The Austro-Hungarian Army 1798-1814

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The Austro-Hungarian Army

1798 - 1814

By W. J. Rawkins Edited, extended and amended by George Street

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Contents

Contents .........................................................................................................................2

Part 1 – History and Organisation..................................................................................4

1.1 Infantry.................................................................................................................4

1.1.1 Line Infantry Regiments ...............................................................................4

1.1.2 The Grenadier Battalions ..............................................................................7

1.1.3 Light Infantry Battalions 1798 - 1801 ........................................................11

1.1.4 The Jäger Regiment ....................................................................................11

1.1.5 The National-Grenz-Infanterie....................................................................12

1.1.6 The Grenz-Cordon-Battaillon .....................................................................12

1.1.7 Freikorp.......................................................................................................13

1.2 Cavalry...............................................................................................................14

1.2.1 Light Dragoon Regiments 1798 - 1801 ......................................................16

1.2.2 Dragoon Regiments ....................................................................................16

1.2.3 Jäger zu Pferde Regiments 1798 - 1801 .....................................................16

1.2.4 Uhlan Regiments.........................................................................................17

1.2.5 Hussar Regiments .......................................................................................17

1.3 Artillery..............................................................................................................18

1.3.1 Field Artillery..............................................................................................18

1.4 Technical Troops ...............................................................................................21

1.5 General Officers and Staff .................................................................................22

1.5.1 Stabs-Truppen .............................................................................................23

1.6 Landwehr and Freiwilligen Battalions of 1809 .................................................23

1.7 The Hungarian and Croatian Insurrection..........................................................24

1.8 The Deutschen-Legione 1813-14.......................................................................24

1.8.1 The Infantry ................................................................................................24

1.8.2 The Cavalry.................................................................................................24

Part 2 – Uniforms.........................................................................................................25

2.1 Infantry...............................................................................................................25

2.1.1 Line Infantry Uniforms ...............................................................................25

2.1.2 Light Infantry Battalions 1798 - 1801 ........................................................41

2.1.3 The Jäger Regiment ....................................................................................43

2.1.4 The National-Grenz-Infanterie....................................................................45

2.1.5 The Grenz-Cordon-Bataillon ......................................................................48

2.1.6 Frei Corps....................................................................................................48

2.2 Cavalry...............................................................................................................50

2.2.1 Cuirassier Regiments ..................................................................................50

2.2.2 Chevauleger Regiments Before 1798 .........................................................55

2.2.3 Dragoon Regiments Before 1798................................................................57

2.2.4 Light Dragoon Regiments 1798 - 1801 ......................................................58

2.2.5 Dragoon Regiments ....................................................................................60

2.2.6 Chevauleger Regiments 1802 - 1814..........................................................62

2.2.7 Jäger zu Pferde Regiment 1798 - 1801 .......................................................63

2.2.8 Uhlan Regiments.........................................................................................64

2.2.9 Hussar Regiments .......................................................................................67

2.3 The Artillery.......................................................................................................72

2.3.1 Field Artillery..............................................................................................72

2.3.2 Militar-Fuhrwesen-Korps (Train) ...............................................................75

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2.4 Technical Troops ...............................................................................................77

2.4.1 Engineer Corps, Sappers and Miners..........................................................77

2.4.2 Pioneer Corps..............................................................................................79

2.4.3 Pontoniers Battalion....................................................................................81

2.4.4 Czaikist Battalion........................................................................................82

2.5 General Officers and Staff .................................................................................83

2.5.1 General Officers..........................................................................................83

2.5.2 Hungarian General Officers of Cavalry......................................................86

2.5.3 General-Adjutants and Flügel-Adjutants ....................................................87

2.5.4 General-Quartiermeister-Stabs ...................................................................88

2.5.5 Stabs-Truppen .............................................................................................88

2.6 Landwehr and Freiwilligen Battalions of 1809 .................................................89

2.6.1 Niederösterreich Landwehr Bataillonen .....................................................89

2.6.2 Oberösterreich Landwehr Bataillonen ........................................................90

2.6.3 Steirische Landwehr Bataillonen ................................................................90

2.6.4 Krainische Landwehr Bataillonen...............................................................91

2.6.5 Kärntener Landwehr Bataillonen................................................................92

2.6.6 Salzburger Landwehr Bataillonen...............................................................93

2.6.7 Legion Erzherzog Karl................................................................................94

2.6.8 Bohemische Landwehr Bataillonen ............................................................94

2.6.9 Mährische Landwehr Bataillonen ...............................................................94

2.6.10 Mahrische-Schlesische Landwehr Bataillonen .........................................95

2.6.11 Prager Burgerlisches Landwehr Bataillonen ............................................95

2.6.12 Weiner Freiwilligen Bataillonen...............................................................96

2.7 The Hungarian and Croatian Insurrection..........................................................96

2.7.1 Infantry........................................................................................................96

2.7.2 Cavalry........................................................................................................97

2.8 The Deutschen-Legione 1813-14.......................................................................98

2.8.1 Infantry........................................................................................................98

2.8.2 Cavalry........................................................................................................99

Part 3 – Flags .............................................................................................................100

3.1 Infantry Flags ...................................................................................................100

3.2 Cavalry Standards ............................................................................................102

Sources.......................................................................................................................104

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Part 1 – History and Organisation

1.1 Infantry

1.1.1 Line Infantry Regiments

In 1793 the Infantry arms

of the K.K. Armee underwent a number of minor reforms under the direction of the 'Militar-Hof-Commission' headed by Feldzeugmeister Alvinczy in an attempt to correct some of the deficiencies which had become apparent since war had commenced with France in 1792. At the beginning of the year the infantry consisted of 57 line regiments, two garrison regiments, a garrison battalion and 17 Grenz Border Regiments. The regiments were designated according to their recruitment area within the Austrian Empire. The 'German' Regiments recruited within the Inner states, Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, Steirmark, Tyrol; the 'Hungarian' Regiments in Hungary, Transylvania and Croatia and the remaining units in the Austrian holdings of Italy, Walloon, Galicia and Luxembourg. With the loss of the Austrian Walloon holdings in Belgium and the Mantua area of Italy, those regiments which had previously been raised in those provinces were redesignated. The Mantua Regiment (Nr. 48) was disbanded and relocated in Hungary and the six Walloon regiments, although retaining their national cadre and designation were relocated in Bohemia. In addition three new regiments of Hungarian Infantry were raised from the 4th battalions of existing regiments and numbered 60, 61and 62 in the line, increasing the line infantry regiments to 62 full regiments including the two garrison regiments Nrs. 5 and 6.

Internal organisation of the Infantry at this time remained based on the establishments of

1792, the 'German' Regiments having two field battalions and a depot battalion, a grenadier division and battalion artillery detachment, whilst the Hungarian Regiments found three field battalions, a depot battalion, grenadier division and artillery. The two garrison regiments consisted of two battalions each stationed in Italy and the independent garrison battalion was stationed in Luxembourg. These units consisted of soldiers transferred from the other line regiments who were classed as 'able' but otherwise unfit for active service.

Hungarian and German Infantry 1809.

The figures are wearing the1806-pattern uniformrock and infantry shakos. Note the method of carrying the cane

by the N.C.O. on the right.

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Each battalion consisted of six companies of fusiliers with a paper strength of four officers

and 190 other ranks for the German Regiments and four officers and 230 other ranks for the Hungarian Regiments, however, actual company strength in 1799 seldom exceeded three officers and 120 to 150 men. The depot battalions each consisted of four companies of fusiliers with an official strength of 233 officers and other ranks including recruits under training. The 'Grenadier Division' of each regiment consisted of two companies of elite grenadiers of 140 men and three officers for each company, and were normally maintained at full strength for all regiments, and the two companies were brigaded with the parent regiment during peace time and usually combined with two and sometimes three other divisions during war standing to form elite grenadier battalions under the command of an appointed Lieutenant-Colonel, and assigned to the army reserve.

The field battalions were split into three battalion-divisions of two companies each and each

company was in turn divided into administrative 'halb-kompanie' or half companies. Battalions were numbered consecutively 1 to 3, the larger Hungarian Regiments always numbering the depot battalion Nr. 3, the extra field battalion being Nr. 4 and the battalion divisions were numbered 1 to 8 (1 to 11 for the Hungarian Regiments). Companies were numbered consecutively 1 to 16 in the German Regiments and 1 to 22 in the Hungarian Regiments with the Elite Companies designated Grenadiere-Kompanien 1 to 2. Regimental Personnel

• 1 Oberst (Colonel)

• 1 Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant-Colonel)

• 2 Majors *

• 1 Regiments-Adjutant

• 3 Bataillonen-Adjutanten *

• 3 Bataillonen-Fuhren (Battalion Warrant Officers) *

• 6 Kadetten (Cadet Officers)

• 1 Regimentstambur (Drum-major)

• 3 Ober-Chirugen (Battalion Surgeons) *

• 1 Auditor (Regimental Clerk)

• 1 Regiments-Pater (Chaplain)

• 1 Regimentswagenmeister (W.O. i/c Transport and sutlers duties) * A 4th Battalion officer existed for each extra battalion of the Hungarian Regiments until the 4th battalions were absorbed into the new regiments created in 1798-99.

Surgeons, chaplains, clerks etc. were classed as non-military personnel and did not hold

commissions but were accountable to the military budget for the regiment. Additionally each regiment carried a staff of clerks and civilian master-craftsmen, tailors, breeches makers, boot makers, armourers etc., who were employed out of regimental funds and each regiment maintained a band uniformed and equipped at the expenses of the 'Inhaber', or titular-colonel, a senior officer who gave his name or title to the regiment, although seldom commanded it. Company Establishment

• 1 Hauptmann (Captain)

• 1 Oberleutnant (Lieutenant)

• 1 Unterleutnant (2nd Lieutenant)

• 1 Feldwebel (Sergeant)

• 1 Fahnrich (N.C.O. Standard bearer. First company of each battalion)

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• 6 Wirklichekorporalen (Corporals)

• 7 Vicekorporalen (Lance Corporals)

• 8 Gefreyten (Privates 1st Class)

• 2 Kompanietambur (Drummers)

• 1 Zimmermann (Pioneer)

• 1 Unter-Chirugen (Company surgeon)

In 1804 disagreements between Emperor Francis and his brother the Archduke Charles led to

General Mack being appointed Chief of the Quartermaster General Staff and on Mack's instigation a number of regimental changes were ordered in preparation for the forthcoming campaign of 1805. The number of companies in each line infantry battalion was reduced from six to four with each German company established at a strength of 160 other ranks, 180 for the Hungarian companies and 120 for the elite grenadier companies. The 'surplus' companies were used to form additional battalions giving the regiment a strength of five field battalions of fusiliers each of four company strength, including the former depot battalion and a sixth 'elite' battalion made up of the two grenadier companies and two fusilier companies re-designated Velite-Grenadiere, this battalion forming the depot battalion during peace time and being detached to the Army Reserve during war standing. The battalion artillery which had previously been distributed three guns per battalion was now brigaded into a single six-gun regimental battery. Battalions were numbered 1 to 6, with the grenadier battalion always receiving the number 5 for all regiments and battalion-divisions and companies numbered consecutively through the regiment.

This re-organisation was, however, only partially completed by the beginning of the 1805

campaign and many regiments, particularly those stationed away from the main field army, retained the former organisation, many of the regiments being forced to undertake the change during mobilisation with the subsequent ensuing chaos.

In 1806 the Archduke Charles gained control of the army administration and promptly began

to push through reforms in an attempt to bring some degree of modernisation to the K.K. Armee. His first move was to change the structure of the infantry regiments back to that that formally used before Mack's reforms. Regiments now consisted of two field battalions each of six-company strength and a depot battalion of two companies, increased to four companies in 1808. The two elite grenadier companies were once more brigaded together and on war footing combined with grenadier divisions of other regiments to form grenadier battalions. When called to war standing the regiment raised four additional companies, two being drafted into the third battalion, giving the unit three full field battalions and the remaining two forming the cadre of a new depot battalion, however, during the 1809 campaign several regiments augmented this fourth battalion and a few even had five field battalions serving with various field armies. Battalions were numbered 1 to 3, divisions 1 to 9 and companies 1 to 18 consecutively through the regiment and a new administrative unit introduced, the 'zug' which was a quarter-company, or half 'halb-kompanie'. In 1807 Archduke Charles withdrew the regimental and battalion guns from the infantry to form brigade batteries except for the Grenz regiments that continued to maintain two artillery pieces per battalion.

The two Garrison Regiments were disbanded in 1807 the 1st Garrison Regiment (Nr. 5)

forming the 1st and 2nd Garrison Battalions and the 2nd Garrison Regiment (Nr. 6), forming the 3rd and 4th. In 1809, following the loss of territories following Bonaparte's victory, eight line regiments were disbanded Nrs. 13, 23, 38, 43, 45, 46, 50 and 55, these numbers remaining vacant until Nrs. 13, 23, 38, and 43 were reformed with recruitments in the new Italian territorial gains of 1814.

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At the beginning of 1813 further

reforms were instigated to prepare the Austrian army for campaign against the French in the autumn of that year and the landwehr, which had been disbanded after the 1809 campaign was once more raised but was incorporated into the line infantry regiments to form reserve and depot battalions. Each regiment now fielded four field battalions of six companies of regular soldiers with two further landwehr battalions as reserve and depot, however, in reality few regiments had completed these strengths by autumn and most put only three field battalions into service. As previously, the two grenadier companies were formed into elite composite battalions.

Although the line infantry

regiments were numbered according to their seniority in the line, each was additionally identified by a title, usually the name of the 'Inhaber' or titular-colonel, a senior officer, noble or general who was given the honorary colonelcy of the regiment by the Emperor although taking no part in the actual command or day

to day administration of the unit. Likewise each battalion, company and halb-kompanie was known by the name of its commanding officer. Two regiments only had permanent titles, the 1st Regiment 'Kaiser' and the 4th 'Hoch und Deutschmeister', all others being subject to change on the death or royal disfavour of the Inhaber.

1.1.2 The Grenadier Battalions

The grenadier divisions of each Infantry Regiment were formed into semi-permanent

battalions for all except the 1805 campaign when each regiment had its own Grenadier Battalion. Battalions in 1793

Battalion Commander Formed from Regiments

Nimpsch 1/12/40

Bender 7/20/56

Beust 8/22/29

Hungarian Grenadiers 1805

Officer and Grenadier showing the 1798 –pattern officers’ tunic worn until 1806.

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Bardodetzky 2/32/34

Morczin 19/37/53

Lowen 33/39/52

Rouviere 31/51

St. Julien 3/4/46

Keating 14/50/59

Burger 23/24/49

Zscheck 16/27/45

Redel 13/26/43

Wollust 44/48

Rousseau 9/30/55

De Briey 38/58

Battalions in 1799


Morovitz 1/7/12

Papp 2/31/60

Eichler 3/35/50

Zuchari 4/16/23

Piret 8/44/46

Rosenhayn / Wouvremanns 9/30/58

Weber 10/18/36

Riese / Weissenwolf 11/15/47

Czerwenka / Kleinmayer 13/14/43

Battalions in 1800


Paar 24/28/45

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Schiaffinati 26/40/59

Kleinmayer 13/14/43

Weber 10/18/36

St. Julien 17/27/57

Khevenhuller 4/16/23

Pieret 8/44/46

Pertusi 19/34/39

Perss 32/48/53

Gorschen 33/52 (Joined by IR63 from mid-1800)

Weissenwolf 11/15/47

Battalions in 1809


Hohenlohe / Hromada 1/29/38

Bissingen 3/50/58

Stark / Demontant 7/18/21

Legrand / Peccaduc 9/55/56

Oklopsia / Cappy 12/20/23

Puteany / Jambline 14/45/59

Salamon / Welsperg 16/26/27

Janusch / Gersanich 19/52/61

Leiningen 25/35/54

Kirchenbetter 34/37/48

Muhlen / Zetlar 53/62

Hahn / Habinay 2/33/39

Scovaud 4/49/63

Mayblümel / Trenck / Lochner 8/22/60

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Weiniawski / Frisch 10/11/47

Albeck / Chimani 13/43

Nissel / Berger 15/28/57

Gregory 17/36/42

Brezeczinsky 24/30/41

Scharlach / Purcell 31/32/51

Hauger / Portner 40/44/46

Battalions in 1813-14

Battalion Formed from Regiments

Frischer 1/12/57

de Best 3/4/63

Jurissich (Possman in 1814) 8/22

Hromada 10/29/40

? 13/38

Berger 15/28/47

Oklopsia 17/18/21

Breezinsky (later Obermayer) 30/41/58

Habinay 32/39

Call 35/36/42

Chimani 53/61/62

Lanyi (Kramer in 1814) 2/19/33

Moese 7/20/56

Portner 9/24/44

Fischer 11/25/54

Puteany 14/49/59

Welsperg 16/26/27

? 23/43

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Purcell 31/51

Kirschenbetter 34/37/60

Faber 48/52

1.1.3 Light Infantry Battalions 1798 - 1801

The field battalions were split into three

battalion-divisions of two companies each and each company was in turn divided into administrative 'halb-kompanie' or half companies. Battalions were numbered consecutively 1 to 3, the larger Hungarian Regiments always numbering the depot battalion Nr. 3, the extra field battalion being Nr. 4 and the battalion divisions were numbered 1 to 8 (1 to 11 for the Hungarian Regiments). Companies were numbered consecutively 1 to 16 in the German Regiments and 1 to 22 in the Hungarian Regiments with the Elite Companies designated Grenadiere-Kompanien 1 to 2.

1.1.4 The Jäger Regiment

In 1792 four Freikorps units remaining in

service with the Austrian army, the Tyroler-Scharfschutzen-Corps, D'Aspre-Feld-Jäger-Corps, Le Loup-Feld-Jäger-Corps and Wurmserische-Frei-Corps, each consisting of about 1,000 men organised into two battalions. With the organisation of the Light Infantry battalions in 1798, the D'Aspre-Feld-Jäger was absorbed into this new system whilst the Le Loup and Wurmserische Corps continued to act independently. The Tyroler-Jäger, however, was reorganised into two battalions of six companies each and although remaining a Freikorps unit, was brought into line with the organization of the line regiments. With the dissolution of the Light Infantry Battalions in 1801, a regular jäger regiment was formed from the cadre of troops existing and titled the 'Tyroler-Jäger-Regiment', and established with three battalions each of six companies organised in the same manner as the line infantry fusiliers. The majority of the soldiers already had experience working as jägers with the Tyroler-Scharfschutzen-Korp and Le Loup-Feld-Jäger and the balance of recruits were taken from volunteers of Regiment Nr. 46 whose recruitment area was in the Tyrol.

From the beginning the jägers operated as independent battalions, assigned to the various

brigades as required and soon proved their worth in the field. In 1805 the Regiment was officially taken into the line and given the number 64 and exclusive recruitment to the Tyrol and in 1808 seven new battalion were formed around experienced officers and N.C.O.s promoted from the existing battalions from recruits found in the Tyrol, and skilled marksmen taken from other infantry regiments and the various estates throughout the Bohemian, Galician and Moravian regions, virtually denuding the country of skilled gamekeepers and hunters, as one prominent landowner of the day complained. An eleventh battalion was raised in 1809. However, in order to fill the companies to full strength, only nine battalions

Grenadiers

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took the field that year and in 1810 the battalions were cut back to a single division each of two companies plus a depot company. In 1812 moves were again made to bring the jäger battalions up to full strength and nine full battalions, each with six companies of full 120 jäger strength, were fielded for the 1813 campaign and by the end of 1814 three new battalions, bringing the Regiment up to twelve full battalions, had been raised.

1.1.5 The National-Grenz-Infanterie

The remaining bulk of the regular army infantry regiments were made up of the National-

Grenz-Infanterie-Regimenten, the Frontier regiments. These units were raised in the border regions of the Empire and consisted of recruits mostly of Croatian, Slavonian, Banat and Rumanian origin. The regiments were widely used in most campaigns as light infantry and proved to be some of the most stable and reliable of infantry formations. The origins of the regiments were found in the old Freikorps units of the reign of Maria Theresa but these loose-knit volunteer companies were found unsuitable for the tightly controlled and executed manoeuvres of the Revolutionary Era and were re-organised into regular infantry regiments as part of the line occupying Nrs. 60-77. However, in 1798 these units were removed from the line listings and re-numbered into a special category of their own.

Each regiment was organised on the same basic

system as the line infantry with two or three battalions each of six fusilier companies, each fusilier company having a detachment of 25 skirmishers or sharpshooters. During peace time the Grenz regiments were kept constantly up to strength by recruitment from the many penniless peasants of the border region, and on war footing were able to field the full three battalions by relinquishing their border and garrison duties to a depot battalion consisting of the younger recruits under 16 and the older veterans over 60. The Grenz regiments did not maintain a grenadier division but retained their battalion artillery even after this was withdrawn from the regular infantry in 1808. Each Grenz Regiment was assigned a company of Szerezaner Croats, of Moslem origin who, although unsuitable for service within the unit because of their unpopularity, served as a provost company in the field mostly acting as messengers and undertaking the capture of deserters. The Szerezaner companies usually consisted of 90 men with 2 N.C.O.s and an officer.

1.1.6 The Grenz-Cordon-Battaillon

The Grenz-Cordon-Bataillon was raised specifically to police the borders of the Empire and

was mostly engaged in anti-smuggling operations and the apprehension of deserters. At the peak of its strength in 1815 the battalion had some 10 companies and during the 1809 campaign several companies were drafted into the field army and served with some distinction.

Left: N.C.O. Grenz Regiment, 1809.

Right: Fusilier, Grenz Regiment, 1798.

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1.1.7 Freikorp

Until the formation of the light infantry in 1798, the army’s skirmishing and scouting

capacity rested largely with the Frei Corps, independent units raised in the provinces during wartime and disbanded on the cessation of hostilities. Some Frei Corps units had dubious reputations in the eyes of other nations, and were little better than bandits who would rob their own side if there was gain in that. The organisation of some of these units is given below:

Grun-Laudon Regiment Two battalions raised in the lower Rhine in 1790. The commander was Oberst Baron Myllius.

O’Donel’s Frei-Corps Two battalions.

Le Loup Jäger (Niederlandische Feld-Jäger)

Raised in the Netherlands by Major Johann Le Loup. In 1792 was a battalion of six companies. In 1801, all Austrian personnel were transferred to the Tiroler-Jäger Regiment. Dutch personnel going into French service.

Limburg Volunteers (Limburger Freiwillige)

Formed in 1792, although a Limburg Jäger company had existed in Le Loup’s since 1790. The Commandant was Major de Mays. In 1794 it was eight companies strong. It became part of the Erzherzog Carl-Legion.

Gyulai’s Croatian Corps (Croatische Frei-Corps Gyulai)

Consisted mainly of Croatian troops. Comprised 12 infantry companies and 3 hussar squadrons. Three battalions served under Graf Gyulai (later Baron Lowenburg) on the Rhine, two battalions under Obersts Machoracz and Luleckner served in Italy

Mihalovich’s Corps (Slavonisch-Serbisches Corps Milalovich)

Raised in 1792 by Oberst Stephan Mihalovich.

