THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO THE FURNITURE TABLETS FROM PYLOS'

By REYNOLD HIGGINS

PLATES 1-111

The fu rn i tu re proper and t h e vesse ls a r e best considered separately. We start with t h e furni ture .

What do we know of Mycenaean furn i ture? Direct ly , very l i t t l e , f o r wood seldom survives i n Greek lands. furn i ture . furn i ture , which has i h m a n y cases survivednin its ent i re ty : t he tomb of Tut-ankh-amen is pa r t i cu la r ly helpful t o us i n t h i s respect. Here we f ind thrones and caskets i n l a i d with ivory ( e i the r s ta ined i n colours o r l e f t p l a i n ) , ebony, coloured glass paste, and faience; and overlaid wi th gold on gesso and wi th s i l v e r .

Many ob jec t s have however survived which almost ce r t a in ly decorated wooden This r a the r scanty evidence may be supplemented by contemporary Egyptian

Of the surviving Mycenaean decorative elements which we bel ieve t o come from furn i ture , t he commonest material is ivory. Ornaments of t h i s material were made e i t h e r f o r in lay or f o r attachment, usual ly by pegs, t o the surface. Inlays a re known from excavations i n the form of helmeted heads, 2 argonauts, murex s h e l l s , l i l i e s , ivy-leaves and dolphins. An ivory wing, i n l a i d with blue paste, was found a t Mycenae; probably i n the form of a sphinx o r a g r i f f i n . 4 Ivory objec ts f o r attachment a re known as follows: sh i e lds (very frequent) , 9 a r ch i t ec tu ra l columns and cap i t a l s , lo and the so-cal led t r ig lyph pat tern. 11 Elaborate scenes were a l s o carved i n ivory. These carvings probably come from caskets: sphinxes, g r i f f in s , 1 2 and wild beast hunts13 are some of t he subjec ts represented. Ivory mirror-handles from Enkomi show a l ion a t tack ing a cow and a man f igh t ing a g r i f f i n J 4

Other mater ia l s from Mycenaean s i t e s which m a y have decorated fu rn i tu re are blue glass plaques15 and wooden appliqu; columns l i k e t he ivory columns mentioned above; 1 6 i n addi t ion, popular and s u i t a b l e materials a re fa ience, s t e a t i t e , amber, rock c r y s t a l and gold f o i l .

it formed part of an inlay,

bull's heads, 5 spiral pa t te rns , 6 cockles, 7 helmeted he'ads,, 8 f igure-of-eight

Furniture mentioned i n the t a b l e t s

1. lhrones. We know a l i t t l e about Mycenaean thrones. F i r s t , a number of t e r r a c o t t a thrones, with o r without an occupant, appear t o represent an o r ig ina l of basketwork with three legs, one behind and two i n front.17 Further d e t a i l s a r e obscure. The throne from Cnossos is ra the r d i f fe ren t ; although made of stone, i t clearly goes back t o a wooden prototype and has been successful ly reconstructed as such. l* A gem from Tiryns shows u s a t h i r d form of throne, which is i n essence a camp-stool with a back ( f ig .1) . This type is c lose ly para l le led i n a throne from Tut-ankh-amen's tomb with j u s t the system of decoration which the t ab le t s , and a l s o Mycenaean archaeology, seem t o requi re ( f ig .2) . It is made of ebony and i n l a i d with ivory, na tura l s tones, faience, glass imi ta t ing turquoise, and lap is l azu l i . The legs a r e p a r t i a l l y bound with gold; there was a l so ornament of g i l t wood, mostly removed by tomb-robbers.

