The Archaeology of the Mantle Site (AlGt-334)

A Report on the Stage 3-4 Salvage Excavation of the Mantle Site (AlGt-334)

Part of Lot 33, Concession 9, Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville,

Regional Municipality of York, Ontario

December 2012

The Archaeology of the Mantle Site (AlGt-334)

A Report on the Stage 3-4 Salvage Excavation of the Mantle Site (AlGt-334)

Part of Lot 33, Concession 9, Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville,

Regional Municipality of York, Ontario

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Archaeological Services Inc. was contracted by Lebovic Enterprises of Stouffville, Ontario to conduct a Stage 3-4 excavation of the Mantle site (AlGt-334), located within part of Lot 33, Concession 9, Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville, Regional Municipality of York, Ontario. The Stage 3 excavations were conducted in 2003-2004, and involved the pedestrian survey of the Lebovic Enterprises lands, the controlled surface collections of the artifacts encountered and the excavation and hand-screening of 58 one metre square plough zone test units in addition to a series of one metre square test units excavated within the three middens. This work was conducted under the project direction of Mr. Martin Cooper and Dr. Ronald Williamson, and under the field direction of Mr. Andrew Clish (2003-2005). The Stage 4 excavation was conducted under the project management of Dr. Ronald Williamson and the field direction of Mr. Andrew Clish in 2004 and 2005. The Stage 4 archaeological mitigation of the Mantle site (AlGt-334) involved the removal of approximately 4.5 hectares of topsoil by mechanical means revealing a settlement pattern consisting of 98 longhouses and five discrete exterior activity areas including an east-central “plaza” area that appears to have been used in the early phase of the site. At least three distinct multi-row palisades were encountered, with a trench midden running parallel to the palisade. One midden and two midden-like concentrations were identified and hand-excavated in one metre square units to sterile subsoil. A total of 1,415 subsurface cultural features was recorded, both within and exterior to the house structures. A total of 104,432 precontact artifacts were recovered from the 2003-2005 Stage 3-4 salvage excavation of the site, consisting of ceramics, flaked lithic and ground stone, metal artifacts and floral and faunal remains. The analysis of the archaeological data suggests that the Mantle site is an early sixteenth century ancestral Wendat village (A.D. 1500-1530) that ranged between 2.0 and 3.0 hectares in size. The Stage 3-4 mitigative excavation of the Mantle site also exposed remnants of the Euro-Canadian occupation of the property. These remnants could be separated into two components. The first, a post-1870 component, consisted of a few re-deposited artifacts from the demolition of the late nineteenth-century farmhouse, a number of miscellaneous features, and five animal burials around a pair of late nineteenth/early twentieth-century barns. The second component consisted of a variety of early-to-mid nineteenth-century artifacts recovered from the block excavated Midden 1 area. This area is in close proximity with a former mill complex that stood on the property between circa 1851 and 1911 and the location of a mid-nineteenth-century farmhouse. A total of 6,612 Euro-Canadian artifacts were recovered from Midden 1, midden-like concentration #2 and #3 and from the 25 Euro-Canadian features documented on the Mantle site (AlGt-334).

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PROJECT PERSONNEL

Project Directors: Dr. Ronald F. Williamson, PhD Managing Partner & Chief Archaeologist

Mr. Martin S. Cooper, MA Senior Archaeologist & Partner

Field Directors: Mr. Andrew Clish, BES

Senior Archaeologist for the Planning Applications and Special Projects Division Field Archaeologists (permanent): 2003: Dr. Jennifer Birch, PhD, University of Georgia Ms. Aleksandra Pradzynski, Hons BSc

Staff Archaeologist for Planning Applications and Special Projects Division Ms. Annie Veilleux, Hon. BA, MA

Staff Archaeologist and Cultural Heritage Specialist BHCHLP Division 2004: Ms. Annie Veilleux (Assistant Field Director) Mr. James Herbert Ms. Eda Ataergin Ms. Andrea Jackson Ms. Karen Blackbourn Ms. Biljana Jovanovic Mr. Nick Charalambu Ms. Charlene Murphy Ms. Stephanie Folgado 2005: Ms. Aleksandra Pradzynski (Assistant Field Director) Ms. Eda Ataergin Mr. James Herbert Ms. Andrea Jackson Additional Field Archaeologists (rotational):

Ms. Amy Au Ms. Rebecca George Ms. Zeeshan Abedin Dr. Katie Hull Ms. Kristi Bates Ms. Wai Kok Ms. James Caldwell Ms. Denise McGuire Ms. Andrea Carnevale Ms. Eva MacDonald Mr. Peter Carruthers Dr. Stephen Monckton Ms. Katherine Cappella Mr. Wesley Oldham Mr. Neil Chisholm Ms. Caitlin Pearce Mr. Marin Cooper Mr. Matthew Pearce Ms. Kristine Crawford

Staff Archaeologist and Manager of Laboratory Services

Ms. Eva MacDonald Mr. Mark Pane Mr. Dave Robertson

Ms. Meredith Czaniecki Mr. Norbert Stanchly Ms. Diane Ferreira Mr. Doug Todd Ms. Jennie Fiddes Mr. Brian Williams Ms. Vanessa Forrest Ms. Robin Walton Ms. Bev Garner Report Preparation: Dr. Jennifer Birch Dr. Suzanne Needs-Howarth Ms. Andrea Carnevale Ms. Deborah A. Steiss Mr. Andrew Clish Ms. Aleksandra Pradzynski

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Mr. Martin Cooper Mr. Anatolijs Venovcevs Dr. Crystal Forrest Dr. Ron Williamson Dr. Stephen Monckton Mr. Robert Wojtowicz Artifact Processing: Ms. Kristine Crawford Mr. Neil Chisholm Ms. Laurel Daugherty-Seto Mr. James Herbert Ms. Jessica Paquette Mr. Kris Nahrgang Ms. Elizabeth Matwey Ms. Deborah Pihl Ms. Zoe Morris Dr. Bruce Welsh Ms. Kayla Reynolds Mr. Robert Wojtowicz Ms. Caitlin Coleman Mr. Shawn Bayes Ms. Elaine Cheng Ms. Alexis Dunlop Zooarchaeological Remains Analyst

