The Architecture of P ‡ı in i’ s Grammar
description
Transcript of The Architecture of P ‡ı in i’ s Grammar
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The Architecture of P‡ıini’s Grammar
Paul Kiparsky
Stanford University
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P‡ıini’s Grammar
• from meaning to sound
• explicit grammar
• describes spoken Sanskrit of P‡ıini’s time (ca. 500 B.C. )
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Pre-P‡ıinian Grammar
• interpretation of Vedic texts• correct recitation of Vedic texts
Goals:
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Pre-P‡ıinian Grammar
• speech production• classification of sounds
˜ik˘‡:
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lipsteethcerebrumpalate
tongue rootthroat
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o˘Òhadanta
mÂrdhant‡lujihv‡mÂla
kaıÒha
Phonetic categories
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labialdental
retroflexpalatalvelar
stopsfricativessonorants
voicingaspirationpitchnasality
pharyngeal
Phonetic categories
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Pre-P‡ıinian Grammar
• (pseudo-)derivations of Vedic words
Nirukta (Y‡ska):
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k„kaÒ‡˛ ki¸kÁt‡˛ the K„kaÒa tribe (is so called because it is said) `what have they done’ (Nirukta 6.32)
˜‡kh‡˛ ˜aknote˛ ˜‡kh‡ `branch’ is from ˜aknoti `is able’ (ibid.)
Pre-P‡ıinian Grammar
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Pre-P‡ıinian Grammar
• Vedic sandhi rules
• convert words to connected text
Pr‡ti˜‡khyas:
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ady¢pÇtya
adyá upa-°tya
`After coming today’
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P‡ıini’s Grammar
• A˘Ò‡dhy‡y„: 4000 rules
• ¯ivasÂtras: phonological inventory
• Dh‡tup‡Òha: organized list of 2000 roots
• Gaıap‡Òha: list of 261 lists of exceptions
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P‡ıini’s Grammar
• from meaning to sound
• four levels of representation
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1. Semantic Representation
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2. Morphosyntactic Representation
Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles)
1. Semantic Representation
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2. Morphosyntactic Representation
Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles)
1. Semantic Representation
3. Morphological Representation
Morphological spellout rules
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2. Morphosyntactic Representation
Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles)
1. Semantic Representation
4. Phonological output form
Allomorphy and phonology
3. Morphological Representation
Morphological spellout rules
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2. Morphosyntactic Representation
Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles)
1. Semantic Representation
van‡d grµmam ady¢pÇtyaudaná ‡˜vapatÇnµp‡ci
Allomorphy and phonology
3. Morphological Representation
Morphological spellout rules
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2. Morphosyntactic Representation
Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles)
1. Semantic Representation
van‡d grµmam ady¢pÇtyaudaná ‡˜vapatÇnµp‡ci
Allomorphy and phonology
3. Morphological Representation
Morphological spellout rules
`When ‚˜vapata came from the forest to the village today, he cooked some rice.’
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2. Morphosyntactic Representation
Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles)
1. Semantic Representation
van‡d grµmam ady¢pÇtyaudaná ‡˜vapatÇnµp‡ci
Allomorphy and phonology
vána-�asI grµma-am adyá-�i upa-i•-Ktv‡ odaná-sUá˜va-páti-aˆ-Ú‡ á-ÙUpacA˙-Ciˆ-ta
Morphological spellout rules
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ady¢pÇtya
upa-i•-Ktv‡
`After coming today’
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Morphosyntactic representation of the subordinate clause: upa-i• `approach, reach’ (absolutive)
á˜va-páti-aˆ `descendant of A˜vapati’: agent (kartÁ) vána `forest’: source (ap‡d‡na) grµma `village’: goal (karman))
adyá `today’: temporal location (adhikaraıa, k‡le)
Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles)
1. Semantic Representation
van‡d grµmam ady¢pÇtyaudaná ‡˜vapatÇnµp‡ci
Allomorphy and phonology
vána-�asI grµma-am adyá-�i upa-i•-Ktv‡ odaná-sUá˜va-páti-aˆ-Ú‡ á-ÙUpacA˙-Ciˆ-ta
Morphological spellout rules
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Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles)
1. Semantic Representation
van‡d grµmam ady¢pÇtyaudaná ‡˜vapatÇnµp‡ci
Allomorphy and phonology
vána-�asI grµma-am adyá-�i upa-‡-i•-Ktv‡ odaná-sUá˜va-páti-aˆ-Ú‡ á-ÙUpacA˙-Ciˆ-ta
Morphological spellout rules
Morphosyntactic representation of the main clause: ÙUpacA˙-lu� `cook’: aorist tense odaná `rice’ : goal (karman) á˜va-páti-aˆ `descendant of A˜vapati’: agent (kartÁ)
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Morphosyntactic Representation
Assignment of k‡rakas (Thematic roles)
Semantic representation á˜va-páti-aˆ is the independent participant odaná `rice’ is the primary target of the cooking event grµma `village’ is the primary target of the going event vána `forest’ is the fixed point with respect to a separation adyá `today’ is the temporal locus of the event the cooking occurred previously on the present day the coming event preceded the cooking event
van‡d grµmam ady¢pÇtyaudaná ‡˜vapatÇnµp‡ci
Allomorphy and phonology
vána-�asI grµma-am adyá-�i upa-‡-i•-Ktv‡ odaná-sUá˜va-páti-aˆ-Ú‡ á-ÙUpacA˙-Ciˆ-ta
Morphological spellout rules
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Not defined in the grammar:
• phonetic categories
• meaning categories
They are presupposed by the grammar.