With t h i s throne i n our minds, we can turn t o the tab le t s . In Ta 707 we have ebony thrones with gold and ivory f i t t i n g s . surely r e f e r t o the other decorative technique mentioned above, applique ornament. p rec ise decorative motives, we cannot expect p a r a l l e l s in Egyptian a r t , but must look t o surviving Mycenaean objects . only i n a r ch i t ec tu re . lg Perhaps the so-cal led t r ig lyph-pa t te rn is meant;

I f qeqinomenu means in la id , then opikereminija must For the

Beam-ends i n an unmistakable form are known, but a r e common t h i s is so common

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t h a t a word mus t be found f o r it, but it is far from c e r t a i n t h a t beam-ends are he re r ep resen ted .2o The man and t h e h e i f e r recall t h e Vapheio cups. 2 1

I n Ta 714 we have a throne of u n c e r t a i n material decorated with b lue g l a s s and s i l v e r ( ? ) For b u l l ’ s heads we m a y compare t h e ivory b u l l ’ s heads mentioned above, a

The G r i f f i n s , which have been suggested, are common enough i n

and gold appliqu6. number of gold e a r - r i n g s from Enkomi. 2 2 and t h e i n l a i d bowls from D e r ~ d r a ~ ~ and Enkomi. 2 4 Phoenixes are probably palm-trees. Mycenaean a r t , but t h e con tex t he re would suggest a repeated decora t ive motive, f o r which palm-trees would be more s u i t a b l e . 25

2 . Footstools. The ideogram on t h e t a b l e t s is paralleled i n t h e f o o t s t o o l i n f i g . 1 . I t a l s o t i e s up with c e r t a i n h i t h e r t o u n i d e n t i f i e d ivory o b j e c t s from Mycenaean si tes which we may now regard as having decorated f o o t s t o o l s . 2 6 The f o o t s t o o l from ’rut-ankh-amen’ s tomb. companion-piece t o t h e throne ( f ig .1 ) should be borne i n mind when cons ide r ing t h e t a b l e t s . I t is o f wood, decorated with f i g u r e s of captives wearing g i l t robes. The background is i n l a i d with lapis l a z u l i and dark blue f a i ence , and t h e bo rde r -pa t t e rns are i n l a i d with ivory, ebony, f a i e n c e i m i t a t i n g tu rquo i se and l ap i s l a z u l i , and a l a b a s t e r .

In Ta 707 one f o o t s t o o l is of ebony; bcth a r e decorated with ivory. I n Ta 708 an ebony f o o t s t o o l is decorated with ivory men and l i o n s . This sugges t s a hunting-scene, f o r which we n i a y seek a parallel i n a dagger from t h e Fourth S h a f t Grave a t hlycenae.27

In Ta 722 a f o o t s t o o l is decorated with an ivo ry man hor se , octopus and palm-tree. One would l i k e t o regard t h e main scene as comprising a man and a horse, with f r i e z e s , o r border- p a t t e r n s , of octopuses and palm-trees.28 Another has i n l a i d l i o n ’ s heads. These may be compared with the b u l l ’ s heads i n l a i d i n bowls r e f e r r e d t o above.

3. Tables. There are s e v e r a l d i s t i n c t s t r a n d s of evidence f o r tables. F i r s t , Mycenaean s i t e s f r equen t ly produce round t h r e e legged o b j e c t s i n v a r i o u s materials: t e r r a c o t t a , f a i ence , plaster and a l a b a s t e r , These f r e q u e n t l y have concave tops, when they must be regarded as t r ipod-bas ins ; bu t sometimes they have f la t tops, i n which case they must s u r e l y be tab les ( f ig .3 ) .29 Secondly part of a c i r c u l a r , o r s emi -c i r cu la r table of red gypsum was found a t C ~ O S S O S , ~ ~ and what was probably a c i r c u l a r t ab le - top o f s t o n e was found a t Pylos; t h i s had carved decora t ion along its edges and was i n l a i d w i t h red s tones .31 Th i rd ly , a number of c i r c u l a r o f f e r i n g t a b l e s of s t o n e and one of t e r r a c o t t a are known,32 and a r e c t a n g u l a r o f f e r i n g - t r a y , which m a y reproduce the form o f a table- top.33 plsce. a r e c t a n g u l a r t e r r a c o t t a model o f a table, w i t h legs a t t h e c o r n e r s and a p a i n t e d chpquer-pat tern on top,3* was found at Prosymna, and a similar t a b l e comes from Z y g ~ u r i e s ? ~ And, f i n a l l y , t h e r e is a class of gems d e p i c t i n g s l augh te red b u l l s on t a b l e s . The drawing of t h e s e tables is ha rd t o i n t e r p r e t , but they are apparent ly r ec t angu la r , with a varying number of legs: four , s i x , o r even more ( f i g . 4 ) . 3 6