Dr. Suzanne Needs-Howarth Perca Zooarchaeological Research

Artifact Photography: Ms. Andrea Carnevale Mr. Anatolijs Venovcevs

(historic artifacts) Mr. John Howarth of

John Howarth Photography Graphics: Mr. Andrew Clish Dr. Jennifer Birch Ms. Sarina Finlay, BA Mr. Jonas Fernandez, MSc Mr. Roberto Grillo Mr. George Clark Gradall Operators: Mr. Jack Rooney Mr. Mike Rooney Mr. Gord Sloan Report Compilation and Editing:

Ms. Andrea Carnevale Mr. David Robertson Dr. Crystal Forrest Dr. Ronald F. Williamson

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Our sincerest appreciation is extended to the Huron-Wendat Nation and particularly to Heather Bastien and Luc Lainé for their support during our analyses of the site. This report has been completed thanks to the dedication and collaborative efforts of an extensive team of archaeologists, analysts, researchers, and colleagues. Foremost among these is Andrew Clish, who directed the excavations of the site, produced the map of its settlement patterns and helped to unravel the occupational history of the village. With almost 30 years of experience excavating Iroquoian village sites, Andrew is unparalleled in Ontario for experience on the ground. We are also indebted to many regular ASI crew members who participated in excavations at the site between 2002 and 2005: Eda Ataergin, Amy Au, Katherine Cappella, Andrea Carnevale, Peter Carruthers, Neil Chisholm, David Cooper, Meredith Czaniecki, Jennie Fiddes, Rebecca George, James Herbert, Andrea Jackson, Denise McGuire, Matthew Pearce, Wesley Oldham, Aleksandra Pradzynski, David Robertson, Debbie Steiss, Annie Veilleux, Brian Williams, Bruce Welsh and all of the other ASI personnel who assisted in these efforts. As an extension of our crew, Mike and Jack Rooney of Rooney Brothers Gradall provided expertise in mechanical soil removal and Joe Thompson and David Moir provided an opportunity for aerial photography during excavation. Thanks to Margie Kennedy and the Toronto Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) for providing data on the Seed-Barker site.

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We are particularly indebted to Andrea Carnevale, who assumed the responsibility for researching the iron object. With determination, Andrea tracked down the region of origin for the piece representing a significant contribution to northeastern North American archaeology. We would also like to acknowledge George Hoytena and his colleagues at Team Industrial in Oakville and Susan Stock and Heidi Sobol of the Conservation Department at the Royal Ontario Museum for their help with radiography and James Bradley, George Hammel, Jim Tuck and Peter Ramsden for their comments on the discovery of this early piece of iron. Steve Monckton identified the palaeobotanical remains and the zooarchaeological analysis was conducted by Suzanne Needs-Howarth. Dr. Needs-Howarth would in turn, like to thank Dr. T. Max Friesen of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Toronto for allowing access to the Howard G. Savage Faunal Archaeo-Osteology Collection; Kevin Seymour of the Royal Ontario Museum, Vertebrate Paleontology, for providing access to recent salmonid vertebrae; Erling Holm of the Royal Ontario Museum, Ichthyology, for tracing records of Atlantic salmon in Duffins Creek; Don Stacey and Maureen Zubowski of the Royal Ontario Museum, Invertebrate Palaeontology, for confirming the crayfish identification and Nelson Amaral of the Toronto Region Conservation Authority for facilitating access to fish data for their watersheds. Drs. Linda Howie and Alexis Dolphin conducted the petrographic analysis of ceramics from the site and Ms. Brandi Lee MacDonald and Dr. Ron Hancock undertook the identification of the origin of the copper beads from Mantle using the facilities of MNR at McMaster University. We are also grateful to Greg Braun, Peter Carruthers, Marty Cooper, Gord Dibb, Bill Engelbrecht, William Fox, Martha Latta, Rob MacDonald, Kostalena Michelaki, Robert Pearce, Rob Pihl, David Robertson, Debbie Steiss, Andrew Stewart, and Tony Wonderley for thoughtful discussions regarding various aspects of the Mantle research. The production of this report was aided immeasurably by John Howarth, who photographed the artifacts, Andrea Carnevale, who helped produce the figures and photographs, and Jonas Fernandez who assisted with GIS-based analyses and mapping. Shady Abbas and Sarina Finlay were also of assistance in this regard. Thanks to Jean-Luc Pilon and Stacey Girling-Christie at the Canadian Museum of Civilization for facilitating access to the collections from the Pugh, Best and Spang sites; Justin Jennings, April Hawkins, and Adrienne Desjardine of the Royal Ontario Museum for access to collections from the Aurora site; Kathy David for access to additional collections and reports on file at the University of Toronto; Dorie Billich and Krista Rauchenstein of the Whitchurch-Stouffville Museum for access to collections from sites in the Holland River drainage and Gord Dibb provided access to his collections from the four sites north of Mantle, to which the community relocated. Andrea Carnevale would also like to thank Jennifer Birch and Ron Williamson, the latter of whom enabled her to play a role in telling the story of the Mantle site, for their faith and confidence, and especially for charging her with the task of researching the “lump of rust.” She would also like to express her sincerest appreciation and thanks to Michael Barkham, Lloyd Johnston, George Hoytena, Jim Bradley, and Kathy Ehrhardt for their immense support and encouragement during her metal research. Thank you to Susan Stock and Heidi Sobol for their helpful comments and support during the second round of X-rays. Thank you to Brandi Lee MacDonald, Linda Howie, Eva MacDonald, and David Robertson for being incredible teachers and always willing to talk science applications and artifacts. Finally, a special thank you to Robin Bicknell, Alex McIntosh, Robin Waite, Matt Phillips, Robert Beal, Harrison Freedman, Jordan Jackson, and Elliott Halpern of Yap films for their excitement and encouragement and allowing this archaeologist to follow her research to Basque Country. The excavation of the site was funded by Lebovic Enterprises and portions of the analyses presented in this report were supported by a Canada Graduate Doctoral Scholarship and a Postdoctoral Fellowship from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada for Jennifer Birch. Part of the story of Mantle is told in an award-winning film, involving Ron, Jennifer, and Andrea, which can be seen on the Canadian History Channel. It is entitled Curse of the Axe.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................... II

