The Articles of Confederation vs. The Constitution Mr. Aiken FCHS Jacksonville, FL.
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Transcript of The Articles of Confederation vs. The Constitution Mr. Aiken FCHS Jacksonville, FL.
The Articles of Confederationvs.
The Constitution
Mr. Aiken
FCHS
Jacksonville, FL
Landmark English Documents
Magna Carta (1215) = first attempt to limit the power of the monarch
Petition of Right (1628) = challenged the idea of divine right - monarch was not above the law
English Bill of Rights (1689) = protection against arbitrary rule - monarch must rule with consent of Parliament
In Congress, July 4, 1776The unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America
When in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they
should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that
they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to
secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, — That whenever any
Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new
Government………….
Declaration of IndependenceJuly 4,1776
Influenced by John Locke Natural rights granted by God
Life, liberty, & the pursuit of happiness (property)
Equality of all men Principle of limited government Government by consent Right to rebel against tyranny Thomas Jefferson
Primary Author
Weaknesses of theArticles of Confederation
Confederate system w/one branch at the national level Unicameral Congress - one vote per state National Congress powerless to tax National Congress powerless to regulate foreign &
interstate trade No executive branch to enforce acts of Congress No national court to settle disputes between states Amendment: ALL 13 states had to agree - unanimous 9/13 majority to pass laws
Solutions provided by theU.S. Constitution
Federal System Bicameral Congress: (Connecticut Compromise)
Senate – States are equally represented – 2 per state House of Representatives – Based on population size
Congress given power to tax Congress given power to regulate trade Executive Branch to enforce laws Judicial Branch to interpret laws & Constitution Amendment: Proposed by 2/3 Congress
Ratified by ¾ of the state legislatures 50%+1 to pass laws
Articles of Confederation vs. the Constitution Confederate system Unicameral Congress - one
vote per state Powerless to tax Powerless to regulate foreign
& interstate trade No executive branch to
enforce acts of Congress No national court to settle
disputes between states Amendment: ALL 13 states
had to agree - unanimous 9/13 majority to pass laws
Federal System Bicameral Congress: Senate
& House of Representatives Congress given power to tax Congress given power to
regulate trade Executive Branch to enforce
laws Judicial Branch to interpret
laws & Constitution Amendment: 2/3 Congress +
¾ State Legislatures 50%+1 to pass laws
Who wrote the Constitution:
55 men experienced in politics men of wealth and
prestige (elite) most were formally
educated all were white owned property relatively young
James Madison = Primary Author “Father of the Constitution”
The Constitution (1789)Ratification - approval process:
Issues: Representation, tyranny of the majority, governmental power
Federalists (James Madison, John Jay & Alexander Hamilton)
• Representative of the people and have a measure of autonomy from the people = efficiency & competency
• Feared tyranny of the majority• Favored strong national government
Ratification of the Constitution…
Anti-Federalists (Thomas Jefferson, Robert Yates & Patrick Henry)
• feared giving too much power to the national government
• favored state power• feared aristocratic nature of governments• opposed the lack of a bill of rights
The United States of AmericaFirst President George Washington (1789-1797)
– Chairman of the Constitutional Convention
– chosen President by unanimous consent by the members of the Constitutional Convention
– opposed political parties– established tradition of serving only
two terms
First Vice President John Adams
Principles of the Constitution
Popular Sovereignty Limited Government Separation of Powers Checks and Balances Judicial Review Federalism
Popular Sovereignty
The people are the source of political authority - (power)
Government by consentRepresentative democracy (republic) “We the People of the United States…”
Limited Government
Rule of law No one is above the law - including
members of the government The government must operate within
the boundaries of the Constitution
Separation of Powers
Division of the national government into three co-equal branches
Each branch given specific responsibilities
Legislative Branch = make laws Executive Branch = enforce laws Judicial Branch = interpret laws
Checks and Balances
System designed to prevent any branch of the national government from becoming more powerful than another branch
Judicial Review
The power of the courts to decide the constitutionality of laws and acts of government
Marbury v. Madison
Federalism
The powers of government are divided between national and state levels
Results in a dual system of government Each level has some independent
powers
FEDERALISM
NATIONALGOVERNMENT
STATE GOVERNMENTS
SHAREDPOWERS
Federalism Inherent/Exclusive Powers: Powers given to the
national government because it is the only representative of the entire nation (i.e., war powers)
Delegated/Expressed Powers: Powers written in the Constitution (i.e., power to regulate trade)
Implied Powers: Powers not exactly written in the Constitution - based on the Necessary & Proper Clause
Reserved Powers: Powers of the state government / 10th Amendment (i.e., public schools, marriage laws)
Concurrent Powers: Powers shared by both the national and state levels of government (i.e., power to tax)
Layer Cake vs. Marble Cake Federalism
Dual Federalism A constitutional theory that the
national government and the state governments each have defined areas of authority, especially over commerce– Federal government has very
limited delegate powers– States Rights- states have vast
reserved powers not delegated to the federal government
– Each entity is sovereign within its own powers
Powers of one can’t encroach on the other
Article 10-US Const– Reserved Clause
Cooperative Federalism Theory of federalism in which
federal, state, and local governments interact cooperatively and collectively to solve common problems rather than making policies separately.
