tfzv|a|cik aklv}fnvhkf}}+

Fkghc}o9

Wchhcae sklahf c} naeiv}hs qvi|fl a} }asckg |i a ztcf}| in oc} |cef( CnGil }zatf es hcnf( ftf eaks sfat}( C

The Authorized Version A Wonderful and Unfinished History by C. P. Hallihan

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Transcript of The Authorized Version A Wonderful and Unfinished History by C. P. Hallihan