Caneville Legion (Carneville Frei-Legion)

Raised and paid for in the Netherlands in 1793 by Carl Franz Graf Carneville. Consisted mainly of French émigrés. Consisted of two companies of infantry and jägers and a division of hussars,

Würmser’s Corps (Steyer-Würmser’sches Frei-Corps)

Slavonic corps formed in 1793 and consisted of battalions of infantry and four squadrons of hussars. The commanders were – Baron Johann Knesevich, 1797 – Graf Paul Esterhazy, 1798 – Graf Carl Westenrode, 1800 – Ignaz Kengyel

Bourbon Legion French émigré corps formed in the Netherlands in 1794 by Oberst Nordmann. Consisted of six infantry companies and one hussar squadron.

Luttich’s Volunteers (Lutticher Freiwillige)

Formed in 1794 as a battalion of six companies.

Rohan’s Corps (Rohan’sches Frei-Corps)

French émigrés formed in the Netherlands in 1794. Consisted of an infantry regiment and six hussar squadrons.

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Brentano’s Feldjäger-Corps Raised in Turin in 1799 by Freiherr von Brentano. Disbanded in 1800.

Italian Light Battalion (Italiensches Leichtes Battalion)

Raised in Italy in 1799 by Chevalier Bona-Corsi. Disbanded in 1801.

Dalmatian Light Battalion Raised in Dalmatia in 1800 by Major Ertel. Disbanded in 1801.

Lower Austrian Volunteers (Niederosterreichishes Freiwilligen-Corps)

Raised in 1800 and consisted of one Jäger and two Schützen battalions each of six companies of 184 men.

Frei-Corps Maria Ludovika Raised and disbanded in 1814 in Italy.

Serbian Frei-Corps Raised in 1814 and disbanded in 1815.

Trieste Naval Landwehr

1.2 Cavalry

In 1792 the cavalry of the K.K. Armee consisted of thirty-five regiments, two carabiniers, nine

cuirassiers, six dragoons, seven chevauleger, nine hussars, one uhlan regiment and a half-regiment of Stabs-dragoner. With the reorganisation of 1798, the carabinier regiments were absorbed into the cuirassiers and a further regiment raised bringing the total to twelve regiments. Also the dragoons and chevaulegers were combined into a single arm and two new regiments formed. The hussars were brought up to twelve regiments, a new uhlan regiment raised and a single regiment of Jäger-zu-Pferde brought into being. In 1801 the cavalry was again re-organised and the cuirassier regiments reduced to eight, whilst the

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dragoon regiments were again divided into dragoons and chevaulegers, and the mounted jäger regiment was disbanded, as was one regiment of hussars, and the Stabs-dragoner was reduced to a single division. A third uhlan regiment was raised in 1809 and a fourth in 1814.

Initially the cavalry of all arms were organised into four divisions, each of two squadrons,

plus a depot squadron consisting of the regimental supernumary personnel and troopers under training. The cuirassiers had a strength of 150 men to each squadron and the dragoons and light cavalry between 170 and 180 men. The depot squadrons were usually 60 and 90 men strong respectively.

The reorganisation of 1806 reduced the heavy cavalry, cuirassiers and dragoons, to two

divisions, each of two-squadron strength, and the chevaulegers, hussars and uhlans had eight squadrons in four divisions with the exception of the Grenz-Husar-Regiment 'Szekler' Nr. 11, which found only six squadrons. The depot squadrons remained as previous and the heavy cavalry squadrons now consisted of 135 men and the light cavalry squadrons 150 troopers.

Cuirassier in Stabledress

Regimental Personnel

• 1 Oberst

• 1 Oberstleutnant

• 2 Majors

• 1 Regimentsadjutant

• 4 Divisionsadjutanten

• 1 Regimentsstandartenfuhrer

• 1 Wachtmeister (Warrant Officer)

• 2 Ober-Chirugen

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• 1 Auditor

• 1 Regiments-Pater

• 2 Stabsfourieren

• 1 Profoss-offizier (Provost)

Additionally each regiment had a staff of specialist craftsmen, saddlers, armourers, boot makers, tailors, blacksmiths, etc. Squadron Establishment

• 1 Rittmeister (Captain)

• 1 Leutnant

• 1 Unterleutnant

• 1 Wachtmeister

• 1 Standartenfuhrer (Sergeant)

• 4 Korporal

• 1 Fourier

• 5 Vicekorporal

• 6 Gefreyten

• 1 Trompeter

Each squadron was divided into two Flugels, or half-squadrons, and each flugel in turn into

two zug. The divisions were numbered 1 to 4 consecutively and the squadrons 1 to 8 consecutively, with each flugel numbered 1 and 2 within its squadron. The zugen, however, were numbered by rank in line, therefore the 1st Squadron containing zugen 1, 3, 5 and 7, the 2nd Squadron zugen 2, 4, 6, and 8, and thus through the regiment. As with the Infantry, the regiments were named after their Inhaber and each division and squadron therein named after their commanding officer.

1.2.1 Light Dragoon Regiments 1798 - 1801

In 1798 the six Dragoon and seven Chevauleger regiments already in existence were

combined with two newly raised regiments to form fifteen 'Leichter-Dragoner' Regiments. Apart from the new uniforms that the units were supposed to be issued with in 1798 all equipment etc remained the same and the Dragoon and Chevaulegers continued to have no distinctive characteristics.

1.2.2 Dragoon Regiments

In 1801 the Light Dragoon Regiments were again divided into Dragoons and Chevaulegers

and although the Dragoons were classified as heavy cavalry and the Chevaulegers as light cavalry, only very minor differences in equipment separated the two branches. Five regiments of Dragoons were converted from the Light Dragoon Regiments at the end of 1801, and a sixth regiment was formed in 1802 from the disbanded Cuirassier Regiment 'Melas' Nr 6.

1.2.3 Jäger zu Pferde Regiments 1798 - 1801

In 1798 a single regiment of Mounted Jägers was raised from various minor mounted

Freicorps units and brought up to an eight-squadron strength organised as for the other line

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regiments. The unit saw some service in Italy in 1799 but was found to be generally ineffective and was dissolved in 1801 and its personnel absorbed into the various Chevauleger and Dragoon regiments.

1.2.4 Uhlan Regiments

A single regiment of Uhlans existed in 1792 which had been raised the previous year; a

second was formed in 1798 from the Motschlitzschen Freicorps. A third regiment was raised at the beginning of 1801 and the fourth regiment commissioned at the end of 1813.

1.2.5 Hussar Regiments

The nine existing Hussar regiments in 1792 were augmented in 1798 by two new regiments

raised that year, and the line completed at twelve regiments with the taking in of the Grenz-Husaren-Regiment 'Slavonisch-Croatisches' which had been formed in 1793 as a Freiwilligen unit. The Grenz-Husar-Regiment 'Szekler', raised in the Siebenburgen region, was also included in the line although this regiment had been in existence since 1762.

In 1801 the Slavonisch-Croatische Regiment Nr 12 was disbanded and the number remained

vacant until 1807 when the Palatinal Regiment, another Insurrection unit, was taken into the line to complete the twelve regiments.

Trieste Landwehr

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1.3 Artillery

The organisation of the Austrian artillery had changed little since the Seven Years War and

was complex to a point of seeming disorder. In 1792 there existed three Feld-Artillerie-Regimenten, a Bombardier Corps, an Artillerie-Fusilier-Bataillon, the Artillerie-Feldzeugamt and the Garnison-Artillerie-Districten Batteries. The Field Artillery Regiments were purely administrative bodies, the personnel and ordnance being split into non-permanent companies assigned as battalion artillery to the Infantry and brigade batteries to the Cavalry, with the surplus guns assigned to the Artillery Reserve. The Bombardier-Corps and Artillerie-Fusilier-Bataillon, with certain elements of the Garrison Artillery, provided the men and guns for the Artillery Reserve, and the Feldzeugamt was responsible for the maintenance of the ordnance.

1.3.1 Field Artillery

The Archduke Charles had had firsthand experience of the more efficient artillery system of

the French army and in 1806 started to reorganize and modernise the Austrian artillery administration using this experience. The regimental artillery companies were withdrawn in 1806 and the various artillery units reorganised to form four regiments each of four battalions; each battalion consisting of four companies or batteries. The more skilled gunners from the Bombardier-Corps were re-organised into five companies and distributed throughout the artillery to man and supervise the workings of the howitzers. The Artillerie-Feldzeugamt was retained but the personnel distributed as required and the Garrison Artillery was re-designated the Gerwehr-Fabrique-Corps and were responsible for all garrison artillery and fortifications. A Handlanger-Corps was formed of eight companies, in four divisions, to provide the labour to the gun sites formerly provided by the Infantry and extra artillery personnel. These companies were distributed throughout the batteries as required. In 1808 the British Congreve Rocket System was adopted and each of the four Artillery Regiments formed a Feurwerkscompagnie.

Prior to 1807 the regimental artillery contingents usually consisted of 3pdr field guns

assigned to the line Infantry regiments serving in Italy and the Grenz Regiments, 6pdr field guns to the other line regiments and 6pdr and 12pdr field guns and 7pdr howitzers assigned to the Artillery Reserve, which was without official organisation and distributed at the discretion of the Field Commander. The Cavalry were assigned Kavallerie-Batterien, usually of four 3pdr field guns, on a regimental basis when in the field.

In 1807 the artillery was reorganised into Brigade Batteries, assigned to each Infantry

Brigade, of 3pdr or 6pdr field guns and Position Batteries of heavier guns which were distributed to the Division whilst each Cavalry Brigade was assigned a Kavallerie-Batterie. Battery Composition 1807-13

Type Field Guns Howitzers

3pdr Brigade Batterie 8 x 3pdr ---

6pdr Brigade Batterie 8 x 6pdr ---

6pdr Positions-Batterie 4 x 6pdr 2 x 7pdr

12pdr Positions-Batterie 4 x 12pdr 2 x 7pdr

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3pdr Kavallerie-Batterie 4 x 3pdr 2 x 7pdr

6pdr Kavallerie-Batterie 4 x 6pdr 2 x 7pdr

In 1813 the batteries were re-organised so that all units had four field pieces and two

howitzers. Also two heavy Positions Batteries were formed of six 18pdr field guns.

Each field gun was served by five gunners

under the command of a Feldwebel assisted by an Unter-Canoniers-Corporal and Unter-Canonier (Lance-Corporal). Howitzers were manned by six specialist gunners, the junior N.C.O.s being styled Unter-Bombardier-Corporal and Unter-Bombardier. The battery was commanded by a Major or Hauptmann assisted by an Oberleutnant and Unterleutnant. The Handlanger detachments, which had been increased to six battalions each of six companies, were assigned six men to each gun, with each company having the same establishment of officers and N.C.O.s as an infantry company. The personnel of the Foot Artillery batteries marched behind the guns in the field and the Kavallerie-Batterien personnel, whilst not strictly horse artillery in the terms used by other armies, were somewhat more mobile. Having to keep pace with the cavalry units

to which they were assigned, the gunners rode on an elongated ammunition box, with leather saddle, fitted to the trail of the gun; the Feldwebel and all officers were mounted. Attempts were made to make both the foot artillery and the cavalry batteries more mobile, so in 1798 the 'fly-wagon' was introduced. This was a four-wheeled, flat-based wagon with a double form seat that could accommodate sixteen riders. However the carriages were found to be impractical in the field and were discontinued by 1805.

Führwesenkorps

Artillerymen

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All movement and draft horses and drivers for the artillery were provided by the Militar-

Fuhrwesen-Korps, a most unsatisfactory arrangement in 1792 as a Reserve Park had only been established in 1789 and most of the draft animals and personnel were recruited on a civilian contract basis for each campaign. In 1808 the Fuhrwesen were officially taken into the army with an established strength and organised on a regimental basis around the park division. Then, for the first time, the officers received recognition as commissioned officers.

The corps was divided into small divisions of between 80 and 200 men and horses,

dependant on their duties, and distributed throughout the artillery. The Fuhrwesenkorps-Artillerie-Bespanungsdivisione attached to each battery of foot artillery was commanded by a Rittmeister or Oberleutnant assisted by an Unterleutnant, two Wachtmeisters, and a Corporal with 80 drivers. The Fuhrwesenkorps-Artillerie-Reitendedivisione attached to the cavalry batteries had a similar command but with 200 drivers.

The 3pdr and 6pdr field guns and the smaller ammunition wagons required four draft

horses, and the larger pieces and wagons, along with the cavalry guns, needed six to mobilize. However, by 1809, most guns were being serviced by six-horse teams for greater speed and mobility. The 3pdr and 6pdr Brigade Batteries were normally attended by eight two-wheeler ammunition carts plus two baggage wagons carrying the artillery spares and equipment, whilst the 6pdr and 12pdr Position Batteries were supported by six two-wheeled carts, two four-wheeled carts and three wagons, and six four-wheeled carts and three wagons respectively. The Cavalry Batteries were attended by three two-wheeled ammunition carts and the baggage and spares were carried on teams of twenty to twenty-five pack horses, with an additional six forage wagons. Additional ammunition was supplied by the Artillery Park assigned to the Corps Headquarters.

All field pieces and wagons were initially natural wood, usually varnished, but after 1800 all

woodwork was painted ochre and all iron bindings black.

Trieste Landwehr

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1.4 Technical Troops

The technical corps of the Austrian Army was divided into two sections: the Engineer Corps,

consisting of engineers, sappers and miners under the Director General of Engineers, and the Pioneer Corps, made up of the pioneers and pontoniers under the jurisdiction of the General Quartermaster's Department. Because of the eight-year training period required, and the reluctance of educated young noblemen to enlist with the technical corps, the Engineer Corps was maintained at full strangth at all times and consisted of ten general officers, General-Directeurs, Pro-Directeurs, Inspecteurs and Genie-Generals, six Ingenieurs-Obersten, twelve Ingenieurs-Oberstenleutnants, ten Ingenieursmajors, thirty Ingenieurshauptmannen and 106 Ingenieurs-Hauptleutnants and Oberleutnants. These officers were distributed as command and advisory officers to the Sappeurs-Korps and Mineurs-Korps, the former consisting of three companies and the latter of four companies, each corps being under the command of a Sappeur/Mineurmajor with a Captain commanding each company assisted by a Lieutenant. Companies consisted of about 120 men directed by two Sappeur/Mineurfeldwebel, two Sappeur/Minenmeister, two Sappeur/Minenfuhrer with the equivalent ranks of corporal, lance-corporal and gefreyten being Ober-, Alt, and Jungsappeur/Mineur. Recruits for the engineer departments had previously been drawn from the infantry. However, after 1798, they were carefully selected from civilian craftsmen and the better infantry volunteers and had to pass intelligence tests and examinations, be physically fit and able to read and write German fluently before they were allowed to join the corps.

The Pionniers-Korps and Pontoniers-Korps had previously only been raised in the event of

war, but in 1792 two battalions of pioneers and one battalion of pontoniers, each with six companies of 120 men, were established.

In 1807 the Engineer and Quartermasters' Department technical units were combined to form

a single administrative block under the Director General of Engineers, although each corps remained separate with its own specific duties. The Ingenieur-Korps continued to supply the experienced and technically trained officers to all departments; the Sappeur-Korps was responsible for fortifications, and the Mineur-Korps for defensive and offensive works. The pioneers' duties generally overlapped the latter, but continued to have special responsibility for the construction of artillery sites and field works, whilst the Pontonier Korps was responsible for the pontoon train and all bridging works.

By 1809 each of the Sappeur and Mineur Korps were fielding five, and later six, companies of

120 men, and the Pontonier Battalion had found six companies each of 125 men servicing 300 pontoon wagons. The Pioneer Korps, requiring less training than the sappers, had been increased to nine divisions, each of two companies, finding about 200 men per company.

In addition to the above there existed a single battalion of 'boat-handlers', the Czaikisten-Bataillon, a Grenz unit responsible for patrolling and maintaining security of the River Danube, mostly along the south-east border of the Empire, who, in time of war, were assigned to assisting the pontonier units. The name was taken from the 'Tschaike', a type of small, swift, shallow-draft sailing boat, armed with heavy cannon and ideal for river patrol duties. In 1809 the battalion consisted of three divisions, each of two companies of about 180 all ranks.

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1.5 General Officers and Staff

The Austrian Army was one of the first to lay down orders for the dress of its general officers

and by 1798 regulations concerning the dress of both general officers and staff contained rigid instructions not only for dress uniforms but also for service, court and town dress. The Hungarian Generals of Cavalry were given a special uniform based on the hussar style of dress and this was often adopted by cavalry generals as Colonel-in-Chief of the hussar regiments with colours based on their regimental colours.

Stabsoffizier of the Generalquartiermeisterstabes

General officers of the Austrian Army had ranks equivalent with those of most other

European armies of the day, but the titles instigated in the reign of Maria Theresa were still adhered to.

Feldmarschal Marshall or Field Marshall

Feldzeugmeister General of Infantry

General der Cavallerie General of Cavalry

Feldmarschal-Leutnant Lieutenant General

Generalmajor Major General of Infantry

Generalfeldwachtmeister Major General of Cavalry or of Artillery.

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1.5.1 Stabs-Truppen

Two battalions of Stabs-Infanterie and two squadrons of Stabs-Dragoner were raised in 1798

and organised as the line Infantry and Dragoons respectively. These units were usually distributed as required by company or division throughout the various Army and Corps Headquarters. Duties were the normal gendarmerie duties of protection and escort and the general policing of the Headquarters in the field.

1.6 Landwehr and Freiwilligen Battalions of 1809

The orders to establish the raising of the Landwehr were issued with the Imperial Patent of

9th June 1808 making service in the militia compulsory for all males in the hereditary lands between the ages of 18 and 45 unless exempted or already serving with reserve units. Of the four provinces, Upper and Lower Austria, Bohemia and Inner Austria, 170 battalions were planned, however, in practice, only some 70 battalions actually took the field. Each province was subdivided into districts required to raise between one and five battalions each of six-company strength organised as the line infantry and under the command of officers retired from the regular army or 'self-commissioned' nobles and landowners.

Although the Freikorp, or volunteer battalions, were initially a completely separate element

to the Landwehr, being recruited from willing volunteers who signed to the colours for the duration of the war, these units soon began to siphon off the better recruits from the Landwehr and in fact became the cadre around which the whole system operated.

Cuirassier Trooper

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1.7 The Hungarian and Croatian Insurrection

The Hungarian and Croatian-Slavic Landwehr, or Insurrection, was mobilised early in 1809

and was planned to supply some 60,000 troops to the army reserve. These battalions were raised on a strict militia basis and permission had to be obtained from the Diet, or ruling council, for the troops to serve outside the national borders. The total number of units raised for service during the 1809 campaign is unknown and it must be assumed that perhaps only a quarter of the total number were actually in service with the various field armies, the greater bulk of the troops remaining within the Hungarian borders. Of the Hungarian Insurrection, 18 Infantry battalions and 16 Hussar regiments served with the field armies and some 14 Croatian-Slavic Infantry battalions and 15 cavalry squadrons. The infantry battalions were organised in the same manner as the Hungarian infantry; each composed of six companies, with an average strength of 160 men. Cavalry regiments usually consisted of four squadrons organised as the line cavalry.

1.8 The Deutschen-Legione 1813-14

1.8.1 The Infantry

In 1813 an infantry regiment was raised in Prague from German Bohemians and deserters

from the armies of the Rhine Confederation who wished to help evict the French from their homelands. The regiment saw little actual service during the two years of existence and was disbanded in 1814 following the close of hostilities.

1.8.2 The Cavalry

In August 1813 at Zittau, the two Westphalian Hussar Regiments deserted to the Austrian

Army and were taken into the Deutschen-Legione as the Hussar Regiments Nr 1 and 2. However, these units failed to see service in the field until being disbanded in 1814.

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Part 2 – Uniforms

2.1 Infantry

2.1.1 Line Infantry Uniforms

All Regiments were clothed in one of two fashions. Most Regiments were clothed in the

German way, but the following Regiments were clothed in the Hungarian manner:

2, 19, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 48 (from 1800), 51, 52, 53, 60, 61 and 62.

Stabsoffizier of Hungarian Line Infantry

2.1.1.1 Headgear

In 1798 the fusilier companies of all line infantry regiments were wearing the black leather

kasket hat which had been issued in 1769. The cap was a low crowned, round hat with flat top and rounded black leather false front decorated with a brass plate with scrolled edging bearing the embossed Imperial Eagle and Crown motif. The left side of the cap was decorated with a round semi-spherical pom-pon of black within yellow. These caps were officially replaced in October 1798 with the new pattern infantry helmet which was to remain the distinctive Austrian headgear for the next fifteen years, however, many of the line regiments, particularly those serving in Italy and most of the Hungarian units failed to receive immediate supplies and continued to wear the 1769 pattern cap until early 1800.

The new-style helmet was black leather with a black leather covered wooden crest

surmounted by a black over yellow wool raupe, or caterpillar crest. The front of the helmet was decorated with a brass triangular plate the upper tip of which trimmed the front edge of

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the crest, and was embossed with the Imperial 'FII' cypher, however, new stocks of helmets issued after 1806 were embossed 'FI' following the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. The sides of the helmet were decorated with an inverted 'V' of brass trim supporters and the peak and rear visor were black leather, the former trimmed with brass edging. Chin-straps were black leather with a plain round brass boss and fastened beneath the chin with a brass button or buckle, and in 1800 all helmets had been fitted with brass chin scales in addition to the chin-strap worn for parade and usually tied back over the rear visor during campaign. The traditional oak-sprig was worn behind the left chin-scale boss.

Hungarian Line Infantry

German Line Infantry

In 1806 the helmet was officially replaced with the first of three patterns of shako to be issued

during the Napoleonic period, however, initial supplies were limited, the change was unpopular with both regimental commanders and the common soldiers and the vast majority of regiments did not adopt the new headgear until 1809, even then retaining the helmet for campaign wear until after the close of the 1809 campaign, some units in fact not adopting the shako in the field until 1812. Initial supplies of the 1806 shako would mostly appear to have been issued to the Hungarian Regiments. The shako was black felt with black leather peak and rear visor and the front of the cap was decorated with a rosette style cockade of cloth in the national colours of black within yellow with a white leather cockade-strap fastened at the centre of the cockade with a small brass button. Above the cockade was a yellow and black, semi-spherical pom-pon and the usual sprig of oak leaves. Chin-straps were fitted to the inside of the shako and fastened with a brass button. In 1811 a similar pattern shako with one piece peak and rear visor was issued and this was in turn replaced at the end of the 1814 campaign with a slightly shorter version with black leather trim to the upper edges.

