The Atlantic Salmon in France Overview
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Transcript of The Atlantic Salmon in France Overview
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The Atlantic Salmon in FranceOverview
Hôtel le Nouveau Monde St-Malole 3 juin 2014
31st annual meeting of NASCO
Bénédicte Valadou (with contributions from A. Richard, M.-A. Arago, M. Chanseau, V. Vauclin and V. Burgun)
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Governance of diadromous species
RHÔNE – MED :No salmon
SEINE - NORMANDIE
LOIRE
Garonne – Dordogne
BRETAGNERHIN
ADOUR
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Governance of diadromous species
Management plans of diadromous species : monitoring, fisheries, protection and restauration of fishes habitat, restocking
Prepared by local bodies, includind states representants, local authorities, fishermen, NGO, scientists…
Link with the Water Framework Directive
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overview
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25 salmon rivers :22 with a river bassin < 1000 m²
9500 adults come back per year
3 323 500 m² of productive area (parr habitats).
Brittany
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sources : BGM
natural reproduction and stocking success carried out by using electrofishing (2001-2005).
natural reproduction and stocking success carried out by using electrofishing (2006-2011).
AULNE : critical situation
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SELUNE
SEE
PRINCIPALES RIVIERES NORMANDES
ancient basement waterproof
limestone basin
50 kmsalmon rivers
Sea Trout rivers
- small rivers (from 35 to 100 km)-Geological East/West differences : temperature and size of riffles explain this distinction.
(1 - 10% salmons)
Normandie
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YERES
BRESLE
AN
DE
LLE
ARQUES
SC
IESA
AN
E
SEINE
EP
TE
EUR
E
RIS
LE
ITON
HUISNE
AVRE
TO
UQ
UE
S
SARTHE
DIVES
DU
RD
EN
T
VALMONT
ORNE
MAYENNE
SEU
LLES
VA
RE
NN
E
AURE
SELUNE
VIRE
SEE
SIENNE
TAUTE
DOUVE
SAIRE
PRINCIPALES RIVIERES NORMANDESrivers of Mont St Michel Bay form a satisfactory ring (Sienne, Sée) and metapopulation exchange with Sélune closed by two dams.
the Vire population remains low (200 to 450 adults), despite a rostored migratory route.
2 populations relocated from 15 years on the Saire and Orne (restoking in 1995), with a few hundred adults in 2013.
2 limestone rivers, Arques and Bresle remain weak with a few hundred adults
reproduction on Andelle
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Cher
Creuse
Vienne
Gartempe
Arroux
Loire
Lignon
1891-1895: ~ 50,000 salmon caught each year (net fishermen)….
Erased 1998
Erased 1998
PoutèsFish-pass 1986
Allier: 588 ± 264 (1997-2013)
Gartempe: 13 ± 16 (2001-2013)
Arroux: 2 ± 3 (2006-2013)
Maisons Rouges
St Etiennedu Vigan
Indre
Allier
Sioule
Dore
Alagnon
Loire
1/5 of France (118,000 km2)
R. Loire: 1012 km long
R. Allier: first spawning grounds 800 km from the sea
Once the longest French rivers with (wild) salmon
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one estuary - one of the biggest in Europe
24 000 km² ; mean flow : 300 m3/s200 ha PS
55 000km² ; mean flow : 600 m3/s200 ha PS
Construction and modifications of dams on the lower
parts beginning 20th salmon disappearance
Habitat : potential run of ~ 5 000 fish
~ 160 dams/weirs (50 hydroelectric powerplants) and
42 fish pass built.
3 first dams on Dordogne : 50% fish upstream / Loss ~
60% on the middle part of Garonne
Population increase from 1993 to 2002 (more than
1500 fish in 2000 - 2002)
decrease since 2003 (1 SW).
20 to 40% from natural reproduction on Dordogne ;
very few on Garonne (genetic assignment)
Garonne-Dordogne
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980 km² ; mean flow : 31 m3/s 2 500 km² ;
mean flow : 102 m3/s
2 710 km² ; mean flow : 82 m3/s
disappearance during first part of XXth century (dams) fish pass construction and stocking since the 80’s
90 ha PA
no disappearance. Management plan in the 80’s : eggs deposition target – more than 11 M (1998) ; fish pass ; stocking ; fishing regulations…
265 ha PA
4000 adults come back per year
~ 200 dams/weirs (86
hydroelectric) and
100 fish pass
65% of habitats used (G.
Pau : 1/3 fish reach good
habitats)
Adour
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Rhine river bassin : 9 country from Alpes to the North sea
•before 1920 : 250 000 salmons caught per year.
•after 1930 : Big dicrease
•from 1958 : totally dissapeear.