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Lexical semantics
• defines thematic roles, which
• provide basis of syntactic argument structure
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Meaning vs. ontology: `speaker's intention'
dhanur vidhyati / dhanu˘‡ vidhyati
`the arrow pierces' / `he pierces with an arrow'
sth‡l„ pacati / sth‡ly‡m pacati `the pot cooks' / `he cooks in a pot'
• The sentences have different meanings, but• they are compatible with the same situation.
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Directionality
• the derivation starts from meaning
• and builds up a complete interpreted sentence
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Directionality
• the mapping between levels may depend on information from earlier levels
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Directionality
• the mapping between levels may depend on information from earlier levels
• but not on information from later ones.
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2. Morphosyntactic Representation
1. Semantic Representation
4. Phonological output form
3. Morphological Representation
semantic or morphosyntactic conditions
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2. Morphosyntactic Representation
1. Semantic Representation
4. Phonological output form
3. Morphological Representation
levels 3 and 4 play no role here
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2. Morphosyntactic Representation
1. Semantic Representation
4. Phonological output form
3. Morphological Representation
morphosyntactic, morphological, or semantic conditions
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2. Morphosyntactic Representation
1. Semantic Representation
4. Phonological output form
3. Morphological Representation
level 4 plays no role here
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2. Morphosyntactic Representation
1. Semantic Representation
4. Phonological output form
3. Morphological Representation
semantic, morphosyntactic, morphological, and phonological conditions
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6.2.48 pratyabhiv‡de `˜Âdre`In a response to a respectful greeting, except to a ¯Âdra [member of the fourth caste], [the last vowel is high-pitched and extra-long]
• Phonology can be sensitive to meaning
bho µyu˘m‡n edhi devadattµ3`may you live long, Devadatta'
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áhihata˛ `killed by a snake’ (Agent) rathay‡tᲠ`traveled by cart’ (Instrument)
N-Instr + N N+N
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6.2.48 tÁt„y‡ karmaıi `If the initial member of a compound has a [deleted] instrumental case, it keeps its original accent whenthe second member is a past participle that denotes a karmaı (i.e. a passive)’
a. áhihata˛ áhi-Ú‡- han-Ktá-sU snake-Instr kill-PP-Nom
`killed by a snake’
b. rathay‡tᲠrátha-Ú‡-y‡-Ktá-sU cart-Instr- go-PP-Nom
`traveled by cart’
• Phonology can be sensitive to morphosyntax
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Directionality
• morphology and phonology allow destructive (non-monotonic) operations, e.g. deletion and replacement
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Directionality
• morphology and phonology allow destructive (non-monotonic) operations, e.g. deletion and replacement
• the others do not
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Directionality in processing
• The higher the level, the less the computation needs to know.
• The phonology needs information about all levels.
• Therefore, top-to-bottom processing of rules is most economical.
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Use vs. design of the grammar
• The design of the grammar is directional.
• Its use by the speech community was bidirectional.
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Directionality
The design of P‡ıini's grammar is determined by the linguistic givens and the principle of simplicity only.