– Overlapping state and federal functions
Most federal and state functions are cooperatively undertaken (highways, schools, hospitals)
Feds and states have shared powers (police, taxes)
Fragmented centers of political power
Article VI- the supremacy clause- the Constitution specifically subordinates state law to federal law
Necessary & Proper Clause Article I, Section 8, Clause 18 Basis for the implied powers given to
Congress Must be tied to an expressed power Known as the Elastic Clause “To make all laws which shall be
necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers…”
Supremacy Clause
Article VI, Section 2 The Constitution and treaties of the United
States are “the supreme law of the land” U.S. Constitution
– Acts of Congress & Treaties
– State Constitutions
– State Statutes (laws)
– City & County Charters & Ordinances (laws)
U.S. Supreme Court = highest court
Full Faith & Credit Clause Each state had to give “full faith and credit” to
the official acts of all other states.
Privileges & Immunities Clause Citizens of any state were guaranteed the “privileges and immunities” of every other state, as though they were citizens of that state
Article IV: Provision for reciprocity among states and among citizens of all states:
Commerce Clause
The Congress shall have power . . . To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes; – Gibbons v Ogden
Can a state regulate interstate?
Which one of the steamboats is correct?
Connecticut Compromise
Compromise between New Jersey and Virginia Plans
Bicameral Congress – two chambers House of Representatives – states are
represented according to the size of their population
Senate – equal representation – each state receives two seats
Three-Fifths Compromise
In Slave-owning states– Every five slaves would be counted as
three people for the purposes of counting population size for representation in the U.S. House of Representatives and for purposes of taxation
Bill of Rights1st Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, Petition
2nd Right to Keep and Bear Arms
3rd Quartering of Soldiers
4th Security from Unwarrantable Search & Seizure
5th Rights of Accused Persons in Criminal Proceedings
6th Right to Speedy Trial, Witnesses, Trial by Jury in
Criminal Cases
7th Trial by Jury in Civil Cases
8th Ban Excessive Bail, Fines, and Cruel & Unusual Punishment
9th Unenumerated Rights of the People
10th Reserved State Powers
Marbury v. Madison (1803) Established the doctrine of judicial review Article III - judicial powers Chief Justice John Marshall Issue of President John Adams appointing
Federalists and Thomas Jefferson’s Secretary of State James Madison refusing to deliver commissions.
– Mr. Adams, the late President of the United States, nominated the applicants to the senate for their advice and consent to be appointed justices of the peace of the District of Columbia; that the senate advised and consented to the appointments; that commissions in due form were signed by the said President appointing them justices…
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Upheld the right of implied powers based on the Necessary and Proper Clause and the Supremacy Clause
Called the “Bank of the United States” case– involved the Second Bank of the United States and the State
of Maryland
Supreme Court landmark case– unanimous decision
Chief Justice John Marshall
Grants-In-Aid
Federal funds provided to states and localities.– Typically provided for
airports, highways, education, and major welfare services
Categorical Grants Federal grants for specific purposes defined
by federal law– Requires the state or locality to “match” some part
of the federal grant– Formula Grants
States and Feds share costs of a proejct Ex. (20% fed-80% state)
– Project Grants Money given out to states and localities for a purpose Applied for by state Usually research based- universities, agencies
Block Grants
Grants of money from the federal government to states for programs in certain general areas rather than for specific kinds of programs– Money to states with few strings attached– States have broad discretionary powers to use
money as they see fit– Favored by Republicans/Conservatives– Nixon and Regan: New Federalism
More Power to the states