Fatigue caps were of two patterns and were white for the German Regiments and sky-blue

for the Hungarian Regiments. The first fatigue cap, issued initially in 1769 was cloth and similar in appearance to the kasket hat with round, soft top and stiffened cloth false front. The second pattern, issued around 1795, was similar to the French bonnet-de-police with wide headband and short pointed crown. Both patterns would appear to have been in use throughout the Napoleonic period.

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Grenadier Bonnets and Cartridge Box

The grenadier companies wore the distinctive bearskin bonnet or Grenadierspelzmutze, of

black-brown fur with brass front plate embossed with the Imperial coat-of-arms, the double-headed eagle and crown, with stands of trophies either side and the 'FII' cypher. As with the helmet the cypher was changed to 'FI' in 1806 when Kaiser Franz became Franz I of Austria-Hungary after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. The peak and rear visor were black leather and chin-straps were black leather with brass button. The cloth bag, or lehnstuhlmutzl, decorating the rear of the bonnet was patterned with alternate, scalloped rings of facing colour and white and the semi-spherical, yellow and black pom-pon was worn on the right side of the bonnet and was surmounted by the usual oak-sprig. During campaign or inclement weather the bonnet could be covered with a black cloth or oil-skin cover laced at the front, usually with the pom-pon worn outside the cover.

Prior to 1804 all ranks wore the hair powdered and pigtailed, but after that date the pigtails

were abandoned.

2.1.1.2 Coats

Three basic patterns of coat, or uniformrock, were issued to the infantry regiments during

the Napoleonic period. The first, worn until late 1798, was the 1769 pattern tunic worn by both German and Hungarian units, and was white with the collar, cuffs, turnbacks and piping of the regimental facing colour and was single-breasted and closed with twelve brass or white metal buttons. The coat had a fall collar and wide turnbacks and a single shoulder-strap at the rear of the left shoulder only of white piped with facing colour. Cuffs were of two distinctive patterns, the German Regiments wearing round, square-cut cuffs with three buttons, two vertically at the trailing edge and one at the front upper edge, whilst those of the Hungarian units were pointed with a white lace baton at the front and two buttons at the trailing edge and a single smaller button at the upper point of the baton.

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The second pattern coat, officially introduced in 1789, did not in fact become regulation until

1798, although a few companies had received issue prior to that date. This coat was a modernised version of the 1769 pattern and was white for all regiments with high stand-up collar open at the throat and was closed with eight instead of twelve buttons. Tails were still mid-thigh length but now had a single turnback, the inner edges being straight and piped with the regimental distinctive and were decorated with a square-cut pocket piped with the facing colour and fastened with a single button. Cuff patterns remained as previous but those of the German Regiments had two buttons only, vertically at the trailing edge, and the shoulder-strap was wholly of the regimental colour.

This coat was replaced in 1806 with the new style, short pattern uniformrock, similar in

appearance to the earlier style but with much short tails, hanging just below the buttocks and the front of the coat closing to the waist with either eight or ten buttons of regimental colour, according to the height of the wearer. The collar was slightly shorter, to increase comfort, and open at the throat with a wide 'V' to expose the black stock. Turnbacks, piping to the straight rear edges of the tails and pocket piping were of the facing colour and as previously the pockets were vertical and square-cut with a single button. Cuffs were square-cut for the German regiments and pointed with baton for the Hungarian units and the new coat had two shoulder-straps of white piped with the regimental distinctive. Further issues of this coat made between 1809 and 1815 were modified slightly so that all coats had ten buttons on the breast.

Two patterns of waistcoat were issued for wear beneath the uniformrock, and for fatigue

dress. The older style was white and collarless, single-breasted and closed with ten brass or white metal buttons and was square cut at the waist with sleeves, whilst the newer pattern issued about 1800 was sleeveless and closed with eight metal or cloth covered buttons with pointed waist tips and two small pockets at the front. Both patterns were worn throughout the period, the sleeved version for winter and the sleeveless pattern for summer wear. Line Infantry Regiments 1792-1815

Nr. Inhaber or Name of Regiment Facings Buttons Recruitment

1 Kaiser Franz Dark Red Brass Moravia

2 Erzherzog Ferdinand (1806 Hiller, 1814 Kaiser von Russland Alexander)

Imperial Yellow Brass Hungary

3 Erzherzog Karl Sky Blue White Metal Lower Austria

4 Hoch und Deutschmeister Sky Blue Brass Lower Austria

5 1st Garnison (1807 1 & 2 Garrison Battalions)

Dark Blue White Metal ---

6 2nd Garnison (1807 3 & 4 Garrison Battalions)

Black White Metal ---

7 Karl Schröder (1809 Würzburg) Dark Blue (Later Dark Brown)

White Metal Moravia

8 Baron Huff (1809 Erzherzog Ludwig Joseph)

Dark Red. (1810 Grass Green)

Brass Moravia

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9 Graf Clerfayt (1802 Czartoryski) Apple Green Brass Walloon (1810 Galicia)

10 Ansback und Batreuth (1806 Mittrowski, 1809 Reisky)

Parrot Green White Metal Bohemia. (1813 Moravia)

11 Graf M. Wallis (1801 Erzherzog Rainer)

Rose Red. (1810 Dark Blue)

White Metal (1810 Brass)

Bohemia

12 Manfredini (1809 Lichtenstein) Dark Brown Brass Moravia

13 Reisky (1809 Disbanded) (1814 Wimpffen)

Grass Green (1814 Rose)

Brass Inner Austria (1814 Italy)

14 Baron Klebeck (1811 Erzherzog Rudolph)

Black Brass Upper Austria

15 d'Alton (1801 Riese, 1806 Zach) Madder Red Brass Bohemia (1813 Moravia)

16 Terzi (1802 Erzherzog Rudolph, 1806 Lusignan)

Violet (1810 Sulphur Yellow)

Brass Styria (1810 Inner Austria)

17 Furst Hohenlohe (1801 Reuss-Plauen) Pale Brown White Metal Bohemia

18 Stuart (1805 d'Aspre, 1809 Reuss-Greitz)

Dark Red White Metal Bohemia

19 Alvinczy (1813 Hesse-Homburg) Sky Blue White Metal Hungary

20 Wenzel Kaunitz Lobster Red White Metal Silesia

21 Gemmingen (1808 Rohan, 1810 Graf A. Gyulai)

Sea Green Brass Bohemia

22 Graf Lacy (1802 Saxe-Coburg, 1815 Nassau-Ussingen)

Imperial Yellow White Metal Moravia

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Grossherzog von Toscana (1803 Salzburg, 1805 Würzburg) (1809 Disbanded) (1814 vacant, 1815 Meroy de Merville)

Poppy Red (1814 Carmine)

White Metal Lower Austria (1808 Galicia, 1814 Italy)

24 Preiss (1799 vacant, 1801 Auersperg, 1806 vacant, 1808 Strauch)

Dark Blue White Metal Lower Austria (1808 Galicia)

25 Brechainville (1799 vacant, 1801 Spork, 1808 Zedtwitz, 1809 vacant, 1810 de Vaux)

Sea Green White Metal Bohemia

26 Schröder (1800 vacant, 1803 Hohenlohe-Bartenstein, 1814 Prinz von Oranien)

Parrot Green Brass Carinthia

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27 Strassoldo (1809 Chasteler) Imperial Yellow Brass Inner Austria

28 Wartensleben (1799 Baron Frelich, 1815 Kutschera)

Grass Green White Metal Bohemia

29 Graf Oliver Wallis (1803 Lindau) Light Blue White Metal Moravia

30 Prinz de Ligne (1815 Nugent) Light Grey Brass Walloon (Later Galicia)

31 Benjowsky Imperial Yellow White Metal Transylvania

32 Graf S. Gyulai (1802 Esterházy) Sky Blue Brass Hungary

33 Graf Sztaray (1809 Colloredo-Mansfeld)

Dark Blue White Metal Hungary

34 Furst A. Esterhazy (Later Kray, 1804 Davidovich)

Madder Red White Metal Hungary

35 Wenkheim (1803 Erzherzog Maximilian, 1809 Graf Argentau)

Lobster Red Brass Bohemia

36 Furst U. Kinsky (1801 Kollowrat) Pale Red White Metal Bohemia

37 de Vin (1803 Auffenberg, 1807 Auersperg, 1808 Weidenfeld, 1813 Mariassy)

Poppy Red Brass Hungary

38 Erzherzog Ferdinand von Wurttemburg (1809 Disbanded) (1814 vacant, 1815 Prohaska)

Rose Red Brass (1814 White Metal)

Walloon (1814 Italy)

39 Thomas Nadazdy (1803 Duka) Poppy Red White Metal Hungary

40 Mitrowski (1809 Ferdinand von Württemburg)

Carmine (1810 Pale Blue)

White Metal (1810 Brass)

Moravia

41 Graf Bender (1805 Saxe-Hildburghausen, 1808 Kottulinski, 1815 Hohenlohe-Bartenstein)

Sulphur Yellow White Metal Voraalberg (1808 Galicia)

42 Graf Erbach Orange Yellow White Metal Bohemia

43 Graf Thurn (1806 Baron Simbschen) (1809 Disbanded) (1814 vacant, 1815 Paar)

Lemon Yellow (1814 Carmine)

Brass Inner Austria (1814 Italy)

44 Belgiojoso (1801 Bellegarde) Madder Red White Metal Italy (1813 Galicia)

45 Lattermann (1806 de Vaux) (1809 Disbanded)

Carmine Brass Styria

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46 Neugebauer (1808 Chasteler) (1809 Disbanded)

Dark Blue Brass Tyrol (1806 Salzburg, 1808 Galicia)

47 Graf F. Kinsky (1805 Vogelsang) Steel Green White Metal Bohemia

48 Caprara (1799 Vukassovich, 1809 Simbschen, 1815 Radivojevich)

Steel Green Brass Italy (1800 Hungary)

49 von Kerpen Light Grey White Metal Lower Austria

50 Graf Stain (1809 Disbanded) Violet White Metal Upper Austria

51 Baron Splényi Dark Blue Brass Transylvania

52 Erzherzog Anton Voctor (1804 Erzherzog Franz Karl)

Dark Red Brass Hungary

53 Johann Jellaĉić (1814 Hiller) Dark Red White Metal Croatia & Slovenia

54 Graf Callenberg (1805 Froon) Apple Green White Metal Bohemia

55 Graf Murray (1803 Reuss-Greitz) (1809 Disbanded)

Pale Blue Brass Walloon (Later Galicia)

56 Graf Wenzel Colloredo Steel Green Brass Moravia

57 Graf Josef Colloredo Pale Red Brass Bohemia (1808 Moravia)

58 Baron Beaulieu Black White Metal Walloon (Later Galicia)

59 Jordis (1815 Grossherzog von Baden) Orange Yellow Brass Upper Austria

60 Ignaz Giulayi (Raised 1801) Steel Green White Metal Hungary

61 Saint Julien (Raised 1802) Grass Green Brass Serbia

62 Franz Jellaĉić (Raised 1802) (1810 Wacquant)

Grass Green White Metal Hungary

63 Erzherzog Joseph Franz (1807 Graf Baillet Latour, 1811 Bianchi)

Light Brown Brass Walloon (Later Galicia)

64 Regiment-Jäger --- --- Tyrol

2.1.1.3 Breeches etc.

Breeches for the German regiments were white cloth and worn prior to 1798 with black cloth,

over-the-knee gaiters with brass buttons. In 1798 these gaiters were replaced with shorter, knee-length pattern with brass buttons for parade and cloth-covered buttons for campaign.

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The Hungarian regiments were issued with tight fitting, sky-blue pantaloons worn with short ankle boots, the cuff of the trousers fitting over the top of the boot and lacing beneath the instep. Although these breeches were officially sky-blue, in fact many variations of shade appeared ranging from light-blue-grey to a rather deep mid-blue and the cuff of the trousers were often trimmed with black or brown cloth and sometimes leather to prevent fraying and wear. During campaign the practice of wearing the trousers inside the short boots was often adopted.

Greatcoats were generally dark grey, almost charcoal, although a number of units would

appear to have been issued with brown coats during 1809, and were single-breasted, closed with ten buttons of regimental metal colour. The coat hung to slightly below the knee and had deep, turnedback cuffs and high upright collar. Various examples of greatcoats show minor differences in decorations with collars either fully of the regimental facing colour or with a scalloped-edged patch at the leading edges of the collar. Grenadier greatcoats are usually shown with a grenade badge of facing colour on the collar. Shoulder-straps were either coat colour piped with the distinctive or fully of the facing colour. When not worn the greatcoat was usually rolled, folded and strapped above the pack, however, it is noted that during the 1809 and subsequent campaigns, many units adopted the practice of wearing the rolled coat over the right shoulder in the Prussian fashion as an added protection against sabre-cuts.

2.1.1.4 Equipment

In 1792 the fusilier companies were equipped as per the regulations of 1769. The wide,

whitened leather pouch-belt was worn over the left shoulder, passing beneath the shoulder-strap, and supported a large black leather pouch with square-cut lid, which held forty pre-made cartridges. A whitened leather waist-belt with open, brass buckle supported the short 'fusilierssabel' and bayonet in a whitened leather frog. The sabre, carried only by the fusiliers of the German regiments, was slightly shorter than the pattern carried by the Hungarian regiments and the grenadiers, and had a brass cross-bar hilt and brown leather grip, and scabbard and bayonet sheath were black leather with brass fittings. The Hungarian infantry of all companies and the grenadier companies of all regiments were armed with a curved sabre-briquet with brass 'D' hilt and black leather grip. Sabre-straps were white for all regiments. The grenadier pouch-belts were decorated with a brass matchcase on the breast.

The waist belt was withdrawn from use in 1798 and was replaced by a second shoulder-belt

of whitened leather with large brass buckle, and the fusilier sabre was withdrawn officially from all fusilier companies, the new belt supporting only a bayonet in a brown leather sheath. Grenadiers wore a shoulder belt with double frog which supported both bayonet and sabre-briquet and in actual practice several regiments would appear to have also been issued with the grenadier-pattern belt and sabre for the fusilier companies, some fusiliers of Hungarian regiments being armed with the sabre as late as 1809.

Muskets were generally of good quality with white metal bindings and whitened leather

slings and in 1792 most units were equipped with the Gawehr M.1774 Infantry pattern musket, 18.3mm. calibre or the lnfanteriegewehr M.1784 musket, and although a greatly improved model, the Infanteriegewehr M.1798 musket was commissioned and ordered, the vast majority of units did not receive these until 1805 and the M.1807 musket was not issued until 1809.

Packs were of calf-skin in 1792 with whitened leather straps and a shoulder belt which

passed over the right shoulder with the pack hanging on the left hip, however, by 1798 these had mostly been replaced with a new pack with shoulder straps to be worn on the back in the

33

conventional manner of other armies. Each man was issued with a water canteen; the pattern in use at the beginning of the era being round and of brown leather and the new issue which made an appearance about 1806 was tin and rectangular. Both patterns had brown leather slings and worn over the right shoulder. On campaign a white cloth haversack or bread bag was carried by most soldiers.

Officers of Hungarian Line Infantry

Officers of German Line Infantry

2.1.1.5 Non-Commissioned Officers

Prior to the introduction of the shako in 1806, the non-commissioned officers under the rank

of Feldwebel wore no distinction on the uniform as such, however, the senior grades had a silver or gold lace trim to the edges of the false front of the kasket hat, according to the regimental button colour. No distinctions were shown on the 1798 pattern helmet. The N.C.O.s' shakos were trimmed at the upper edge with bands of yellow braided lace, the Korporal having a single band approximately 1 cm. in width, the Feldwebel a double band and the Fuhrer a wide band, 2 cm. wide with a narrow 5 mm. band either side.

All N.C.O.s from Vice-Korporal upwards were armed with the grenadier pattern sabre-

briquet, the sabre-straps white for the Vice-Korporal and mixed yellow and black for the senior grades. The non-commlssloned officers all carried the traditional cane of office, hazelwood for the junior grades and blackwood with silvered cap for the Feldwebel and Fuhrer. The canestraps were as for the sabre-straps and the cane was fastened by the strap to the second button of the tunic and passed beneath the left elbow and through a buttoned loop on the sabre-belt. All other equipment was as for the other ranks; however, the Fuhrer was not issued with the musket or pouch belt. From about 1805 the N.C.O.s were issued with a short ober-rock, or frock coat, similar to that worn by the officers, for wear during campaign and everyday duties. This coat was slightly less than knee-length and of the same dark grey material as the other ranks' greatcoats and was double-breasted with two rows of eight regimental-coloured buttons. The coat is shown with either a plain or facing coloured upright collar, and shoulder-straps were of the coat colour piped with the distinctive.

34

1st Regiment

2nd Regiment

3rd Regiment

4th Regiment

5th Regiment

6th Regiment

7th Regiment

8th Regiment

9th Regiment

10th Regiment

11th Regiment

12th Regiment

13th Regiment

14th Regiment

15th Regiment

16th Regiment

35

17th Regiment

18th Regiment

19th Regiment

20th Regiment

21st Regiment

22nd Regiment

23rd Regiment

24th Regiment

25th Regiment

26th Regiment

27th Regiment

28th Regiment

29th Regiment

30th Regiment

31st Regiment

32nd Regiment

36

33rd Regiment

34th Regiment

35th Regiment

36th Regiment

37th Regiment

38th Regiment

39th Regiment

40th Regiment

41st Regiment

42nd Regiment

43rd Regiment

44th Regiment

45th Regiment

46th Regiment

47th Regiment

48th Regiment

37

49th Regiment

50th Regiment

51st Regiment

52nd Regiment

53rd Regiment

54th Regiment

55th Regiment

56th Regiment

57th Regiment

58th Regiment

59th Regiment

60th Regiment

61st Regiment

62nd Regiment

63rd Regiment

38

2.1.1.6 Officers

Until 1798 officers continued to wear the tricorn hat of black felt with gold or silver lace

edging and black silk bow cockade with silver or gold cockade strap, although the new schiffhut, or bicorn hat started to make an appearance from 1792. From 1798 officers of fusiliers wore a helmet of similar pattern to those of the men with embossed gilded brass crest, usually of a fluted pattern, field officers usually having crests embossed with a lion and snake design. Officers' helmets had all metalwork gilded and a gilt brass trim to the peak and rear visor and the raupe was slightly larger than those of the other ranks. The officers' shako, introduced in 1806, was slightly taller than those of the men with a black leather cuff at the rear trimmed with gold lace and no rear visor. The front of the cap was decorated with the officers' pattern cockade of black within gold and cockade-straps were gold braid and surmounted by the usual yellow and black pom-pon and oak-sprig. Peaks were black leather with gilt edging. The upper edge of the shako was trimmed with gold bands of embossed braid, three bands for field officers, two for captains and a single band for the junior grades. For walking-out dress and campaign many officers retained the bicorn hat of black felt, often faced with velvet for the senior field officers, with gold lace trim to the upper edges and black and gold cockade with gold cockade-strap. Officers of the grenadiers wore the same pattern bearskin bonnet as the other ranks with all metalwork gilded and the peak black leather with gilt trim.

The officers' coat worn in 1792 followed the pattern of the 1767 style coat worn by the men

but generally was of finer cloth and better cut. As with the coats of the other ranks, facing colours were shown on the collar and cuffs but turnbacks were normally worn down, giving the appearance of the frock coat of the mid-1700s. All buttons and metal work were gilded or silver plated and the coat had a single narrow shoulder-strap at the rear of the right shoulder only. Coats were normally worn unbuttoned to expose the single-breasted white waistcoat beneath. Tail pockets were horizontal with three points and three buttons.

The new officers' coat introduced in 1798 again followed the style of the men’s', and was

single-breasted with high upright collar and long tails extending to the rear of the knees with double turnbacks and horizontal pockets with three points and three buttons. Collar, cuffs and lining were of the regimental facing colour and turnbacks were white and pocket flaps unpiped. All buttons were gilded or silver plated.

Slight changes were made to the officers' coats in 1806. The cut at the front waist became

squared as for the other ranks' tunics and facings were shown on collar, cuffs and turnbacks, and pockets were piped with the distinctive. Cuffs on all coats followed the pattern worn by the men and the officers of the Hungarian regiments had gold lace batons. Field officers' cuffs were trimmed at the upper and trailing edges with gold braid.

Officers' frock-coats, worn to protect the expensive white uniform during campaign and for

every-day duties, were introduced in 1798 and were dark grey and double-breasted with a double row of metal buttons closing the coat to the waist. The skirts of the coat hung to slightly below the knee and were somewhat flared and the facing colour collar was high and upright. Cuffs were either plain or turned-back and of coat colour. The 1806 pattern frock coat was slightly shorter and was produced in various shades of light brown and grey and had a double vent at the rear, the former pattern having only a single vent. Cuffs were of the facing colour and were square-cut for both officers of German and Hungarian regiments, and either plain or facing colour, those of the field officers with gold lace trim.

39

Breeches were white for the German

regiments and worn with black leather knee-boots and the officers of the Hungarian regiments wore sky-blue breeches with mixed gold and black Hungarian knots on the thighs and piping to the outer seam, usually with shaped boots with gold lace trim and tassels.

All officers wore the traditional

waist-sash, tied with a large bow at the left hip, of mixed yellow and black for the junior grades and mixed gold and black for the captains and field officers. Prior to 1798 the sash was normally worn over the waistcoat but beneath the open coat, and was worn by all officers over the tunic or frock-coat after that date.

Waist belts were whitened leather

with a large brass square buckle plate embossed with either the Imperial Eagle motif or a grenade, according to company, and supported the sword or sabre on narrow double slings. Officers of fusiliers carried the straight-bladed epée and the grenadier officers the curved sabre with brass hilt and sabre-straps as for the sash. Scabbards were black leather with brass heel and fittings, although some sabre scabbards would appear to have been polished steel. It was the fashion, particularly amongst the younger officers and those of the elite companies to extend the slings of the sword belt in the manner of the light cavalry so that the heel of the scabbard trailed on the ground. During campaign most officers adopted plain black leather belting.

For campaign, officers were permitted to carry pistols that were privately purchased. Most

officers carrying one and often a brace in brown or black leather holsters with narrow shoulder straps, the pistol resting in the small of the back

Field officers were mounted and the shabraque was of standard pattern, scarlet with edging

of narrow, equal-width bands of black/gold dicing, scarlet, gold, black, gold, black, gold, reading from the outer edge inwards. The shabraque had rounded front and squared rear corners and the royal cypher, 'FII' or 'FI' appeared in the rear corners in gold at a 45 degree angle. All harnessing was black leather with brass fittings and girths were black. A brace of pistols were carried on the saddle beneath the shabraque.

2.1.1.7 Musicians

Each company of fusiliers and grenadiers had two company drummers, and prior to 1798

two fifers, however, after this date these latter was maintained at the expense of the regiment. The basic uniform was identical to that of the other ranks', headgear being of the same style and pattern. The coat followed the style worn by the regiment with the addition of 'swallows-nest' epaulettes at the shoulders of facing colour trimmed with embroidered white lace and a white lace motif in the centre, this usually taking the form of the Imperial Crown, a grenade

Grenadier Officers

40

or floral design. Collar and cuffs were edged with white lace trim and all other details were as for the men.