In the f o u r t h

Egyptian archaeology is of l i t t l e help t o u s w i t h t ab le s . I t does, however, seem t h a t t h e i r t a b l e s were gene ra l ly r ec t angu la r , as a r u l e w i t h one l eg a t each corner , b u t o c c a s i o n a l l y with t h r e e l e g s , l i k e t h e later Greek and Etruscan ones.37 They a l s o had round o f f e r i n g - t a b l e s with a c e n t r a l suppor t , n o t u n l i k e t h e Mycenaean o f f e r i n g - tables desc r ibed above.

In t h e tablets we appa ren t ly have f o u r k i n d s of table: weareja, moon shaped, p r o j e c t i n g and apiqoto.

The ma jo r i ty of t h e t a b l e s mentioned are e i t h e r apiqoto o r p r o j e c t i n g . If we assume t h a t t he ma jo r i ty of Mycenaean t a b l e s were r e c t a n g u l a r - and t h e r e is no evidence f o r t h i s assumption except t h a t t h i s is s u r e l y t h e most reasonable shape f o r a t a b l e t o be - then we

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have primarily t o deal with rectangular pro jec t ing t ab le s and rectangular upiqoto tables . Palmer has already proposed the answer t o t h i s l a t te r term, i n giving its f i r s t meaning as ‘which can be walked round’. I f poroeke means

project ing, i .e . set against a wall, then apiqoto means one not se t against a wall but walk-round-able, i .e. f r ee standing. Similarly t h e other two kinds of t ab le a re probably c i r c u l a r (free-standing) and semi-circular (project ing) . Let the ph i lo log i s t s decide whether ‘moon-shaped’ best descr ibes a c i r cu la r o r a semi-circular object. That it means one of the two is extremely probable, f o r a t rue crescent-shape (another poss ib le in t e rp re t a t ion ) is unusual f o r t ab le s , and would not be very useful.

T h i s is exact ly the meaning required here.

And now f o r the legs. The associat ion of a s ix- footer with nine-footers ce r t a in ly suggests a t f i r s t s igh t t h a t we are deal ing with numbers of legs. I t is possible t o postulate a three-legged tab le , each of t he legs subdivided i n t o three u n i t s - i n f a c t f ig .5 apparently shows a t r ipod bowl of t h i s nature - but i t is hard t o imagine anyone i n t h e i r senses descr ibing such a t ab le as nine.legged. become six-legged when it is poroeke? the s i x and nine f e e t as measures of length, even though t h e r e s u l t is rather large. There i s , moreover, one firm argument i n favour of t h i s in te rpre ta t ion : when, i n T a 715:2 and 3, the tables have l o s t t h e i r tops, it would be impossible t o give t h e i r o r ig ina l dimensions, and i n f a c t there is no mention of f e e t f o r these.

But there are d i f f i c u l t i e s .

And how can it In shor t , we w i l l be nearer the t r u t h i f we regard

The decoration of the t ab le s is c l ea r ly the same as t h a t of the thrones and foots tools . A few d e t a i l s deserve Consequently the proposed t r ans l a t ions m a y be confident ly accepted.

a t ten t ion.

Stone tables wi th ivory f i t t i n g s and in lays of var ious mater ia l s need cause no disquiet . The Tomb of Tut-ankh-amen .produced several ob jec t s of a l abas t e r with ivory f i t t i n g s and inlays. 38 And the s tone table from Pylos mentioned above had been i n l a i d with o ther mater ia ls . Nor is a s tone t ab le with ivory s t r u t s and l e g s at a l l impossible, i f we regard the ivory as forming decorative plaques pegged t o a s t o u t wooden s t ruc ture .