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Rules
Format:
AGen BNom CAbl DLoc = A B in env. C__D
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Phonology
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8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom `before dh, s is deleted’
a-lav-is-dhvam alavidhvam `you cut for yourselves'
AGen BNom CAbl DLoc = A B in env. C__D
lopa = `null'
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8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom `before dh, s is deleted’
a-lav-is-dhvam alavidhvam `you cut for yourselves'
AGen BNom CAbl DLoc = A B in env. C__D
lopa = `null'
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8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom `between obstruents, s is deleted’
a-bhid-s-ta abhitta `he split'
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¯ivasÂtras: phonological classes
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1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K 3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú 6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L
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1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K 3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú 6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L
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1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú 6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L
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1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú 6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L
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1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú 6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L
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1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L
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1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L
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1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L
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1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L
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1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L
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1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L
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1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L
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1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s R14. h L
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1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s
R14. h L
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1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s
R14. h L
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If xq is followed by the marker Q, then xpQ denotes the set of elements xp, xp+1, xp+2, ... xq
lopa = `null'
Convention:
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*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
`between obstruents, s is deleted’
a-bhid-s-ta abhitta `he split'
jhal = `obstruent'pa = `null'
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1. a i u ˆ2. Á Î K 3. e o �4. ai au C5. h y v r Ú
6. l ˆ7. § m Ô ı n M8. jh bh •9. gh Ûh dh ˙10. j b g Û d ¯11. kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V 12. k p Y13. ˜ ˘ s
R14. h L
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*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
`between obstruents, s is deleted’
a-bhid-s-ta abhitta `he split'
jhal = `obstruent'lopa = `null'
AGen BNom CAbl DLoc = A B in env. C__D
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*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
`between obstruents, s is deleted’
a-bhid-s-ta abhitta `he split'
jhal = `obstruent'lopa = `null'
AGen BNom CAbl DLoc = A B in env. C__D
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Perfection
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The ¯ivasÂtras are perfect
http://www.stanford.edu/~kiparsky/Papers/siva-t.pdfhttp://user.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/~petersen/slides/ICCS05_Petersen.pdfhttp://user.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/~petersen/slides/Petersen_MOL8_2003_slides.pdf
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Blocking
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8.2.23 sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen padasyaGen
lopa˛Nom `the final segment of a consonant clusteris deleted at the end of a word’
go-m‡nt-s gom‡n
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8.2.24 r‡t sasyaGen padasyaGen lopa˛Nom `word-final s is deleted after r’
a-ts‡r-s ats‡r but a-m‡rj-s am‡rÒ (*am‡r)
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8.2.24 r‡t sasyaGen padasyaGen lopa˛Nom `word-final s is deleted after r’
Interpretation:
`word-final s is deleted only after r’
a-ts‡r-s ats‡r but a-m‡rj-s am‡rÒ (*am‡r)
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8.2.30 co˛Gen ku˛Nom jhaliLoc padasyaGen anteLoc ca`palatals (cu) are replaced by velars (ku) before an obstruent (jhal) and at the end of a word’
vac-tum vaktum
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cu = palatals, ku = velars
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Convention:
1.1.68 sva¸ rÂpa¸ ˜abdasy‡˜abdasa¸j§‡`an expression other than a technical termthat denotes a linguistic expression denotes its own form’
1.1.69 aıudit savarıasya c‡pratyaya˛`a vowel, liquid, or glide, an item marked with U, which are not suffixes, denote (their own form and) also homorganicitems’
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8.2.30 co˛Gen ku˛Nom jhaliLoc padasyaGen anteLoc ca`palatals (cu) are replaced by velars (ku) before an obstruent (jhal) and at the end of a word’
vac-tum *vagtumvac-tum *vakhtum, etc.?