Musicians were armed with the grenadier pattern sabre only, carried on the waist belt or

shoulder belt as per the regulations of the day, with white sabre-straps. Packs were of the prescribed pattern and carried on a shoulder strap in the older fashion to hang on the left hip to permit the drum to be slung on the back. The drum carriage was whitened leather with brass fittings and buckle and two leather loops or a brass plate on the breast held the drumsticks. Drums had a gold lacquered barrel, with white cords and the rims were painted with alternate yellow and black diagonal or vertical stripes. The fifers’ instruments were carried in a brass or brown leather case with white strap over the left shoulder to hang on the right hip.

The uniforms of the regimental bandsmen were left to a large degree to the discretion of the

commandant and although the general uniform details followed those of the regiment many small variations occurred as each commander attempted to introduce a degree of glamour to his head of column.

Drum-majors are usually shown wearing either the infantry pattern helmet or shako usually

with gilded fittings and rank markings of the Fuhrer and sometimes a plume surmounting the pom-pon, usually red or black over yellow, on the shako. Coats generally followed the pattern worn by the drummers, although the drum-major of the Regiment Erzherzog Franz Karl Nr.52, is shown wearing the officers-style long-tailed coat. The swallows-nest epaulettes, collar and cuffs were trimmed with gold lace or silver lace according to button colour. Breeches or Hungarian trousers were as for the men, lace details on the latter usually being gold and black. The grenadier-pattern sabre or officers' pattern epee was normally carried on a shoulder belt worn beneath the drum-major's sash over the right shoulder, usually of scarlet with gold lace trim and decorated on the breast with a gilt drum-stick plate. The drum-majors' staff was usually black lacquered with gilded fittings and cap and mixed gold and black cords and tassels.

Bandsmen generally wore the same pattern helmet or shako as the men. At least one

regiment in 1805, possibly Nr.34, had a red crest to the helmet, and Regiment Erzherzog Karl Nr.3 had a crest of sky-blue over white in 1807. Coats were generally of the same style and with decorations as for the company drummers, however, Regiment Nr.3 is shown wearing the drummers' style tunic with three rows of buttons and galons of mixed white and sky-blue braid with small tassels at the tips. Breeches and trousers were as for the regiment and the musicians were armed with the grenadier-pattern sabre carried on a whitened leather shoulder belt.

2.1.1.8 Zimmermannen

Each company of fusiliers and grenadiers supplied a pioneer, or zimmermann, including one

Feldwebel and one Korporal usually drawn from the fusilier companies. The uniform was basically as for the men with the zimmerman of fusiliers wearing the shako or helmet and those of the grenadiers the bearskin bonnet. Coats were as for the regiment with the addition of a crossed-axe badge worn on the upper left sleeve in the regimental facing colour. Breeches, trousers and gaiters etc. were as for the men. The pioneer wore the traditional apron of buff leather, although some aprons are shown whitened, with pointed bib which looped over the second tunic button and was held at the waist with a narrow brown leather belt. The front of the apron was fitted with two small horizontal pockets in which a steel and other small items of equipment were stored. The axe had a plain wood haft and steel head and was carried in a whitened leather case with narrow white leather sling. Shoulder belts

41

were as for the men and supported the Infantry-pattern pouch and grenadier-pattern sabre-briquet, but no bayonet, and the zimmermanns' musket was fitted with a brown leather sling. All other equipment was as for the men.

2.1.1.9 Non-Combatant Personnel

Each regiment of line infantry had a staff of non-combatant personnel making up the

headquarters administration who, until 1798, were mostly civilian employees of the regiment.

From 1798 most of these officers and N.C.O.s were given honorary ranks, although no

commissions were issued, and put into uniforms, usually based on those of the parent unit. Auditors, the regimental clerk and paymaster, and the senior surgeons ranked is majors, whilst chaplains and company surgeons were given the rank of captain. None of these officers were allowed to wear the sash of office although the sabre-strap was allowed.

As a rule the auditor and his attendant N.C.O. clerks wore uniforms based on those of the

regiment but with coats of dark blue with facings of regimental colour and the officer wore the gold lace trim to the cuffs of a major, and gold lace trim to his schiffhut. Chaplains are usually shown wearing civilian clothing of the usual black broadcloth with a black stovepipe hat often decorated with the pompon and black-over-yellow plume.

Surgeons were put into uniform in 1798, and this was the same for the medical officers of all

branches of the Army. Hats were the black schiffhut with gold cockade-strap, and for full dress, a tall black plume was worn. Coats followed the style of the Infantry officers and were light grey with the collar, cuffs and turnbacks black. The cuffs were decorated with gold lace batons horizontally at the front, two for the battalion surgeons and one for the company surgeons. All buttons were gilt. In about 1813 the surgeons were put into plain dark blue coats with dark blue collars, cuffs and lapels with cuff decorations as before. Breeches were white and worn with knee-boots. Shabraques were as for the regimental officers.

Regimental adjutant officers were distinguished by wearing the sash over the left shoulder

as for the general adjutants but otherwise wore the same uniform as the other officers.

2.1.2 Light Infantry Battalions 1798 - 1801

2.1.2.1 Headgear

All battalions were issued with the infantry style helmet of black leather with black-over-

yellow raupe, however, the helmet was without the usual front plate and was instead decorated with a brass 'FII' cypher badge. Peaks and rear visor were black leather, the former trimmed with brass, and black leather chin-straps were fitted with a plain brass boss. Fatigue caps would appear to have been as for the line infantry and light grey.

2.1.2.2 Coats

Coats were of the 1798 infantry pattern and were light grey for all battalions with collars,

cuffs, turnbacks and piping in the battalion facing colour; the German/Italian units having the plain round cuffs and the Hungarian units the pointed cuffs with white lace batons.

42

Officers of Light Infantry

Light Infantry

Light Infantry Battalions 1798-1801

Battn. Facings Buttons Recruitment

1 Madder Red Brass Hungarian

2 Madder Red White Metal German

3 Red-Brown Brass German

4 Red-Brown White Metal German

5 Orange Brass Hungarian

6 Orange White Metal Hungarian

7 Grey-Green White Metal Hungarian

8 Deep Yellow White Metal Hungarian

9 Crimson Brass Hungarian

10 Dark Blue White Metal Hungarian

11 Dark Blue Brass German

12 Grey-Green White Metal Hungarian

13 Deep Yellow Brass Hungarian

43

14 Black White Metal German

15 Black Brass Hungarian


Legwear followed the pattern set by the line infantry. The 'German' battalions wearing light

grey breeches with black gaiters and the Hungarian battalions sky-blue trousers with the usual yellow/black Hungarian knots on the thigh and stripes on the outer seams. Greatcoats were as for the line infantry.

2.1.2.4 Equipment

All equipment was identical to that of the line infantry fusiliers.

2.1.2.5 Officers and N.C.O.s

All as for the line infantry in 1798. However, all officers carried the curved sabre.

2.1.2.6 Musicians

Company drummers were as for those of the line regiments.

2.1.3 The Jäger Regiment

2.1.3.1 Headgear

Prior to 1798 the three Freiwilligen jäger units were uniformed almost identically, all

wearing the Infantry pattern kasket hat with brass plate embossed with the Imperial cypher 'FII' and a short, dark green horsehair plume worn above the pompon on the left side. In 1798 the Infantry pattern helmet was issued. This was of black leather with dark green wool raupe and brass supporting strips on the sides, black leather peak and visor and black leather chin-strap. The front of the helmet was decorated with a brass 'FII' cypher. In 1806 the cypher was changed to 'FI' and in 1808 the jägers were issued with the 1803 pattern 'corsehut', or Corsican hat, the distinctive Austrian-style black felt hat with stovepipe crown and wide brim, the extra-wide left hand side of which was folded up. The semi-spherlcal yellow-and-black pompon decorated the front of the crown with a black leather cockade-strap and leather-covered button at the front. The full-dress plume, never worn in the field, was worn above the pompon and was dark green and the usual oak-sprig was worn at the base. The chin-straps were black leather and forked at the joint with the hat and were fastened beneath the chin with a brass button or buckle. The hat was superseded in 1811 with a new-style corsehut, with a higher, slightly belled crown, and the front and rear edges of the brim squared off. The base of the crown and the brim edge were now trimmed with black leather and both sides of the brim were worn turned up, tied together over the crown with a thin black cord.

2.1.3.2 Coats

The jäger coats followed the style of the line infantry being pike-grey, although

contemporary illustrations tend to show both the earlier pattern coat and the 1798 coats as

44

being a somewhat lighter, light-blue-grey. Collar, cuffs, turnbacks and piping were grass green; buttons were brass and shoulder straps coat colour piped with the facing colour. Cuffs were of the square-cut German pattern.

2.1.3.3 Breeches etc

Breeches were of coat colour and were worn with black gaiters with brass buttons for parade

and cloth-covered ones for campaign. Greatcoats followed the pattern of those of the line infantry and were dark grey with green collar patches.

2.1.3.4 Equipment

All belting was black leather

and the various Freikorps units wore the black leather pouch-belt and waist belt which supported the sword-bayonet. From 1798 the jägers wore twin shoulder belts with brass buckles and fittings supporting the black leather pouch and a long sword-bayonet with 50cm. blade for those men issued with the rifle. The musket-armed contingent carried the conventional bayonet. Scabbards and sheaths were black leather with brass fittings and the sword-bayonet had a green sabre-strap fitted to the socket. From 1807 half the men of each company were armed with the short rifle, based on the Tyrolean hunting weapon which was probably the finest of its kind in Europe, with white metal fittings and black leather sling. The remainder of the company was armed with a short carbine; the jägers in skirmish order working in pairs, the carbine-armed soldier protecting the rifleman whose weapon took considerably longer to load. Riflemen carried 100 pre-made cartridges in the pouch whilst the carbine-armed jäger carried the standard 60 rounds. The rifle-armed contingent additionally carried a black leather powder flask with brass fittings suspended on a green cord with tasselled ends, these latter looped around the shoulder strap to hang forward of the left shoulder and a spare ram-rod and loading mallet were carried strapped to the sword-bayonet sheath. Packs were as for the line infantry with black leather straps and slings and the water canteen was of standard issue pattern with black strap.


The non-commissioned officers of the jäger battalions were distinguished in the usual

manner, the peak and rear visor of the helmet being trimmed with brass and, later, the edge of the corsehut brim was trimmed with yellow tape. All N.C.O.s carried the rifle and sabre-straps were green with yellow and black knot for the senior grades and green with black knot for the Ober-jäger, or Korporal. Canes were as for the line infantry with cane-straps is above.

Jägers

45

Prior to 1808 the officers wore the same pattern helmet as the men with brass, gilded comb

with fluted pattern embossed, all metal work gilt and dark green bearskin raupe. After that date orders stated that officers should wear the schiffhut, or bicorn hat, however, most officers showed a preference for the corsehut as worn by the men. The edge of the brim, and often the base of the crown, was trimmed with gold lace and the cockade-strap was gold braid with gilt button. The full-dress plume, worn above the pompon, was of dark green drooping horsehair and was fastened with a gilt bugle horn clasp to the top of the left-side brim.

The officers of the jägers would appear to have conducted a number of liberties with the

regulation form of dress, the prescribed coat being of the same cut as those of the line infantry but coloured pike-grey with green facings as for the men, however, some officers seem to have adopted a light-blue-grey coat with green facings, many decorated with gold fringed epaulettes with gold or mixed gold and black fringes, strictly against regulations. Buttons were gilded and waist-sashes were as for the line officers. Breeches were officially of pike-grey to match the coat, however, variations again occur, some officers wearing light green breeches with a double dark green stripe on the outer seam and others light-blue-grey breeches with a gold stripe. Boots were of the square-cut infantry pattern although many officers favoured the 'Hungarian' style boots with shaped tops with gold lace trim and tassels.

All jäger officers carried the curved sabre and the black leather waist belts were of the light

cavalry pattern, narrow with brass 'S' buckle and fittings. Scabbards were black leather with brass fittings. As with the line officers, most jäger officers carried pistols during campaign and a contemporary comment stares that it was the vogue for the officers of jäger companies to arm themselves with a carbine in the field. Senior officers' shabraques were as for the officers of line infantry.

2.1.3.6 Musicians

The jäger companies supported two hornists instead of drummers who wore uniformed as

for the men except that the plume worn on the corsehut was of drooping green horsehair as for the officers. The coat was decorated with green swallows-nest epaulettes trimmed with yellow lace and with a yellow floral motif in the centre. Cuffs were trimmed at the upper and trailing edges with yellow lace. One contemporary illustration of a jäger hornist about 1813-14 shows the coat with green plastron lapels with six buttons and dark green fringed epaulettes. Horns were of brass with green cords. The hornists were armed with the grenadiers' pattern sabre-briquet with single shoulder-belt and packs and other equipment was as for the men.

2.1.4 The National-Grenz-Infanterie

2.1.4.1 Headgear

In 1798 the Grenz regiments were wearing a peak-less 'stovepipe' shako which had been

introduced about 1760 of plain black felt with the yellow and black pompon at the front upper edge. The sharpshooter sections wore the same pattern kasket hat as the line infantry with brass front plate and white scalloped lace trim to the upper edge of the crown and the edge of the false front.

46

In 1801, a straight-sided shako of more modern design was introduced of black felt with

black leather peak and trim to the upper and base edges. The front of the cap was decorated with the yellow-and-black cockade, a yellow cockade-strap and the yellow-and-black wool, semi-spherical pompon. These shakos were in turn gradually replaced during 1809-12 with the 1806 pattern infantry shako as worn by the line regiments.

2.1.4.2 Coats

Coats for all regiments were basically of the same pattern as worn by the Hungarian infantry

with pointed cuffs with white lace battens and tassels. The colour of the coats has been a constant source of confusion as some of the regiments wore white coats and others tunics of 'Tobacco Brown', however, virtually all sources disagree as to which regiments were issued with which colour coat and as constant attempts were certainly made from 1805 to standardise all units with brown coats, this aim not being totally achieved until 1815, it may safely be assumed that this process was gradual over a number of years, and the coat colours given in the chart below are these which are known during the period 1809-14.

The coat worn in 1792 was the 1767 pattern tunic worn by the line infantry with facings

shown on the collar, cuffs and on the turnbacks of those units wearing white coats, turnbacks being coat colour on the brown tunics. With the introduction of the 1798 and 1806 pattern tunics, many of the Grenz regiments not receiving the latter until after the 1809 campaign, facings were shown on collar, cuffs, turnbacks and pipings as for the line regiments. National-Grenz-lnfanterie 1798-1814

Nr. Regiment Facings Buttons

Coat Recruitment

1 Liccaner

Violet (By 1809 Emperor Yellow)

Brass Brown Carlstadt

2 Otocaner

Violet (By 1809 Emperor Yellow)

White Metal

Brown Carlstadt

3 Oguliner Orange (By 1809 Orange Yellow)

Brass White Carlstadt

4 Szluiner Orange (By 1809 Orange Yellow)

White Metal

Brown Carlstadt

5 Warasdiner Kreuzer Poppy-Red Brass White Warasdin

6 Warasdiner St. George Poppy-Red White Metal

Brown Warasdin

7 Broder Pink White Metal

White Slavonia

47

8 Gradiskaner Pink Brass White (1808 Brown)

Slavonia

9 Peterwardeiner Light Grey Brass White Slavonia

10 1st Banal Crimson Brass Brown Banal

11 2nd Banal Crimson White Metal

Brown Banal

12 Deutsch-Banater

Dark Pike Grey (By 1809 Sky-Blue)

White Metal

Brown West Banat

13 Walachisch-Illyrische Light Grey White Metal

White East Banat

14 1st Szekler Rose-Red Brass White Transylvania

15 2nd Szekler Rose-Red White Metal

Brown Transylvania

16 1st Wallachisches Light Green Brass White Transylvania

17 2nd Wallachisches Light Green White Metal

White Transylvania

In the latter months of 1809 after the Austrian defeat, the loss of the Adriatic provinces

caused Regiments Nrs. 1 - 4 to come under the control of the French and these units were absorbed into the French army to become the Provisional Croatian Regiments. Also, at this time, Regiments Nrs. 10 and 11 were disbanded and the personnel taken into the other Croatian Regiments until these numbers were restored to the line in 1815.


In 1792 the border regiments were wearing a mixture of sky-blue and white trousers.

However in 1798 these were standardised to the tight-fitting sky-blue trousers as worn by the Hungarian infantry with the same yellow-and-black Hungarian knots on the thighs and stripes on the outer seams. Although greatcoats of infantry-pattern were issued, the majority of the Grenzer preferred to maintain the traditional scarlet cloaks as worn during the 18th Century and these continued to be seen until after the 1809 campaign.

2.1.4.4 Equipment

All equipment followed the pattern of the line infantry; however, many Grenz units were

issued with the grenadier-pattern sabre-briquet as well as the bayonet. After 1807 units were re-equipped with all black leather belting, however, the white leatherwork continued to be seen until after 1809 with many regiments. The sharpshooter detachments had always worn black leather equipment and were initially issued with a rather strange weapon, an over-and-

48

under rifle-shotgun combination; however, this weapon was withdrawn in 1798 and replaced by the musket, although the black belting continued to be worn.


All officers' and non-commissioned officers' distinctions were as for the line infantry, officers

coats following the patterns worn by their line counterparts and the new pattern shako was adopted in 1806 to replace the previously worn bicorn hat. All officers carried the curved sabre. Officers' shabraques were as for the line regiments.

2.1.4.6 Musicians

Drummers of the Grenz regiments wore the same distinctions as those of the line regiments.

The author can find no reference to any bands maintained by the border units and there were no pioneers.

2.1.5 The Grenz-Cordon-Bataillon

The uniform mirrored that of the Grenz regiments with 1806 pattern shako with yellow and

black cockade and pompon, white tunic with black facings and pointed Hungarian-style cuffs. Trousers were of the tight-fitting sky-blue Hungarian pattern with yellow and black decorations and stripes. Equipment was as for the line grenadiers with all belting black leather. Officers wore the usual distinctions.

2.1.6 Frei Corps

The uniforms known for these units are given below:

Grun-Laudon Regiment Black shako trimmed yellow with a black and yellow pompom. Grey-green or green Hungarian coat, red cuffs, folding collar and lining. Buttons were yellow. Green waistcoat with Hungarian breeches. Leatherwork was brown. Armed with a musket, bayonet and Hungarian sabre.

O’Donel’s Frei-Corps Black Turkish-pattern cap similar to shako but without the visor. A red edged yellow cockade was on the front, surmounted by a black over yellow tufted plume. Pike-grey Hungarian coat with scarlet cuffs, collar and turnbacks. Buttons were yellow and they wore scarlet Hungarian breeches rather than the usual blue. White leatherwork. Armed with a musket, bayonet and Hungarian sabre.

Le Loup Jäger (Niederlandische Feld-Jäger)

Headwear was a casquet. A pike-grey coat, waistcoat and breeches with a green collar, cuffs and lining; brass buttons. Leatherwork was black with a brass hunting horn on the cartridge box. Armed with a short carbine and a brass-mounted hunting sword.

49

Limburg Volunteers (Limburger Freiwillige)

Headwear was a leather helmet similar to the 1798-pattern, with a double peak, comb with horse-hair crest, brass badge and an upright black over yellow feather plume on the left. Pike grey coat with red lining, short lapels, cuffs and narrow standing collar. White waistcoat. Pike grey Hungarian breeches with hussar boots. White leatherwork and armed with a musket and bayonet.

Gyulai’s Croatian Corps (Croatische Frei-Corps Gyulai)

Originally wore the casquet with brown coats faced red, white waistcoats and buttons. Blue breeches with red ‘Russian leather’ equipment. Armed with musket, sabre, pistol and Turkish knife. Later they wore a low cocked hat with white feather, a brown coat with red collar and cuffs and black-and-yellow braid on button holes and edges. Blue Hungarian breeches with similar braid. Hungarian boots with red leather belt and cartridge box. Armed with musket, bayonet, Turkish knife and a pair of pistols.

Mihalovich’s Corps (Slavonisch-Serbisches Corps Milalovich)

Shako with a black feather plume; lace for N.C.O.s. A short brown coat with red collar and cuffs. Blue breeches with black-and-yellow (or black-and-red) braid. Leatherwork was black and they were armed with musket and sabres (carbines for N.C.O.s).

Caneville Legion (Carneville Frei-Legion)

Shako with brass rosette and black and yellow feathers. Coat was green with red collar, black cuffs and lapels and yellow lace and buttons. White waistcoat with blue Hungarian breeches. White leatherwork, but black for jägers (who carried a carbine.)

Würmser’s Corps (Steyer-Würmser’sches Frei-Corps)

Red cap. Coat was blue faced red with blue Turkish breeches laced white. Red waistcoat laced white. Low shoes. Armed with Albanian long musket, sabre, pair of pistols and a Turkish knife stuck in a black waistband. A calfskin knapsack with black straps.

Bourbon Legion Wore a cocked hat with a white uniform faced dark blue with white buttons. Later wore the 1798 helmet.

Luttich’s Volunteers (Lutticher Freiwillige)

Wore a plain hat, sky-blue coat with crab-red collar, cuffs and lapels. Buttons were white metal and the waistcoat was white. Sky-blue Hungarian breeches with high boots. White belting.

Rohan’s Corps (Rohan’sches Frei-Corps)

Black shako with a brass badge; yellow feather plume tipped black. Coat was sky-blue with ponceau folding collar, cuffs, lining and shoulder straps; yellow buttons. Green Hungarian breeches with a white waistcoat and natural leatherwork.

Brentano’s Feldjäger-Corps Corsican hat with a pike grey coat, waistcoat and breeches. Steel grey facings with yellow buttons, black gaiters and leatherwork. Armed with carbines.

50

Italian Light Battalion (Italiensches Leichtes Battalion)

Wore a 1798 helmet with green crest. A dark blue uniform faced red, as a light battalion.

Dalmatian Light Battalion Wore Dalmatian native dress.

Lower Austrian Volunteers (Niederosterreichishes Freiwilligen-Corps)

Jägers wore bearskin caps with brass hunting horn badge containing the Austrian arms (crowned for officers) with a brass-edged peak. Coats and breeches were brown. Green collar, cuffs and lace on buttonholes and on the Hungarian breeches. Black leatherwork and gaiters. Officers also had silver horns on the collar, silver epaulettes and breech-lacing, green skirt-lining, high boots and brass-scaled chinstraps. The Scharschützen were similar but facings were red instead of green.

Frei-Corps Maria Ludovika Bearskin cap, brown coat with red collar and cuffs; blue Hungarian breeches.

Serbian Frei-Corps Facings and cap varied with battalion. Red or blue cap with black and yellow rosette; black leather trim. Brown Turkish jacket with yellow lace and waistcoat. Blue Turkish trousers laced yellow. Leatherwork was black with a line-pattern sabre.