We know from Tiryns of s tone i n l a i d with glass. 39

The t ab le i n Ta 642:2 is i n l a i d with helmets. In f i g . 3 a re two s tucco models of t a b l e s from Mycenae; on a l e g of one a re the remains of paint ing; the pa in t ing was a helmet. The t ab le i n Ta 713:l i n l a id with spirals r e c a l l s an of fe r ing- t ray from Phais tos (probably repro- ducing a table- top) which has incised bu l l s and spirals round the edges.aO Spirals a r e of course extremely common i n Mycenaean a r t , and it is sa t i s f ac to ry t h a t a word has been found f o r them. The feathery decoration t h a t of Ta 713:2 is perhaps para l le led i n a f u l l - s i z e t e r r a c o t t a t ab le from Cnossos.41 para l le led i n ivo r i e s from Mycenae. 42

And the s h e l l decoration of Ta 713:3 has already been

Summary: thrones, footstools and tables

We are l e f t with an archaeological ly s a t i s f y i n g p i c tu re , but t he re a r e a few terms f o r materials and motives as y e t untranslated. and a few materials and motives common i n Mycenaean archaeology as yet unrepresented. Untranslated motives are: karuwe, sowem, *85-de-pi, kononipi. The commonest motives unrepresented are: f igure-of-eight shields , t r ig lyph pa t t e rn (unless t h i s is t h e beam-end pa t te rn) , double-axes, ‘horns of consecration’ , and sphinxes and g r i f f i n s . is accepted as s i l v e r ) and t h a t is aro-udopi. mentioned are: faience, amber, crystal (unless t h i s is wea2rejo i n TA 714:l) and var ious coloured stones.

Only one pr inc ipa l material appears t o be unt rans la ted ( i f parakewe Materials which one would expect t o f ind

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Vessel s

We may assume t h a t the vesse ls re fer red t o a re of metal, s ince clw vesse l s would sure ly come i n hundreds r a the r than i n ones and twos and the shapes a r e wrong fo r stone.

Metal vases were of gold, s i l v e r , bronze and copper, and of two o r more of these metals i n associat ion. know of s i l v e r bowls i n l a i d w i t h gold and n i e l l o i n pa t t e rns of b u l l ‘ s heads,43 and human heads,44 and a s i lver-bronze wing in l a id w i t h gold was found i n 1955 a t Mycenae; t h i s was probably p a r t of the in lay of a metal vase and i n a l l l ikel ihood belonged t o a sphinx or a g r i f f i n . pa t t e rns o r with elaborate scenes, o r with no decoration a t a l l , 45 and vases of bronze and copper w i t h r a the r simpler decoration, o r with none a t all.46

I n shape they d id not d i f f e r greatly from the clay ones i n common use. We

Much commoner are vases of gold and s i l v e r with repouss; decoration e i t h e r i n s imple

The r a ses in Ta 641 have been almost s u f f i c i e n t l y discussed, remain outstanding. Since a l l surviving metal t r ipods of the kind shewn i n the ideogram are of copper o r bronze i t is reasonable t o suppose t h a t these a re too. Consequently the goat- pa t te rn re fer red t o is more l i k e l y t o be a p l a s t i c project ion than repoussk work. has very p l a u s i b l y suggested t h a t we have a good p a r a l l e l t o such treatment i n the s t e a t i t e t r ipod w i t h a p l a s t i c bu l l ’ s head i l l u s t r a t e d i n f i g . 5.47 That goat-protomes could serve equal ly well can be seen from a Keftian fresco from the Tomb of Rechmere.48 The e p i t h e t ,‘of Cretan work’ is supported by the discovery of such a t r ipod, i n bronze, a t Cnossos.49 I t is noteworthy t h a t the ideograms f o r t r i pods vary s l igh t ly . common var ie ty ; the f irst ideogram, w i t h double handles, is however pa ra l l e l ed i n a c lay tripod.50

A few points , however,

Webster

The second of the two is t h e

See a l s o Ta 709 /712 f o r a s imi l a r goat-tripod.

