The ARPA-E RANGE Program-Driving Vehicle Level Performance

August 3-4, 2015

Transformative Vertical Flight Workshop

NASA Ames Research Center

Moffett Federal Airfield, CA

Aron Newman, Ph.D.newman_aron@bah.com

Booz Allen Hamilton

Support Contractor to ARPA-E

ARPA-E’s History

2007Rising Above the Gathering Storm Published

America COMPETES Act Signed

2009American Recovery & Reinvestment Act Signed

2011 2012 2013 20142010

1

37

712

1620

23

450+

ProgramsTo Date

Awards Announced

In 2007, The National Academies recommended Congress establish an

Advanced Research Projects Agency within the U.S. Department of Energy*

1

…“The new agency proposed herein [ARPA-E] is patterned after that

model [of DARPA] and would sponsor creative, out-of-the-box,

transformational, generic energy research in those areas where

industry by itself cannot or will not undertake such sponsorship,

where risks and potential payoffs are high, and where success could

provide dramatic benefits for the nation.”…

2015Anticipated

30

America COMPETES Reauthorization Signed

$400 Million

(Recovery Act)

$180 Million

(FY2011)

$275 Million

(FY2012)

$251 Million

(FY2013)

$280 Million

(FY2014)

$280 Million

(FY2015)

ARPA-E Authorizing Legislation

Goals: Ensure America’s

• Economic Security

• Energy Security

• Technological Lead in Advanced

Energy Technologies

Mission: To overcome long-term and high-risk technological barriers in the

development of energy technologies

Reduce Emissions

Improve Energy

Efficiency

Reduce Energy Imports

Means:

• Identify and promote revolutionary advances in fundamental and applied

sciences

• Translate scientific discoveries and cutting-edge inventions into technological

innovations

• Accelerate transformational technological advances in areas that industry by

itself is not likely to undertake because of technical and financial uncertainty

2

Creating New Learning Curves

3

ARPA-E Process

4

• Technical

management

• Business insight

• Follow-on strategies

• FOA

• Peer Review

• Milestones

• Size of the Prize

• Technical Opportunity

• Economic Potential

https://arpa-e-foa.energy.gov/FOA = Funding Opportunity Announcement

ARPA-E Program Directors and Tech-to-Market Advisors develop programs and

guide project teams

FOCUS programs identify R&D topics by potential to make a

significant difference in ARPA-E’s mission space.

• Size of the potential impact

• Technical opportunities for transformation

• Portfolio of projects with different approaches

Programs

OPEN programs support the development of potentially disruptive

new technologies across the full spectrum of energy applications.

• Complement focused programs

• Support innovative “one off” projects

• Provide a “snapshot” of energy R&D OPEN Solicitations

FOCUS Solicitations

5

Focused Program Portfolio

6

RANGE:

Robust Affordable Next Generation EV-

Storage

RANGE Program by Ping Liu – ARPA-E Program

Director

7

Motivation: EVs Competitive with ICE Vehicles

in Cost and Range

8

Battery cost reduction is critical to reduce costs of EVs

A System Perspective to EV Battery Cost Reduction

$battery/mile

=($battery-cell*pack-overhead)/kWh x kWh/mile

Vehicle battery cost per mile of range:

Cost Performance

Abuse toleranceWeight

Battery +

rest of

vehicle

The Lithium Ion Path Towards a Low Cost EV

10

$0.00

$100.00

$200.00

$300.00

$400.00

$500.00

$600.00

0 50 100 150 200 250

Max a

llo

wab

le $

/kW

h

Energy density (Wh/Kg)

Constant $/mi thresholds for DOE scenario AEVs

156$/e-mile

393$/e-mile

Thanks to input from J. Ward

Lithium-ion approach

• Higher cell specific

energy to reduce

$battery-cell

• Higher cell energy

also reduces battery

weight and kWh/mile

Paths towards a robust, low cost EV

11

$0.00

$100.00

$200.00

$300.00

$400.00

$500.00

$600.00

0 50 100 150 200 250

Maxallo

wab

le$/kWh

Wh/Kg

Constant$/mithresholdsforDOEscenarioAEVs

RANGE Program Goal

Aqueous

chemistry

Multifunctional

design

Ceramic

chemistry

Cost

reduction

Robust system

architecture

156$/e-mile

393$/e-mile

Energy Density

Vision of an Alternative Path to a Low-Cost EV

12

Li Ion Battery

Pack protection/control overhead

Vehicle protection/control overhead

Multifunctional, Robust Battery

Total protection/control overhead

Rest of vehicle Rest of vehicle

RANGE explores low-cost battery chemistries without

added vehicle weight

Future Lithium-ion EV RANGE EV

RANGE Explores Whitespace in EV Battery Research

13

Energy Density of Battery Chemistry/Cell

En

erg

y D

ensi

ty o

f th

e B

atte

ry S

yste

m

System GoalMulti-functionaldesign

Robust chemistry/architecture

innovationCurrent robust

chemistry/architecture

RANGE ApproachSystem/cell constant = 1

Technical Approach Example: Ceramatec

14

New New solvent additive

Development of non-porous planar Li Super Ionic Conducting (LiSICON)ceramic membrane with high conductivity.