2.2 Cavalry

2.2.1 Cuirassier Regiments

2.2.1.1 Headgear

Prior to 1798 the cuirassiers had worn the black bicorn hat with black lace bow cockade and

button of regimental colour and short black plume. In 1798 the 'classical' helmet which was to remain the distinctive headwear of the Austrian cavalry until 1860 was introduced. Almost identical to that worn by the Infantry, the helmet was black leather with yellow-over-black raupe and brass plate embossed with the 'FII' motif. Peak and rear visor were black leather and the black leather chin-strap was fitted to the sides of the helmet with plain brass bosses. This pattern was superseded in 1806 by a new pattern helmet with higher crest and slightly larger wool raupe which could be removed during campaign. The peak and rear visor were now edged with brass and the plate embossed with 'FI' and chin-straps were fitted to the sides of the helmet with brass rings which passed through loops at the helmet sides and chin-scales of brass fitted.

Stable caps were white cloth and round with the top edge piped with the regimental colour

and the royal cypher or regimental number embroidered at the front.

51

Kürassier Officer

Kürassier

2.2.1.2 Coats

The coat worn in 1792 was virtually identical to the infantry pattern of that date and was

white for all regiments with square-cut cuffs and turned-down collar. The regimental facing colour was shown on collar, cuffs and a wide edging to the turnbacks. The new coat, introduced in 1798, again followed the style set by the Infantry tunic but with much shorter tails. The coat was single-breasted and closed with eight white metal or brass buttons and had an upright collar, slightly shorter than those of the other coats, which was white with a small narrow patch at the leading edge of the facing colour. The cuffs were square-cut with two buttons at the trailing edge and of the regimental colour, and the turnbacks were white with a 2cm trim of the distinctive. This coat was in turn replaced in 1806 with a modernised version of the same cut as the infantry tunic with high upright collar with a larger coloured patch decorated with a single button at the rear. The coat had double turnbacks trimmed with the distinctive and cuffs as previously were of facing colour. Cuirassier Regiments 1798-1801


1 Kaiser Claret White Metal

2 Erzherzog Franz Josef d'Este Black White Metal

3 Erzherzog Albert Claret Brass

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4 Czartorisky (Disbanded 1801) Dark Blue Brass

5 Zeschwitz (Disbanded 1801) Grass Green Brass

6 Melas (Converted to Dragoons 1802) Light Blue Brass

7 Carl Lothringen Dark Blue White Metal

8 Hohenzollern-Hechingen Scarlet Brass

9 Nassau-Usingen Light Blue White Metal

10 Mack Black Brass

11 Anspach (Disbanded 1801) Scarlet White Metal

12 Kavanagh Grass Green White Metal

Cuirassier Regiments 1802-14


1 Kaiser Claret White Metal

2 Erzherzog Franz Josef d'Este Black White Metal

3 Erzherzog Albert Claret Brass

4 Kronprinz Ferdinand (Formerly Nr 12) Grass Green

White Metal

5 Nassau-Usingen (1805 Sommariva) (Formerly Nr 9)

Light Blue White Metal

6 Mack (1805 Liechtenstein) (Formerly Nr 10)

Black Brass

7 Carl Lothringen Dark Blue White Metal

8 Hohenzollern-Hechingen Poppy-Red

Brass

A white single-breasted waistcoat closed with a single row of ten brass or white metal

buttons was worn beneath the tunic and as stable dress and the troopers were issued with a smock for fatigue duties.

53

2.2.1.3 Kurass

The kurass was of blank iron,

blackened, lined and trimmed at the edges with white leather. The breastplate only was worn and was fastened with a narrow whitened leather waist belt and straps which passed over the shoulders to cross at the back and fastened to the rear of the waist belt, the tips of the straps fastening to the breast of the kurass with black leather straps. All buckles and fittings were white metal.


Breeches were white and worn

with black leather knee-boots with blackened spurs and in 1813 grey, heavy cloth overall trousers with a single row of cloth-covered buttons on the outer seam were issued for wear over the breaches and boots during campaign and for fatigue duties.

Greatcoats were white with collar patches as for the tunic, and were voluminous with a high

vent at the rear and deep turned-back cuffs. Some units would appear to have retained the older pattern greatcoat or cape with deep shoulder cape and slits instead of sleeves as late as 1800.

2.2.1.5 Equipment

All belting was whitened leather with brass buckles and fittings and the pouch-belt, worn

over the left shoulder, supported a black leather cartridge pouch with squared lid. The wide, whitened leather waist-belt had either an open brass buckle or a large buckle plate embossed with the Imperial cypher. The sabre was carried on double slings and for dismounted duties could be hooked up to the belt. In 1792 most regiments carried the 1765 pattern 'kurassierpallasch' sabre with broad 90cm blade with a shallow bloodgutter and three-bar steel hilt and black leather scabbard with steel fittings. In 1798 a new pattern sabre was issued and most regiments received these immediately. The weapon had a steel 'D' hilt with two bars which were hinged to open around the fist, however, these were generally unpopular and in 1803 a new pattern with steel single-bar hilt and round pierced hand-guard were issued. Sabre-straps were white leather for all regiments and scabbards were polished steel after 1798. A brace of heavy pistols were carried on the saddle but the cuirassiers were not issued with the carbine except for dismounted picket duties.

Cuirassiers on Foot

54


The only visible marks of rank worn by the N.C.O.s were the sabre-strap which followed the

pattern of those of the Infantry, and canes with straps as for the Infantry were carried in the usual manner when dismounted and without the kurass.

Officers initially wore the tricorn hat with gold or silver lace trim according to regimental

metal colour and after 1798 the helmet was as for the officers of line Infantry with yellow and black bearskin raupe, gilded fittings and brass crest embossed with a fluted design. Brass gilded chin-scales were worn. The officers' 1806-pattern helmet had a much higher crest than those of the men, made of brass, gilded, and embossed with a crouching lion and intricate oak-leaf border pattern. The raupe was often of astrakhan wool and curled downwards at the front, sometimes almost to the helmet, and after 1813 some officers would appear to have adopted the fashion of wearing the raupe in reversed colours. The front plate was gilt and embossed with a decorative oak-leaf border and the royal cypher and chin-scales were gilt with lions-head bosses. Peaks and rear visors were edged with gilded brass. As with the men the traditional oak-sprig was worn above the left hand chin-scale boss.

The officers' coat was basically as for the men but with long tails extending to the rear of the

knees with double turnbacks and vertical pockets with three points and three buttons. Facings were shown on the collar patches, cuffs, turnback edgings and pipings to the pockets and all buttons were gilt or silver-plated. Breeches were white and boots black leather with silvered spurs, gilt for the senior officers. As with the Infantry, the field officers wore gold lace trim to the upper and trailing edges of the cuffs and the traditional gold and black waist sash. For undress wear, officers wore the schiffhut of black felt with gold lace trim and gold-and-black cockade with gold cockade-strap, and black-over-yellow plume.

The officers' kurass was black lacquered and lined with scarlet leather, the edges being

trimmed with riveted, gilded brass. The throat of the breastplate was decorated with a gilt point, those of the field officers extending almost to the base edge of the kurass. All straps and belts were red leather with gilt fittings and ornaments; the kurass waist belt being whitened leather with red edging.

Sabre-belts were white leather for parade and black leather for campaign and supported the

sabre with silvered or gilt hilt in a polished steel scabbard and sabre-straps were as for the sash. Officers' greatcoats were similar to those of the men and white with a deep shoulder-cape.

2.2.1.7 Musicians

The squadron trumpeters were uniformed almost identically to the men however a scarlet

plume was worn on the tricorn hat the edges of which were trimmed with tape of button colour. After the introduction of the helmet, the trumpeters' raupe was usually scarlet.

Coats were as for the men and for the most part would appear to have been without special

facings although some trumpeters may have worn swallows-nest epaulettes of facing colour with white lace trim. The musicians did not wear the kurass and trumpets were brass with mixed yellow-and-black cords. No pouch-belt was worn and sabre-belts and equipment were as for the other ranks.

A trumpeter of an unknown regiment, assumed to be the 4th Kronprinz Ferdinand Regiment

about 1812, is shown with the coat decorated with white contra-epaulettes, without fringes,

55

edged with green and green hanging 'false sleeves' at the rear of the coat piped with white; however, this does not appear to have been standard for all cuirassier regiments.

2.2.1.8 Horse Furniture

The cuirassiers had the standard 'German' shabraque, common to most cavalry regiments,

with rounded front and pointed rear corners, of scarlet with the Imperial cypher 'FII' or 'FI' in the rear corners at a 45° angle. The edge of the shabraque was decorated with lace trim reading from the outer edge inwards:

• narrow (1cm) yellow/black dicing,

• medium (1.5cm) white,

• narrow black,

• wide (2cm) yellow,

• narrow black,

• medium white.

The shabraque was covered with a white sheepskin saddle-cover with scarlet cloth edging

and the round valise was scarlet cloth. All harnessing was black leather with brass fittings and girths were grey.

Officers' shabraques were of the same pattern and were scarlet with gold cyphers. Edging

for field officers was:

• narrow gold/black,

• narrow scarlet,

• wide gold,

• narrow black,

• wide gold.

Junior officers had medium-width gold bands rather than wide ones. Saddle covers were

black sheepskin with scarlet trim for the junior officers and black bearskin without trim for the field officers. Harnessing was black leather with gilt fittings and girths were black.

2.2.2 Chevauleger Regiments Before 1798

2.2.2.1 Headgear

Prior to 1798 Chevauleger regiments wore the Infantry-style kasket hat with yellow tape trim

to the edges of the crown and the edge of the false front and brass plate of oval design with scrolled edge and embossed with the Royal Cypher. The yellow-and-black pompon was worn on the left side of the hat surmounted by a black-over-yellow plume.

2.2.2.2 Coats

The Chevaulegers wore the same cavalry-pattern coat as the Cuirassiers, but, with some

exceptions, were dark green. Collars, square-cut cuffs and the turnbacks were of the regimental facing colour.

56

Regiment Coat Facings Buttons Became in 1798

Chevauleger Regiment Kaiser

Green Poppy-Red Brass Light Dragoon Nr 1 Kaiser

Chevauleger Regiment Karaiczay

Green Scarlet Brass Light Dragoon Nr 4 Karaiczay

Chevauleger Regiment Modena

White Dark Blue White Metal

Light Dragoon Nr 5 Modena

Chevauleger Regiment Lobkowitz

White Sky-Blue White Metal

Light Dragoon Nr 10 Lobkowitz

Chevauleger Regiment La Tour

Green Scarlet Brass Light Dragoon Nr 11 La Tour

Chevauleger Regiment Kinsky

White Sky-Blue Brass

Light Dragoon Nr 12 Kinsky

Chevauleger Regiment Levenehr

White Dark Green

Brass Light Dragoon Nr 14 Levenehr


Breeches were white and worn with high, cuffed riding boots with steel spurs.

2.2.2.4 Equipment

Equipment was basically as for the Cuirassiers with pouch and waist-belts whitened leather

with brass buckles and fittings and sabres following the same patterns. Sabre-straps were white leather for all regiments. They were issued with the 1767-pattern carbine, 125cm in length with blank iron fittings and a wide bandolier was worn over the pouch-belt with a steel spring hook to which the carbine was fitted by the suspension ring. The ramrod for the carbine was attached to the second button of the tunic by a narrow white strap and passed through a loop on the pouch-belt. Each trooper was issued with a wood picket-pole that was carried slung to the saddle over the right thigh.


All rank distinctions were as for the Cuirassier officers and non-commissioned officers.

2.2.2.6 Musicians

The trumpeters wore the same basic uniform as the men with scarlet plume to the hat and

swallows-nest epaulettes of facing colour with white or yellow lace trim according to the button colour.

57


In 1792 the Chevauleger were using a standardised version of the old style 'German'

shabraque, a half-shabraque of scarlet with wide edging approximately 10cm of yellow, piped scarlet at the extreme outer edge, with a narrow black diamond design on the yellow band with white inners and the Royal Cypher in the rear corners and on the pistol holster covers which were as for the saddle cloth.

2.2.3 Dragoon Regiments Before 1798

2.2.3.1 Headgear

Prior to 1798 the Dragoon regiments wore the tricorn hat with black bow cockade and yellow

leather cockade-strap, regimental colour button and short yellow plume with black upper third.

2.2.3.2 Coats

The Dragoons wore the same white cavalry-pattern coat as the Cuirassiers. Collars, square-

cut cuffs and edging to the turnbacks were of the regimental facing colour.

Regiment Coat Facings Buttons Became in 1798

Dragoon Regiment Kaiser

White Poppy-Red Brass Light Dragoon Nr 2 Kronprinz Ferdinand

Dragoon Regiment Erzherzog Josef

White Carmine White Metal

Light Dragoon Nr 3 Erzherzog Johann

Dragoon Regiment Coburg

White Poppy-Red White Metal

Light Dragoon Nr 6

Dragoon Regiment Waldeck

White Red Brass Light Dragoon Nr 7 Coburg

Dragoon Regiment Württemburg (1802 Drag. Nr. 3)

White Black White Metal

Light Dragoon Nr 8 Württemburg

Dragoon Regiment Savoyen

White Black Brass Light Dragoon Nr 15 Savoyen


Breeches were white and worn with high, cuffed riding boots with steel spurs.

2.2.3.4 Equipment


with brass buckles and fittings and sabres following the same patterns. Sabre-straps were white leather for all regiments. They were issued with the 1767-pattern carbine, 125cm in

58

length with blank iron fittings and a wide bandolier was worn over the pouch-belt with a steel spring hook to which the carbine was fitted by the suspension ring. The ramrod for the carbine was attached to the second button of the tunic by a narrow white strap and passed through a loop on the pouch-belt. Each trooper was issued with a wood picket-pole that was carried slung to the saddle over the right thigh.



2.2.3.6 Musicians

The trumpeters wore the same basic uniform as the men with scarlet plume to the hat and

swallows-nest epaulettes of facing colour with white or yellow lace trim according to the button colour.


In 1792 the Dragoons were using a standardised version of the old style 'German' shabraque,

a half-shabraque of scarlet with wide edging approximately 10cm of yellow, piped scarlet at the extreme outer edge, with a narrow black diamond design on the yellow band with white inners and the Royal Cypher in the rear corners and on the pistol holster covers which were as for the saddle cloth.

2.2.4 Light Dragoon Regiments 1798 - 1801

2.2.4.1 Headgear

In 1798 the new Light Dragoons were issued with the same pattern helmet as the Cuirassiers

with brass plate embossed with the 'FII' Cypher, yellow-over-black raupe and brass trim.

2.2.4.2 Coats

The regulations for the Light Dragoon Regiments stated that all regiments should be put into

dark green tunics of the 1798-pattern as worn by the Cuirassiers with the facings shown on the upright collar, the cuffs and turnbacks; however, not all regiments actually received these, several having white tunics. Light Dragoon Regiments 1798-1801

Nr. Regiment Coat Facings Buttons 1802 Title

1 Kaiser White Poppy-Red Brass Chevauleger Regt Nr 1

2 Kronprinz Ferdinand (1801 Disbanded)

White Deep Yellow White Metal

--

3 Erzherzog Johann White Orange Brass Dragoon Regt Nr 1

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4 Karaiczay (1801 Hohenzollern)

Green Poppy-Red White Metal

Chevauleger Regt Nr 2

5 Modena (1801 Disbanded) Green Orange White Metal

--

6 Coburg (1801 Disbanded) Green Light Wine White Metal

--

7 Waldeck Green Sulphur Yellow

White Metal

Dragoon Regt Nr 2

8 Wurttemburg Green Light Wine Brass Dragoon Regt Nr 3

9 Liechtenstein (Raised 1798) (1801 Disbanded)

Green Black White Metal

--

10 Lobkowitz White Sky-Blue White Metal


11 La Tour Green Claret Brass Chevauleger Regt Nr 4

12 Kinsky Green Sky-Blue Brass Chevauleger Regt Nr 5

13 No Inhaber (Raised 1798) Green Claret White Metal


14 Levenehr Green Deep Yellow Brass Dragoon Regt Nr 4

15 Savoyen Green Black Brass Dragoon Regt Nr 5


Breeches were white and worn with knee boots with blackened spurs. Greatcoats were as for

the Cuirassiers and were white for all regiments with collar of facing colour. Gauntlets were white leather for all regiments.

2.2.4.4 Equipment


with brass buckles and fittings and sabres following the same patterns. Sabre-straps were white leather for all regiments. They were issued with the 1767-pattern carbine, 125cm in length with blank iron fittings and a wide bandolier was worn over the pouch-belt with a steel spring hook to which the carbine was fitted by the suspension ring. The ramrod for the carbine was attached to the second button of the tunic by a narrow white strap and passed through a loop on the pouch-belt. Each trooper was issued with a wood picket-pole that was carried slung to the saddle over the right thigh.

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Stabsoffizier of the Light Dragoons

Light Dragoon

2.2.4.6 Musicians

The only distinctive feature of the Light Dragoon trumpeters would appear to have been the

swallows-nest epaulettes at the shoulders, however, these do not seem to have been universal and although one sources states that the raupe was scarlet no evidence has been found to confirm this as general.


After 1798 the Light Dragoons had the same pattern shabraques as the Cuirassiers.

2.2.5 Dragoon Regiments

2.2.5.1 Headgear

The helmets worn by the Dragoons from 1802 followed the patterns issued to the Cuirassiers,

the 1798 pattern helmet being worn until the new style was introduced in 1806. Fatigue caps were white and as for the Cuirassiers.

61

2.2.5.2 Coats

The tunic was initially of the 1798 pattern and white for all regiments with the facing colour

shown on the collar, square-cut cuffs and the 2cm trim to the turnbacks. The 1806 pattern tunic followed the same scheme, but like that of the Cuirassiers, had shoulder straps of white piped with the regimental distinction. Buttons were white metal for all regiments. Dragoon Regiments 1802-14

Nr Regiment Facings Buttons

1 Erzherzog Johann Black White Metal

2 Hohenlohe Dark Blue White Metal

3 Wurttemburg (1809 Knesevich) Claret White Metal

4 Levenehr Poppy-Red White Metal

5 Savoyen Dark Green White Metal

6 Melas (1809 Riesch) Sky-Blue White Metal


Breeches were white and worn with black leather knee-boots with blackened spurs. In 1803

tight fitting, grey overall trousers with a single row of cloth-covered buttons on the outer seams were issued for wear during campaign. Greatcoats were as for the Cuirassiers with facing colour collar. Gauntlets were white leather.

2.2.5.4 Equipment

All as for the Light Dragoons except that the carbine was now of the 123cm long Model 1798.


All as for the Cuirassiers.

2.2.5.6 Musicians

Trumpeters wore the same pattern helmet as the men either with the black-over-yellow

raupe, the colours reversed, or after 1806 with a scarlet raupe. Coats were decorated with swallows-nest epaulettes of facing colour with white lace trim and floral motif and cuffs and collars laced as for the drummers of Infantry. Some trumpeters are shown with shoulder straps as for the men and false sleeves at the rear of the coat of facing colour trimmed with white lace. About 1813 trumpeters started to appear in coats of dark blue with facings as for the regiment and no epaulettes or special lace, for wear during campaign. Waist-belts and sabre were as for the men and the pouch-belt and carbine were not carried. Trumpets were brass with scarlet or mixed yellow-and-black cords.

62


(No information at present.).

2.2.6 Chevauleger Regiments 1802 - 1814

2.2.6.1 Headgear

Both the 1798 and 1806 pattern helmets were identical to those worn by the Dragoons and

Cuirassiers.

2.2.6.2 Coats

The coats were initially planned to be white for all regiments with facings shown on the

collar, cuffs and the turnback trim as for the Dragoons. One contemporary source states that much confusion arose from this arrangement, as it was virtually impossible to distinguish between the two branches when coats with similar facings wore worn. However, Regiment Nr 2 retained their green coats as worn during the Light Dragoon period and at the request of their colonels, Regiments Nr 1 and 4 also reverted to the traditional green Chevauleger tunic in 1803. The new regiment Nr 7, raised in 1814, was also put into green coats. Coats were of the 1798 and 1806 patterns as for the Dragoons.

Nr Regiment Coat Facings Buttons

1 Kaiser Dark Green Claret Brass

2 Hohenzollern Dark Green Bright-Red White Metal

3 O'Reilly White Bright-Red Brass

4 La Tour (1807 Vincent) Dark Green Claret Brass

5 Klenau White Sky-Blue Brass

6 Rosenburg White Claret Brass

7 Italien (Raised 1814) Dark Green Crimson White Metal


All as for the Dragoon regiments.

2.2.6.4 Equipment

All equipment for the Chevauleger regiments was identical to that carried by the Dragoons.

However, after 1802, the Chevaulegers were issued with the short, light cavalry pattern model 1798 carbine, 84cm in length, instead of the longer Dragoon model.

63


All rank distinctions were as for the Dragoons and Cuirassiers.

2.2.6.6 Musicians

Several variations appear with the uniform of the Chevauleger trumpeters, examples of both

yellow-and-black and just scarlet raupes being worn on the helmet are known. One illustration shows a trumpeter of the Regiment Nr 5 'Klenau' with sky-blue raupe. Tunics were basically as for the men and either with swallows-nest epaulettes of facing colour with white lace trim and decorations or with shoulder-straps as for the men and facing colour 'false-sleeves' at the rear of the coat edged with white lace. All other details were as for the Dragoons.


(No information at present.).

2.2.7 Jäger zu Pferde Regiment 1798 - 1801

2.2.7.1 Headgear

The Jäger zu Pferde were uniformed almost identically to the foot jägers with the 1798

pattern helmet with dark green raupe and brass 'FII' Cypher at the front.

Jäger zu Pferde Officer

Jäger zu Pferde

64

2.2.7.2 Coat

Tunics were of the 1798 infantry pattern as worn by the foot jägers and were pike-grey with

dark green collar, square-cut cuffs, turnbacks, piping to the pockets and straight inner-edges of the tail. All buttons were brass.


Breeches were pike-grey and worn with the usual black leather knee-boots with blackened

spurs. Greatcoats were of the cavalry pattern and dark grey with dark green collar. Gauntlets were of black leather.

2.2.7.4 Equipment

All equipment was identical to that of the Dragoons and Chevaulegers but all belting was

black leather with brass buckles and fittings and the regiment was armed with the short model M1798 light cavalry carbine with brass fittings.


All details as for the Dragoons and Chevaulegers.

2.2.7.6 Musicians

The company trumpeters wore the same basic uniforms as the men without special

distinctions. Horns were used instead of the trumpet, with dark green cords.


The shabraques were of identical pattern to those of the other German regiments, the

Cuirassiers, Dragoons and Chevaulegers.