•2020 : salmons will come back in the rhine river
Rhine
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Fisheries
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Fishing is forbidden for a lot of rivers
Garonne and Dordogne (because of re-introduction projet)
Loire-Allier (since 1994, for risk of extinction)
Rhine (because of re-introduction project)
fishing is closed but some accidental catches (drift nets) and by-catches occur (nets, rod and line…) because fishing for other species is ongoing and gears are not selective
poaching on Mont Saint Michel Bay
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A single professional estuarine fishery
Adour 25 – 30 fishermen (~ 50 ten years ago) Captures last years : 1000 to 1200 mature salmons exploitation rate estimate : ~ 35 – 40% - more for MSW
Fishing allowed from March to July No fishing during 25% of time per week
Current discussions to reduce fishing effort
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Management Rod Fishing (TAC)
TAC MSW TAC 1SW
Bretagne 25 Rivers 484 4357
Normandie 8 Rivers 150 675
5 Rivers 15
Sée and Sélune 105 476
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Management Rod Fishing Adour
Rods : ~ 1 000 anglers
Captures last years : 200 to 300 fish – 90% of MSW
Fishing allowed from March to July (and 2 weeks in september) -
Max. 4 fish / person / year
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Habitats restoration
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Accessibility and potential habitat in Brittany
- Kernansquillec dam removal on le Léguer (1996)
- 51 dams have been removed or restored (made passable) since 2007
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Accessibility and potential habitat in Normandie
Sélune restorationCouesnon
Sée
SELUNE
baie du Mont Saint
Michel
barrage de la Roche-qui-Boit
barrage de Vezins
2 hydroelectric dam 51 m high cumulative, which obstructed the river 8 km from the dynamic tide will be removed to the end of 2018 in order to :-restore the movement of migratory fish and - enable the sustainable management of Sélune
Restoration of natural flows
On migratory rivers of Normandy, the target is to reduce the staggering rate to a maximum of 30%.
Restoration of migratory continuityFor 30 years, the linear colonized by salmon increased in Normandy more than 500 km. On the Seine, salmon reached Paris.
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River Length (km) N° of Obstacles N° of Obstacles: - difficult to pass - causing delays
Remarks
R. Gartempe 240 km 119 45 Hence the small N° of adults
R. Loire
(< confl. with Allier) 600 km 0 0 But lack of [O2] in the estuary
possible some years
R. Allier 420 km 20 5 + 10 Poutès the only big dam (H = 17 m).Will be modified in 2017 (H = 4 m)
R. Sioule
95 km 35 6 + 7 Serious troubles in the lower
section
R. Alagnon 85 km 28 8 + 10 Serious troubles in the lower section. 5 weirs very hard to pass
Accessibility and potential habitat in Loire-Allier
Allier (+ Sioule, Alagnon, Dore): a remnant population…
Ecolobiologically and genetically unique: 800 km in-river migration before the first spawning grounds 2 SW and 3 SW fish (no grilse) a genetic ‘signature’ different from all other French salmon populations & unchanged since the 70's (Perrier, 2011)
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Main actions concerning accessibility of habitats in the next few years to increase the part of natural reproduction
Construction (or improvement) of ~ 40 new fish pass (« special discussions » for the 3 first dams on Dordogne)
mortality reduction on downstream migration (actually ~ 20% for each basin) : ~ 60 bypass systems for salmon (and eel)
Accessibility and potential habitat : Adour, Garonne-Dordogne
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Nouvelle en construction MSI 2016
En service
Accessibility and potential habitat in Rhine
The main actions include :-opening locks Haringvliet the Netherlands,
-restoration of spawning grounds in tributaries partly German and
-development of fishways on hydroelectric French side
=> a total cost of several hundred million euros.
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Restocking
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Stocking on Adour-Garonne-Dordogne
For all basins : première origine exogène puis « parents sauvages » au début des années 90Adour : - Oloron + Nive 4.6 M YOY from 1983 to 2010 (stop in 2010) - Pau 6.0 M YOY from 1983 to 2013
4.8 M YOY from 2004 to 2012
Garonne – Dordogne : ~ 1 M fish par year (more 90% YOY) since ~ 15 years
Good survival in rivers : ~ 8% from YOY to smolt on Garonne. But low return rates on Dordogne and Garonne :
0.05 – 0.08% for YOY 0.2 to 1% for smolt.
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One big hatchery since 2001, dimensioned for smolt
~ 1 million fed fries/year, 80% in the Allier system
200,000 smolts/year + same N° of autumal parrs
Very low (and decreasing) average return rate of stcoked smolts at Vichy: 0.6 ‰.
All stocking may account for 80% of adult returns in the R. Allier in the last 10 years (Population Viability Model: Dauphin & Prévost, 2013)
Stocking on Loire-Allier
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Without stocking , the populationwould have persisted, at a smaller level (260 adults)
Stocking did not restore a self-sustaining population: Allier salmon still on a slippery slope
Stocking is not a solution, but no action is not a valid option either
Mortalities must be reduced (significantly) to restore a self sustaining stock: improving migration transparency should help (among other things)
(Dauphin & Prévost, 2013)
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Thank you for your attention