The jars, too, a re in a l l probabi l i ty of copper o r bronze. Copper specimens were found a t Mycenae ( f i g . 6 ) . I t is in t e re s t ing t o note tha t no decoration is mentioned i n the t a b l e t s , and none appears on the objects.

The j u g s i n Ta 7il present a problem. O f surviving j u g s there are a number i n bronze o r copper w i t h no decoration, 51 one of bronze wi th a repoussd curv i l inear pa t te rn ( f ig .7 , l e f t ) and one of s i l v e r , hor jzonta l ly ribbed, wi th repousse‘ spiral and wavy pa t t e rns ( f ig .7 , r i g h t ) .

I f bu l l ’ s heads, s h e l l s and spirals a r e agreed t o be decorat ive elements, then we should log ica l ly include the Ladies, women and cha r io t ( ? ) . On the log ica l assumption t h a t t he main scene is f i r s t described, we have:

and below);

archaeologically t h a n a throng of warriors, as has been suggested), and

scenes could only be worked i n repoussd; attached t o the vase, so t h a t the art ist would have room t o work gold o r s i l v e r , f o r the precious metals a r e e a s i e r t o work i n t h i s w a y than copper o r bronze; and i n f ac t , the only vases preserved with e labora te scenes such as these a re of precious metals.

(1)

( 2 ) a cha r io t (or char io ts ) w i t h a cu rv i l i nea r p a t t e r n as a subsidiary ( t h i s seems e a s i e r

(3)

a Lady w i t h b u l l ’ s heads and s h e l l s as subsidiary motives (perhaps i n f r i e z e s above

a Lady and a woman o r women, bounded by patterns of bu l l ’ s heads and spirals. These t h i s would have been done before the c o l l a r was

The metal was probably

Bul l ’ s heads and s h e l l s would make admirable f r i ezes , e i t h e r separately o r together . That t h i s was done i n ivory we know already ( see p. 39 ); f r i e z e round the gold cup from Dendra. 52 known from Dendra, and Enkomi (see above). seal impressions, t e r r aco t t a s , and faience plaques and o ther ob jec ts . Thz chariot-scene m a y be compared w i t h numbers of vase-paintings. 53 envisaged.54 A Lady with one or more women can be found i n severa l s e a l s and impressions.55 As f o r f r i e z e s of b u l l ’ s heads and spirals, nothing could be more appropriate.

and naut i luses make a very decorat ive Furthermore, b u l l ’ s head f r i e z e s i n l a i d i n vases a re

The Lady can be v isua l ized from count less s e a l s and

A curv i l inear border-pattern is e a s i l y

Spirals are

42

Present already on a s i l v e r jug ( f ig .7 , r i g h t ) and an Egyptian wall-painting, under s t rong Aegean influence, shows a f r i e z e of a l t e r n a t e b u l l ’ s heads and spirals.56

The fire-implements from Ta 709/712 can be par t ia l ly pa ra l l e l ed among a r t i c l e s from a bronze-worker’ s shop a t Enkomi, where tongs and shovels a r e unmistakable. 57 so-cal led rake really be a shovel?

Could the

Why are the decorative motives here, and once i n Ta 641, given ad jec t iva l ly , whereas the fu rn i tu re is described as being ’decorated with’ such motives? The answer seems t o be tha t i n the fu rn i tu re we a re deal ing with in lays o r overlays of d i f f e r e n t materials; here the pa t t e rns a re a much more in t eg ra l part of the object , which could be described more d i r ec t ly i n terms of its decoration.

Thus the vessels , l i ke the furn i ture , make exce l len t sense archaeologically, although ce r t a in d e t a i l s remain t o be cleared up.

Purpose

There are three primary f ac to r s t o be considered. a r t i c l e s ; second, t he la rge number of ob jec t s of the same kind: t h i r d , the fact t h a t some are badly damaged. TWO a l t e rna t ive t r ans l a t ions have been suggested f o r the second ha l f of Ta 711:l . One is ‘when the king appointed S. damokoros’. The o ther is ‘when the king buried S., the dumokoros.’ Archaeologically, t h i s can hardly be an inventory of grave-goods: there is far too much s t u f f , t o t he o ther t r ans l a t ion . which satisfies a t l e a s t two of the primary fac tors . The hypothesis is as follows: S., on taking over as the new damokoros (whatever t h a t m a y be) orders a check of Palace stores, presumably t o be agreed wi th the outgoing o f f i c i a l . P. is the Quartermaster who undertook the check ( the t a b l e t starts with ‘what P. saw’). The damaged condition of Some

(but only a few) of t he items suggests a d i f f e ren t i n t e rp re t a t ion , tha t t h i s is an inventory taken af ter a d i sa s t e r ; b u t there is nothing i n t h e t e x t s t o show t h a t t h i s is so, and we must assume t h a t t h e defec ts were due t o age and rough usage rather than t o any recent d i sa s t e r . P. would, of course be a t pains t o point out any defec ts i n the equipment f o r which he, o r S., would presumably be responsible.

F i r s t , t he cos t ly nature of t he

more even than Tut-ankh-amen aspired to . Consequently we are driven

B r i t i s h Museum, Dept. of Greek and Roman Ant iqui t ies

References

1,

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7 , 8. 9.

10 * 11.

Thi s paper was d e l i v e r e d a s a l e c t u r e t o t h e Linear B Seminar on 14:12:1955. I have taken advantage of the subsequent d i scuss ion , and o f comments by Prof. Webster and Dr. Stubbings. t o modify c e r t a i n p o i n t s and t o expand o thers . I t is a pleasure t o acknowledge the b a s i c debt to Dr. Ventris’ paper i n Eranos 53 pp.109-124. &4 x l i x , p1 .35 (e ) . BSA x l i x , p1 .35 (a ) for a l l t h e s e . Wace, Mycenae, pl . 57b. xxv, 371, f i g . 81. Bossert. The Art of Ancient Crete, f i g . 61. &4 x l i x . p1 .38 (a ) . i b i d . p1 .39(b) i b i d , p1.35(b) and ( c ) . Bossert , o p . c i t . f i g s . 5 7 and 60.

BSA x l i x , p1 .34 . i b i d , ~ 1 . 4 0 . i b i d , 236 (not i l l u s t r a t e d ) .

43

12. 13. 14. 15. 16 . 17 .

18. 19.

20. 21, 22. 23. 24. 25.

26. 27. 28.

29.

30. 3 1. 32. 33. 34. 35. 3 6. 37. 3 8. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 4 6,

47. 48.

49. 50. 51.

52. 53. 54. 55. 5 6. 57.