2.2.8 Uhlan Regiments

2.2.8.1 Headgear

In 1792 the Uhlan Regiment was wearing a version of the traditional Polish cap, the

'Federaka', with soft yellow crown with squared top, brown fur headband and short black-over-yellow plume on the left side. In 1798, with the raising of the 2nd Regiment, both were put into modernised uniforms and the first version of the Czapska hat, the traditional lancer cap, was introduced with short squared top 'box' fluted at the sides, black turban and black leather peak. The semi-spherical yellow-and-black pompon was worn on the left side of the upper edge of the 'box' surmounted by a black-over-yellow plume and mixed yellow-and-black cords and flounders were worn. The upper portion of the czapska was yellow for the 1st Regiment and grass green for the 2nd Regiment; however, prior to 1800 both units would appear to have worn yellow caps.

In 1806 a new pattern czapska was issued with much higher crown, black turban and black

leather peak trimmed with brass. The pompon was no longer worn and the plume, which

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was considerably taller and black-over-yellow, fitted into a small brass socket concealed beneath the turban. Cords and flounders were black-and-yellow and brass chin-scales replaced the former black leather chinstraps. As the new regiments were raised, each was distinguished by the colour of the czapska.

Uhlan Officer

Uhlan

The fatigue cap was of the same pattern as worn by the other cavalry regiments and was

coat-colour with piping and number of the facing colour (i.e. czapska colour). Czapska Colours 1798-1814

Regiment Facing Colour

Uhlan Regiment Nr 1 Merveldt Yellow

Uhlan Regiment Nr 2 Schwarzenburg Grass Green

Uhlan Regiment Nr 3 Erzherzog Karl Scarlet

Uhlan Regiment Nr 4 No Inhaber (1815 Kaiser)

White

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2.2.8.2 Coat

The tunic worn in 1792 by the 1st Regiment was dark green with short tails and of the 18th

Century style with cut-away lapels and turned-down collar. Collar, lapels, square-cut cuffs and turnbacks were scarlet and the lapels were fastened back with eight brass buttons. Cuffs were decorated with two buttons vertically at the trailing edges and two buttons horizontally at the upper front edge. A dark green waistcoat, single-breasted with a single row of twelve small brass buttons was worn beneath the coat.

In 1798 the lancers were uniformed in the Polish style kurtka coat. Both regiments were

issued with grass green tunics with scarlet collars, squared cuffs without buttons, plastron lapels and turnbacks. The straight inner edges of the tails, the three-pointed vertical pockets with three buttons and the seams to the rear of the coat and sleeves were all piped scarlet. Lapels were held back with seven buttons and two large buttons appeared at the rear of the waist, brass for all regiments. Shoulder straps were worn on both shoulders and were coat colour with scarlet piping. New coats were issued in 1806 of the same basic pattern but with a slightly taller collar. The new regiments raised in 1809 and 1813 both received the same style of tunic, but dark green instead of grass green, with scarlet facings and brass buttons.


In 1792 the Uhlan Regiment wore white breeches with a yellow stripe on the outer seam and

hussar-style boots with shaped tops trimmed with yellow lace and tassels. In 1798 both regiments were issued with grass green overall trousers with a short black leather cuff and a wide scarlet stripe on the outer seam. From 1806 all regiments wore overalls of the coat colour, grass or dark green, with a wide scarlet stripe; tight fitting for parade and somewhat looser with black leather cuffs for campaign. Greatcoats were of the cavalry pattern and were coat-colour with scarlet collar.

From 1798 a kummerbund sash was worn at the waist, over the sword belt, of three yellow

bands and two black bands, horizontally. However, after 1812, this was seldom worn in the field.

2.2.8.4 Equipment

Pouch-belts were whitened leather with brass fittings and the black leather pouch was of the

standard cavalry pattern. Waist-belts were as for the Dragoons, and of white leather with a large brass buckle plate. It supported the curved light cavalry pattern sabre on double, narrow slings, with single-bar steel hilt, polished steel scabbard and brown leather sabre-strap. A brace of pistols were carried on the saddle. Sixteen men from each squadron were designated 'flankers' and were armed with the short light cavalry carbine with whitened leather bandolier. The front rank, about half of each squadron, were armed with the thirteen-foot lance with steel head and heel. Lance pennons were swallow-tailed and initially quartered black and yellow, the upper fly and lower stave quarters being yellow. After 1798 the pennon was black-over-yellow with a narrow black stripe at the top of the yellow half.


Officers' czapskas were of the same pattern as those of the men but had gilded brass corners

to the box and trim to the peak, and cords were mixed black-and-gold. The 1806 pattern officers' czapska was similar to those of the troopers but had gilt corner caps and metal work and gold-and-black cords (all gold for field officers). It also had a black leather cuff at the rear, edged with gold lace.

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The coat was of the same pattern as those of the men with all buttons gilt and gold-fringed

epaulettes were worn at the shoulders with heavy bullion fringes for the field officers and fine fringes for the junior grades. Field officers' cuffs were trimmed with gold lace and the kummerbund sash was gold-and-black silk.

Officers wore a pouch-belt of black leather with wide gold lace trim to the edges and gilt

pickers and chains on the breast; the small pouch had a shaped lid and was trimmed with gold lace. Overall trousers were green as for the coat with a double scarlet stripe on the outer seam; double gold stripe with a line of scarlet piping between for the senior officers. Waist-belts were of whitened leather and the sabre had a silvered hilt. Sabre-straps were as for the officers of infantry.

2.2.8.6 Musicians

The Uhlan trumpeters wore the czapska as for the men with scarlet-over-yellow or all-scarlet

plume. After 1806 coats would appear to have been of the czapska colour with scarlet facings, white with scarlet facings for the 3rd Regiment. Prior to 1806 trumpeters would seem to have worn coats as for the other ranks. Trousers were as for the men. Trumpets were brass with mixed black-and-yellow cords. Pouch-belts were not worn, but other equipment was as for the troopers.


In 1792 the Uhlan Regiment had a shabraque of scarlet with round front and long pointed

rear corners decorated with the Imperial Cypher 'FII' in yellow. The edge of the shabraque was trimmed with lace of narrow scarlet, wide white, narrow black, wide yellow, narrow black and wide white reading from the outer edge inwards. Sheepskin saddle-covers were white with scarlet cloth trim. From 1798 the shabraque had rounded rear corners with edging as for the Cuirassiers and the Cypher in the rear corners; saddle-covers were black sheepskin with scarlet trim. In 1806 these were in turn replaced with the same shaped shabraque as used by the other cavalry regiments of scarlet with an edging of narrow scarlet, narrow black, wide yellow, narrow black, narrow white, reading inwards, and sheepskins revered to white with scarlet edging.

Officers' shabraques were scarlet with gold Cypher and gold lace trim instead of yellow on

the 1792 and 1798 patterns. After 1806 they would appear to have been trimmed with a wide edging of gold lace only. The saddle-cover was black bearskin with scarlet trim.

2.2.9 Hussar Regiments

2.2.9.1 Headgear

By 1798 all Regiments of Hussars were wearing a cylindrical, peak-less, stovepipe shako of

individual regimental colour, decorated at the front with the national cockade of black-within-yellow and a black leather cockade-strap fastened with a regimental-colour button. The semi-spherical yellow-and-black pompon, worn at the upper edge of the cap, was surmounted by a tall, narrow horsehair plume. The shako cords and flounders were mixed yellow-and-black and worn wound around the top of the shako, usually with the flounders tucked through to hang on the right side of the cap. This was superseded in 1798 by a more modern shako, also of regimental colour, straight-sided with black leather peak and trim to

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the bass edge and decorations as previously; however, a black-over-yellow feather plume was now worn. This pattern was in turn replaced in 1806 with a bell-topped shako of regimental colour with black leather trim to the base edge, black leather peak and a black leather cuff at the rear. Cockade, pompon and plume remained the same but the cockade-strap was now white leather. The yellow-and-black cords continued to be worn around the top of the cap and all chinstraps were black leather.

Hussar Officer

Hussar

2.2.9.2 Dolman

The dolman was of traditional cut and similar to those worn by other Hussars. The tunic was

slightly longer than waist length with the points at a slight diagonal and overlapping; the edges of the tunic were trimmed with yellow-and-black lace. The collar was upright and of the dolman colour edged with yellow-and-black lace. The pointed cuffs were also tunic colour and trimmed with yellow-and-black braid terminating in a small Hungarian knot at the tip. The breast of the dolman was decorated with fifteen galons of yellow-and-black braid with loops at the outer tips between the buttons, and the three rows of small semi-spherical buttons were either brass or white metal. The barrel sash, worn at the waist, was alternate bands of yellow and yellow-and-black.

In 1806 the dolman was replaced with a new pattern of slightly more modern design with

square-cut base edge and eighteen instead of fifteen rows of braid.

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Hussar Regiments 1798-1814

Nr Regiment Shako Dolman and Pelz

Breeches Buttons

1 Kaiser Black Dark Blue Dark Blue Brass

2 Erzherzog Josef Anton Bright Red

Light Blue Light Blue

Brass

3 Erzherzog Ferdinand Carl D'Este Pike-Grey

Dark Blue Dark Blue Brass

4 Vecsey (1801 Hesse-Homburg) Light Blue

Mid Green Poppy-Red

White Metal

5 No Inhaber (1801 Ott, 1812 Radetsky) (Raised 1798)

Bright Red

Dark Green Crimson White Metal

6 Blankenstein Black Sky-Blue Sky-Blue Brass

7 No Inhaber (1801 Liechtenstein) (Raised 1798)

Grass Green


White Metal

8 Wurmser (1799 Nauendorf, 1801 Kurfurst von Hesse, 1813 Keinmayer)

Black Mid-Green Poppy-Red

Brass

9 Erdody (1803 Frimont) Black Dark Green Crimson Brass

10 Meszaros (1801 Stipsicz) Grass Green


Brass

11 Szekler Grenz-Husar-Regiment Black Dark Blue Dark Blue White Metal

12 Grenz-Husar-Regiment Slavonisch-Croatische (Disbanded 1801)

Black Light Grey Light Blue

White Metal

12 Palatinal (Raised 1807) Black Sky-Blue Sky-Blue White Metal

2.2.9.3 Pelz

The pelz, or pelisse, was the same colour as the dolman with black fur trim to the edges and

the cuffs, with yellow-and-black lace trim within the fur edging. The breast of the pelz was decorated with ten galons of yellow-and-black braid as for the dolman and the rear seams of the coat were piped with the same braid, starting at the rear of the shoulders and terminating in three points near the bottom edge. After 1806 the pelz had fifteen rows of braid and the buttons were in three rows, two on the right side of the coat and one on the left.


Breeches were of regimental colour and were worn with black hussar-style 'Hungarian' boots

with shaped tops trimmed with yellow-and-black lace and tassels. From 1798 tight fitting

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light grey overall trousers were worn for campaign with a single row of metal buttons on the older seam; these were replaced with looser fitting overalls with black leather cuffs and metal buttons in 1813.

Instead of the greatcoat the Hussars were issued with a voluminous cloak of natural wool

with a deep hood which could be worn over the pelz.

2.2.9.5 Equipment

Pouch-belts and bandolier for the carbine were of whitened leather and as for the other

cavalry regiments with rather strange hardened leather buckles with brass tang and fittings. The pouch-belt was fitted with a whitened leather strap to carry the ramrod that passed through a loop on the belt. The Grenz-Husar-Regiment 'Slavonisch-Croatische' Nr 12 had black leather belting with brass fittings as did the Hesse-Homburg Regiment Nr 4. Waist-belts were of the narrow light cavalry pattern and were red-brown leather for all regiments except the two mentioned above, whose belts were black. All fittings were brass and the curved light cavalry sabre was supported by narrow double slings. Sabres had steel single-bar hilts and polished steel scabbards and the sabre-strap was red-brown leather. The sabretache, suspended from the waist-belt on three narrow slings, was scarlet for all regiments with the crowned 'FII' or 'FI' Cypher in the centre in yellow. The edge was trimmed as for the shabraque with bands of lace reading: narrow black-and-yellow, black piping, wide yellow, black piping, narrow yellow. Two pistols were carried on the saddle and the Hussars were issued firstly with the M1779 carbine, 90cm in length with brass fittings, and later with the M1798. This was a shorter carbine, 84cm in length.


The non-commissioned officers wore shakos of the same pattern as the other ranks with trim

similar to that worn by the Infantry; that is a single band of yellow lace for the Corporal, two narrow bands for the Estandartefuhrer (Sergeant), and two wide bands for the Wachtmeister. The Corporal had a red-brown sabre-strap with mixed yellow-and-black tassels, and the senior grades’ sabre-straps were mixed yellow-and-black. Canes were as for the Infantry with straps as above. The corporal was armed and equipped as the men but the senior grades carried no carbine or bandolier.

Officers' shakos followed the pattern worn by the men, however, both the 1798 and 1805

pattern shakos had black leather cuffs at the rear trimmed with gold lace and the cockade was gold-and-black with gold lace cockade-strap. The upper edge of the shako was bordered with gold lace bands as for the Infantry; those of the senior officers often taking the form of bands of joined gold braid links or the bands were heavily embossed or embroidered with an oak-leaf design. Plumes were of drooping horsehair and yellow with a black tip.

The dolman was as for the men with all braid and lace gold or silver according to the button

colour and the buttons silver-plated or gilt. Collar and cuffs were trimmed with gold lace, the latter having a large embroidered Hungarian knot. Those of field officers had a wide lace trim. The pelz was as for the men with all braid and lace gold or silver and, although the fur should have been black for officers of all regiments, many officers had their coats trimmed with white or grey fur. The barrel sash was of alternate bars of gold and black.

Breeches were the same colour as those of the men but the Hungarian knots on the thighs

were larger and more fanciful, and the stripe on the outer seam was wider. All lace was gold or silver. Boots were black leather and trimmed with gold or silver lace and tassels.

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Pouch- and waist-belts were black leather with gold lace edging and gilt pickers and chains

on the breast. The sabre had a silvered hilt and sabre-strap as for the officers of Infantry. The sabretache was scarlet with gold crown and Cypher and a wide gold lace edging.

Stabsoffizier of Hussars

Hussar

2.2.9.7 Musicians

The Hussar trumpeters wore many variations on the basic uniform, some wearing reversed

colours, the dolman and pelz being the colour of the breeches and vice-versa. Those regiments wearing dark blue uniforms favoured light blue for the musicians, often with light grey or white fur trim to the pelz. However, by regulation, the trumpeters should have worn the same uniform as the other ranks.

The shako plumes were most commonly scarlet or scarlet-over-yellow but plumes of

reversed yellow-over-black and of the regimental colour are also noted. Trumpets were brass with mixed yellow-and-black cords.


Shabraques were scarlet for all regiments with rounded front corners and pointed rear

corners, rather longer than those of the heavy cavalry, and edging was as for the other regiments. The Royal Cypher appeared in the rear corners in yellow. Saddle-covers were officially white sheepskin for parade and black for campaign, both with scarlet trim; however the white sheepskins would appear to have been used for campaign by many regiments.

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Officers' shabraques were as for the men with black bearskin saddle-cover and the edging had gold bands as for the Cuirassiers.

2.2.10 Non-Combatant Personnel

Each regiment of line cavalry had a staff of non-combatant personnel making up the

headquarters administration who, until 1798, were mostly civilian employees of the regiment.

From 1798 most of these officers and N.C.O.s were given honorary ranks, although no

commissions were issued, and put into uniforms, usually based on those of the parent unit. Auditors, the regimental clerk and paymaster, and the senior surgeons ranked is majors, whilst chaplains and company surgeons were given the rank of captain. None of these officers were allowed to wear the sash of office although the sabre-strap was allowed.

As a rule the auditor and his attendant N.C.O. clerks wore uniforms based on those of the

regiment but with coats of dark blue with facings of regimental colour and the officer wore the gold lace trim to the cuffs of a major, and gold lace trim to his schiffhut. Chaplains are usually shown wearing civilian clothing of the usual black broadcloth with a black stovepipe hat often decorated with the pompon and black-over-yellow plume.

Surgeons were put into uniform in 1798, and this was the same for the medical officers of all

branches of the Army. Hats were the black schiffhut with gold cockade-strap, and for full dress, a tall black plume was worn. Coats followed the style of the Infantry officers and were light grey with the collar, cuffs and turnbacks black. The cuffs were decorated with gold lace batons horizontally at the front, two for the battalion surgeons and one for the company surgeons. All buttons were gilt. In about 1813 the surgeons were put into plain dark blue coats with dark blue collars, cuffs and lapels with cuff decorations as before. Breeches were white and worn with knee-boots. Shabraques were as for the regimental officers.

Regimental adjutant officers were distinguished by wearing the sash over the left shoulder

as for the general adjutants but otherwise wore the same uniform as the other officers.

2.3 The Artillery

2.3.1 Field Artillery

2.3.1.1 Headgear

Several different patterns of headgear were worn during the period, often overlapping so

that more than one variety could be seen during any given year. Initially the artillery wore the tricorn of black felt with yellow lace trim to the upper edges and yellow leather cockade-strap and brass button. The yellow trim would, however, seem to have been universally discontinued by 1798 and in that year two different patterns of hat were introduced. The first, issued to only a few companies initially was the infantry style helmet of black leather with scarlet raupe and brass plate embossed with the Royal Cypher; some units, apparently mostly garrison companies, would appear to have retained this as late as 1805. The second pattern was a version of the corsehut, usually worn with the turned-up side of the brim at the rear, with yellow-and-black cockade and yellow cockade-strap surmounted by a yellow plume with black tip and base quarter fitted to the inside of the turned-up brim. This was superseded by a standard pattern corsehut in 1803 with semi-spherical pompon and black

73

leather cockade-strap at the front of the crown and black-over-yellow plume. In 1806 the artillery received the schiffhut, worn either fore-and-aft or crosswise with yellow leather cockade-strap and yellow-and-black plume for parade. The schiffhut would appear to have made a nominal appearance in 1805 for some units and by 1809 had been adopted for all artillery. In 1814, some artillery units were again wearing the corsehut, of the new pattern with squared front edges to the brim, and by 1815 this was the official headwear.

2.3.1.2 Coats

The coats were of the

same patterns as worn by the Infantry and were roe-dear-brown for all units with collar, square-cut cuffs, turnbacks and piping of poppy-red. All buttons were brass and embossed with the regimental number (1 - 4 for the Field Artillery Regiments, B for the Bombardier Corps, G for the Garrison Companies and plain for the Fusilier Battalion. For winter wear, and campaign wear after 1806, an oberrock, or frock coat, was issued to all non-commissioned ranks of roe-deer-brown with poppy-red collar and plain cuffs and a double row of six buttons on the breast and brown shoulder-straps piped red as for the tunic. The Handlanger companies wore the same uniform as the gunners but facings were sky-blue and buttons were brass and embossed with the battalion number.


Breeches were white and worn with black leather knee boots, however, between 1798 and

1806 black gaiters with brass buttons were issued to many of the foot batteries and after 1809 white loose-fitting overall trousers were issued to many units for campaign wear.

Greatcoats were of the Infantry pattern and were dark brown with poppy-red collar,

however, after the introduction of the oberrock these were gradually withdrawn for everyday use.

Stabs-Offizier and Oberoffizier of Artillery

74

2.3.1.4 Equipment

Waist-belts of whitened leather as for the infantry were worn prior to 1798 to support the

grenadier-pattern sabre-briquet with white leather sabre-strap, the gunners' only armament. These were replaced that year with the normal Infantry-pattern shoulder belt of whitened leather to carry the sabre. The cannonier and bombardier carried the traditional black leather cylindrical tool case, containing the mallet, pickers, primer needles and other small items, over the left shoulder on a whitened leather belt and usually a length of rope used in the movement of the piece. Until 1798 the old-pattern brown leather valise was carried diagonally on the back on a whitened strap, but after 1798 Infantry-style packs were issued to the foot artillery until replaced about 1806 by a brown leather haversack on a brown strap carried over the right shoulder. The Handlanger companies were issued with the same basic equipment as the gunners and pouch-belts and muskets were issued for each man but carried with the baggage for use in protecting the gun sites and for picket duties.


The non-commissioned

officers wore the same basic uniform as the other ranks with yellow tape trim to the upper edges of the schiffhut and the edges of the brim of the corsehut. Coats were as for the men with sabre-straps and cane-straps as for the N.C.O.s of Infantry. The senior battery warrant officer, the Stabs-Feldwebel, carried the light cavalry pattern sabre instead of the shorter infantry pattern.

Officers wore the schiffhut

with gold lace trim to the upper edges and gold cockade-strap and black-over-yellow plume, usually of drooping horsehair, for the field grades.

Tunics were of the infantry

officers' patterns and roe-deer-brown with poppy-red facings as for the men, with all buttons gilded. Officers' oberrocks were as for the infantry officers' and roe-deer-brown with poppy-red facings. Breeches were white and worn with knee boots with polished steel spurs. Field officers had the usual lace trim of gold to the cuffs and the gold-and-black waist-sash was as for the infantry officers. Waist-belts and swords were as for the officers of infantry, the officers of the cavalry batteries often adopting the curved sabre instead of the epée and hilts were brass with sabre-straps as for the sash.

Artillery

75

2.3.1.6 Musicians

The drummers of the foot batteries were uniformed as the men with plumes on the schiffhut

and corsehut of scarlet; one source suggests that drummers of many companies retained the helmet with scarlet raupe.

The coats are shown both as for the men and with the addition of poppy-red swallows-nest

epaulettes with yellow lace trim and decoration. Drum-carriages were of whitened leather. Drums had brass barrels and the rims were painted either diagonal stripes of yellow and black or poppy-red. The sabre-belt was as for the gunners. There were no drummers in the cavalry batteries and no evidence that trumpeters existed, however, all non-commissioned officers of artillery were issued with whistles to transmit orders.


The non-commissioned officers of the cavalry batteries had shabraques of the same pattern

as used by the German cavalry regiments of scarlet with yellow Cypher and edging as for the cavalry. Officers of both foot and horse batteries had shabraques of the infantry or cavalry patterns respectively, with similar edgings.

2.3.2 Militar-Fuhrwesen-Korps (Train)

2.3.2.1 Headgear

The drivers were put into official uniforms in 1798 and most were issued with a conical 'top

hat' of black felt with wide brim curled at the edges and brass plate at the base of the crown. The semi-spherical pompon was worn at the left upper side of the crown, surmounted by a short black-over-yellow plume. Although several divisions would appear to have continued wearing this hat until well into the 1809 campaign, some units had adopted the corsehut by 1805 with cockade and yellow-over-black plume. In 1806 the infantry pattern shako was prescribed for all units and was in universal use by the end of 1809. The front of the shako was decorated with an oval brass badge with black enamelled centre embossed with the division number.

2.3.2.2 Coats

Coats were of the pattern prescribed for the heavy cavalry regiments and were white with

yellow collar, square-cut cuffs, turnbacks and piping to the pockets and all buttons were white. Prior to 1806, although several units continued to wear the older pattern coats until 1809, a yellow band with black edging was worn on the upper left sleeve. Several variations would seem to have appeared with some companies attached to the cavalry batteries of artillery wearing the artillery-style roe-deer-brown coats with yellow facings, and others attached to engineer units wearing coats of light grey with yellow facings.