So why not:
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Convention:
1.1.50 sth‡ne `ntaratama˛`in replacing, the closest’
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Dittoing
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*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛ Nom
*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛ Nom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛ Nom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopa˛ Nom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopa˛ Nom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc
lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc ku˛Nom
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*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc
lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku˛Nom
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8.1.16 padasyaGen
*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc
lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku˛Nom
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8.1.16 padasyaGen
*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu ssa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc
lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku˛Nom
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8.1.16 padasyaGen
*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc
lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku˛Nom
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8.1.16 padasyaGen
*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc
lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku˛Nom
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8.1.16 padasyaGen
*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc
lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku˛Nom
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8.1.16 padasyaGen
*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc
lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku˛Nom
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8.1.16 padasyaGen
*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc
lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku˛Nom
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8.1.16 padasyaGen
*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc
lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku˛Nom
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8.1.16 padasyaGen
*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca
lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku˛Nom
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8.1.16 padasyaGen
*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca
lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku˛Nom
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8.1.16 padasyaGen
*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopa˛Nom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca
lopa˛Nom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 co˛Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku˛Nom
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8.1.16 padasyaGen
*8.2.23 padasyaGen sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa§yogàntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopaþNom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopaþNom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopaþNom
*8.2.29 skoþGenDu sa§yogàdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca
lopaþNom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 coþGen padasyaGen anteLoc
kuþNom
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8.1.16 padasyaGen
8.2.23 sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
*8.2.24 padasyaGen sa§yogàntasyaGen r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopaþNom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopaþNom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopaþNom
*8.2.29 skoþGenDu sa§yogàdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca
lopaþNom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 coþGen padasyaGen anteLoc
kuþNom
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8.1.16 padasyaGen
8.2.23 sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
8.2.24 r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopaþNom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopaþNom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopaþNom
*8.2.29 skoþGenDu sa§yogàdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca
lopaþNom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 coþGen padasyaGen anteLoc
kuþNom
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8.1.16 padasyaGen
8.2.23 sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
8.2.24 r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopaþNom
8.2.25 dhiLoc ca sasyaGen
lopaþNom
*8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopaþNom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopaþNom
*8.2.29 skoþGenDu sa§yogàdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca
lopaþNom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 coþGen padasyaGen anteLoc
kuþNom
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8.1.16 padasyaGen
8.2.23 sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
8.2.24 r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopaþNom
8.2.25 dhiLoc ca sasyaGen
lopaþNom
8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopaþNom
*8.2.29 skoþGenDu sa§yogàdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca
lopaþNom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 coþGen padasyaGen anteLoc
kuþNom
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8.1.16 padasyaGen
8.2.23 sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
8.2.24 r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopaþNom
8.2.25 dhiLoc ca sasyaGen
lopaþNom
8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom
8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopaþNom
8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom
*8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu lopaþNom
*8.2.29 skoþGenDu sa§yogàdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca
lopaþNom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 coþGen padasyaGen anteLoc
kuþNom
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8.1.16 padasyaGen
8.2.23 sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
8.2.24 r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopaþNom
8.2.25 dhiLoc ca sasyaGen
lopaþNom
8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom
8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopaþNom
8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom
8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu anteLoc ca lopaþNom *8.2.30 co˛Gen jhaliLoc
ku˛Nom
*8.2.30 coþGen padasyaGen anteLoc
kuþNom
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8.1.16 padasyaGen
8.2.23 sa¸yog‡ntasyaGen lopa˛Nom
8.2.24 r‡tAbl sasyaGen lopaþNom
8.2.25 dhiLoc ca sasyaGen
lopaþNom
8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom
8.2.27 hrasv‡dAbl aÔg‡tAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopaþNom
8.2.28 iÒa˛Abl „ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom
8.2.29 sko˛GenDu sa¸yog‡dyorGenDu anteLoc ca lopaþNom 8.2.30 co˛Gen ku˛Nom
oþGen padasyaGen anteLoc kuþNom
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[The division of labor in morphology
• root-based derivation (kÁts) --- morphosyntax
• stem-based derivation (taddhitas) --- semantics
• compounding (sam‡sa) --- case morphology
(Joshi 2001)
Conditioning factors
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Semantics
Phonology
stem-based derivation
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Morphosyntax
Semantics
Phonology
stem-based root-based case compounds
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[The division of labor in morphology
• root derivation (kÁts) based on morphosyntax
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[The division of labor in morphology
• primary derivation (kÁts) based on morphosyntax
Derivation of upÇtya `having gone’:
sam‡nakartÁkayo˛ pÂrvak‡le `of two actions with the same agent, ktv‡ expresses the agent of the earlier action’
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[The division of labor in morphology
• stem-based derivation (taddhitas) based on semantics
á˜vapati-aˆ ‡˜vapata`descendant of A˜vapati’
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[The division of labor in morphology
• compounding (sam‡sa) based on case morphology
áhihata˛ `killed by a snake’ (Agent) rathay‡tᲠ`traveled by cart’ (Instrument)
N-Instr + N N+N
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[2]TSyntactic motivation: two kinds of case alternations
[2 Example: Accusative / Instrumental
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[2] a. ak˘‡n d„vyatidice-Acc gambles`he plays dice', `he gambles
with dice' [2]
b. ak˘air d„vyatidice-Instr gambles`he plays dice', `he gambles
with dice'
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kartÁkaraıayos tÁt„y‡ [anabhihite]Agent-Instr-Loc third-Nom`the third (triplet of case endings) expresses Agent or Instrument' [if not already expressed].
