The Australopithecines- Anthropology
Transcript of The Australopithecines- Anthropology
![Page 1: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Australopithecines: The Earliest Definite Hominids
![Page 2: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Origins and Classifications• In the mainland of Africa, discoveries of fossils
are the work of the paleoanthropologists just to trace the origins of man.
• Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Kenya- were the places of particular excavations and believed that man or bipedal hominids lived and walked there between 4 -3 million years ago.
• At Laetoli, Tanzania, more than 50 hardened humanlike footprints from about 3.6 million years old.
![Page 3: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Origins and Classifications
• Excavated evidences in Africa were classified as Australopithecines.
• Paleoanthropologists divided the genus australopithecus into four species.
– Australopithecus anamensis
– Australopithecus afarensis
– Australopithecus africanus
– Australopithecus boisei
– Australopithecus robustus
![Page 4: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Australopithecus Anamensis
• Discovered at the east of Lake Turkana, Kenya
• Believed to be 4.2 million years
![Page 8: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Australopithecus Afarensis
• Found in the east of Africa from 4 to 3 million years ago.
• It was depicted that the fossils of these species are clear bipeds and thus originated from Laetoli, Hadar, and Ethiopia.
• Paleoanthropologist based their classification through the appearances of their teeth, jaws, and skull are still more alike to apes.
• Believed to be the fore species of the A. africanus.
![Page 10: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Australopithecus Africanus
• Lived between 3 to 2 million years ago.
• Excavated at the caves at Sterkfontein and Makapansgat in South Africa.
• The braincase is rounded with relatively well-developed forehead.
• It was also believed that the Taung Child by Dr. Raymond Dart was so similar with this type of specie.
![Page 14: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Australopithecus boisei and robustus
• Robustus lived in East Africa and in South Africa about 2.5 to 1 million years ago.
• Classified too as paranthropus which means beside humans.
• Believed to be resided at the caves in Kromdraai and in Swartkrans, and later in the Omo basin in Ethiopia, lake in Turkana Kenya and in Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania.
![Page 18: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Australopithecus boisei and robustus
• Boisei was believed to walked around 2.5 million years ago.
• Paleoanthropologist refer boisei as descendants from the robustus and the africanus and thus, named as Australopithecus aethiopicus.
• Characterized as having extreme features with large molars, thick and deep jaws, thick cheek bones
![Page 19: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Early Species : HOMO
• They are hominids that are absolutely and relatively larger than that of the australopithecines appear about 2.5 million years ago.
• Classified in our own specie, homo, discovered in Olduvai Gorge by Louis Leakey, Phillip Tobias, and John Napier.
![Page 24: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
HOMO HABILIS
• Classified as the first specie of the homo genus.
• Apparently lived in the same place together with the robustus and boisei.
• They do have large brains and reduced molars and premolars.
![Page 25: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Homo Erectus
• They were found first in Java, China ,and Africa.
• It was believed that they moved and lived in Eastern Africa round 1.6 million years ago and about 1 million years ago in Asia.
• Recent re-dating suggest that early discoveries of H. erectus in Java maybe somewhat older dating to perhaps 1.8 million years ago.
![Page 28: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Homo Sapiens
• Scientist believed that the H. Erectus evolved to Homo Sapiens.
• Early fossils of the discoveries of the Homo Sapiens were found in Africa, Europe and Asia.
• Particular in Broken Hill mine in Zambia dating from 200,000 years ago.
• Its cranial capacity is 1200 cc.
• Low forehead, large brow ridges.
• Closely related to the Neandertals who were considered also as the modern human beings classified as Homo Sapiens Neandertalensis.
![Page 31: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Early Hominid Cultures
• Tool Traditions (2.5 million years)
• Percussion flaking
– Striking stone with another stone
• Unifacial tools
• Bifacial tools
![Page 32: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Life style
• Archaeologists believed that early hominids in Olduvai Gorge had already specific lifestyles.
• They were very particular with their stone tools.
• Tools were studied and analyzed, and then believed to be used for whittling wood into sharp-pointed sticks, dismembering animals, and slitting the hides of some animals.
![Page 33: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Early Hominid Cultures
• H. erectus used stone tools, known as Acheulian tool that was formed and discovered as stone-like hammers.
• Big –Game Eating
• Control of Fire
• Campsites
![Page 34: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: The Australopithecines- Anthropology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022415/58ef07df1a28ab9d1c8b460d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)