Breeches were white and worn with black leather knee boots with blackened spurs. Grey

overall trousers or whitened leather breeches were issued for campaign. Greatcoats were of the cavalry pattern and dark grey with yellow collars; gauntlets were white.

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2.3.2.4 Equipment

The drivers wore a single black leather shoulder-belt to support the grenadier-pattern sabre

which was their only weapon. Sabre-straps were black leather.

Stabsoffizier and Oberoffizier of Fuhrwesen-Korps

Soldiers of Fuhrwesen-Korps


The non-commissioned officers wore the same basic uniform as the men with yellow tape

trim to the brim edges of the round hat and corsehut, and bands of lace around the shako as for the infantry N.C.O.s. Sabre-straps and canes followed the infantry pattern and the senior non-coms, the Wachtmeister and Feldwebel, were mounted and wore a waist-belt of cavalry pattern to support the heavy-cavalry pattern pallasch with steal hilt and polished steel scabbard.

Officers initially wore the same round hat as the men with brass, gilded plate embossed with

the Royal Cypher and gold lace trim to the brim. The yellow-and-black plume was worn on the left side of the hat, rising from a yellow-and-black pompon fitted to the base of the crown. From 1803 the schiffhut was worn, with gold lace cockade-strap and gilt button but without the customary gold trim except for the field officers.

Officers' coats followed the pattern worn by infantry officers and were dark grey with

yellow collar and cuffs and dark grey turnbacks and silvered buttons. From 1806 the new style coat of dark grey was adopted and collar, cuffs, turnbacks and pocket piping were all yellow. Officers did not wear the sash until 1808 when they officially became commissioned officers. Breeches were white and worn with black leather knee boots with silvered spurs. Greatcoats were of the cavalry pattern, dark grey with yellow collar. Waist-belts were black leather and supported the infantry-pattern epée, although many officers would appear to

77

have adopted the curved sabre. The leather sabre-strap was black until 1808 and as for the sash after that date.

2.3.2.6 Musicians

The Militar-Fuhrwesen-Korps had a trumpeter assigned to each division, however, no details

of special uniform distinctions are known and these would probably have been restricted to a scarlet plume on the headgear.


Shabraques were scarlet and of the heavy cavalry pattern with trimmings and decorations as

for those regiments.

2.4 Technical Troops

2.4.1 Engineer Corps, Sappers and Miners

2.4.1.1 Headgear

Prior to 1796 the sappeurs and mineurs

wore the infantry-pattern kasket hat with brass Royal Cypher at the front and yellow-and-black semi-spherical pompon at the left side with short black-over-yellow plume. This was replaced in 1796 by the artillery-style corsehut, usually with the turned-up brim at the rear. The crown was decorated with the pompon and black-over-yellow plume fitted to the base of the crown. In 1806 this hat was replaced with the standard-pattern corsehut with left side upturned and the front of the crown decorated with a black leather cockade-strap with white metal button, pompon and black-over-yellow plume above.

2.4.1.2 Coats

The coats followed the pattern worn by the

Infantry and were mid-gray with collar, cuffs, turnbacks and piping of cherry-red. All buttons were brass.


White breeches were worn with black leather knee-boots and for heavy duties, heavy cloth

breaches of white or light grey with a row of buttons on the outer seam and twill gaiters could be issued. Greatcoats were of infantry pattern and dark grey with cherry-red collars.

Left: Miner Right: Sapper

78

2.4.1.4 Equipment

The sappeurs' equipment was almost identical to that carried by the line infantry, the

whitened leather belts supporting the cartridge pouch and the bayonet and grenadier-pattern sabre with white sabre-strap and black leather scabbard with brass fittings. The miners wore the shoulder belt over the right shoulder that supported the sabre of the earlier infantry pattern with brass crossbar hilt only. This was replaced in 1806 with the grenadier-pattern sabre with white sabre-strap. Over the left shoulder was now worn a slightly narrower belt that carried a pistol in a brown leather holster. Miners carried a shovel or pick in a whitened leather case with narrow strap over the left shoulder. Only sappeurs were actually issued with the musket; the Infantry model being used. However they were issued to miners during campaign for picket duties etc. and were carried with their baggage. Packs and canteens etc were as for the infantry.


All officers initially wore the tricorn hat with black bow-cockade with gold cockade-strap

and gilt button, gold lace trim for the senior officers and black-over-yellow plume for the officers of sappers and miners, the engineer officers having a plume of all black. After 1796 the sappeur and miner officers wore the corsehut as for the men with gold lace band around the base of the crown and pompon and plume as for the men. The engineer officers wore the tricorn until the schiffhut was adopted by all officers about 1800, with gold-and-black rosette cockade, gold cockade-strap and black or yellow-and-black plume.

The non-commissioned officers wore the same pattern headgear as the men with yellow lace

trim to the corsehut brim.

The N.C.O.s' distinctions were as for the Infantry with the mark of rank shown on the sabre-

strap. Canes were as for the Infantry N.C.O.s.

Officers' coats followed the pattern

worn by infantry officers and were without distinction between the Engineers, Sappers and Miners, all wearing mid-grey coats with cherry-red facings on the collar, cuffs, turnbacks and piping. Buttons were gilt and the cuffs of the senior officers were trimmed with gold lace. The waist-sash was as for officers of Infantry. Breeches were white for all corps and worn with black knee-boots with silvered spurs. Officers of all units wore whitened leather waist-belts, as for the Infantry, supporting the straight-bladed infantry-pattern epée with sabre-strap as the sash. On campaign many officers carried pistols in the usual brown leather holster. Left: Sapper Officer Right: Engineer Officer

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2.4.1.6 Musicians

The drummers of Sappers and Miners were uniformed as for the men with yellow tape trim

to the corsehut edges, yellow-and-black plume and cherry-red swallows-nest epaulettes with white lace trim. Drums had brass barrels and yellow-and-black diagonal striped rims.


All officers of the various engineering corps were mounted, and the shabraque was of

infantry pattern and scarlet with the Cypher in the rear corner in gold. The edges were trimmed with a doublewide band of gold lace with narrow stripe of black between for the junior officers and three wide bands with two black stripes for the senior grades.

2.4.2 Pioneer Corps

2.4.2.1 Headgear

The Pioneer Corps was uniformed similarly to the Sappers and Miners, initially wearing the

kasket hat without any decoration to the false front and the pompon on the left side. From 1796 the corsehut with upturned rear brim, but without any decoration, was worn. In 1806 this was in turn replaced with the newer-pattern corsehut with black cockade-strap and yellow-and-black pompon at the front of the crown, and black-over-yellow plumes were ordered.

2.4.2.2 Coats

The Pioneers were put into a coat of peculiar design in 1792 which they retained until 1806. It

was halfway between the old 1769 pattern Infantry coat and the new model of 1798. The single-breasted tunic was light grey and closed to the waist with ten white metal buttons. The short tails had small double turnbacks and vertical pockets with a single button. The collar was upright and cuffs were square-cut and without buttons. Collar, cuffs, turnbacks and pocket piping was grass green and shoulder straps, worn on both shoulders, were coat-colour with grass green piping. This was replaced in 1806 by the conventional infantry-pattern tunic, again of light grey with grass green facings and white metal buttons.


Breeches were white and worn with black cloth gaiters with white metal buttons, and, like

the Sappers, heavy cloth breaches and twill gaiters were issued for heavy duties.

Greatcoats were of infantry pattern and dark grey with grass green collar.

2.4.2.4 Equipment

All equipment was of infantry pattern with whitened belting. Cartridge pouch, grenadier-

pattern sabre with white sabre-strap, bayonet, pack and canteen were all as for the Infantry. The short cavalry-pattern musket, as carried by the Dragoons, was issued instead of the Infantry musket. As for the Miners, the Pioneers were issued with an entrenching tool that was carried in a whitened leather case over the left shoulder. All Engineers, Sappers, Miners

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and Pioneers were issued with plain steel helmets, back- and breastplates when working under fire.

Stabsoffizier and Oberoffizier of Pioneers

Pioneers


All as for the Sappeurs and Miners.

2.4.2.6 Drummers

The drummers of Pioneers wore the same uniform as the men with swallows-nest epaulettes

on the tunic of grass green with white lace trim.

2.4.2.7 Zimmermannen

Each company of Pioneers had two zimmermannen who wore uniformed as the men but

wore the traditional buff leather apron over the tunic and were equipped with the axe instead of an entrenching tool. All other details were as for the men.


All officers were mounted, and the shabraque was of infantry pattern and scarlet with the

Cypher in the rear corner in gold. The edges were trimmed with a doublewide band of gold lace with narrow stripe of black between for the junior officers and three wide bands with two black stripes for the senior grades.

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2.4.3 Pontoniers Battalion

2.4.3.1 Headgear

In 1792 the Pontoniers wore the kasket hat with white tape trim to the edges of the false front

and brass plate as for the infantry. The pompon of yellow-and-black was worn at the left side surmounted by a short black-over-yellow plume. In 1798 they received the corsehut with black leather trim to the base of the crown and yellow-and-black pompon on the upper edge of the turned-up left side of the brim surmounted by a short black-over-yellow plume. In 1806 the Pontonier units received the new-pattern corsehut, as worn by the other engineer units, with black leather cockade-strap on the front of the crown surmounted by the pompon and black-over-yellow plume. The turned-up left brim was decorated with a large brass fouled anchor badge.

2.4.3.2 Coats

From 1792 the Pontonier companies wore a peculiar tunic, which was retained until 1806, of

cornflower-blue with poppy-red facings. The coat was short-waisted and single-breasted, and closed with eight white metal buttons. It had pointed cuffs and a deep turned-over collar with small revers. The edges of the coat and the small turnbacks were piped with poppy-red, and the tunic was worn over a cornflower-blue waistcoat which was piped at the edges with the distinctive which showed beneath the square-cut base edge of the coat. In 1806 they were issued with the infantry-pattern coat of cornflower-blue with poppy-red collar, cuffs, turnbacks and piping, white metal buttons and coat-colour shoulder straps piped with the distinctive.


The Pontoniers' breeches were initially cornflower-blue and worn with black leather knee-

boots. They received long wading-boots when working in wet conditions.

Greatcoats were as for the Infantry and dark grey with poppy-red collar.

2.4.3.4 Equipment

All equipment for the Pontoniers was identical to that of the Pioneers but with white sabre-

straps. The infantry-pattern musket was carried instead of the musketoon. They did not carry the entrenching tool.


All rank insignia for the N.C.O.s was as for the other engineers units.

Officers of the Pontoniers initially wore the corsehut as for the men with gold lace trim to the

edges and a gold lace band around the base of the crown. From about 1800 the schiffhut was worn with gold lace trim and gold-and-black cockade and gold lace cockade-strap. Coats followed the pattern worn by Infantry officers and were cornflower-blue with poppy-red facings and silvered buttons. Breeches were white and worn with black knee-boots. Waist-sashes and sabre-straps were as for the infantry officers and the straight-bladed epée was carried.

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Stabsoffizier and Oberoffizier of Pontoniers

Pontoniers

2.4.3.6 Musicians

The Pontonier Battalion does not appear to have maintained drummers during this period.


Cypher in the rear corner in gold. The edges were trimmed with a doublewide band of gold lace with narrow stripe of black between for the junior officers and three wide bands with two black stripes for the senior grades.

2.4.4 Czaikist Battalion

2.4.4.1 Headgear

In 1792 the Czaikisten-Bataillon wore the kasket hat with white tape trim to the edges of the

false front and brass plate as for the infantry. The pompon of yellow-and-black was worn at the left side surmounted by a short white plume. In 1798 they received the peakless shako, worn at this time by the Grenz regiments, of black felt with brass Imperial Eagle badge at the front surmounting two small fouled anchors at 45º angles. The pompon was worn at the top of the cap, on the left side, surmounted by the usual oak-sprig, but plumes were no longer worn. This hat was replaced in 1808 by the infantry-pattern shako with brass anchor badge at the front and yellow-and-black pompon above.

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2.4.4.2 Coats

The Czaikist Battalion wore infantry-pattern coats of cornflower-blue with white buttons, the

1792 and 1798 patterns having poppy-red collars, cuffs, turnbacks and piping and the pointed cuffs were of Hungarian pattern with white lace battens. In 1806 they were issued with the infantry-pattern coat of cornflower-blue with cornflower-blue collar with poppy-red patches at the leading edges and poppy-red cuffs, turnbacks and piping with white metal buttons and coat-colour shoulder straps piped with poppy-red.


Breeches were as for the Hungarian Infantry, sky-blue with yellow-and-black lace Hungarian

knots on the thighs and yellow-and-black stripe on the outer seam and worn with the short ankle-boots. They received long wading-boots when working in wet conditions.

Greatcoats were as for the Infantry and dark grey with poppy-red collar patches.

2.4.4.4 Equipment

All equipment was identical to that of the Pioneers but with white sabre-straps. All belting

was of black leather. The infantry-pattern musket was carried instead of the musketoon. They did not carry the entrenching tool.


Officers of the Czaikist Battalion wore the tricorn hat until 1800 and then the schiffhut with

silver lace edging and gold-and-black cockade and gold cockade-strap. Coats were of infantry officers' pattern and cornflower-blue with poppy-red facings and silvered buttons. Breeches were sky-blue with silver Hungarian knots on the thighs and a silver stripe on the outer seam. Boots were shaped at the top and had silver lace trim and tassels. Sashes were as for the Infantry and the curved sabre was carried with sabre-strap as for the sash.

Officers of this battalion were not mounted.

2.4.4.6 Musicians

The Czaikist Battalion does not appear to have maintained drummers during this period.

2.5 General Officers and Staff

2.5.1 General Officers

2.5.1.1 Headgear

Until 1805 the General Officers continued to wear the tricorn hat, faced with black velvet for

the Feldmarschal and edged with wide gold lace. The Feldmarshal's lace was approximately 6cm wide embroidered or embossed with a 2cm zigzag stripe. This lace was embroidered with an oak-leaf design and the edges fluted. The cockade-strap was of the same lace as above with bastion lip and fastened with a gilt button and held a black silk bow-cockade

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surmounted by a tall, green cocks' tail-feather plume. The inside of the hat was lined with gold silk and the tips of the hat had small gold tassels. The General Officers' hats were decorated in the same manner with the lace trim approximately 4cm wide. In 1805 the tricorn hat was replaced with the schiffhut with decorations as above and the gold-and-black rosette cockade replaced the bow, which in turn was discontinued in 1807.

2.5.1.2 Coats

The General Officers' coat prior to

1805 was basically the same pattern as issued to infantry officers in 1798 and was white, single-breasted with long tails. Collars and cuffs were of the 'Swedish' pattern, the collar being turned over and open at the front and the cuffs deep and turned-back. The collars and cuffs were scarlet and the turnbacks white. The front of the coat was closed with nine gilded buttons and the tail pockets were horizontal with three points and a single button. The full dress, Feldmarschall's coat was decorated with twin wavy lines of gold, fluted lace embroidered with an oak-leaf design on the collar and cuffs, the former having the lace trim to the leading and bass edges, the outer narrow band being approximately 2cm wide and the inner wide band 4 cm. Cuffs had the same trim of wavy lace, the upper narrow band having three gilt buttons riding on the lace horizontally at the front of the cuff. The front edges of the coat were decorated in the same manner with wavy lace, the narrow inner band at the edge of the coat forming together so that the coat, when buttoned, had three wide bands trimming the breast and extending from the waist to trim the tails. Pockets were edged with the same lace. The undress coat was basically the same, but with lace trim to the collar and cuffs only; the breast, turnbacks and pockets were plain. The coats of the General Officers followed the same pattern, the full dress uniform having straight-edged lace embroidered with a zigzag design on the collar, cuffs, breast, turnbacks and pockets. This lace was approximately 5cm wide on the collar with two 3cm widths on the cuffs and two 5cm widths on the breast for the full General, and trim of three distinct bands of two 2cm widths and one 1cm width, but without the coloured welt between, for the General of Cavalry. The Feldmarschalleutnant had lace trim of 3cm in two bands and the Generalmajor a single 2cm width of lace. Undress coats were as for the Feldmarschal without trim to the breast, tails and pockets.

In 1805 the new style Infantry officer pattern coat was issued with upright collar and square-

cut cuffs, and closed with nine gilt buttons. Coats were simplified to a great extent, the full parade dress coat having white collar trimmed as before for the Feldmarschal, scarlet cuffs and lace trim on the breast and the pockets and tails were straight-edged with the lace trim from the breast extending down the outer and inner edges. The General Officers' coats now had a single 4cm width of gold lace trimming the upper and leading edges of the collar and extending down the front of the coat forming a double width and then along the outer edges

General

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of the tails. Cuffs were trimmed at the upper and trailing edges with two bands of wide lace for the full General and a single band for the Generalleutnant and Generalmajor. The undress uniform was considerably plainer and basically the same for all General Officers. It was a plain white coat with white undecorated collar and scarlet cuffs with lace trim; a single 5cm band for the Feldmarschal, a double band for the full Generals and a single width for the Lieutenant Generals and Major Generals. Turnbacks were scarlet for the senior officers and white for the Major Generals. Pockets were unpiped.

In 1806 a service dress was introduced for wear in the field which was a light-blue-grey coat

of the above pattern with scarlet collar, cuffs, turnbacks and piping to the pockets. The collar and cuffs were laced as for the undress coat and these coats were fashionably worn with the top three buttons unfastened to expose a triangle of scarlet lining piped with gold edging.

By 1809 the full parade uniform with gold lace to the breast had been reserved for royal

occasions only and was not brought into service again until 1815, the undress white coat being worn for most occasions.


All General Officers wore the traditional scarlet breeches, initially with high-cuffed riding

boots with brass spurs, and after 1805 with black leather knee-boots. In 1812 gold lace Hungarian knots were added to the thighs of the breeches for Generals of Cavalry, and a 2cm wide stripe of gold lace to the outer seam. Light-blue-grey breeches could be worn with the campaign dress coat or light grey overall trousers with a single row of gilt buttons on the outer seam.

Greatcoats were of the cavalry pattern and were dark grey with Swedish collars and cuffs of

scarlet with gold lace trim and gilt buttons.

The waist-sash was as for the line officers but was 'Kaiser-gelb', an almost metallic gold silk

with black thread worked through.

2.5.1.4 Equipment

The waist-belt was wide and covered with gold lace with four black stripes worked through

the length, and a large silver buckle-plate embossed with the Imperial Eagle picked out in gold. The belt could be worn over or beneath the sash and supported a straight epée on double slings of gold with a single black stripe. Scabbards were brown leather with gilt fittings and the sword had a gilt hilt with sabre-strap as for the sash. The Generals of Cavalry carried the curved light cavalry sabre.


The shabraques were scarlet with pointed rear and round front corners, and the Royal

Cypher in the rear corner in gold. The edge of the shabraque was trimmed with gold lace; two wide wavy bands with a half-width band at the outer edge and scarlet welts between for the Feldmarschal, two wide straight bands for the full General, a wide band with a narrow band either side for the Feldmarschalleutnant and a single wide band for the Generalmajor. From 1805 the Cypher appeared in both the front and rear corners although this would seem to have been adopted by some officers prior to that date.

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2.5.2 Hungarian General Officers of Cavalry

2.5.2.1 Headgear

The General Officers of the Hungarian light cavalry, the Hussars, wore a brown fur colpack

with scarlet flamme, or bag, with gold piping at the edges and gold tassel. A tall white feather plume was fitted to the left side of the cap with a gilt socket and cords and flounders were mixed scarlet and gold. Chin-scales were gilt and fitted with bosses inside the cap. For undress campaign uniform, the hussar-style bell-topped shako was worn with black and gold cockade, gold cockade-strap and gold-and-black semi-spherical pompon surmounted by a tall green plume. Cords and flounders were gold and the upper edge of the shako, and the rear cuff, were trimmed with double bands of the Generals' lace.

2.5.2.2 Dolman

The hussar-style dolman was scarlet with twenty rows of gold braid on the breast and five

rows of gilt buttons. The collar and pointed cuffs were scarlet with gold lace edging of Generals' pattern, the cuffs having a large Hungarian knot at the point, and the base and seams of the coat were trimmed with gold lace. The campaign uniform dolman was as above but was light-blue-grey with gold braid and lace.

2.5.2.3 Pelz

The pelz was white with gold braid and lace and red fox fur trim; the lining was gold silk.

The campaign dress pelz was light-blue-grey with gold braid and lace.


Full dress breeches were scarlet with a large gold lace Hungarian knot on the thighs enclosed

within a large gold lace spearhead. The outer seams were decorated with a wide gold stripe piped either side with a line of gold piping with a scarlet welt between. Boots were of the shaped hussar pattern with gold lace trim and tassels. For campaign dress, the breeches were as above but in light-blue-grey or, alternatively, tight fitting grey overall trousers were worn with a single row of gilt buttons on the seam. The barrel-sash was gold silk worked through with black thread.

2.5.2.5 Equipment

Waist-belts were covered with gold lace with a double black stripe and were of the narrow

hussar pattern and supported the light cavalry sabre with gilded hilt and black leather scabbard with gilt fittings. Sabre-straps were as for the other General Officers. The sabretache was scarlet with wide gold lace edging and Cypher. For campaign, plain black leather belting was worn.


Shabraques were scarlet and of the light cavalry pattern with long, pointed rear corners, and

were trimmed with a double width of gold lace. The Royal Cypher appeared in both the front and rear corners. All harnessing was in black or scarlet leather with gilt fittings.

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2.5.3 General-Adjutants and Flügel-Adjutants

2.5.3.1 Headgear

The headwear was initially the tricorn hat as worn by the General Officers with gold

cockade-strap and black silk bow-cockade surmounted by the Generals'-pattern green feather plume. From about 1805 the schiffhut was worn with gold cockade-strap and green plume.

General-Adjutant

Flügel-Adjutant

2.5.3.2 Coats

The coats were of the Infantry officers' pattern and dark green. Prior to 1805 it had poppy-

red facings to the collar, cuffs and turnbacks and pockets were plain coat colour. Buttons were gilt for General-Adjutants and silver-plated for Flügel-Adjutants. Cuffs were edged at the upper and trailing edge with narrow gold trim. From 1805 the new pattern officers' coat was worn and turnbacks became poppy-red although the pockets remained unpiped.


Breeches were white and worn with black leather knee-boots, and from 1806 grey overall

trousers, as worn by the General Officers, were issued for parade, with white metal or brass buttons on the outer seams. The normal officers' pattern sash was worn over the left shoulder to denote the adjutants' status.

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2.5.3.4 Equipment

Waist-belts were of a similar pattern to those of the General Officers and were gold with

three narrow black lines through the length and a gilt buckle plate embossed with the Imperial Eagle motif. The General-Adjutant carried the Infantry-pattern epée and the Flügel-Adjutant the curved light cavalry sabre. Both had gilded hilts and black leather scabbards with gilt fittings; sabre-straps were as the sash.


Shabraques were scarlet and of the same pattern used by the heavy cavalry with the Royal

Cypher in the rear corners in gold. The edges were trimmed with a 2cm band of gold lace and a 2cm band of black piped gold, reading from the outside inwards, with a narrow scarlet band at the extreme outer edge.

2.5.4 General-Quartiermeister-Stabs

2.5.4.1 Headgear

The General Staff officers wore the same pattern tricorn hat or schiffhut as the General-

Adjutants with green plume and lace edging of gold according to rank.

2.5.4.2 Coat

The coats were of infantry pattern and were dark green with black facings on the collar and

cuffs and gilt buttons. After 1805, with the issue of the new coat, black facings were added to the turnbacks. Frockcoats were as for the officers of infantry and were dark green with black collar and cuffs and gilded buttons.


Breeches and overalls were is for the General-Adjutant and waist-sashes were as for the

officers of infantry.

2.5.4.4 Equipment

Waist-belts were as for the Infantry officers but of black leather and supported the light

cavalry pattern sabre with gilt hilt and black leather scabbard with gilded fittings. Sabre-straps were as for the sash.


Shabraques were as for the General-Adjutants.

2.5.5 Stabs-Truppen

Uniforms were identical to those of the line Infantry and Dragoons, the former wearing the

1798 pattern helmet until 1814, except that coats were dark blue with scarlet facings and brass

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buttons. All equipment and other details were as for the line Infantry and Dragoons respectively.

2.6 Landwehr and Freiwilligen Battalions of 1809

2.6.1 Niederösterreich Landwehr Bataillonen

The province of Lower Austria provided some 19 battallons which were amongst the best

uniformed and equipped of the Landwehr units. All battalions wore the black felt corsehut as issued to the jägers with oval brass plate at the front of the crown embossed with the battalion number and the usual oak-sprig worn at the upper edge of the turned-up left side of the brim. Coats were of the 1806 infantry pattern and dark grey but with double turnbacks instead of the usual straight inner edges to the tails. Cuffs were of the squared, German pattern and all buttons were white metal. The upright collar was of coat colour with a red patch at both leading edges with a single small button. Cuffs, turnbacks and piping were all red, and shoulder-straps dark grey with red piping. Although these tunics would appear to have been issued to some other companies, only the 1st Battalion was fully uniformed thus; the 2nd and subsequent Battalions mostly wearing a dark grey frock coat closed with ten white metal buttons with the red collar patch as above, and dark grey cuffs piped with the distinctive.

Niederösterosterreich Landwehr, 1st Battalion

Breeches, for the most part, would appear to have been white and worn with black gaiters

with cloth-covered buttons. However, Knotel shows those of the 1st Battalion to have been dark grey to match the tunics. All equipment was identical to that carried by the line infantry except that all belting was black leather and the schützen, or jäger, company of each battalion was equipped as for the line jägers.

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Officers' and N.C.O.s' distinctions were as for the line. Officers wore the bicorn hat with

national cockade and gold cockade strap, the officers' pattern coat of dark grey with facings as for the men, and dark grey breeches with a wide red stripe on the outer seam. Officers of the Landwehr did not wear the sash.

Drummers wore the same basic uniform as the men with white tape edging to the brim of

the corsehut and drooping red feather plume. The coat was decorated with red swallows-nest epaulettes with white lace trim and floral motif and white lace trim to the upper, base and leading edges of the collar, and upper and trailing edges of the cuffs. Knotel shows a drummer of the 1st Battalion additionally with three diagonal white stripes above the cuffs, however, he also shows the cuffs as pointed for which no firm evidence exists. Drums were brass with the rims painted either black with red edging on the outer edge and white on the inner or alternate diagonal black and white stripes edged red. The drum-major of the 1st Battalion is shown wearing a corsehut with white tape trim, brass plate, and tall red-over-white plume with mixed red-and-white feather cluster at the base. The frock coat was dark grey with red collar and cuffs edged with white lace, red swallows-nest epaulettes with white lace trim and decorations and mixed red-and-white braids on the breast and sleeves. The drum-major's sash was red with white edging and a large brass oval stick plate was on the breast. Musicians of the band are shown with similar uniforms with red horsehair, drooping plume and no braid on the sleeves.

2.6.2 Oberösterreich Landwehr Bataillonen

The Upper Austrian province was planned to provide 15 battalions, however this was never

realised and the units were never fully mobilised. Uniforms followed the pattern above with corsehut and dark grey frock coat with red facings on collar and cuffs.

2.6.3 Steirische Landwehr Bataillonen

Of the Inner Austrian landwehr, the largest contingent, some l3 battalions, were provided by

Styria. The battalions were generally well uniformed and equipped wearing the corsehut with green within white cockade on the left, upturned side of the brim.

Coats were of the 1806 infantry pattern and dark green with a double row of white metal

buttons on the breast. Collars, square-cut cuffs, turnbacks and piping to the straight inner edges of the tails were white, and all buttons were white metal. Most battalions would in fact seem to have taken the field in dark green frock coats with a single row of buttons and these are shown with both collar and cuffs faced white, collar only faced and without any facings on either.

Breeches were light grey and worn with black gaiters. The 1st Battalion had white lace

Hungarian knots on the thighs and a wide white stripe on the outer seam.

All equipment was as for the line infantry with belting of whitened leather for the 1st

Battalion and black for others. Officers wore the coat similar to that worn by those of the line infantry but double-breasted with two rows of silvered buttons, of dark green with white collar and cuffs and dark green turnbacks. As with several of the landwehr units, the officers adopted the German style rank insignia wearing bars of horizontal lace on the collar:

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Steirische Landwehr

Landwehr Rank Insignia

Colonel Three wide bars of silver lace

Lt. Colonel Two wide bars of silver lace

Major One wide bar of silver lace

Captain Three bars of narrow silver lace

Oberleutnant Two bars of narrow silver lace

Unterleutnant Single bar of narrow silver lace

Breeches were light grey with silver lace Hungarian knots and stripe. N.C.O.s were

distinguished as the line. Drummers had the usual distinctions and a drummer of the 2nd Battalion is shown wearing the single-breasted tunic, as for the line infantry, of dark green with white collar, cuffs and turnbacks, no swallows-nests. Drums were brass with the rims decorated with alternate triangles of green and white the white sections facing inwards.

2.6.4 Krainische Landwehr Bataillonen

The Krain region supplied 10 battalions to the Inner Austrian contingent, although there is

some doubt as to whether all were mobilised. As previously the corsehut was worn, apparently without decoration, and frock coats were green with light blue collar and cuffs. Breeches were grey and all belting white. Other details are unknown.

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Krainische Landwehr

2.6.5 Kärntener Landwehr Bataillonen

The five battalions raised in Carinthia were uniformed much as the Styrian units with dark

green coats or frock coats with red collar, cuffs and piping to the turnbacks and white metal buttons. Breeches were grey and worn with black gaiters and the corsehut was without decoration. All belting was black leather and as for the line infantry. Officers wore a schiffhut with gold lace trim and red within green cockade with gold cockade-strap. Coats were long-tailed and double-breasted with two rows of buttons, and collars, cuffs and piping to turnbacks and pockets were red. Rank insignia as for the Styrian officers in silver lace was worn on the collar.

Kärntener Landwehr

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2.6.6 Salzburger Landwehr Bataillonen

The four battalions raised in the Salzburg region were designated the Inner Austria

Freicorps, of which battalions 1, 2 and 4 were equipped as infantry and the 2nd Battalion, the 'Salzburger-jäger' were jägers. Uniforms consisted of the corsehut without decoration and frock coats of dark green, although some companies would appear to have worn brown, with collar, cuffs and shoulder strap piping yellow and all buttons white metal. Breeches were grey and worn with either black gaiters or black leather knee boots, the Jäger Battalion certainly seems to have worn the latter. All belting was black leather and equipment as for the line infantry or jägers. Officers wore the schiffhut and the officers' pattern coat of dark green with yellow facings and breeches were light grey, often with a yellow stripe on the outer seam.

Mountain Battalion of the Salzburger Landwehr

Salzburger Landwehr

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2.6.7 Legion Erzherzog Karl

The six battalions were raised in Bohemia and each consisted of four normal companies

armed with the musket and two jäger companies. The First Battalion, raised from students of the Prague University, wore the bicorn hat with national cockade and red-over-white plume, the jäger companies and the normal companies wearing the corsehut with yellow-and-black pompon. Coats were tobacco brown with scarlet collar, cuffs and turnbacks and piping and decorated with scarlet braid on the breast. Breeches were sky-blue and worn with black leather knee boots. All belting was black leather and as for the line infantry or jägers. Officers wore the schiffhut and coats of infantry officer pattern with facings and decoration as for the men. The officers of this Legion were permitted to wear the waist-sash.

2.6.8 Bohemische Landwehr Bataillonen

The Bohemian Landwehr were uniformed almost identically to the Archduke Charles Legion

although some companies are shown wearing a form of top hat, with curled brim and pompon on the crown, in place of the corsehut.

2.6.9 Mährische Landwehr Bataillonen

The Moravian Freibattallon was formed from two landwehr battalions and consisted of four

companies of fusiliers and two companies of jägers. The unit was uniformed similar to the above with corsehut with short dark green plume for the jägers, brown infantry pattern tunics with red facings and white buttons and sky-blue breeches and black leather knee boots. Belting was black leather and equipment followed the line infantry and jäger patterns.

Mährische Landwehr and Freikorps

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2.6.10 Mahrische-Schlesische Landwehr Bataillonen

Two battalions raised from the Silesian region formed the Mahrische-Schlesische Freikorps.

The headgear was a black top hat with curled brim decorated with a pierced brass plate at the front and the yellow-and-black pompon, surmounted by the usual oak sprig. Dark brown frock coats with red collar patches and cuffs and brass buttons were worn, and either white breeches with black gaiters or white overall trousers. Belting was black leather and all equipment was as for the line infantry fusiliers.

Mahrische-Schlesische Landwehr

2.6.11 Prager Burgerlisches Landwehr Bataillonen

Three battalions were raised in Prague, a normal battalion, a schafschützen battalion, and a

grenadiere battalion. Details of the uniforms of the grenadier battalion are unknown; however, the normal battalion wore a black felt shako with yellow-and-black pompon and a scarlet band around the upper edge. Black leather peak and chin-strap but no rear visor. Coats were dark brown frock coats with grass green collar and cuffs and piping to the edges and white metal buttons. Breeches were white and worn with black gaiters and all equipment was black leather and as for the line fusiliers. The jäger battalion wore the corsehut and the infantry pattern tunic of dark brown with grass green facings and equipment was as for the regular jäger battalions. There was also a single squadron of cavalry formed of about 60 men but details of dress are not known.

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Prague Bohemian Landwehr

2.6.12 Weiner Freiwilligen Bataillonen

The Vienna Freiwilligen Bataillonen numbered six normal battalions each of six companies

with an additional jäger company. All battalions wore the black corsehut with oval brass plate embossed with the battalion number. A dark grey frock coat was worn by all companies with scarlet facings on collar and cuffs and buttons were white metal. Breeches were white and worn with black gaiters, or black leather boots for the jägers, and all equipment was black leather, the normal companies being armed with the grenadier-pattern sabre-briquet. Jäger equipment was as for the line jägers. Officers wore the schiffhut with usual distinctions and the officers' style coat of dark grey with scarlet facings and silvered buttons.

2.7 The Hungarian and Croatian Insurrection

2.7.1 Infantry

The Hungarian Insurrection Infantry battalions wore a shako of similar style to that worn by

the Grenz Infantry of black felt with black leather peak and chin-strap, the only decoration being the yellow-and-black pompon worn at the front.

Tunics were light-blue-grey with very short tails and cut square at the waist with three rows

of white metal buttons on the breast decorated with galons of white braid, giving the appearance of a hussar-style dolman. The collar was high and upright and trimmed at the upper, base and leading edges with white piping and the cuffs were pointed and piped white, as were the short turnbacks. The collar, cuffs and turnbacks would for the most part appear to have been of coat colour, however, some units would appear to have worn coloured facings, coats with green, red and blue facings being shown. Breeches were light-

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blue-grey and were decorated with white lace Hungarian knots or spearheads on the thighs and a narrow stripe of white piping on the outer seam and were worn with black knee boots with pointed shaped tops.

Equipment was as for

the line regiments with all belting and straps natural brown leather with brass buckles and fittings.

Officers wore the

same pattern shako as the men with the usual gold lace bands to the upper edge and yellow-and-black pompon. Coats followed the style worn by the other ranks and were light-blue-grey with silver braiding and piping to the collar and cuffs and breeches had large decorative knots on the thighs and a wide stripe of silver lace. A yellow-and-black Hussar-style barrel sash was worn at the waist and belting was black leather and the curved sabre was carried by all officers. Boots had shaped tops and were trimmed with silver lace.

Drummers would appear to have worn the same distinctions as those of the line infantry

regiments.

2.7.2 Cavalry

The sixteen Hussar regiments of the Hungarian Insurrection were dressed in a manner very

similar to the Infantry, the uniform following the pattern of the line hussars. Shakos were of the bell-topped pattern and varied in colour for each regiment: black, red and green shakos being shown. The upper edge of the cap was trimmed with black leather and yellow-and-black mixed cords and flounders were worn and the front of the shako was decorated with the usual semi-spherical yellow-and-black pompon. The dolman and pelz were light-blue-grey, the latter trimmed with black fur, and all braid on the breast and piping to the collar and pointed cuffs was white and buttons were white metal. Collar and cuffs were coat colour and the breeches were light-blue-grey with white Hungarian knots on the thighs and a white stripe on the outer seam and were worn with boots with shaped tops trimmed with white lace and tassels. A yellow-and-black barrel sash was worn at the waist and all equipment was as for the line hussars but was brown leather. Shabraques had pointed rear and round front corners and were black sheepskin with scarlet cloth edging.

Officers wore the same basic uniforms as the men with the usual gold lace trim to the shako

and a tall, drooping horsehair plume of black with yellow base quarter and gold cords and flounders. Dolman, pelz and breeches were as for the men with all braid and lace silver and

Hungarian Insurrection Troops

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belting was red leather. Shabraques were as for the other ranks with gold lace edging to the cloth edge.

Light Dragoon

Light Dragoons on foot

2.8 The Deutschen-Legione 1813-14

2.8.1 Infantry

2.8.1.1 Headgear

Headwear was the Landwehr-pattern corsehut without front plate and with the semi-

spherical black-and-yellow pompon at the front of the crown. The tall drooping black horsehair plume was fitted into a white metal socket attached to the inside of the left brim side.

2.8.1.2 Coats

The tunic was the infantry-pattern uniformrock of sky-blue with collar, cuffs, turnbacks and

piping yellow and shoulder-straps sky-blue piped yellow. All buttons were of white metal.

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Breeches were white and worn with black knee-length gaiters. During the 1813 campaign the

troops are shown wearing white linen overall trousers.

2.8.1.4 Equipment

All equipment was as for the line infantry.


Officers' and N.C.O.s' distinctions were as for the rest of the army, however, officers did not

wear the sash and the plume was white.

2.8.1.6 Musicians

(No information at present.)

2.8.2 Cavalry

These units retained their old uniforms with new Austrian-style shakos.

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Part 3 – Flags

3.1 Infantry Flags

Three basic patterns of flags were issued to the infantry regiments during the Napoleonic

period, the 1792 model, the 1804 model and the 1806 model. All were of very similar design, however, the issue of the new flags did not always mean that older patterns were withdrawn and therefore regiments could often have two or more models in service at any given time. With the exception of the Leibfahne, which was usually embroidered, the flags were hand-painted on silk and therefore, although of a basic design to the year of issue, varied slightly individually and many of the 1792 patterns had the 'FII' Cypher altered to 'FI' in 1804.

Prior to 1806 one Leibfahne and one Ordinarfahne were issued to the grenadier division of

each regiment and one Ordinarfahne to each battalion. After 1806 the Leibfahne was carried by the 1st Battalion, although many grenadier divisions would have appeared to continue to carry the Leibfahne as late as 1810 despite regulations stated that no flags should be carried.

The National-Grenz Regiments were issued with one Leibfahne, carried by the 1st Battalion

and one Ordinarfahne for each battalion. However these were lodged with the depot battalions and were never carried in the field.

The Leibfahne was basically of the same pattern for all periods, white with flamed border,

the inward-pointing flames being alternate white and yellow and the outward-pointing flames red and black. The obverse bore the Madonna figure usually with blue cloak and white robe on a pale blue field that shaded to darker blue or brown towards the base; the whole enclosed within a silver or gold scrolled frame. The feet of the figure rested on a blue globe with silver crescent moon and serpent of either scarlet, black or green. The head of the figure was encircled by a halo of gold stars. Other Leibfahnes, probably dating from the reign of Maria Theresa, are shown with the Madonna holding the Infant and backed by a gold or silver sunburst. The reverse of the flag showed the Imperial Eagle and coats-of-arms as for the Ordinarfahne on a white field; however, some models had the Madonna motif on both sides.

Ordinarfahne 1806

The 1792 pattern Ordinarfahne measured approximately 165 x 135 cm and had a field of

deep yellow. The flame edging was as for the Leibfahne and both the obverse and reverse

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motifs were the same. The double-headed eagle was black with gold beaks, talons and halos and scarlet tongues, and was surmounted by the Imperial Crown of gold with scarlet lining and a ribbon of either scarlet or royal blue edged gold. The orb and sceptre were gold and the sword silver with a gold hilt. In 1804 the 'FII' Cypher was changed to 'FI' and in some cases the gold lettering was completely painted out. The twin crowns surmounting the coats-of-arms were gold and the medallion chain gold inset with rubies, with the ribbon below the shield red and white supporting a gold and black order. The colours of the individual coats-of-arms were as follows:

Upper Left: Scarlet with white cross and bars. Upper Centre: Scarlet with gold motifs. Upper

Right: Scarlet with white lion. 2nd Left: Red edging with yellow and blue diagonals. Centre: Gold coronet above, red and white horizontal bars, yellow field with red diagonal and white eagles. 2nd Right: Yellow field with scarlet roundels. 3rd Left: Upper blue with black eagle, red horizontal, yellow field with red stars. Centre: White field with green serpent. 3rd Right: White field, scarlet cross and black eagles. Lower Left: Yellow field and red lion. Centre: Yellow field black lion. Lower Right: White field red eagle.

The 1804 pattern flag was of similar design with the 'Holy' Crown replacing the Imperial

Crown above the eagle, and the gold Imperial Crown resting on the central shield, which was gold with black eagle with gold crowns, beaks and talons, with red-and-white shield on the breast. The medallion chain was gold and the ribbon red and white with gold and black order. The minor coats-of-arms were as follows:

Upper Left: Red with white cross and bars. 2nd Left: Royal blue with gold crowns and light-

blue-and-red dicing. 3rd Left: Blue with yellow lion. 4th Left: Blue with black eagle and yellow with scarlet stars and bars. Lower Left: Blue with white eagle on left, yellow with black eagle on right. Upper Right: Red with gold lion. 2nd Right: Blue with red horizontal bar, black raven and silver crowns. 3rd Right: Yellow with black leopard, red and white bars. 4th Right: Blue with red leopard, yellow with black eagles, red and white bars. Lower Right: Yellow with black leopards, red and white bars, blue with white lion.

Liebfahne (obverse) 1792

In 1806 the new pattern Ordinarfahne was issued with the Royal Crown in gold with scarlet

lining and scarlet ribbons edged with gold. The two small crowns on the eagle's heads were gold and the breast coat-of-arms was backed with a white cross with gold fleur-de-lis. The central coats-of-arms were yellow with scarlet lion, red and white horizontals, yellow with red diagonal and golden eagles. The outer coats-of-arms were:

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Upper Left: Red with white cross and bars. 2nd Left: Blue with scarlet horizontal bar, black

raven and silver crowns. 3rd Left: Yellow with black leopard, red and white horizontal bars. 4th Left: Blue with black eagle, red bar, yellow with red stars. Lower Left: Blue with white eagle, yellow with black eagle. Upper Right: Scarlet with gold lion. 2nd Right: Light blue with gold eagles. 3rd Right: Scarlet with white eagle. 4th Right: Blue with red leopard, yellow vertical bar with black eagles, red and white horizontals. Lower Right: Yellow with black leopards, light blue with scarlet eagle.

During the year 1806 the practice of identifying the Ordinarfahne with a small rectangle of

yellow silk sewn to an upper corner of the flag was adopted. The number of the regiment was either painted or embroidered in an abbreviated form onto the rectangle, i.e. “L.Inf Rgt. Nro. 42”. The identification square could appear in either the upper fly or hoist corner. During the period 1806-14, special cravats were introduced for presentation to the regiments for special honours. These would appear to have been of individual patterns for each regiment which was honoured in this manner and varied in colour, some being red or crimson and others yellow or yellow-and-black, although those for the Leibfahne were usually white.

Staves, or pikestaffs, were normally painted with alternate diagonal bands of black, red,

white and yellow, although some may have been of yellow-and-black only. There is some indication that those of some Leibfahnes may have been white and light blue. Finials were brass and usually leaf-shaped, embossed or pierced with the Imperial or Royal Cypher.

3.2 Cavalry Standards

The cavalry standards were almost identical to those of the Infantry but measured only 80 x

80 cm, the Leibstandarten 80 x 60 cm. One Leibstandarte was issued to the 1st Squadron of each regiment and one Eskadronestandarte to each of the other squadrons.

1806 Pattern Eskadronestandarte

The 1792 and 1804 patterns followed the same designs as the Infantry flags but the 1806

model was without the garland of coats-of-arms. As for the Infantry, the Leibstandarte was white and the Eskadronestandarte deep yellow.

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Cavalry Leibstandarte

Pikestaffs were striped with red, white, yellow and black and had a plain wooden handgrip

to which was attached a steel runner enabling the staff to be connected to the bandolier with a steel spring hook. The standard-bearers' bandolier was usually of the regimental facing colour with white lace border and decorations. Finials were as for the Infantry flags and were white metal.

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Sources Ottenfeld & Teuber Die Osterreichische Armee 1895-1904 Vienna Semek Geschichte der K und K Wehrmacht 1904-1906 Vienna Schreiber Das Kaisers Reitere 1967 Vienna Tranie & Carmigniani Napoleon et l’Autriche 1809 1979 Paris Anon Geschichte der K und K Kreigsvolker 1801 Vienna Petre Napoleon and the Archduke Charles 1901/1976 London Hoen Kreig 1809 1907-1910 Vienna Allmeyer-Beck Das Heer unter dem Doppeladler, Habsburgs Armeen 1718-

1848 1981 Vienna Knotel & Seig Handbuch der Uniformkunde Tarbox & Bowden Armies on the Danube 1980 Arlington Well Die Fahne des Osterreichische Soldaten im Wandel Schematismus der K und K Armee für das Jahr 1806 Militärschematismus der Oesterreichischen-Kaiserlichen

Armee für das Jahr 1810

The Austro-Hungarian Army 1798-1814

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Transcript of The Austro-Hungarian Army 1798-1814