PROJECT PERSONNEL ..................................................................................................................................... III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................... IV

1.0 INTRODUCTION: THE EXCAVATION OF THE MANTLE SITE ..................................................................... 1

ANDREA CARNEVALE AND DAVID ROBERTSON

1.1 PHYSIOGRAPHIC SETTING ....................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS ..................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 2003 STAGE 3 INVESTIGATIONS .............................................................................................................. 7 1.4 STAGE 4 MITIGATION ........................................................................................................................... 11 1.5 CEMETERY INVESTIGATION ..................................................................................................................... 15

2.0 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS ................................................................................................................... 16

ANDREW CLISH AND JENNIFER BIRCH

2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 16 2.2 VILLAGE PLAN ................................................................................................................................... 19 2.3 HOUSE DESCRIPTIONS ........................................................................................................................ 23

House 1 ............................................................................................................................................. 23 House 2 ............................................................................................................................................ 23 House 3 ............................................................................................................................................ 23 Houses 4 and 5 ................................................................................................................................. 26 House 6 ............................................................................................................................................ 26 Houses 7 and 8 ................................................................................................................................. 28 Houses 9, 10a and 10b ....................................................................................................................... 28 House 11 ........................................................................................................................................... 30 House 12 ........................................................................................................................................... 32 House 13 ........................................................................................................................................... 32 House 14 ........................................................................................................................................... 34 House 15 ........................................................................................................................................... 34 House 16 ........................................................................................................................................... 35 House 17 ........................................................................................................................................... 37 House 18 ........................................................................................................................................... 37 House 19 ........................................................................................................................................... 39 House 20 .......................................................................................................................................... 39 House 21 ........................................................................................................................................... 40 House 22 .......................................................................................................................................... 40 House 23 .......................................................................................................................................... 42 House 24 .......................................................................................................................................... 42 House 25 .......................................................................................................................................... 43 House 26 .......................................................................................................................................... 43 House 27 ........................................................................................................................................... 43 House 28 .......................................................................................................................................... 45 House 29 .......................................................................................................................................... 47 House 30 .......................................................................................................................................... 47 House 31 ........................................................................................................................................... 47 House 32 .......................................................................................................................................... 48 Houses 33 and 34 .............................................................................................................................. 50 House 35 ........................................................................................................................................... 52 House 36 .......................................................................................................................................... 52 House 37 ........................................................................................................................................... 54 House 38 .......................................................................................................................................... 54

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House 39 .......................................................................................................................................... 56 House 40 .......................................................................................................................................... 57 House 41 ........................................................................................................................................... 57 House 42 .......................................................................................................................................... 59 House 43 .......................................................................................................................................... 59 House 44 .......................................................................................................................................... 59 House 45 .......................................................................................................................................... 60 House 46 .......................................................................................................................................... 62 House 47 .......................................................................................................................................... 64 Houses 48, 49, 50, 51 and 52 ............................................................................................................. 64 Houses 53 and 54 .............................................................................................................................. 67 House 55 ........................................................................................................................................... 69 House 56 .......................................................................................................................................... 69 House 57 ........................................................................................................................................... 72 House 58 .......................................................................................................................................... 72 House 59, 60 and 61 .......................................................................................................................... 73 Houses 62 and 63 ............................................................................................................................. 74 House 64 .......................................................................................................................................... 74 House 65 .......................................................................................................................................... 77 House 66 .......................................................................................................................................... 77 House 67 .......................................................................................................................................... 77 House 68 .......................................................................................................................................... 79 House 69 .......................................................................................................................................... 79 Houses 70a, 70b and 70c ................................................................................................................... 80 House 71 ........................................................................................................................................... 81 House 73 ........................................................................................................................................... 83 Houses 74 and 75 .............................................................................................................................. 83 House 76 .......................................................................................................................................... 84 House 77 ........................................................................................................................................... 86 House 78 .......................................................................................................................................... 86 House 79........................................................................................................................................... 86 House 80 .......................................................................................................................................... 87 House 81 ........................................................................................................................................... 87 House 82 .......................................................................................................................................... 89 House 83 .......................................................................................................................................... 89 House 84 .......................................................................................................................................... 90 House 85 .......................................................................................................................................... 90 House 86 .......................................................................................................................................... 92 House 87 .......................................................................................................................................... 92 House 88 .......................................................................................................................................... 93 House 89 .......................................................................................................................................... 93 House 90 .......................................................................................................................................... 94 House 91 ........................................................................................................................................... 94 House 92 .......................................................................................................................................... 94 House 93 .......................................................................................................................................... 95 House 94 .......................................................................................................................................... 95 House 95 .......................................................................................................................................... 95 House 96 .......................................................................................................................................... 95

2.4 PALISADES ....................................................................................................................................... 96 2.4.1 Palisade Phasing .................................................................................................................. 96

Palisade Phases I and 2: Early ....................................................................................................... 96 Palisade Phase 3: Late ................................................................................................................. 101

2.4.2 Palisade Entrances ............................................................................................................. 102 Palisade Entrance 1 ..................................................................................................................... 102 Palisade Entrance 2 ..................................................................................................................... 102 Palisade Entrance 3 - Entrance Complex ........................................................................................ 105 Palisade Entrance 4 ...................................................................................................................... 105

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Palisade Entrance 5 ...................................................................................................................... 105 Palisade Entrance 6 ..................................................................................................................... 109 Palisade Entrances 7 and 8 .......................................................................................................... 109

2.4.3 Fence line ........................................................................................................................... 109 2.5 ACTIVITY AREAS .............................................................................................................................. 109

2.5.1 Plaza .................................................................................................................................. 109 2.5.2 Exterior Activity Areas .......................................................................................................... 114

Exterior Activity Area 1 .................................................................................................................. 114 Exterior Activity Area 2 ................................................................................................................. 114 Exterior Activity Area 3 ................................................................................................................. 114 Exterior Activity Area 4 ................................................................................................................. 119

2.6 MIDDENS ....................................................................................................................................... 119 Midden 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 119 Trench Midden ............................................................................................................................. 119 Refuse-filled Depressions ............................................................................................................. 121