The basic expression of the Instrument role (karaıa) is instrumental case:
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karmaıi dvit„y‡ [anabhihite]karman-Loc second-Nom`the second (triplet of case endings) expresses karman (Goal/Patient)' [if not already expressed].
The basic expression of the Goal/Patient role (karman) is either accusative case, or the finite verb endings (la):
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la˛ karmaıi ca bh‡ve c‡karmakebhya˛ [kartari] [anabhihite]`the finite verb endings express karman (Goal/Patient),activity (with intransitives), and kartÁ (Agent),[if these are not already expressed].'
The basic expression of the Goal/Patient role (karman) is either accusative case, or the finite verb endings (la):
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Analysis of div+Acc as `quirky Theta-role’
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Meaning `most effective means'
Th-role Instrument Goal/Patient
Case instrumental accusative
(opt., with div `gamble')
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Meaning `most effective means'
Th-role Instrument Goal/Patient
Case instrumental accusative
(opt., with div `gamble')
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Analysis of hu+Instr as `quirky case’
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[3]a. ajyam juhoti ghee-Acc pours
`he makes an offering of (with) ghee',
`he pours ghee as an oblation’ b. ajyena juhoti ghee-Instr pours
`he makes an offering of (with) ghee',
`he pours ghee as an oblation’
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Meaning `agent’s main target’
Th-role Goal/Patient
Case instrumental accusative
(opt., with hu `pour')
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Meaning `agent’s main target’
Th-role Goal/Patient
Case instrumental accusative
(opt., with hu `pour')
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Why not the other way round?
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Meaning `most effective means'
Th-role Instrument
Case instrumental accusative
(opt., with div `gamble')
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and
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Meaning `agent’s main target’
Th-role Instrument Goal/Patient
Case instrumental accusative
(opt., with hu `pour')
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kartur „psitatama¸ karmaagent-Gen most-aimed-at-Nom karman`the primary target of the kartÁ `agent' is called karman'.
Goal/Patient role:
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s‡dhakatama¸ karaıammost-effective-Nom karaıa`the participant which is the most effective means is called karaıa’.
Instrument role:
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diva˛ karma cadiv-Gen karman and`the participant of div which is the most effective means is also called karman'.
Instrument role:
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kartÁkaraıayos tÁt„y‡ [anabhihite]Agent-Instr-Loc third-Nom`the third (triplet of case endings) expresses Agent or Instrument' [if not already expressed].
The basic expression of the Instrument role (karaıa) is instrumental case:
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karmaıi dvit„y‡ [anabhihite]karman-Loc second-Nom`the second (triplet of case endings) expresses karman (Goal/Patient)' [if not already expressed].
The basic expression of the Goal/Patient role (karman) is either accusative case, or the finite verb endings (la):
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la˛ karmaıi ca bh‡ve c‡karmakebhya˛ [kartari] [anabhihite]`the finite verb endings express karman (Goal/Patient),activity (with intransitives), and kartÁ (Agent),[if these are not already expressed].'
The basic expression of the Goal/Patient role (karman) is either accusative case, or the finite verb endings (la):
![Page 134: The Architecture of P ‡ı in i’ s Grammar](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/568143bf550346895db04a53/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
Why not the other way round?
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The wrong analysis of div+Acc as `quirky case’
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Meaning `most effective means'
Th-role Instrument
Case instrumental accusative(opt., with div`gamble')
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• two arguments
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[2] a. ak˘‡˛ d„vyante dice-Nom gamble-3Pl`dice are played'
Argument 1: passives
b. *ak˘‡n d„vyate dice-Acc gamble-3Sg `dice are played'
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[2] a. ak˘‡ı‡¸ devanam dice-Gen gambling `playing (of) dice'
Argument 2: genitive Goal/Patient (action nominals)
b. *para˜un‡¸ chedanam axes-Gen cutting `cutting with axes'
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kartÁkarmaıo˛ kÁti [˘a˘Òh„] [anabhihite]Agent-Goal-Loc kÁt-Loc`the sixth (triplet of case endings) expresses Agent or Goal/Patient in conjunction with a kÁt form[if not already expressed].'