Sulfur-CNT composite cathode

0 500 1000 1500 20001.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

C/2 C/5

Cell

volta

ge

(V

)

Capacity (mAh g-1

)

C/10

C/2 C/5 C/10

Cell testing, system modeling, defining customer requirements

Technical Approach Example: Cadenza

Innovation, LLC

15

X Program Target

Team: cloteam llc, Magna Steyr Battery Systems NA, Chrysler/FIAT Group

National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), and MIT

Technical Approach Example: Univ. of Md.

Demonstated cycling of high capacity lithium all solid state cell using garnet solid state electrolyte (SSE)

16

Li

SSE

Technical Approach Example: Purdue Univ.

17

Sacrificing CellsBattery Cells

GBA Scaled-down Prototype

Granular Battery Assembly

(GBA) Conceptual Sketch

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1000 1500 2000 2500

Max

imu

m Im

pac

t Fo

rce

(kN

)

Vehicle Mass (kg)

NHTSA Experiment Linear (NHTSA Experiment)

y = 0.3659x + 74.6403

Reduced by GBA or TIBA

∆𝑀𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒

A slight reduction in peak impact force

can lead to significant vehicle weight

reduction.

Technical Approach Example: ORNL

18

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)

Standard electrolyte

Shorting due to

separator failure

SAFIRE electrolyte

No shorts upon impact!

Technical Approach Example: IIT/ANL

19

Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT)/Argonne National Laboratory (ANL)

NEF Battery: high energy density solid state chemistries in pumpable format

-100%

-50%

0%

50%

100%

0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0

Vo

lum

etr

ic s

tora

ge

in

cre

as

eN

EF

vs

. s

oli

d s

tate

ba

tte

ry

Energy storage capacity (kWh)

50% loading 100V stack50% loading 200V stack50% loading 400V stack

0

50

100

150

200

0 500 1000

En

erg

y s

tora

ge

ca

pa

cit

y

(kW

h)

Total battery volume (L)

Solid State Battery

NEF with 100V stack

NEF with 200V stack

NEF with 400V stack

Technical Approach Example: UCSD

20

University of California San Diego (UCSD)

RANGE Program

21

Aqueous Robust Non-aqueous

MultifunctionalSolid State

cloteam, LLC

Reduced Emission Vehicles

- Summary of ARPA-E’s Efforts

22

Lightweighting:

METALS: reduce cost and

production energy

Alternative Fuels:

MOVE: methane storage

REMOTE: methane conversion

Electrofuel: synthetic fuel

PETRO: alternative bio-fuel

REBELS: fuel cells for distributed

generation, possibly suitable for

transportation

Electrification:

BEEST: reduce battery weight and volume

AMPED: optimize the use of batteries

RANGE: robust storage to minimize vehicle

system weight and cost

HEATS: thermal storage to reduce battery use

REACT: alternative magnetic materials

Climate Control:

DELTA: personal thermal

comfort

Air travel for short-duration trips

23Grounding the Flying Car

>1,200 ft

30 mi

Shorten travel times• Average speed: >100 mph vs. average city speed ~30 mph

Reduce idling and braking

Direct routes

Potential for safer travel• In a collision of 1,500 lb car vs. 15,000 lb truck, who wins?

Move toward automation

24Grounding the Flying Car

Collision avoidance

Vehicle-to-vehicle communication

Autonomous vehicles

Boeing.com

Fly-by-Wire

Semi-autonomous

unmanned aerial vehicle

Fully autonomous aircraft

Sensing

Communication

Intelligent

Controls

‘Flying cars’ are cool…

Would they consume much more energy?

25Grounding the Flying Car

Moller M400

Terrafugia TF-X

Terrafugia Transition

Joby Aviation Monarch

Breakdown of electric vehicle losses

26Grounding the Flying Car

Inertia to

Wheels

64%

Rolling

Resistance

Aerodynamic

DragEPA city mpg ~ 105

65 mpg in heavy summer traffic

Net DC

100%

Losses

22%Accessories

4%

Powertrain

Regenerative Braking -38%

Nissan Leaf. Argonne National Laboratory

47%

Current light aircraft

27Grounding the Flying Car

Sikorsky S-333™

• MPG ~ 5

• 2,460 lbs

• 4 person

Schiebel

Camcopter® S-100 (UAV)

• MPG ~ 8

• 441 lbs

Sikorsky

Cirrus Aircraft

Cirrus SR22

• MPG ~ 16

• 3,600 lbs

• 4 person

Estimation of MPG for VTOL

28Grounding the Flying Car

CD =Cd +CL

2

p ×AR ×es

FD =1

2rSCDv

2

3,000 ft

1.2 kWh

30 mi

Key assumptions:

1100 lb aircraft ηEM = 92%

ηbattery = 97% ηprop = 80%

E =mgh

Losses from drag in cruise

Potential energy of aircraft

Estimation of MPG

29Grounding the Flying Car

36 ft

Cruise Lift over Drag (L/D)

28

Cruise power 80 kW 45 kW 28 kW 16 kW

% mgh 5% 13% 20% 35%

% weight

battery94% 38% 24% 15%

MPG 30 80 120 200

8

33 ft 22 ft

14

22 ft

3

30

Sign up for the ARPA-E newsletter at

www.arpa-e.energy.gov

ARPA-E 2016 SummitFebruary 22-24, 2016

Gaylord National Convention Center

just outside Washington, DC.

For questions about ARPA-E’s RANGE program, contact ping.liu@doe.hq.gov