For sph inxes and g r i f f i n s , s e e Bosse r t , o p . c i t . f i g s . 5 0 , 53. 56 and 59. €L.$d x l i x . p1 .38(c) . Murray, Smith, Wal t e r s , Excavat ions in Cyprus , p l . I. nbid . ~ 1 . 1 1 . See Wace, Mycenae p l 67a and b . Rober t son , Greek and Roman A r c h i t e c t u r e , f i g . 1 4 (bottom r i g h t ) . BSA x l i x , p1.40. Blegen, P r o s y m a f i g s . 1 3 6 and 619 B o s s e r t , o p . c i t . f i g . 8 3 ~ . For o t h e r r e f s . , see Nilsson, Y:twan-Mycenaean Re1 ig ion2 305. Evans, Palace of Minos i v , 915ff . For wooden r e c o n s t r u c t i o n s s e e f ig .893 . e . g . i n t h e Treasu ry of Atreus, t h e Tomb of C ly taemnes t r a and t h e Lion Gate a t Mycenae. See Wace, Mycenae, f i g s . 49b, 53 and 7 3 r e s p e c t i v e l y See Evans Palace of Minos. ii, 604 f f . Also above, f i g . 1, bottom f r i e z e . B o s s e r t , o p . c i t . f i g s . 7 0 f f . Murray. Smith, Wal t e r s , o p . c i t . p l s X . X I I . B o s s e r t , o p . c i t . f i g . 1 5 9 . S c h a e f f e r , Enkoni-AZasia, i , pl.CXVI. C f . Furumark, Mycenaean P o t t e r y , 276 f f . f i g s 38-40 He i l l u s t r a t e s p l a s t i c palm, t r e e s as w e l l a s p a i n t e d ones. See a l s o Murray, Smith, Wal t e r s , o p . . c i t . p l V I I no 517. f o r g o l d repouss.6 palm trees. P e r s s o n , New Tombs a t Dendra, p l . 1 1 . Wace Chamber tombs a t Mycenae: 84 Bosse r t , o p . c i t . f i g 169 For a man w i t h a ho r se (as opposed t o t h e common c h a r i o t s c e n e s ) see Furumark, o p . c i t . 240, f i g . 2 6 : 2 , (5) and (9 ) See a l s o Evans, Palace of Minos ii , 302, f i g . 1 7 5 . There are a number (unpub l i shed) i n f a i e n c e and a l a b a s t e r from Enkomi i n t h e B r i t i s h Museum. Evnns, Palace of Minos, i v , 73. AJA l i x , 34. Blegen, P:posymna, 409 and r e f s . t h e r e g iven . Bosse r t , o p . c i t . f i g . 365. Blegen, Prosymna, f ig .156 . Blegen, Zygour ie s 172 f i g . 169. See a l s o Evans Palace of Minos, i v 41 f i g s . 2 4 and 25. For Greek and E t ruscan t a b l e s , s e e R i c h t e r , Ancien t Furn i ture . 76 f f . and 112 f f . H C a r t e r , The Tomb of Tutankhanen, i i , pls.XLVIII.XLVIX,L,LI; iii, pls.LXVIII.LX1X. Rober t son , Greek and Roaan A r c h i t e c t u r e , f i g . 14 . Bosser t , o p . c i t . f i g . 365. Evans, Palace of Minos, i i , 302. Ba x l i x , p 1 . 3 3 ( a ) . B o s s e r t , o p . c i t . f i g , 159 ( f rom Dendra). S c h a e f f e r . Enkomi..AZasia p l CXVI. Bosser t , op. c i t . f i g s . 153-5. B o s s e r t , o p . c i t. f i g s .69 -77 , 147-158, 387. Pe r s son , New Tombs a t Dendra, 75, f i g s . 8 8 and 99 and 100 . Karo Schach t g r z b e r , p l s . CLIV-CLXIXI; Bosse r t . o p . c i t. f i g s . 160-163, 386. Evans Palace of Minos ii , 628-646. For a n o t h e r , s i m i l a r , t r i p o d s e e Swedish Cyprus E z p e d i t i o n , i , pl.CLI:g. B o s s e r t . o p . c i t . f i g . 5 4 8 (bot tom r i g h t ) . Evans, Palace of Minos i i , 628 f f . f i g s . 3 9 2 and 394 B o s s e r t , op. c i t . f i g . 139. Pe r s son . Royal Tombs a t Dendra, p l s . XXX and X X X I . Evans. Palace of Minos ii, 630 f f . f i g s .394 . 398, 400. Pe r s son , Royal Tombs a t Dendra. pl .XI e . g . B o s s e r t , o p . c i t . f ig .483 . E A x l v i i i , p l . l ( b ) . See Furumark, op. c i t. f i g . 47. Evans, Palace of Minos, 11.341. f ig .194 . B o s s e r t , op . ci t . f i g . 566. S c h a e f f e r , Enkomi-Alasia, i , pl.LXIV.

Karo, SchachtgrEber p l s . CLIV-CLVI.

Fig. 1 From E v a n s , Palace of Minos, iv , 460, fig. 385

Fig . 2 From H. Carter , The Tomb of Tut-ankh-amen, i i i , pl. XXXIII

PLATE I

F i g . 3 From Wace, Mycenae, pl. 100

F i g . 4 From Evans, Palace of Minos, i v , 41, fig. 26

Fig. 5 From Studies Presented to D. M . Robinson, i , pl . 4d

PLATE I 1

Fig. 6 From Karo, Schuchtgruber, pi. CLX

Fig. 7 From Evans, Pulace of Minos, ii , fig. 411

PLATE 111