2.7 POPULATION ESTIMATES .................................................................................................................... 122 2.7.1 Calculating the Population of the Mantle Village .................................................................. 122 2.7.2 Estimated Population .......................................................................................................... 123

2.8 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS: DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY ................................................................................. 123

3.0 CERAMIC ARTIFACT ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................ 126

ROBERT B. WOJTOWICZ AND ALEKSANDRA PRADZYNSKI

3.1 CERAMIC VESSELS AND MISCELLANEOUS CERAMIC OBJECTS ........................................................................ 126 3.1.1 Vessel Rims ......................................................................................................................... 127 3.1.2 MacNeish Types found on Ontario sites ................................................................................ 135

Huron Incised ..............................................................................................................................136 Sidey Notched ............................................................................................................................. 139 Lawson Incised ........................................................................................................................... 142 Dutch Hollow Notched ................................................................................................................. 144 Seed Incised ................................................................................................................................ 145 Niagara Collared .......................................................................................................................... 147 Black Necked .............................................................................................................................. 148 Warminster Horizontal ................................................................................................................. 150 Seed Corded ................................................................................................................................ 152 Rice Diagonal ............................................................................................................................... 153 Ontario Horizontal ........................................................................................................................ 153 High Collar ................................................................................................................................... 154 Ripley Plain .................................................................................................................................. 154 Neutral Punctate Lip ..................................................................................................................... 155 Ontario Oblique ........................................................................................................................... 155 Pound Blank ................................................................................................................................ 155 Ripley Corded .............................................................................................................................. 155 Lalonde High Collared (LHC) ......................................................................................................... 155 Middleport Oblique ...................................................................................................................... 155 Pound Necked .............................................................................................................................. 155 Indeterminate Type ...................................................................................................................... 155

3.1.3 Eastern Types ...................................................................................................................... 157 Cayadutta-Otstungo and Chance Incised ....................................................................................... 157 Roebuck Corn Eared .................................................................................................................... 160 Cayuga Horizontal ........................................................................................................................ 161 Durfee Underlined ....................................................................................................................... 162 Fonda Incised ............................................................................................................................. 162 Hummel Corded .......................................................................................................................... 162 Onondaga Triangular .................................................................................................................. 162 Otstungo Notched ........................................................................................................................163 Richmond Incised ........................................................................................................................163

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Thurston Horizontal .................................................................................................................... 164 3.1.4 Vessel Castellations ........................................................................................................... 164 3.1.5 Neck Fragments .................................................................................................................. 169 3.1.6 Shoulder Fragments ........................................................................................................... 169 3.1.7 Miscellaneous Ceramic Objects ............................................................................................ 174

Miscellaneous Fired Clay .............................................................................................................. 174 Gaming Discs ............................................................................................................................... 174 Miscellaneous Ceramic Objects .................................................................................................... 174 Miniature Vessels ........................................................................................................................ 175 Figurines ..................................................................................................................................... 176 Marbles ....................................................................................................................................... 176 Beads .......................................................................................................................................... 176 Effigies ........................................................................................................................................ 176 Handles ....................................................................................................................................... 178

3.1.8 Vessel Recycling and Finger Prints ....................................................................................... 179 3.2 CERAMIC SMOKING PIPES .................................................................................................................. 180

3.2.1 Bowl Fragments .................................................................................................................. 180 Coronet ....................................................................................................................................... 181 Trumpet Plain ............................................................................................................................. 183 Trumpet Decorated...................................................................................................................... 183 Conical Plain ............................................................................................................................... 184 Apple Bowl Ring .......................................................................................................................... 184 Mortice ........................................................................................................................................ 185 Conical Ring ................................................................................................................................ 186 Collared Decorated ..................................................................................................................... 186 Barrel Plain .................................................................................................................................. 187 Iroquois Ring ............................................................................................................................... 187 Collared Decorated ...................................................................................................................... 187 Conical Decorated ........................................................................................................................ 187 Apple Bowl Decorated ................................................................................................................. 188 Collared Plain ............................................................................................................................. 188 Disc ............................................................................................................................................ 188 Cylindrical Decorated .................................................................................................................. 189 Untyped ...................................................................................................................................... 189 Effigies ....................................................................................................................................... 189 Unidentifiable Bowl Fragments .................................................................................................... 194

3.2.2 Stem Effigy Fragments ........................................................................................................ 194 3.2.3 Elbows and Stems .............................................................................................................. 194 3.2.4 Mouthpieces ...................................................................................................................... 194 3.2.5 Ceramic Beads .................................................................................................................... 195

3.3 JUVENILE-MANUFACTURED CERAMIC VESSELS AND PIPES ............................................................................. 195 ALEKSANDRA PRADZYNSKI

3.3.1 Introduction and Overview ................................................................................................... 195 3.3.2 Juvenile Ceramic Vessels .................................................................................................... 196

Juvenile Vessel Rims ................................................................................................................... 196 Neck Fragments .......................................................................................................................... 200 Shoulder Fragments .................................................................................................................... 200 Body Fragments .......................................................................................................................... 200 Castellations .............................................................................................................................. 200 Miscellaneous ............................................................................................................................ 201

3.3.3 Juvenile Ceramic Smoking Pipes .......................................................................................... 201 3.3.4 Intra-Site Distribution of Juvenile Ceramics .......................................................................... 202

3.4 INTER AND INTRA-SITE DISTRIBUTION OF CERAMIC TYPES AND ATTRIBUTES ....................................................... 203 ROBERT B. WOJTOWICZ, ALEKSANDRA PRADZYNSKI, JENNIFER BIRCH AND RONALD WILLIAMSON

3.4.1 Chronological Sequence .......................................................................................................... 203 3.5 PIGMENT ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 211 ANDREA CARNEVALE AND BRANDI LEE MACDONALD

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3.6 INSTRUMENTAL NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS AND PETROGRAPHY ANALYSIS OF MANTLE CERAMICS ..................... 212 ANDREA CARNEVALE, LINDA HOWIE AND BRANDI LEE MACDONALD

3.6.1 Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis ............................................................................. 213 Sample Preparation ..................................................................................................................... 213 Irradiation Protocol ...................................................................................................................... 213 Preliminary Results ...................................................................................................................... 213

3.6.2 Preliminary Results of the Petrography Analysis .................................................................. 214

4.0 FLAKED LITHIC ARTIFACT ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 215

DEBORAH STEISS

4.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 215 4.2 PROJECTILE POINTS .......................................................................................................................... 216 4.3 BIFACES ........................................................................................................................................ 218 4.4 DRILLS ......................................................................................................................................... 220 4.5 GRAVERS....................................................................................................................................... 220 4.6 SCRAPERS ..................................................................................................................................... 221 4.7 CORES AND WEDGES ........................................................................................................................ 222 4.8 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................. 223

5.0 GROUND STONE ARTIFACT ANALYSIS ............................................................................................. 226

MARTIN S. COOPER

5.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 226 5.2 CELTS........................................................................................................................................... 226

Axes ............................................................................................................................................... 227 Adzes ............................................................................................................................................. 228 Chisels ........................................................................................................................................... 228

5.3 HAMMERS ..................................................................................................................................... 229 5.4 WHETSTONES ................................................................................................................................. 230 5.5 STONE BEADS ................................................................................................................................. 230 5.6 STONE PENDANTS ............................................................................................................................ 232 5.7 METATE (GRINDING TOOL) .................................................................................................................. 233 5.8 COBBLE (PECKING TOOL) ................................................................................................................... 233 5.9 BANNERSTONE ................................................................................................................................ 233 5.10 PIPES ........................................................................................................................................... 234 5.11 FOSSILS ........................................................................................................................................ 236 5.12 MISCELLANEOUS GROUND STONE ITEMS ................................................................................................ 236 5.13 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................. 236

6.0 METAL ARTIFACT ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................... 239

ANDREA CARNEVALE

6.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 239 6.2 COPPER ARTIFACTS .......................................................................................................................... 239

6.2.1 Visual Examination and Technological Practices .................................................................. 239 6.2.2 Surface Analysis of Copper Artifacts using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) ...................................... 242 Andrea Carnevale and Brandi Lee MacDonald

6.3 IRON TOOL ..................................................................................................................................... 244 6.3.1 Introduction and Visual Examination ................................................................................... 244 6.3.2 Results of X-Radiography .................................................................................................... 247 6.3.3 Research into Origin of the Mantle Iron Tool ........................................................................ 250

6.4 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................. 254

7.0 PLANT REMAINS ............................................................................................................................ 255

STEPHEN G. MONCKTON AND CRYSTAL L. FORREST

7.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 255

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7.2 RECOVERY AND ANALYTICAL METHODS ................................................................................................... 255 7.3 RESULTS ....................................................................................................................................... 255 7.4 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................. 256

7.4.1 Collected Plants ................................................................................................................. 257 7.4.2 Wood Charcoal Distribution ................................................................................................ 258

7.5 SITE COMPARISONS ......................................................................................................................... 259

8.0 ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS ................................................................................................... 262

SUZANNE NEEDS-HOWARTH

8.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 262 8.2 METHOD ....................................................................................................................................... 262

8.2.1 Recovery ............................................................................................................................ 262 8.2.2 Lab Procedures .................................................................................................................. 262 8.2.3 Quantification .................................................................................................................... 263

Taxonomic Categories ................................................................................................................. 263 Number of Identified Specimens (NISP) ........................................................................................ 264 Minimum Number of Individuals .................................................................................................. 264 Minimum Number of Elements and Minimum Animal Units ........................................................... 265 Species Richness ........................................................................................................................ 265 Age at Death ............................................................................................................................... 265

8.3 TAPHONOMY .................................................................................................................................. 266 8.3.1 Overview by Taxon .............................................................................................................. 268 8.3.2 Malacostraca...................................................................................................................... 268 8.3.3 Bivalvia .............................................................................................................................. 269 8.3.4 Gastropoda ........................................................................................................................ 269 8.3.5 Actinopterygii ..................................................................................................................... 269

Lepisosteidae ............................................................................................................................. 272 Amiidae ...................................................................................................................................... 272 Salmonidae ................................................................................................................................ 272 Esocidae ..................................................................................................................................... 274 Gadidae ...................................................................................................................................... 274 Catostomidae ............................................................................................................................. 275 Ictaluridae .................................................................................................................................. 275 Cyprinidae .................................................................................................................................. 275 Anguillidae ................................................................................................................................. 276 Percidae ..................................................................................................................................... 276 Sciaenidae .................................................................................................................................. 277

8.3.6 Amphibia ........................................................................................................................... 277 8.3.7 Reptilia .............................................................................................................................. 277 8.3.8 Aves ................................................................................................................................... 277

Migratory waterfowl .................................................................................................................... 279 Birds of prey ............................................................................................................................... 280 Upland game birds ...................................................................................................................... 280 Crow and Raven .......................................................................................................................... 281 Picidae ....................................................................................................................................... 281

8.3.9 Mammalia .......................................................................................................................... 281 Garden-Hunted Taxa ................................................................................................................... 283 Fur-bearers ................................................................................................................................. 284 Canidea ...................................................................................................................................... 285 Cervidae ..................................................................................................................................... 286

8.4 WORKED BONE ............................................................................................................................... 289 8.5 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................. 294

9.0 HISTORIC ARTIFACT ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................... 296

ANATOLIJS VENOVCEVS

9.1 HISTORIC CONTEXT .......................................................................................................................... 296

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9.2 EURO-CANADIAN SETTLEMENT PATTERNS ................................................................................................ 297 9.3 EURO-CANADIAN ARTIFACT DISTRIBUTION ................................................................................................301 9.4 EURO-CANADIAN ARTIFACT INVENTORY ................................................................................................... 304

9.4.1 Architectural Class ............................................................................................................. 304 9.4.2 Furnishings Class ............................................................................................................... 304 9.4.3 Kitchen/Food-related Class ................................................................................................. 307

Ceramics .................................................................................................................................... 307 Non-Ceramic Kitchen/Food Related Artifacts ................................................................................. 312

9.4.4 Organic Class ...................................................................................................................... 313 9.4.5 Personal Class ..................................................................................................................... 313

Adornment Items ......................................................................................................................... 313 Clothing Items ............................................................................................................................. 315 Personal Gear Items .....................................................................................................................316 Toilet/Hygiene ............................................................................................................................. 317

9.4.6 Tools/Equipment Class ....................................................................................................... 318 9.4.7 Indeterminate Class ............................................................................................................ 318

9.5 EURO-CANADIAN COMPONENT INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSION ............................................... 318

10.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................... 321

RONALD WILLIAMSON, JENNIFER BIRCH, ANDREA CARNEVALE AND ANDREW CLISH

12.0 REFERENCES CITED ........................................................................................................................ 323

13.0 APPENDICIES ................................................................................................................................. 333

Appendix A: Archaeological Investigation of the Mantle Site (AlGt-334) Burial Ground ................................ 334 Appendix B: Details and Metrics of the Mantle Site (AlGt-334) Feature ........................................................ 353 Appendix C: Mantle Site (AlGt-334) General Ceramic Artifact Catalogue ...................................................... 387 Appendix D: Mantle Site (AlGt-334) Ceramic Rim Catalogued ..................................................................... 639 Appendix E: Mantle Site (AlGt-334) Ceramic Pipe Catalogue ....................................................................... 686 Appendix F: Mantle Site (AlGt-334) Juvenile Ceramic Catalogue .................................................................. 696 Appendix G: Mantle Site (AlGt-334) Juvenile Ceramic Vessels Catalogue ..................................................... 708 Appendix H: Mantle Site (AlGt-334) Juvenile Ceramic Pipes Catalogue ......................................................... 713 Appendix I: Mantle Site (AlGt-334) Flaked Lithic Catalogue ......................................................................... 715 Appendix J: Mantle Site (AlGt-334) Flaked Lithic Tables .............................................................................. 796 Appendix K: Mantle Site (AlGt-334) Ground Stone Artifact Catalogue ........................................................... 817 Appendix L: Mantle Site (AlGt-334) Floral Remains Catalogue .................................................................... 833 Appendix M: Mantle Site (AlGt-334) Zooarchaeological Remains Catalogue ................................................ 852 Appendix N: Mantle Site (AlGt-334) Recent and Intrusive Animal Bone Catalogues ..................................... 1187 Appendix O: Mantle Site (AlGt-334) Historic Artifact Catalogues ................................................................ 1199

List of Figures

Figure 1: The location of the Mantle site (AlGt-334) ........................................................................................ 1 Figure 2: Results of 2003 Preliminary Stage 3 CSC and Test Units. ................................................................. 5 Figure 3: Results of Excavation within the Road/Servicing Alignments ............................................................ 6 Figure 4: Results of the Stage 3 Controlled Surface Collection ...................................................................... 10 Figure 5: Results of the Stage 4 Excavation of the Mantle site (AlGt-334) ...................................................... 14 Figure 6: “Early” Phase of Village Occupation at the Mantle site (AlGt-334) ................................................... 17 Figure 7: “Late” Phase of Village Occupation at the Mantle site (AlGt-334) .................................................... 18 Figure 8: Plan View of Houses 1 and 3 ......................................................................................................... 24 Figure 9: Plan View of Houses 2 and 6 ......................................................................................................... 25 Figure 10: Plan View of Houses 4, 5, 7 and 8 ................................................................................................ 27 Figure 11: Plan View of houses 9, 10a, 10b and 14 ........................................................................................ 29 Figure 12: Plan View of House 11, 92 and 95 .................................................................................................31 Figure 13: Plan View of Houses 12, 13 and 15 ............................................................................................... 33

The Archaeology of the Mantle Site (AlGt-334) Page 13

Figure 14: Plan View of Houses 16, 17, 24 and 25 ......................................................................................... 36 Figure 15: Plan View of Houses 18, 19 and 20 ............................................................................................... 38 Figure 16: Plan View for House 21, 22 and 23 ............................................................................................... 41 Figure 17: Plan View of House 26 ................................................................................................................ 44 Figure 18: Plan View of Houses 27, 28, 29, 30 and 31 ................................................................................... 46 Figure 19: Plan View of Houses 32 and 93 .................................................................................................... 49 Figure 20: Plan View of Houses 33, 34, 36 and 37 ......................................................................................... 51 Figure 21: Plan View of House 25 ................................................................................................................ 53 Figure 22: Plan View of Houses 38, 39, 42, and 43 ....................................................................................... 55 Figure 23: Plan View of Houses 40, 41 and 44 .............................................................................................. 58 Figure 24: Plan View of Houses 45, 46 and 47.............................................................................................. 61 Figure 25: Plan and Profile View of Feature 427 ........................................................................................... 63 Figure 26: Plan View of Houses 48, 49, 50, 51 and 52 ................................................................................... 65 Figure 27: Plan View of Houses 53, 54 and 70 .............................................................................................. 68 Figure 28: Plan View of Houses 55, 62 and 63 .............................................................................................. 70 Figure 29: Plan View of Houses 56, 57, 58. 59, 60 and 61 .............................................................................. 71 Figure 30: Plan View of House 64 ................................................................................................................ 76 Figure 31: Plan View of Houses 65, 66, 67, 68 and 69 .................................................................................. 78 Figure 32: Plan View of Houses 71, 72, 73, 74 and 75 .................................................................................... 82 Figure 33: Plan View of Houses 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 91 and 96 ........................................................................ 85 Figure 34: Plan View of House 81, 82, 83, 84, 89 and 90 .............................................................................. 88 Figure 35: Plan View of Houses 85, 86, 87 and 88 ........................................................................................ 91 Figure 36: Palisade Phases 1 and 2 ............................................................................................................. 97 Figure 37: Plan and Profile View of Feature 59 .............................................................................................. 99 Figure 38: Plan and Profile View of Feature 41 ........................................................................................... 100 Figure 39: Palisade Entrance 1 ...................................................................................................................103 Figure 40: Palisade Entrance 2 ................................................................................................................. 104 Figure 41: Palisade Entrance 3 .................................................................................................................. 106 Figure 42: Palisade Entrance 4 .................................................................................................................. 107 Figure 43: Palisade Entrance 5 .................................................................................................................. 108 Figure 44: Palisade Entrance 6 .................................................................................................................. 110 Figure 45: Palisade Entrance 7 and 8 .......................................................................................................... 111 Figure 46: Plan and Profile View of Feature 429 .......................................................................................... 113 Figure 47: Exterior Activity Area 1 ............................................................................................................... 115 Figure 48: Exterior Activity Area 2 .............................................................................................................. 116 Figure 49: Exterior Activity Area 3 .............................................................................................................. 117 Figure 50: Exterior Activity Area 4 .............................................................................................................. 118 Figure 51: Momentary Population Estimate of the Mantle Site (AlGt-334) .................................................... 124 Figure 52: Projectile Point Distribution ....................................................................................................... 217 Figure 53: Projectile point length, grouped into three size categories. ........................................................ 218 Figure 54: Mantle site (AlGt-334) Debitage Distribution .............................................................................. 224 Figure 55: Mantle site (AlGt-334) Thermally Altered Debitage ..................................................................... 225 Figure 56: Mantle site (AlGt-334) Ground stone Distribution ....................................................................... 237 Figure 57: Thermally Altered Ground Stone ................................................................................................ 238 Figure 58: Bi-plots for Copper Artifacts...................................................................................................... 243 Figure 59: Location of Feature 1464 ........................................................................................................... 244 Figure 60: Plan and Profile view of Feature 1464 ........................................................................................ 245 Figure 61: Mantle Site Wood Charcoal by Species ...................................................................................... 258 Figure 62: Distribution of maple and beech wood charcoal in early and late houses .................................... 259 Figure 63: Seed Category Distribution by Site ........................................................................................... 260 Figure 64: Wood Charcoal Comparisons by Site ......................................................................................... 261 Figure 65: Fish identifications, NISP .......................................................................................................... 270 Figure 66: Fish identifications, MNI ............................................................................................................ 271 Figure 67: Aves identifications, NISP ......................................................................................................... 278 Figure 68: Aves identifications, MNI .......................................................................................................... 279 Figure 69: Mammalian identifications, NISP .............................................................................................. 282 Figure 70: Mammalian identifications, MNI ............................................................................................... 282

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Figure 71: White-tailed Deer - MAU ............................................................................................................ 288 Figure 72: White-tailed Deer - NISP ........................................................................................................... 288 Figure 73: Historic Features and Artifact Distribution around the Middens .................................................. 299 Figure 74: Historic Features and Artifact Distribution around the Former Barns ........................................... 302 Figure 75: The Distribution of Euro-Canadian Artifacts in Midden 1 ............................................................. 303

List of Plates

Plate 1: Stage 3 Controlled Surface collection ................................................................................................ 7 Plate 2: Stage 3 Controlled Surface collection ............................................................................................... 8 Plate 3: Stage 3 Test unit Excavation ............................................................................................................. 8 Plate 4: Plough zone removal during Stage 4 .............................................................................................. 12 Plate 5: Block excavation of Midden 1 ......................................................................................................... 12 Plate 6: Block excavation of Midden 2 ..........................................................................................................13 Plate 7: Block excavation of Midden 3 ..........................................................................................................13 Plate 8: Trench Midden, Feature 709 Plan View ......................................................................................... 120 Plate 9: Trench Midden, Feature 709 Profile View ...................................................................................... 120 Plate 10: Feature 427 Plan and Profile View ................................................................................................ 121 Plate 11: Feature 429 Profile View ............................................................................................................. 122 Plate 12: Huron Incised (Cat. #12326) ........................................................................................................ 138 Plate 13: Huron Incised (Cat. #10079) ......................................................................................................... 139 Plate 14: Huron Incised (Cat. #CS22) .......................................................................................................... 139 Plate 15: Huron Incised (Cat. #11090) ......................................................................................................... 139 Plate 16: Sidey Notched (Cat. #CS88) ......................................................................................................... 141 Plate 17: Sidey Notched (Cat. #10449) ........................................................................................................ 141 Plate 18: Sidey Notched (Cat. #10450) Note the partial mending hole centre of the neck .............................. 141 Plate 19: Lawson Incised (Cat. #CS45 and Cat. #CS71) ................................................................................ 143 Plate 20: Dutch Hollow Notched (Cat. #10039) ............................................................................................ 145 Plate 21: Dutch Hollow Notched (Cat. #CS15) .............................................................................................. 145 Plate 22: Seed Incised (Cat. #10437) and (Cat. #9217) ................................................................................. 147 Plate 23: Seed Incised (Cat. #CS26) and (Cat. #CS79) ................................................................................. 147 Plate 24: Niagara Collared (Cat. #CS73) and (Cat. #CS77) ........................................................................... 148 Plate 25: Black Necked (Cat. #9026 and Cat. #10004) ................................................................................. 150 Plate 26: Warminster Horizontal (Cat. #10119 ............................................................................................. 151 Plate 27: Warminster Horizontal (Cat. #10527) ............................................................................................ 151 Plate 28: Seed Corded (Cat. #10323 and Cat. #10430) ................................................................................ 152 Plate 29: Rice Diagonal (Cat. #10310) ......................................................................................................... 153 Plate 30: High Collar (Cat. #9233) .............................................................................................................. 154 Plate 31: Cayadutta-Otstungo Incised ........................................................................................................ 158 Plate 32: Cayadutta-Otstungo Incised ........................................................................................................ 158 Plate 33: Cayadutta-Otstungo Incised (Cat. #10446) ................................................................................... 159 Plate 34: Roebuck Corn Eared (Cat. #CS34) ............................................................................................... 160 Plate 35: Roebuck Corn Eared (Cat. #CS103) ............................................................................................... 161 Plate 36: Fonda Incised (Cat. #9237) ......................................................................................................... 162 Plate 37: Otstungo Notched (Cat. #10432) ..................................................................................................163 Plate 38: Richmond Incised (Cat. #9232) ....................................................................................................163 Plate 39: Castellation Pointed (Cat. #CS12) ............................................................................................... 168 Plate 40: Castellation Grooved (Cat. #CS37) .............................................................................................. 168 Plate 41: Castellation (Cat. #12112) ........................................................................................................... 168 Plate 42: Castellation Scalloped (Cat. #CS89) ........................................................................................... 169 Plate 43: Castellation (Cat. #CS103) .......................................................................................................... 169 Plate 44: Miscellaneous Ceramic Objects (Cat. #12378 and Cat. #12381) ..................................................... 175 Plate 45: Miniature Vessels (Cat. #12383, Cat. #12384 and Cat. #12386) ..................................................... 176 Plate 46: Human Face Effigy (Cat. #CS100) ................................................................................................. 177 Plate 47: Human Face Effigy associated with the type Chance Incised (Cat. #CS99) ...................................... 178 Plate 48: Partial Mend Hole ....................................................................................................................... 179 Plate 49: Coronet Pipe with Copper insert (Cat. #12387) ............................................................................ 182

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Plate 50: Coronet Pipe, (Cat. #12310 and Cat. #12295) ............................................................................... 182 Plate 51: Trumpet Plain, (Cat. #12278 and Cat. #118311) ............................................................................. 183 Plate 52: Trumpet Decorated, (Cat. #12262 and Cat. #12268) ..................................................................... 184 Plate 53: Apple Bowl Ring, (Cat. #12226 and Cat. #12245) ........................................................................... 185 Plate 54: Mortice, (Cat. #118461 and Cat. #12247) ..................................................................................... 186 Plate 55: Collared Decorated, (Cat. #12214 & Cat. #12215) ........................................................................... 187 Plate 56: Disc pipe (Cat. #12388) .............................................................................................................. 188 Plate 57: Anthropomorphic Effigy (Cat. #12316) ......................................................................................... 189 Plate 58: Anthropomorphic Effigy (Cat. #12318) ......................................................................................... 190 Plate 59: Effigy Anthropomorphic (Cat. #12350) .......................................................................................... 191 Plate 60: Effigy Anthropomorphic (Cat. #12351) .......................................................................................... 191 Plate 61: Effigy Zoomorphic (Cat. #12352) ................................................................................................. 192 Plate 62: Effigy Zoomorphic (Cat. #12353) ................................................................................................. 192 Plate 63: Effigy Zoomorphic (Cat. #12354) .................................................................................................. 193 Plate 64: Effigy Indeterminate (Cat. #12323) ............................................................................................... 193 Plate 65: Beads (Cat. #12183, Cat. #11491 and Cat. #11645)......................................................................... 195 Plate 66: Juvenile Vessels (left to right): Cat. #13066, Cat. #13056, Cat. #13147, Cat. #13068 and Cat. #13127

...................................................................................................................................................... 198 Plate 67: Juvenile Vessel with notched lip (Cat. #13039) ............................................................................. 200 Plate 68: Juvenile Plain Vessel (Cat. #10999) ............................................................................................. 200 Plate 69: Juvenile Vessel with rounded castellation (not all fragments shown) (Cat. #10995) ....................... 201 Plate 71: Juvenile Pentagonal Pipe (Cat. #13186) ........................................................................................ 202 Plate 70: Juvenile Outflaring Pipe (Cat. #13185) ......................................................................................... 202 Plate 72: Painted Ceramic Sherds (Cat. #CS106, Cat. #CS107 and Cat. #CS108) .......................................... 212 Plate 73: Mantle site projectile points ....................................................................................................... 216 Plate 74: Select bifaces (Cat. # L2250 (top left), Cat. #L2263 (top right) and Cat. #L1240, (bottom)) ............. 219 Plate 75: Drills fragments recovered from the Mantle site (cat. #L1699, Cat. #L725, and Cat. #L2056) .......... 220 Plate 76: Select Gravers, Cat. #L854, Cat. #L2102, Cat. #L1055 (top row). .................................................... 221 Plate 77: Select Scrapers, (Cat. #L2261, Cat. #L2413 and Cat. #L1472) ........................................................ 222 Plate 78: Select Axes (Cat. #G35, Cat. #G376 and Cat. #G450, top row; Cat. #G373 and Ca. #G40) ............... 227 Plate 79: Select Adzes (Cat. #G149, Cat. #G198 and Cat. #G233) ................................................................ 228 Plate 80: Select Hammers (Cat. #G261, Cat. #G348 and Cat. #G445) .......................................................... 229 Plate 81: Select beads ............................................................................................................................... 231 Plate 82: Select Pendants ........................................................................................................................ 232 Plate 83: Bannerstone (Cat. #G1) .............................................................................................................. 234 Plate 84: Vasiform pipe bowl (Cat. #G483) ................................................................................................ 235 Plate 85: Tubular bead (Cat. #M1) ............................................................................................................. 240 Plate 86: Tubular bead (Cat. #M2)............................................................................................................. 240 Plate 87: Rolled bead (Cat. #M3) ............................................................................................................... 241 Plate 88: Scrap (Cat. #M4) ........................................................................................................................ 242 Plate 89: Mantle Iron Tool (Cat. #M5) ........................................................................................................ 246 Plate 90: Plan View of Mantle Iron Tool (Cat. #M5) ..................................................................................... 247 Plate 91: Profile View of Mantle Iron Tool (Cat. #M5) .................................................................................. 247 Plate 92: Profile View of Mantle Iron Tool (Cat. #M5) .................................................................................. 248 Plate 93: Marks struck on the tool and area of discontinuity (X-ray with filter)............................................. 249 Plate 94: Second X-ray series showing marks struck on the tool and area of discontinuity (X-ray with filter). 249 Plate 95: Meat Cleaver with Similar Mark. .................................................................................................. 251 Plate 96: Sheep Shears with Similar Mark................................................................................................. 252 Plate 97: Combination of circles and lines on casks ................................................................................... 253 Plate 98: Various Basque Podadera tools .................................................................................................. 254 Plate 99: Bone Awl decorated with incised chevrons. ................................................................................ 291 Plate 100: Select Bone Tools .................................................................................................................... 292 Plate 101: Select Bone Beads and Pendant ................................................................................................ 293 Plate 102: Select Bone Beads and Pendant ............................................................................................... 294 Plate 103: Historic photo of the mill dam on Lot 33. The building whose foundation was identified in Midden 1

is seen on the far right just below the 1880-1890 farmhouse in the top right. Date of the photograph is unknown. ........................................................................................................................................ 298

The Archaeology