Genitive expresses karman (and kartÁ), not karaıa:
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Another wrong analysis of div+Acc as `quirky case’
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Meaning `most effective means'
Th-role Goal/Patient
Case instrumental accusative(opt., with div`gamble')
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• four arguments
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On this analysis, div has two unrelated idiosyncratic properties:
Argument 1: loss of generalization
• quirky case
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Meaning `most effective means'
Th-role Goal/Patient
Case instrumental accusative(opt., with div`gamble')
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On this analysis, div has two unrelated idiosyncratic properties:
Argument 1: loss of generalization
• quirky case• and quirky Th-role
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Meaning `most effective means'
Th-role Goal/Patient
Case instrumental accusative(opt., with div`gamble')
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[2] a.
Argument 2: -ana nominals (LyuÚ)
a. `act of gambling’
b. `die’ (instrument for gambling)
devana-
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LyuÚ expresses Instrument, Location, Activity.
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[2] a.
a. `act of pouring an oblation’
b. `instrument for pouring’
havana- `oblation, ladle’
LyuÚ expresses Instrument, Location, Activity.
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lyuÒ ca [napu¸sake bh‡ve]`LyuÚ is also affixed to a verbal root to express process, in the neuter gender'.
karaı‡dhikaraıayo˜ ca [lyuÒ]`LyuÚ is also affixed to a verbal root to express karaıa and adhikaraıa'.
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LyuÚ does not express Goal/Patient.
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[2] a.
[2] c. *`thing poured’
a. `act of pouring an oblation’
b. `instrument for pouring’
havana- `oblation, ladle’
LyuÚ does not express Goal/Patient.
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[2] a. ak˘‡n ˜atasya d„vyati dice-Acc 100-Gen gambles `he plays dice for (a stake of) 100'
˜atasya `for 100’ is a Goal/Patient. So this would violate a general constraint whichprohibits double objects (two karman roles)
Argument 3: prohibition of two Goal/Patient roles
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[2] a.
Argument 4: -ana nominals (LyuÚ)
ak˘adevana- `dice-playing’ ak˘adyÂta- `dice-player’
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karmaıi ca [na] [˘a˘Òh„] [tatpuru˘a˛]`a word ending in genitive case that expresses a karman is not compounded into a tatpuru˘a’
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kartÁkaraıe kÁt‡ bahulam [tÁt„y‡] [tatpuru˘a˛]`a word ending in instrumental case denotingkartÁ or karaıa is compounded variouslywith a (noun ending in) kÁt into a tatpuru˘a’
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A wrong analysis of hu+Instr as `quirky role’
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Meaning `agent’s main target’
Th-role Instrument Goal/Patient
Case instrumental accusative
(opt., with hu `pour')
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• two arguments
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a. `act of pouring an oblation’
b. `instrument for pouring’ (ladle)
havana- `oblation, ladle’
c. *`thing poured’ (ghee)
Argument 1: deverbal nouns
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lyuÒ ca [napu¸sake bh‡ve]`LyuÚ is also affixed to a verbal root to express process, in the neuter gender'.
karaı‡dhikaraıayo˜ ca [lyuÒ]`LyuÚ is also affixed to a verbal root to express karaıa and adhikaraıa'.
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[2] a.*d‡treıa para˜un‡ chinatti sickle-Instr axe-Instrcut-3Sg`he cuts with a sickle with an axe'
Argument 2: prohibition of two Instruments
b. *sruc‡ ajyena juhvati spoon-Acc ghee-Instr pour-3Sg `he pours ghee with a spoon'
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Neutralization Optionality
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• The structure of the grammar emerges from the language itself,
• plus the principle of simplicity.
Does P‡ıini have a "theory of grammar"?
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Simplicity
• not a “theory of grammar”
• motivated by simplicity
The four levels of representation:
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Simplicity
• conventions• formation of technical terms• wording of rules• grouping of rules
Dictates all analytic decisions: